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25:
79:
415:, and 2007 by preventing the Merrimack River from entering the canal system. However, arson damage to the wooden gate in the 1970s, and the difficult method of dropping it (by breaking a large chain link) prompted the city to use a more modern steel-beam bulkhead in its place in 2006. For his efforts in saving the city from great disaster Francis was awarded a massive silver pitcher and a
475:. Also on the committee were engineers Theodore Ellis and William Worthen. The investigation proceeded quickly and its report was published within a month of the disaster. It concluded that no engineer was responsible for the design and that it was the “work of non-professional persons”. “The remains of the dam indicate defects of workmanship of the grossest character.”
219:
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in
Johnstown, Pennsylvania, broke, killing over 2,200 people. Although the report was completed by January 1890, it was immediately suppressed and not released to other ASCE members or the public until mid-1891, two years after the 1889 flood. Francis himself presented the results of
293:
A few years later, in 1837, Whistler resigned, and went to work on Russia's major railroads. Before departing, he appointed
Francis chief engineer, and sold him his house on Worthen Street. In same year, James married Sarah W. Brownell in Lowell on July 12. Their first son, James Jr., was born March
612:
for his entire career, until retirement in 1884 at the age of 69, and remained on as a consultant right up until his death. His son James took over as chief engineer. The rest of his life he spent with his wife Sarah, and their six children in their home on
Worthen Street, which was Whistler's old
402:
to protect the downtown mills from any devastating floods. This project quickly became known as "Francis's Folly", given that no one believed it would work, let alone ever be needed. But less than two years later, in 1852, the gates saved the city of Lowell from the devastating floods of 1852, and
633:
chairman of the committee was Max Becker, a railroad engineer based in
Pittsburgh with virtually no experience in dams or hydraulic engineering. According to Francis, it was Becker who delayed the release of the report. A detailed discussion of the South Fork investigation, the
297:
In 1841 came his first major project for the company. Francis was to analyse how much water each mill factory was using from the company's channel system. Impressed by his abilities, the company named him "Manager of Locks and Canals" in 1845.
1329:
Layton, Edwin T. "From Rule of Thumb to
Scientific Engineering: James B. Francis and the Invention of the Francis Turbine," NLA Monograph Series. Stony Brook, NY: Research Foundation of the State University of New York,
1433:
929:
305:. These two canals, built in the late 1840s and early 1850s, completed the 5.6 mile long Lowell canal system, and greatly increased the industrial power of the thriving industrial city's mill complexes.
308:
During his work on the Lowell systems, Francis was also consulted on many other water projects nationwide. When New York needed to increase their water supply, he consulted on the construction of the
362:
In 1845, Francis developed the first sprinkler systems ever devised in the United States. However, any use of the system would flood the entire structure and its contents. It was not until 1875 that
378:
first demonstrated his Boyden turbine in Lowell. The two engineers worked on improving the turbine. And in 1848, Francis and Boyden successfully improved the turbine with what is now known as the
262:, Oxfordshire, in England, United Kingdom. He started his engineering career at the early age of seven as he worked as his father's apprentice at the Porth Cawl Railway and Harbor Works in
978:
THE EARLY HISTORY OF GRINNELL CORPORATION AND THE FIRE SPRINKLER INDUSTRY, Compiled By; Jerome S. Pepi Vice
President, Research and Development Fire Protection Products, January 25, 1996
1426:
588:
720:
as the world's second largest hydroelectric power station in the world, with a future installed capacity of 22,500 MW. With the incorporation of the
Francis turbine into almost every
629:
the investigation at the ASCE convention in
Chattanooga, Tennessee. The other three committee members did not attend. Although Francis’ name headed the report, the
1419:
1637:
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1334:
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to study and publish their findings in the "Prevention of Floods in the Valley of Stony Brook" which laid out a flood prevention system for the city of
302:
382:. Francis's turbine eclipsed the Boyden turbine in power by 90%. In 1855, Francis published these findings in the "Lowell Hydraulic Experiments".
1196:
2178:
2158:
468:
In 1865, Francis researched and published his findings on cast iron, and its use in structural columns in "The
Strength of Cast-Iron Columns".
