Jacobo Árbenz - Knowledge

1219:. It expropriated all uncultivated land from landholdings that were larger than 673 acres (272 ha). If the estates were between 672 acres (272 ha) and 224 acres (91 ha) in size, uncultivated land was expropriated only if less than two-thirds of it was in use. The owners were compensated with government bonds, the value of which was equal to that of the land expropriated. The value of the land itself was the value that the owners had declared in their tax returns in 1952. The redistribution was organized by local committees that included representatives from the landowners, the laborers, and the government. Of the nearly 350,000 private land-holdings, only 1,710 were affected by expropriation. The law itself was cast in a moderate capitalist framework; however, it was implemented with great speed, which resulted in occasional arbitrary land seizures. There was also some violence, directed at landowners as well as at peasants who had minor landholdings of their own. Árbenz himself, a landowner through his wife, gave up 1,700 acres (7 km) of his own land in the land reform program. 1264: 995:'" ("Revolutionary Action Party", PAR), and won 85% of the vote. Arana did not wish to turn over power to a civilian administration. He initially tried to persuade Árbenz and Toriello to postpone the election, and after Arévalo was elected, he asked them to declare the results invalid. Árbenz and Toriello insisted that Arévalo be allowed to take power, which Arana reluctantly agreed to, on the condition that Arana's position as the commander of the military be unchallenged. Arévalo had no choice but to agree to this, and so the new Guatemalan constitution, adopted in 1945, created a new position of "Commander of the Armed Forces", a position that was more powerful than that of the defense minister. He could only be removed by Congress, and even then only if he was found to have broken the law. When Arévalo was inaugurated as president, Arana stepped into this new position, and Árbenz was sworn in as defense minister. 1176:. Fortuny played the role of friend and adviser to Árbenz through the three years of his government, from 1951 to 1954. Fortuny wrote several speeches for Árbenz, and in his role as agricultural secretary helped craft the landmark agrarian reform bill. Despite his position in Árbenz's government, however, Fortuny never became a popular figure in Guatemala, and did not have a large popular following like some other communist leaders. The communist party remained numerically weak, without any representation in Árbenz's cabinet of ministers. A handful of communists were appointed to lower-level positions in the government. Árbenz read and admired the works of Marx, Lenin, and Stalin (before Khrushchev's report); officials in his government eulogized Stalin as a "great statesman and leader ... whose passing is mourned by all progressive men". The Guatemalan Congress paid tribute to 1074:(PIN) announced that Árbenz would be its presidential candidate in the upcoming election. The announcement was quickly followed by endorsements from most parties on the left, including the influential PAR, as well as from labor unions. Árbenz carefully chose the PIN as the party to nominate him. Based on the advice of his friends and colleagues, he believed it would make his candidacy appear more moderate. Árbenz himself resigned his position as Defense Minister on 20 February and declared his candidacy for the presidency. Arévalo wrote him an enthusiastic personal letter in response but publicly only reluctantly endorsed him, preferring, it is thought, his friend Víctor Manuel Giordani, who was then Health Minister. It was only the support Árbenz had, and the impossibility of Giordani being elected, that led to Arévalo deciding to support Árbenz. 1086:, who had been a general under Ubico and had the support of the hardline opponents of the revolution. During his campaign, Árbenz promised to continue and expand the reforms begun under Arévalo. Árbenz was expected to win the election comfortably because he had the support of both major political parties of the country, as well as that of the labor unions, which campaigned heavily on his behalf. In addition to political support, Árbenz had great personal appeal. He was described as having "an engaging personality and a vibrant voice". Árbenz's wife María also campaigned with him; despite her wealthy upbringing she had made an effort to speak for the interests of the Mayan peasantry and had become a national figure in her own right. Árbenz's two daughters also occasionally made public appearances with him. 1136:, he set out to build more houses, ports, and roads. Árbenz also set out to reform Guatemala's economic institutions; he planned to construct factories, increase mining, expand transportation infrastructure, and expand the banking system. Land reform was the centerpiece of Árbenz's election campaign. The revolutionary organizations that had helped put Árbenz in power kept constant pressure on him to live up to his campaign promises regarding land reform. Agrarian reform was one of the areas of policy which the Arévalo administration had not ventured into; when Árbenz took office, only 2% of the population owned 70% of the land. 1053:

the councils of the Guatemalan military between supporters of Arana and those of Árbenz, over the choice of Arana's successor. On 16 July 1949, Arana delivered an ultimatum to Arévalo, demanding the expulsion of all of Árbenz's supporters from the cabinet and the military; he threatened a coup if his demands were not met. Arévalo informed Árbenz and other progressive leaders of the ultimatum; all agreed that Arana should be exiled. Two days later, Arévalo and Arana had another meeting; on the way back, Arana's convoy was intercepted by a small force led by Árbenz. A shootout ensued, killing three men, including Arana. Historian

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went against the revolutionaries, but after an appeal for support their ranks were swelled by unionists and students, and they eventually subdued the police and army factions loyal to Ponce Vaides. On 20 October, the next day, Ponce Vaides surrendered unconditionally. Árbenz and Arana both fought with distinction during the revolt, and despite the idealistic rhetoric of the revolution, both were also offered material rewards: Árbenz was promoted from captain to lieutenant colonel, and Arana from major to full colonel. The junta promised free and open elections to the presidency and the congress, as well as for a

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not under surveillance in Uruguay and was occasionally able to express himself through articles in the popular press. He left for Venezuela a year after his arrival to take up a position as a teacher. During his stay in Uruguay, Árbenz was initially required to report to the police on a daily basis; eventually, however, this requirement was relaxed somewhat to once every eight days. María Árbenz later stated that the couple was pleased by the hospitality they received in Uruguay, and would have stayed there indefinitely had they received permission to do so.

789:Árbenz excelled in the academy, and was deemed "an exceptional student". He became "first sergeant", the highest honor bestowed upon cadets; only six people received the honor from 1924 to 1944. His abilities earned him an unusual level of respect among the officers at the school, including Major John Considine, the US director of the school, and of other US officers who served at the school. A fellow officer later said that "his abilities were such that the officers treated him with a respect that was rarely granted to a cadet." Árbenz graduated in 1935. 595: 1190: 1400: 1090:

claimed electoral fraud had benefited Árbenz, but scholars have pointed out that while fraud may possibly have given Árbenz some of his votes, it was not the reason that he won the election. Árbenz's promise of land reform played a large role in ensuring his victory. The election of Árbenz alarmed US State Department officials, who stated that Arana "has always represented the only positive conservative element in the Arévalo administration" and that his death would "strengthen Leftist [

1564:, the capital of Czechoslovakia. After only three months, he moved to Moscow, which came as a relief to him from the harsh treatment he received in Czechoslovakia. While traveling in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, he was constantly criticized in the press in Guatemala and the US, on the grounds that he was showing his true communist colors by going there. After a brief stay in Moscow, Árbenz returned to Prague and then to Paris. From there he separated from his wife: María traveled to El 5048: 475: 1542:

obtained some of Árbenz's personal papers, and released parts of them after doctoring the documents. The CIA also promoted the notion that individuals in exile, such as Árbenz, should be prosecuted in Guatemala. When they were finally allowed to leave the country, Árbenz was publicly humiliated at the airport when the authorities made the former president strip before the cameras, claiming that he was carrying jewelry he had bought for his wife, María Cristina Vilanova, at

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implicating a "Government of the North" in a plot to overthrow Árbenz. The US government denied the allegations, and the US media uniformly took the side of the government; both argued that Árbenz had succumbed to communist propaganda. The US stopped selling arms to Guatemala in 1951, and soon after blocked arms purchases from Canada, Germany, and Rhodesia. By 1954, Árbenz had become desperate for weapons, and decided to acquire them secretly from

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America. The bill was passed by the National Assembly on 17 June 1952, and the program went into effect immediately. It transferred uncultivated land from large landowners to their poverty-stricken laborers, who would then be able to begin a viable farm of their own. Árbenz was also motivated to pass the bill because he needed to generate capital for his public infrastructure projects within the country. At the behest of the United States, the

1164:, and sent government representatives to confer with them. From this effort he learned that the Maya held strongly to their ideals of dignity and self-determination; inspired in part by this, he stated in 1951 that "If the independence and prosperity of our people were incompatible, which for certain they are not, I am sure that the great majority of Guatemalans would prefer to be a poor nation, but free, and not a rich colony, but enslaved." 4942: 1285:

business of exporting bananas. By 1930, it had been the largest landowner and employer in Guatemala for several years. In return for the company's support, Ubico signed a contract with it that included a 99-year lease to massive tracts of land, and exemptions from virtually all taxes. Ubico asked the company to pay its workers only 50 cents a day, to prevent other workers from demanding higher wages. The company also virtually owned

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ministers suggested that the entire truth be made public; however, they were overruled by the majority of the cabinet, and Arévalo made a speech suggesting that Arana had been killed for refusing to lead a coup against the government. Árbenz kept his silence over the death of Arana until 1968, refusing to speak out without first obtaining Arévalo's consent. He tried to persuade Arévalo to tell the entire story when the two met in

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likely to strike a deal with Castillo Armas. On 25 June, Árbenz announced that the army had abandoned the government, and that civilians needed to be armed in order to defend the country; however, only a few hundred individuals volunteered. Seeing this, Díaz reneged on his support of the president, and began plotting to overthrow Árbenz with the assistance of other senior army officers. They informed US ambassador

4991: 823:Árbenz was asked to fill a vacant teaching position at the academy in 1937. Árbenz taught a wide range of subjects, including military matters, history, and physics. He was promoted to captain six years later, and placed in charge of the entire corps of cadets. His position was the third highest in the academy and was considered one of the most prestigious positions a young officer could hold. 1551:

heritage. However, the former president did not wish to renounce his Guatemalan nationality, as he felt that such a gesture would have marked the end of his political career. Árbenz and his family were the victims of a CIA-orchestrated and intense defamation campaign that lasted from 1954 to 1960. A close friend of Árbenz, Carlos Manuel Pellecer, turned out to be a spy working for the CIA.

1386:, had close ties to the United Fruit Company. John Foster Dulles had previously represented United Fruit Company as a lawyer, and his brother, then-CIA director Allen Dulles was on the company's board of directors. Thomas Dudley Cabot, a former CEO of United Fruit, held the position of director of International Security Affairs in the State Department. Undersecretary of State 778: 1814: 1498:", whose transmissions broadcast news of rebel troops converging on the capital, and contributed to massive demoralization among both the army and the civilian population. Árbenz was confident that Castillo Armas could be defeated militarily, but he worried that a defeat for Castillo Armas would provoke a US invasion. Árbenz ordered 1520:

brought, agreed. After informing his cabinet of his decision, he left the presidential palace at 8 pm on 27 June 1954, having taped a resignation speech that was broadcast an hour later. In it, he stated that he was resigning in order to eliminate the "pretext for the invasion," and that he wished to preserve the gains of the

1044:(Pact of the Ravine). Under the terms of this pact, Arana agreed to refrain from seizing power with the military; in return, the PAR agreed to support Arana's candidacy in the next presidential election, scheduled for November 1950. Arévalo himself recovered swiftly, but was forced to support the agreement. However, by 1949 the 699:, his nearest challenger, by a margin of over 50%. He took office on 15 March 1951, and continued the social reform policies of his predecessor. These reforms included an expanded right to vote, the ability of workers to organize, legitimizing political parties, and allowing public debate. The centerpiece of his policy was an 1168:

party was banned for much of the Guatemalan Revolution, the Guatemalan government welcomed large numbers of communist and socialist refugees fleeing the dictatorial governments of neighboring countries, and this influx strengthened the domestic movement. In addition, Árbenz had personal ties to some members of the communist