1025:"Prevention of floods in the valley of Stony Brook: a report by a Commission" by Boston (Mass.). Stony Brook Commission, James Bicheno Francis
1091:
471:
In 1874, Francis served on the
American Society of Civil Engineers committee to investigate the cause of the breach of the Mill River dam in
657:; Masters, Ph.D and D.Eng. Engineering degrees and research in over seven Engineering programs, including Plastics and Nuclear Engineering.
89:
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877:
728:
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638:
988:
903:
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For all his contributions to the world of engineering and his personal generosity, the following are named in his honor:
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1300:
798:
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110:
60:
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Francis, James B.; et al. (1891). "Report of the Committee on the cause of the failure of the South Fork dam".
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35:
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1147:"Dam-Breach hydrology of the Johnstown flood of 1889 – challenging the findings of the 1891 investigation report"
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1124:(Technical report). Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper 200. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
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271:
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1092:"USBR Water Measurement Manual – Chapter 7 – WEIRS, Section 9. Standard Contracted Rectangular Weirs"
954:
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built since 1900, it is responsible for generating almost one fifth of all the world's electricity:
242:
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818:
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881:
230:(May 18, 1815 – September 18, 1892) was a British-American civil engineer, who invented the
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267:
266:. When he turned 18, he decided to emigrate to the United States, in 1833. His first job was in
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Francis was called to duty in 1889 as a member of an ASCE committee to examine the cause of the
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under a massive pillar of cut granite stones, symbolizing the stones used to make the canals.
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In 1883, Francis completed his calculation standards for water flow rates, now known as the
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Francis stayed active on all levels of involvement in the city of Lowell, and served as an
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749:– 2,080 MW, world-renowned and once the largest hydroelectric power station in the world
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participating engineers, and the science behind the 1889 flood was published in 2018.
2008:
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As manager and chief engineer, Francis was responsible for the construction of the
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1231:
Johnstown's Flood of 1889 – Power Over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster
955:"James B. Francis, Lowell National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
1833:
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1072:
Francis, James B.; et al. (1874). "The failure of the dam on Mill River".
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In 1886, Francis teamed up with two other civil engineers; Eliot C. Clarke and
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Francis formula: describes water as it goes over dams. It is used today in
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1016:
Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events, Volume 17
679:
as an equation for the calculation of water flow rate over a rectangular
263:
255:
160:
1122:
Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas – Revision of Paper No. 150
374:
Francis became fascinated with and tinkered with turbine designs, after
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1049:
In the Shadow of the Dam, The Aftermath of the Mill River Flood of 1874
804:
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Francis died on September 18, 1892, at the age of 77, and is buried at
450:
1333:
Francis Obituary in Engineering News, Volume XVII, January–June 1887,
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1035:
Contributions of the Old Residents' Historical Association, Lowell ...
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In 1850, Francis ordered the construction of the Great Gate over the
283:
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1037:, Volume 1, Old Residents' Historical Association of Lowell (Mass.)
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invented a sprinkler head that activated only one head at a time.
278:. A year later, James and his boss, Whistler, travelled north to
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434:
416:
259:
246:
The Lowell canal system as it appeared when Francis joined the
792:
801:
1981, in Canada – 5,616 MW, largest power station in country
595:
Q is the discharge in cubic feet per second over the weir,
34:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
766:
680:
511:
769:– 520 MW, major project in country at time of construction
878:"Vital Records of Lowell, MA – 1826 to 1849 – Marriages"
989:"Whistler House Museum of Art - Lowell, Massachusetts"
687:
605:
is the height of the water above the top of the weir.
522:
248:
Proprietors of Locks and Canals on the Merrimack River
1443:
Presidents of the American Society of Civil Engineers
453:
sections of the city that were subject to flooding.
712:Today, the Francis turbine is the most widely used
775:1978, in Tasmania – 432 MW, tallest dam in country
582:
815:–14,000 MW, largest power station in the Americas
2135:
294:30, 1840, and then they had five more children.
1145:Coleman, Neil M., U. Kaktins, S. Wojno (2016).