946:. Ubico responded by suspending the constitution on 22 June 1944. The protests, which by this point included many middle-class members and junior army officers in addition to students and workers, gained momentum, eventually forcing Ubico's resignation at the end of June. Ubico appointed a three-person junta led by General 1645:, the son of the former president, and a Guatemalan politician. Colom stated, "It was a crime to Guatemalan society and it was an act of aggression to a government starting its democratic spring." The agreement established several forms of reparation for the next of kin of Árbenz Guzmán. Among other measures, the state: 1606:

committed suicide. On 19 October 1995, Árbenz's remains were repatriated to Guatemala, accompanied by his widow María. After his remains were returned to Guatemala, Árbenz was given a military honor as military officers fired cannons in salute as Árbenz's coffin was placed onto a horse-drawn carriage and transported to

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country was being mercilessly exploited by foreign interests which took huge profits without making any contributions to the nation's welfare." In 1953 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) of uncultivated land was expropriated under Árbenz's agrarian reform law, and the company was offered compensation at the rate of 2.99 US

1318:, who had close ties to the company. The company had begun a public relations campaign to discredit the Guatemalan government; overall, the company spent over a half-million dollars to influence both lawmakers and members of the public in the US that the Guatemalan government of Jacobo Árbenz needed to be overthrown. 979:. The resignation of Ponce Vaides and the creation of the junta has been considered by scholars to be the beginning of the Guatemalan Revolution. However, the revolutionary junta did not immediately threaten the interests of the landed elite. Two days after Ponce Vaides' resignation, a violent protest erupted at 1602:. Soon afterwards, his daughter Arabella committed suicide in Bogotá, an incident that badly affected Árbenz. Following her funeral, the Árbenz family remained indefinitely in Mexico City, while Árbenz himself spent some time in France and Switzerland, with the ultimate objective of settling down in Mexico. 1687:

The official statement issued by the government recognized its responsibility for "failing to comply with its obligation to guarantee, respect, and protect the human rights of the victims to a fair trial, to property, to equal protection before the law, and to judicial protection, which are protected

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government asked Árbenz to come to Cuba, to which he readily agreed, sensing an opportunity to live with fewer restrictions on himself. He flew to Havana in July 1960, and, caught up in the spirit of the recent revolution, began to participate in public events. His presence so close to Guatemala once

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While Árbenz was living in Montevideo, his wife came to join him. He was also visited by Arévalo a year after his own arrival there. Although the relationship between Arévalo and the Árbenz family was initially friendly, it soon deteriorated due to differences between the two men. Arévalo himself was

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Salvador to take care of family affairs. The separation made life increasingly difficult for Árbenz, and he slipped into depression and took to drinking excessively. He tried several times to return to Latin America, and was finally allowed in 1957 to move to Uruguay. The CIA made several attempts to

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900, the agrarian reform law. Of the 550,000 acres (220,000 ha) that the company owned, 15% were being cultivated; the rest of the land, which was idle, came under the scope of the agrarian reform law. Additionally, Árbenz supported a strike of UFC workers in 1951, which eventually compelled the

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stated that the law was flawed in many respects; among other things, it was too cautious and deferential to the planters, and it created communal divisions among farmers. Nonetheless, it represented a fundamental power shift in favor of those that had been marginalized before then. In 1953 the reform

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has argued that although Árbenz's policies were intentionally capitalist in nature, his personal views gradually shifted towards communism. His goal was to increase Guatemala's economic and political independence, and he believed that to do this Guatemala needed to build a strong domestic economy. He

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The land reforms brought about by the Arévalo administration threatened the interests of the landed elite, who sought a candidate who would be more amenable to their terms. They began to prop up Arana as a figure of resistance to Arévalo's reforms. The summer of 1949 saw intense political conflict in

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under which uncultivated portions of large land-holdings were expropriated in return for compensation and redistributed to poverty-stricken agricultural laborers. Approximately 500,000 people benefited from the decree. The majority of them were indigenous people, whose forebears had been dispossessed

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in Washington, D.C. It accepted the complaint in 2006, leading to five years of stop-and-start negotiations. In May 2011 the Guatemalan government signed an agreement with Árbenz's surviving family to restore his legacy and publicly apologize for the government's role in ousting him. This included a

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to be used to bolster peasant militia, in the event of army disloyalty, but the US informed the Guatemalan army chiefs of the shipment, forcing Árbenz to hand them over to the military, and deepening the rift between him and the chiefs of his army. Castillo Armas' forces invaded Guatemala on 18 June

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in what later became known as the "October Revolution". Arana had not initially been a party to the coup, but his position of authority within the army meant that he was key to its success. They were joined the next day by other factions of the army and the civilian population. Initially, the battle

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Historian Roberto García Ferreira wrote in 2008 that Árbenz's legacy was still a matter of great dispute in Guatemala itself, while arguing that the image of Árbenz was significantly shaped by the CIA media campaign that followed the 1954 coup. García Ferreira said that the revolutionary government

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After Árbenz's resignation, his family remained for 73 days at the Mexican embassy in Guatemala City, which was crowded with almost 300 exiles. During this period, the CIA initiated a new set of operations against Árbenz, intended to discredit the former president and damage his reputation. The CIA

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The election was held on 15 November 1950, with Árbenz winning more than 60% of the vote, in elections that were largely free and fair with the exception of the disenfranchisement of illiterate female voters. Árbenz got more than three times as many votes as the runner-up, Ydígoras Fuentes. Fuentes

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and the PAR were both openly hostile to Arana due to his lack of support for labor rights. The leftist parties decided to back Árbenz instead, as they believed that only a military officer could defeat Arana. In 1947 Arana had demanded that certain labor leaders be expelled from the country; Árbenz

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was intrigued by this action and decided to visit him, and found Árbenz to be different from the stereotypical Central American military officer. That first meeting was followed by others until Árbenz invited Fortuny to his house for discussions that usually extended for hours. Like Árbenz, Fortuny

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were forbidden. Once in office, Arévalo implemented these and other reforms, including minimum wage laws, increased educational funding, and labor reforms. The benefits of these reforms were largely restricted to the upper-middle classes and did little for the peasant agricultural laborers who made

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workers as a "disciplinary" measure. The result of these laws was a tremendous resentment against him among agricultural laborers. Ubico was highly contemptuous of the country's indigenous people, once stating that they resembled donkeys. He gave away 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres) of public land

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introduced by Barrios and replaced it with a vagrancy law, which required all men of working age who did not own land to perform a minimum of 100 days of hard labor. In addition, the state made use of unpaid Indian labor to work on public infrastructure such as roads and railroads. Ubico also froze

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landowner and a Guatemalan mother from a wealthy family. They were married a few months later, without the approval of María's parents, who felt she should not marry an army lieutenant who was not wealthy. María was 24 at the time of the wedding, and Jacobo was 26. María later wrote that, while the

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and began to neglect the family business. He eventually went bankrupt, forcing the family to move to a rural estate that a wealthy friend had set aside for them "out of charity". Jacobo had originally desired to be an economist or an engineer, but since the family was now impoverished, he could not

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stated that the land reform decree "represented a fundamental shift in the power relations governing Guatemala". Árbenz himself once remarked that the agrarian reform law was "most precious fruit of the revolution and the fundamental base of the nation as a new country." However, to a large extent

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The family then initiated a long journey in exile that would take them first to Mexico, then to Canada, where they went to pick up Arabella (the Árbenzs' oldest daughter), and then to Switzerland via the Netherlands and Paris. They hoped to obtain citizenship in Switzerland based on Árbenz's Swiss

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The biggest component of Árbenz's project of modernization was his agrarian reform bill. Árbenz drafted the bill himself with the help of advisers that included some leaders of the communist party as well as non-communist economists. He also sought advice from numerous economists from across Latin

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stated that Árbenz probably had orders to capture, rather than to kill, Arana. Arana's supporters in the military rose up in revolt, but they were leaderless, and by the next day the rebels asked for negotiations. The coup attempt left approximately 150 dead and 200 wounded. Árbenz and a few other

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to succeed him. Although Ponce Vaides initially promised to hold free elections, when the congress met on 3 July soldiers held everyone at gunpoint and forced them to appoint Ponce Vaides interim president. The repressive policies of the Ubico administration were continued. Opposition groups began

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In order to run for election, the constitution required that Arana resign his military position by May 1950, and that his successor be chosen by Congress from a list submitted by the Consejo Superior de la Defensa, or CSD. Elections for the CSD were scheduled for July 1949. The months before this

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swept the land, destroying forever the hegemony of the planters. Árbenz in effect legislated a new social order ... The revolutionary decade ... plays a central role in twentieth-century Guatemalan history because it was more comprehensive than any period of reform before or since." She

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of this plan, asking him to stop the hostilities in return for Árbenz's resignation. Peurifoy promised to arrange a truce, and the plotters went to Árbenz and informed him of their decision. Árbenz, utterly exhausted and seeking to preserve at least a measure of the democratic reforms that he had

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under the command of Colonel Víctor M. León, who was believed to be loyal to Árbenz. The leaders of the communist party also began to have their suspicions, and sent a member to investigate. He returned on 25 June, reporting that the army was highly demoralized, and would not fight. PGT Secretary

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argued that during the early part of the Cold War, the US and the CIA were predisposed to see the revolutionary government as communist, despite Arévalo's ban of the communist party during his 1945–1951 presidency. Additionally, the US government was concerned that the success of Árbenz's reforms

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As a result, the company was seen as an impediment to progress by the revolutionary movement after 1944. Thanks to its position as the country's largest landowner and employer, the reforms of Arévalo's government affected the UFC more than other companies, which led to a perception by the company

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US dollars, which was twice as much as the Guatemalan per capita income. The BNA developed a reputation for being a highly efficient government bureaucracy, and the United States government, Árbenz's biggest detractor, did not have anything negative to say about it. The loans had a high repayment

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By June 1954, 1.4 million acres of land had been expropriated and distributed. Approximately 500,000 individuals, or one-sixth of the population, had received land by this point. The decree also included provision of financial credit to the people who received the land. The National Agrarian

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Prior to his death, Arana had planned to run in the 1950 presidential elections. His death left Árbenz without any serious opposition in the elections (leading some, including the CIA and US military intelligence, to speculate that Árbenz personally had him eliminated for this reason). Árbenz had

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On one of his visits to Mexico, Árbenz contracted a serious illness, and by the end of 1970 he was very ill. He died soon after. Historians disagree as to the manner of his death: Roberto García Ferreira stated that he died of a heart attack while taking a bath, while Cindy Forster wrote that he

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informed Árbenz, who quickly sent another investigator of his own, who brought back a message asking Árbenz to resign. The officers believed that given US support for the rebels, defeat was inevitable, and Árbenz was to blame for it. The message stated that if Árbenz did not resign, the army was

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Although the policies of the Árbenz government were based on a moderate form of capitalism, the communist movement did grow stronger during his presidency, partly because Arévalo released its imprisoned leaders in 1944, and also through the strength of its teachers' union. Although the Communist

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The United Fruit Company responded with an intensive lobbying campaign against Árbenz in the United States. The Guatemalan government reacted by saying that the company was the main obstacle to progress in the country. American historians observed that "to the Guatemalans it appeared that their

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and believed in a capitalist society regulated to ensure that its benefits went to the entire population. Arévalo's ideology was reflected in the new constitution that was ratified by the Guatemalan assembly soon after his inauguration, which was one of the most progressive in Latin America. It

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The relationship between Árbenz and the United Fruit Company has been described by historians as a "critical turning point in US dominance in the hemisphere". The United Fruit Company, formed in 1899, had major holdings of land and railroads across Central America, which it used to support its

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in 1949, was chosen to lead the coup. Castillo Armas recruited a force of approximately 150 mercenaries from among Guatemalan exiles and the populations of nearby countries. In January 1954, information about these preparations were leaked to the Guatemalan government, which issued statements

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Elections subsequently took place in December 1944. Although only literate men were allowed to vote, the elections were broadly considered free and fair. Unlike in similar historical situations, none of the junta members stood for election. The winner of the 1944 elections was a teacher named

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Contrary to the predictions made by detractors of the government, the law resulted in a slight increase in Guatemalan agricultural productivity, and to an increase in cultivated area. Purchases of farm machinery also increased. Overall, the law resulted in a significant improvement in living

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rate, and of the $ 3,371,185 handed out between March and November 1953, $ 3,049,092 had been repaid by June 1954. The law also included provisions for nationalization of roads that passed through redistributed land, which greatly increased the connectivity of rural communities.