653:James B. Francis College of Engineering at the
316:in New York. He also consulted on the dam at
45:to make improvements to the overall structure.
1427:
2189:People of the American Industrial Revolution
1195:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1012:
1010:
854:
852:
850:
759:– 6,809 MW, largest power station in country
486:machinery, and was a founding member of the
394:The Great Gate, also known as Francis' Folly
335:in 1861. He was wounded in the hand at the
16:British-American civil engineer (1815–1892)
1434:
1420:
1301:"UMass Lowell College of Engineering: UML"
598:L is the length of the weir in feet, and
583:{\textstyle Q=3.33h_{1}^{3/2}(L-0.2h_{1})}
270:, as an assistant to the railway engineer
1172:
1162:
1129:
1007:
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858:Lowell National Historic Park publication
847:
668:Francis system: an early fire protection
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
61:Learn how and when to remove this message
1233:. Springer International Publishing AG.
691:
389:
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350:Francis was elected as a member of the
343:, and finished the war in July 1865 as
2179:English emigrants to the United States
2136:
1285:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1116:
1110:
1046:
735:– early hydroelectric plant in country
729:Ă„lvkarleby Hydroelectric Power Station
303:Northern Canal and Moody Street Feeder
290:, and Whistler became chief engineer.
163:, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom
2159:People from West Oxfordshire District
1415:
795:– 3,600 MW, tallest dam in the world
716:in the world, including China's new
700:runner, rated at nearly one million
95:Please help consolidate the article.
72:
18:
688:Notable uses of the Francis turbine
660:Francis Gate, Lowell, Massachusetts
488:American Society of Civil Engineers
437:. The detailed study reviewed the
282:, where at the age of 19, he got a
13:
799:Robert-Bourassa generating station
655:University of Massachusetts Lowell
493:
14:
2210:
2194:People from Lowell, Massachusetts
1993:Daniel Bythewood Barge Jr. (1987)
1341:
704:(750 MW), being installed at the
1928:Frank Hastings Newnam Jr. (1969)
825:– 210 MW, tallest dam in country
785:– 480 MW, tallest dam in country
510:in conjunction with calculating
385:
217:
135:
77:
23:
2164:19th-century American inventors
1925:Richard Henry Tatlow III (1968)
1863:Carlton Springer Proctor (1952)
1682:Mordecai Thomas Endicott (1911)
1322:
1293:
1247:
1222:
1203:
1138:
1084:
1065:
1040:
1028:
1019:
276:New York and New Haven Railroad
2073:William F. Marcuson III (2007)
1747:Charles Fredrick Loweth (1923)
1697:Elmer Lawrence Corthell (1916)
1667:George Henry Benzenberg (1907)
981:
947:
922:
896:
870:
861:
836:1868 Massachusetts legislature
577:
555:
456:
352:American Philosophical Society
327:Their son James fought in the
272:George Washington Whistler Jr.
237:
1:
2055:H. Gerard Schwartz Jr. (2002)
1975:Irvan Frank Mendenhall (1981)
1958:Walter Emanuel Blessey (1979)
1946:William McCoy Sangster (1975)
1884:Francis de Sales Friel (1959)
1857:Ernest Emmanuel Howard (1950)
1789:Harrison Prescott Eddy (1934)
1783:Herbert Samuel Crocker (1932)
1762:George Stewart Davison (1926)
1738:George Smedley Webster (1921)
1164:10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00120
1047:Sharpe, Elizabeth M. (2007).
841:
2009:Celestino R. "Chuck" Pennoni
2005:James E. "Tom" Sawyer (1991)
1949:Arthur Joseph Fox Jr. (1976)
1943:Charles William Yoder (1974)
1931:Thomas McMaster Niles (1970)
1913:Wallace Lacy Chadwick (1965)
1904:George Brooks Earnest (1962)
1878:Mason Graves Lockwood (1957)
1869:Daniel Voiers Terrell (1954)
1845:Edgar Morton Hastings (1947)
1807:Donald Hubbard Sawyer (1939)
1718:Fayette Samuel Curtis (1919)
1685:John Agustus Ockerson (1912)
1664:Frederic Pike Stearns (1906)
1404:Resources in other libraries
1380:Resources in other libraries
904:"2nd Massachusetts Infantry"
683:in terms of length and head.