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organizing again, this time joined by many prominent political and military leaders, who deemed the Ponce regime unconstitutional. Árbenz had been one of the few officers in the military to protest the actions of Ponce Vaides. Ubico had fired Árbenz from his teaching post at the

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for his burial service. During the burial service, then-Guatemala Defense Minister Gen. Marco Antonio González, who received Árbenz's remains after they were returned to the country, stayed in his car after crowds booed and screamed, "Army of assassins get out of the country."

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father and a Guatemalan mother. He graduated with high honors from a military academy in 1935, and served in the army until 1944, quickly rising through the ranks. During this period, he witnessed the violent repression of agrarian laborers by the United States-backed dictator

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financial settlement to the family, as well as the family's insistence on social reparations and policies for the future of the Guatemalan people, a first for a judgement of this kind from the OAS. The formal apology was made at the National Palace by Guatemalan President

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In 1999, the Árbenz family went before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) to demand an apology from the Guatemalan government for the 1954 coup which saw him ousted. Following years of campaigning, the Árbenz Family took the Guatemalan Government to

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Map of railway lines in Guatemala and El Salvador. The lines were owned by the IRCA, the subsidiary of the United Fruit Company that controlled the railroad in both countries; the only Atlantic port was controlled by the Great White Fleet, also a UFC

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in New York City, using funds from the presidency; no jewelry was found but the interrogation lasted for an hour. Through this entire period, coverage of Árbenz in the Guatemalan press was very negative, influenced largely by the CIA's campaign.

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After being unable to obtain citizenship in Switzerland, the Árbenz family moved to Paris, where the French government gave them permission to live for a year, on the condition that they did not participate in any political activity, then to

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with a "minute of silence" when Stalin died in 1953, a fact that was remarked upon by later observers. Árbenz had several supporters among the communist members of the legislature, but they were only a small part of the government coalition.

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woman from a middle-class family who worked as a primary school teacher. His family was relatively wealthy and upper-class; his childhood has been described as "comfortable". At some point during his childhood, his father became addicted to

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election saw intense wrangling, as Arana supporters tried to gain control over the election process. Specifically, they wanted the election to be supervised by regional commanders loyal to Arana, rather than centrally dispatched observers.

731:. Árbenz went into exile through several countries, where his family gradually fell apart, and his daughter committed suicide. He died in Mexico in 1971. In October 2011, the Guatemalan government issued an apology for Árbenz's overthrow. 1390:

later became a director of the UFC, while the wife of the UFC public relations director was Eisenhower's personal assistant. These connections made the Eisenhower administration more willing to overthrow the Guatemalan government.

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was inspired by a fierce nationalism and a burning desire to improve the conditions of the Guatemalan people, and, like Árbenz, he sought answers in Marxist theory. This relationship would strongly influence Árbenz in the future.

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economy into a modern capitalist state". He declared that he intended to reduce dependency on foreign markets and dampen the influence of foreign corporations over Guatemalan politics. He said that he would modernize Guatemala's

1614:, which previously held autonomy following the 1944 Guatemala Revolution, awarded Árbenz with a posthumous decoration soon after. After departing from the university, the coffin containing Árbenz's remains was then taken to the 900:, who won the election that followed in 1931, an election in which he was the only candidate. With the support of the United States, Ubico soon became one of Latin America's most brutal dictators. Ubico abolished the system of 1345:

Several factors besides the lobbying campaign of the United Fruit Company led the United States to launch the coup that toppled Árbenz in 1954. The US government had grown more suspicious of the Guatemalan Revolution as the

1070:Árbenz's role as defense minister had already made him a strong candidate for the presidency, and his firm support of the government during the 1949 uprising further increased his prestige. In 1950 the economically moderate 1573:

on 13 May 1957, where he was met by a hostile "reception committee" organized by the CIA. However, he was still a figure of some note in leftist circles in the city, which partially explained the CIA's hostility.

963:. Árbenz insisted that civilians also be included in the coup, over the protests of the other military men involved. Sandoval later said that all contact with the civilians during the coup was through Árbenz. 1021:

up the majority of the population. Although his reforms were based on liberalism and capitalism, he was viewed with suspicion by the United States government, which would later portray him as a communist.

4946: 1710:

added that even within the Guatemalan government, Árbenz "gave full compass to Indigenous, campesino, and labor demands" in contrast to Arévalo, who had remained suspicious of these movements. Similarly,

1595:

again increased the negative coverage he received in the Guatemalan press. He was offered the leadership of some revolutionary movements in Guatemala but refused, as he was pessimistic about the outcome.

835:

two were very different in many ways, their desire for political change drew them together. Árbenz stated that his wife had a great influence on him. It was through her that Árbenz was exposed to

1350:

developed and the Guatemalan government clashed with US corporations on an increasing number of issues. The US was also concerned that it had been infiltrated by communists although historian

1040:(PAR), which was the party that supported the government, were afraid that Arana would take the opportunity to launch a coup and so struck a deal with him, which later came to be known as the 612: 1705:

represented one of the few periods in which "state authority was used to promote the interests of the nation's masses." Forster described Árbenz's legacy in the following terms: "In 1952 the

896:

led to the collapse of the economy and a rise in unemployment, leading to unrest among workers and laborers. Fearing the possibility of a revolution, the landed elite lent their support to

1355:

would inspire similar movements elsewhere. Until the end of its term, the Truman administration relied on purely diplomatic and economic means to attempt to reduce communist influences.

715:, which lobbied the United States government to have him overthrown. The U.S. was also concerned by the presence of communists in the Guatemalan government, and Árbenz was ousted in the 692:

was elected president, and began a highly popular program of social reform. Árbenz was appointed Minister of Defense, and played a crucial role in putting down a military coup in 1949.

5234: 1502:, the chief of the army, to select officers to lead a counter-attack. Díaz chose a corps of officers who were all known to be men of personal integrity, and who were loyal to Árbenz. 5124: 605: 1569:

prevent Árbenz from receiving a Uruguayan visa, but these were unsuccessful, and the Uruguayan government allowed Árbenz to travel there as a political refugee. Árbenz arrived in

905:

wages at very low levels, and passed a law allowing landowners complete immunity from prosecution for any action they took to defend their property, including allowing them to

4163:

Análisis de contenido de la película "El Silencio de Neto" con base a los niveles histórico, contextual, terminológico, de presentación y el análisis de textos narrativos

1028:. In the fall of 1947, Árbenz, as defense minister, objected to the deportation of several workers after they had been accused of being communists. Well-known communist 769:

for military cadets. He applied, passed all of the entrance exams, and became a cadet in 1932. His father committed suicide two years after Árbenz entered the academy.

4955: 5180: 5142: 1336:

A CIA memorandum dated May 1975 which describes the role of the Agency in deposing the Guatemalan government of President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán in June 1954 (1–5)

1314:

dollars to the acre, twice what it had paid when buying the property. This resulted in further lobbying in Washington, particularly through Secretary of State

5092: 1495: 1133: 5169: 1024:

When Árbenz was sworn in as defense minister under President Arévalo, he became the first to hold the portfolio, since it had previously been known as the

1511: 1151:. Nevertheless, some of his policies, particularly those involving agrarian reform, would be branded as "communist" by the Guatemalan upper class and the 1244:. Gleijeses stated that the injustices corrected by the law were far greater than the injustice of the relatively few arbitrary land seizures. Historian 1965: 1378:

was more willing than Truman to use military tactics to remove regimes he disliked. Several figures in his administration, including Secretary of State

676:, and was personally required to escort chain-gangs of prisoners, an experience that contributed to his progressive views. In 1938, he met and married 652:

from 1944 to 1950, before he became the second democratically elected President of Guatemala, from 1951 to 1954. He was a major figure in the ten-year

5153: 1096:] materially", and that "developments forecast sharp leftist trend within the government." Árbenz was inaugurated as president on 15 March 1951. 1263: 619: 5159: 5130: 4556: 5631: 4642:"Guatemalan Government Issues Official Apology to Deposed Former President Jacobo Arbenz's Family for Human Rights Violations - 57 Years Later" 1139:

Historian Jim Handy described Árbenz's economic and political ideals as "decidedly pragmatic and capitalist in temper". According to historian

5626: 5596: 4118:

American Propaganda, Media, And The Fall Of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman: American Propaganda, Popular Media, And The Fall Of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

983:, a small Indian hamlet. The junta responded with swift brutality, silencing the protest. The dead civilians included women and children. 5601: 1271:. The company had held the monopoly of freight and passenger maritime transportation to and from Puerto Barrios in Guatemala since 1903. 1301:

that it was being specifically targeted by the reforms. The company's labor troubles were compounded in 1952 when Árbenz passed Decree

695:

After the death of Arana, Árbenz ran in the presidential elections that were held in 1950 and without significant opposition defeated

5085: 1715:

the legislative reforms of the Árbenz and Arévalo administrations were reversed by the US-backed military governments that followed.

1633: 1249:

was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, but the Guatemalan Congress later impeached four judges associated with the ruling.

1736:

The story of Árbenz's life and subsequent overthrow in the CIA sponsored coup d'état has been the subject of several books, notably

1470:, an action seen as establishing a communist beachhead in the Americas. The shipment of these weapons was portrayed by the CIA as 5576: 5566: 1688:

in the American Convention on Human Rights and which were violated against former President Juan Jacobo Árbenz Guzman, his wife,

1241: 959:

Salvador, organizing a band of revolutionary exiles. Árbenz was one of the leaders of the plot within the army, along with Major

888:

and compelling them to work in coffee plantations for minimal compensation. Several United States-based companies, including the

1004: 765:

afford to go to a university. He initially did not want to join the military, but there was a scholarship available through the

4170: 1611: 1607: 1494:, with the intent of forcing Árbenz to resign. The most wide-reaching psychological weapon was the radio station known as the " 939: 545: 1143:, while Árbenz did have a few communists in lower-level positions in his administration, he "was not a dictator, he was not a 845:

at a women's congress and left a copy of it on Jacobo's bedside table when she left for a vacation. Jacobo was "moved" by the

644:; 14 September 1913 – 27 January 1971) was a Guatemalan military officer and politician who served as the 25th 5007: 4995: 4952: 4923: 4871: 4848: 4827: 4782: 4715: 4674: 4631: 4612: 4545: 4524: 4457: 4385: 4366: 4347: 4328: 4265: 4223: 4202: 1983: 1525: 566: 5453: 3887: 766: 363: 5078: 433: 17: 5621: 5109: 1362:, a covert operation to overthrow Árbenz. The plan had originally been suggested by the US-backed dictator of Nicaragua, 5300: 3971: 793: 755:

pharmacist, Hans Jakob Arbenz Gröbli, who immigrated to Guatemala in 1901. His mother, Octavia Guzmán Caballeros, was a

5424: 4125: 4100: 1366:, who said that if he were given weapons, he could overthrow the Guatemalan government. The operation was to be led by 684:, a Guatemalan communist. In October 1944, several civilian groups and progressive military factions led by Árbenz and 5616: 5382: 4763: 4484: 4287: 724: 1450: 1327: 716: 555: 451: 5376: 5062: 1499: 124: 5435: 804:. While at San José, Árbenz had to lead squads of soldiers who were escorting chain gangs of prisoners (including 530: 5394: 5013: 1619: 649: 302: 131: 5611: 5606: 5469: 5209: 1462: 1445:

officiating a mass over the massacred bodies of the workers. Castillo Armas would lead the overthrow of Árbenz.