615:Whistler House Museum of Art
7:
2020:Stafford E. Thornton (1995)
1996:Albert Abraham Grant (1988)
1952:Leland Jasper Walker (1977)
1934:Samuel Serson Baxter (1971)
1922:Earle Topley Andrews (1967)
1910:Waldo Gleason Bowman (1964)
1901:Glenn Willis Holcomb (1961)
1881:Louis Richard Howson (1958)
1842:Wesley Winans Horner (1946)
1839:John Cyprian Stevens (1945)
1827:Ernest Bateman Black (1942)
1824:Fredrick Hall Fowler (1941)
1777:John Francis Coleman (1930)
1688:George Filmore Swain (1913)
1572:William Powell Shinn (1890)
829:
490:and its president in 1880.
369:
10:
2215:
2109:Kristina L. Swallow (2018)
2094:Gregory E. DiLoreto (2013)
2070:Dennis R. Martenson (2006)
1898:Frank Alwyn Marston (1960)
1872:William Roy Glidden (1955)
1860:Gail Abner Hathaway (1951)
1830:Ezra Bailey Whitman (1943)
1801:Louis Clarence Hill (1937)
1792:Arthur Smith Tuttle (1935)
1786:Alonzo John Hammond (1933)
1638:John James Robertson Croes
1542:Don Juan Whittemore (1884)
1499:Ellis Sylvester Chesbrough
779:Dalešice Hydro Power Plant
254:James Francis was born in
141:James Francis, around 1887
2042:
2023:Charles A. Parthum (1996)
1999:William J. Carroll (1989)
1984:S. Russell Stearns (1984)
1978:James Redding Sims (1982)
1972:Joseph Simeon Ward (1980)
1965:
1955:William Read Gibbs (1978)
1891:
1866:Walter Leroy Huber (1953)
1821:John Phillip Hogan (1940)
1814:
1780:Francis Lee Stuart (1931)
1725:
1694:Charles David Marx (1915)
1624:
1617:Desmond Fitzgerald (1899)
1514:
1449:
1399:Resources in your library
1375:Resources in your library
1348:Lowell Power Canal System
1229:Coleman, Neil M. (2018).
644:
216:
211:
207:
199:
192:
184:
168:
146:
134:
127:
2169:American civil engineers
2154:Burials in Massachusetts
2118:Jean-Louis Briaud (2021)
2106:Norma Jean Mattei (2017)
2100:Robert D. Stevens (2015)
2085:Kathy J. Caldwell (2011)
2082:Blaine D. Leonard (2010)
2058:Thomas L. Jackson (2003)
2002:John A. Focht Jr. (1990)
1875:Enoch Ray Needles (1956)
1804:Henry Earle Riggs (1938)
1670:Charles Macdonald (1908)
1659:Charles Conrad Schneider
90:too many section headers
2067:William P. Henry (2005)
2035:Daniel S. Turner (1999)
2014:James E. McCarty (1993)
1990:Robert Dewey Bay (1986)
1981:John H. Wiedeman (1983)
1940:John Elmer Rinne (1973)
1937:Oscar Simon Bray (1972)
1849:Richard Erwin Dougherty
1597:George Shattuck Morison
1591:William Price Craighill
1469:William Jarvis McAlpine
867:Encyclopædia Britannica
610:Locks and Canal Company
419:by the City of Lowell.
288:Locks and Canal Company
268:Stonington, Connecticut
2124:Maria C. Lehman (2023)
2121:Dennis D. Truax (2022)
2103:Mark W. Woodson (2016)
2097:Randall S. Over (2014)
2076:David G. Mongan (2008)
2026:Edward O. Groff (1997)
2017:James W. Poirot (1994)
1987:Richard W. Karn (1985)
1907:Edmund Friedman (1963)
1854:Franklin Thomas (1949)
1691:Hunter McDonald (1914)
1614:Alphonse Fteley (1898)
1609:Benjamin Morgan Harrod
1505:William Milnor Roberts
1051:. Simon and Schuster.