5441: 5326: 3915: 5636: 5331: 5305: 4808: 4688:(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo 1: Revolución y Liberación. Guatemala: Fondo Nacional para la Cultura Económica. 1123:

In his inaugural address, Árbenz promised to convert Guatemala from "a backward country with a predominantly

705: 3937: 1989: 1760:

2015). The Árbenz story was also the subject of the multi award-winning 1997 documentary by Andreas Hoessli

1082:, supported by some members of the upper-middle class who felt the revolution had gone too far. Another was 5591: 1405: 1108:

Colonel Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán addressing the crowd at his inauguration as the President of Guatemala in 1951

5406: 5273: 4971: 5581: 5262: 4257:

Nazis and good neighbors: the United States campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II

1655:

named a hall of the National Museum of History and the highway to the Atlantic after the former president

1615: 1426: 1078:

only a couple of significant challengers in the election, in a field of ten candidates. One of these was

971: 785:

in 1944. His wife was a great ideological influence upon him, and they shared a desire for social reform.

752: 728: 387: 1661:

established a degree program in Human Rights, Pluriculturalism, and Reconciliation of Indigenous Peoples

5586: 5429: 5343: 1792: 1442: 1169: 1037: 992: 511: 312: 5412: 1689: 1363: 1083: 696: 4729: 4578: 1194: 1062:

in the 1950s, during their exile: however, Arévalo was unwilling, and Árbenz did not press his case.

1045: 540: 5571: 5284: 4093:

PBSuccess: The CIA's covert operation to overthrow Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz June–July 1954

1738:

PBSuccess: The CIA's covert operation to overthrow Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz June–July 1954

1693: 1642: 1618:, where it would remain until midnight. On 20 October 1995, thousands of Guatemalans flocked to the 1036:

On 16 December 1945, Arévalo was incapacitated for a while after a car accident. The leaders of the

865:

and supported their harsh labor practices. He was forced out of power by a popular uprising in 1944.

587: 374: 5321: 1071: 1016:

for all but illiterate women, a decentralization of power, and provisions for a multiparty system.

657: 5475: 5400: 5256: 5250: 4395: 1787:- Embassy official in Guatemala who later was ambassador in Bolivia during the coup against Torres 1417:

making a pact with members of the U.S. government at the time, such as US ambassador to Guatemala

1079: 861:

President Jorge Ubico in the 1930s. Like his predecessors, he gave a number of concessions to the

801: 5418: 5164: 4516: 841: 827: 782: 677: 577: 324: 1664:

held a photographic exhibition on Árbenz Guzmán and his legacy at the National Museum of History

5447: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5310: 5294: 5279: 5198: 5186: 5101: 5052: 5039: 988: 967: 689: 645: 182: 112: 89: 5464: 4840:

Doing Business With the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899–1944

4476: 1610:, where students and university officials paid posthumous homage to the former president. The 1374:

persuaded Truman to abort the plan. After being elected president of the US in November 1952,

1212:

had refused to grant Guatemala a loan in 1951, which made the shortage of capital more acute.

1173: 1118: 1029: 681: 5388: 5192: 4255: 4246: 1521: 1487: 1475: 1458: 1414: 1367: 1049:

vocally disagreed with Arana, and the former's intervention limited the number of deportees.

947: 870: 653: 525: 446: 232: 4838: 1289:, Guatemala's only port to the Atlantic Ocean. By 1950, the company's annual profits were 65 5561: 5556: 5516: 5289: 5022: 1454: 1438: 1434: 1332: 1268: 1258: 1152: 1148: 976: 889: 881: 862: 720: 712: 73: 5500: 910:

to the United Fruit Company, and allowed the US military to establish bases in Guatemala.

8: 5505: 5148: 4725: 4509: 4495: 4359:

Revolution in the countryside: rural conflict and agrarian reform in Guatemala, 1944–1954

1725: 1359: 1351: 1140: 805: 550: 5521: 4415:

Ibarra, Carlos Figueroa (June 2006). "The culture of terror and Cold War in Guatemala".

1778: 5240: 5229: 4898: 4734: 4663: 4561: 4446: 4432: 4396:"IACHR Satisfied with Friendly Settlement Agreement in Arbenz Case Involving Guatemala" 1784: 1422: 1379: 1315: 906: 800:

and later another under "an illiterate Colonel" in a small garrison in the village of

582: 351: 35: 4919: 4912: 4902: 4867: 4844: 4823: 4778: 4759: 4752: 4711: 4670: 4627: 4608: 4541: 4520: 4480: 4469: 4453: 4381: 4362: 4343: 4324: 4283: 4275: 4261: 4235: 4219: 4198: 4180: 4161: 4121: 4096: 1979: 1730: 1375: 1370:. However, the US state department discovered the conspiracy, and secretary of state 1227:, or BNA) was created on 7 July 1953, and by June 1951 it had disbursed more than $ 9 1189: 1017: 594: 5175: 4436: 5485: 5480: 4890: 4860: 4424: 4194:

Secret History: The CIA's Classified Account of its Operations in Guatemala 1952–54

1972:

Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán: For the Motherland and the Revolution in Guatemala, 1951–1954

1818: 1806: 1772: 1587: 1399: 1144: 893: 640: 4959: 4710:. David Rockefeller Center series on Latin American studies, Harvard University. 4602: 4535: 4318: 4314: 4213: 4192: 1156: 1054: 960: 927: 817: 685: 405: 5495: 5490: 5459: 5316: 5268: 5245: 4703: 4583: 1745: 1467: 1286: 1129: 943: 934:

that ruled Guatemala from the October Revolution until the election of Arévalo.