709:
584:
395:
251:
2079:D. Wayne Klotz (2009)
2052:Robert W. Bein (2001)
1917:William Joseph Hedley
1707:George Herndon Pegram
1561:Thomas Coltrin Keefer
1545:Frederic Graff (1885)
1528:James Bicheno Francis
1475:Alfred Wingate Craven
695:
585:
393:
358:Fire sprinkler system
280:Lowell, Massachusetts
245:
228:James Bicheno Francis
2062:Patricia D. Galloway
2049:Delon Hampton (2000)
1774:Anson Martson (1929)
1713:Arthur Newell Talbot
1677:John Anderson Bensel
1632:John Findley Wallace
1603:Thomas Curtis Clarke
1555:William Ezra Worthen
1539:Charles Paine (1883)
934:search.amphilsoc.org
930:"APS Member History"
613:home and now is the
520:
2115:K.N. Gunalan (2020)
2112:Robin Kemper (2019)
1796:Daniel Webster Mead
1771:Lincoln Bush (1928)
1742:John Ripley Freeman
1733:Arthur Powell Davis
1673:Onward Bates (1909)
1643:Robert Moore (1902)
1581:Mendes Cohen (1892)
1493:George Sears Greene
1487:Julius Walker Adams
1463:James Pugh Kirkwood
1388:By James B. Francis
1307:on December 1, 2006
995:on January 25, 2010
608:He remained at the
554:
478:Francis originated
465:from 1862 to 1864.
318:Saint Anthony Falls
43:editing the article
2089:Andrew W. Herrmann
1766:John Frank Stevens
1751:Carl Ewald Grunsky
710:
624:disaster when the
580:
532:
514:. The equation is
506:, usually used in
480:scientific methods
396:
345:lieutenant colonel
337:Battle of Antietam
329:American Civil War
252:
172:September 18, 1892
2199:Fluid dynamicists
2184:Textile engineers
2174:English inventors
2131:
2130:
1567:Max Joseph Becker
1356:Library resources
1267:on March 21, 2014
1240:978-3-319-95215-4
1212:ASCE Transactions
1118:Horton, Robert E.
1074:ASCE Transactions
1058:978-1-4165-7264-0
722:hydroelectric dam
364:Henry S. Parmelee
333:second lieutenant
322:Mississippi River
310:Quaker Bridge Dam
274:, working on the
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194:Scientific career
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36:layout guidelines
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1701:Clemens Herschel
1436:
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1361:James B. Francis
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1314:
1312:
1303:. Archived from
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1260:. Archived from
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1098:on June 13, 2011
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991:. Archived from
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910:on July 25, 2011
906:. Archived from
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894:
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891:
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884:on July 18, 2012
880:. Archived from
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868:
865:
859:
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753:Grand Coulee Dam
718:Three Gorges Dam
706:Grand Coulee Dam
589:
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500:Francis equation
431:Clemens Herschel
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188:British-American
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1961:
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1757:Robert Ridgeway
1721:
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1620:
1585:William Metcalf
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1255:"Archived copy"
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1218:(477): 431–469.
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848:
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708:, United States
698:Francis turbine
690:
677:fluid mechanics
664:Francis turbine
647:
639:Lowell Cemetery
622:Johnstown Flood
604:
571:
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521:
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504:Francis formula
496:
494:Francis formula
459:
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400:Pawtucket Canal
388:
380:Francis turbine
376:Uriah A. Boyden
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84:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2043:2000–present
1647:Alfred Noble
1534:Ashbel Welch
1527:
1457:James Laurie
1394:Online books
1387:
1370:Online books
1360:
1323:Bibliography
1309:. Retrieved
1305:the original
1295:
1269:. Retrieved
1262:the original
1249:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1191:cite journal
1154:
1150:
1140:
1121:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:the original
1086:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1048:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1021:
997:. Retrieved
993:the original
983:
974:
962:. Retrieved
958:
949:
937:. Retrieved
933:
924:
912:. Retrieved
908:the original
898:
886:. Retrieved
882:the original
872:
863:
819:Victoria Dam
711:
648:
636:
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619:
607:
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516:
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477:
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439:Forest Hills
428:
424:Francis Gate
397:
373:
361:
349:
326:
314:Croton River
307:
300:
296:
292:
253:
227:
226:
193:
157:May 18, 1815
122:
107:
101:October 2019
98:
87:
57:
51:October 2019
48:
33:
2149:1892 deaths
2144:1815 births
1522:Albert Fink
1495:(1876–1877)
1489:(1874–1875)
1483:(1872–1873)
1477:(1870–1871)
1471:(1868–1869)
1459:(1853–1867)
964:October 11,
959:www.nps.gov
482:of testing
457:Later years
264:South Wales
256:South Leigh
238:Early years
185:Nationality
161:South Leigh
2138:Categories
1549:Henry Flad
842:References
805:Itaipu Dam
773:Gordon Dam
757:Washington
739:Hoover Dam
451:Roslindale
176:1892-09-19
153:1815-05-18
1966:1980–1999
1892:1960–1979
1815:1940–1959
1726:1920–1939
1625:1900–1919
1515:1880–1899
1450:1853–1879
939:April 19,
823:Sri Lanka
821:1985, in
807:1984, in
791:2013, in
781:1978, in
765:1963, in
755:1942, in
731:1911, in
670:sprinkler
562:−
484:hydraulic
443:Hyde Park
403:again in
354:in 1865.
284:draftsman
212:Signature
88:may have
1281:cite web
1183:27441292
1120:(1907).
830:See also
813:Paraguay
631:de facto
463:alderman
370:Turbines
203:Engineer
1311:May 11,
1271:May 12,
1174:4946313
1151:Heliyon
1102:May 14,
999:May 10,
914:May 12,
888:May 13,
763:Dez Dam
747:Arizona
592:where:
341:captain
320:on the
312:on the
258:, near
250:in 1836
174: (
2091:(2012)
2064:(2004)
2032:(1998)
2011:(1992)
1919:(1966)
1851:(1948)
1836:(1944)
1798:(1936)
1768:(1927)
1759:(1925)
1753:(1924)
1744:(1922)
1735:(1920)
1715:(1918)
1709:(1917)
1703:(1916)
1679:(1910)
1661:(1905)
1655:(1904)
1649:(1903)
1640:(1901)
1634:(1900)
1611:(1897)
1605:(1896)
1599:(1895)
1593:(1894)
1587:(1893)
1578:(1891)
1569:(1889)
1563:(1888)
1557:(1887)
1551:(1886)
1536:(1882)
1530:(1881)
1524:(1880)
1507:(1879)
1501:(1878)
1465:(1868)
1358:about
1350:– ASME
1237:
1181:
1171:
1055:
809:Brazil
743:Nevada
741:1936,
733:Sweden
672:system
645:Honors
435:Boston
417:salver
260:Witney
200:Fields
1335:p. 14
1330:1992.
1265:(PDF)
1258:(PDF)
793:China
512:weirs
339:as a
331:as a
1313:2010
1287:link
1273:2010
1235:ISBN
1216:XXIV
1197:link
1179:PMID
1104:2010
1053:ISBN
1001:2010
966:2019
941:2021
916:2010
890:2010
767:Iran
681:weir
530:3.33
449:and
413:2006
409:1938
405:1936
169:Died
147:Born
1169:PMC
1159:doi
1126:doi
565:0.2
502:or
2140::
1283:}}
1279:{{
1214:.
1193:}}
1189:{{
1177:.
1167:.
1153:.
1149:.
1076:.
1009:^
957:.
932:.
849:^
702:hp
696:A
617:.
445:,
441:,
411:,
407:,
347:.
324:.
234:.
1435:e
1428:t
1421:v
1315:.
1289:)
1275:.
1243:.
1199:)
1185:.
1161::
1155:2
1134:.
1128::
1106:.
1078:3
1061:.
1003:.
968:.
943:.
918:.
892:.
811:/
745:/
603:1
601:h
578:)
573:1
569:h
559:L
556:(
551:2
547:/
543:3
538:1
534:h
527:=
524:Q
178:)
155:)
151:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
93:.
64:)
58:(
53:)
49:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