931: 923: 797: 748: 274: 218: 5070: 4894: 4428: 4169:. Tesis (in Spanish). Guatemala: Escuela de Ciencias de la Comunicación de la 892:, received this public land, and were exempted from paying taxes. In 1929 the 688:

rebelled against Ubico's repressive policies. In the elections that followed,

5550: 5511: 1757: 1516: 1418: 1177: 1172:, which was legalized during his government. The most prominent of these was 966:

On 19 October 1944, a small group of soldiers and students led by Árbenz and

756: 5047: 3697: 474: 1967:

Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán: Por la Patria y la Revolución en Guatemala, 1951–1954

1753: 1711: 1638: 1591: 1543: 1471: 1430: 1410: 1387: 1383: 1371: 1245: 1240:

standards for many thousands of farmer families, the majority of whom were

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Managing the counterrevolution: the United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961

4320:

Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944–1954

739: 5337: 4242: 897: 831: 777: 673: 291: 5018: 4215:

The time of freedom: campesino workers in Guatemala's October Revolution

3384: 3382: 980: 1706: 1570: 1216: 1209: 1202: 1059: 700: 664:Árbenz enacted as president was very influential across Latin America. 661: 535: 358: 4881:

Holland, Max (2004). "Operation PBHistory: The Aftermath of SUCCESS".

1658:

revised the basic national school curriculum (Currículo Nacional Base)

1358:Árbenz's enactment of Decree 900 in 1952 provoked Truman to authorize 5218: 4947:

CIA and Guatemala Assassination Proposals: CIA History Staff Analysis

4060: 3379: 3355: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3165: 3163: 3161: 2986: 2984: 1275: 1008: 751:, the second-largest city in Guatemala, in 1913. He was the son of a 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3330: 3328: 3326: 1775:- Socialist president of Chile who was ousted in a US-supported coup 1231:

million in small loans. 53,829 applicants received an average of 225

918: 4579:"Guatemala to Restore Legacy of a President the U.S. Helped Depose" 4299:"The CIA and Jacobo Arbenz: The story of a disinformation campaign" 4298: 4141: 3260: 1599: 1347: 1013: 761: 4941: 3241: 3158: 3146: 2981: 5002: 4665:

Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism

3837: 3806: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3687: 3685: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3323: 1104: 857: 836: 743:Árbenz's parents, Hans Jakob Arbenz and Octavia Guzmán Caballeros 423: 46: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3555: 3553: 3345: 3343: 3076: 3074: 3072: 2354: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1742:

American Propaganda, Media, And The Fall Of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

938:

In May 1944 a series of protests against Ubico broke out at the

4990: 4072: 3504: 3502: 3399: 3397: 3202: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1696:, María Leonora, and Arabella, all surnamed Árbenz Villanova." 1680:

prepared and published a biography of the former president, and

1667:

recovered the wealth of photographs of the Árbenz Guzmán family

1561: 1506: 1124: 31: 4914:

The battle for Guatemala: rebels, death squads, and U.S. power

4754:

Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.-Latin American Relations

4009: 3997: 3938:"Apology reignites conversation about ousted Guatemala leader" 3825: 3794: 3763: 3751: 3739: 3724: 3682: 3667: 3277: 3275: 1781:- Socialist president of Bolivia ousted by a US-supported coup 1478:, and acted as the final spur for the CIA to launch its coup. 852: 4883:

International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence

3638: 3626: 3609: 3582: 3565: 3550: 3514: 3487: 3463: 3429: 3427: 3340: 3110: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2528: 2526: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2371: 2369: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2065: 2063: 1877: 1486:

1954. The invasion was accompanied by an intense campaign of

1461:, once Arana's lieutenant, who had been exiled following the 1252: 1132:

without the aid of foreign capital. Based on advice from the

991:, who ran under a coalition of leftist parties known as the " 812:. The experience traumatized Árbenz, who said he felt like a 4511:

Inevitable revolutions: the United States in Central America

3499: 3475: 3451: 3439: 3394: 3311: 3219: 3217: 3192: 3190: 3049: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3008: 2996: 2467: 2465: 2452: 2450: 2398: 2396: 2311: 2309: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2153: 2151: 2138: 2136: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2007: 1942: 1441:

ship exporting bananas, as well as the figure of Archbishop

4624:

American Foreign Relations: A History, Volume 2: Since 1895

4537:

The Politics of antipolitics: the military in Latin America

3599: 3597: 3526: 3272: 2947: 2945: 2296: 2294: 2202: 792:

After graduating, he served a stint as a junior officer at

3424: 3229: 3098: 2957: 2870: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2585: 2550: 2538: 2523: 2504: 2435: 2381: 2366: 2321: 2250: 2060: 4708:

Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala

4026: 4024: 3975: 3367: 3214: 3187: 3175: 3134: 3020: 2930: 2906: 2764: 2762: 2725: 2723: 2672: 2636: 2624: 2482: 2480: 2462: 2447: 2413: 2411: 2393: 2306: 2274: 2226: 2148: 2133: 2114: 1449:

The CIA operation to overthrow Jacobo Árbenz, code-named

1297:

dollars, twice the revenue of the Guatemalan government.

1092: 4500:

National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 4

4448:

The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention

3594: 3538: 2942: 2894: 2747: 2708: 2342: 2291: 2178: 2104: 2102: 2075: 2048: 2036: 1918: 1598:

In 1965 Árbenz was invited to the Communist Congress in

4596:(in Spanish). México: Ediciones En Marcha. p. 858. 4048: 4036: 3860: 3782: 2882: 2834: 2810: 2774: 2648: 2612: 2573: 2423: 2214: 2190: 1906: 1894: 680:, who was a great ideological influence on him, as was 30:"Arbenz" redirects here. For the 1910s automobile, see 4820:

Bananas: How the United Fruit Company Shaped the World

4496:"CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents" 4021: 3299: 3287: 3122: 2918: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2759: 2720: 2684: 2660: 2492: 2477: 2408: 2087: 667:Árbenz was born in 1913 to a wealthy family, son of a 3987: 3985: 3420:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. p. 186. 2262: 2238: 2168: 2166: 2099: 1865: 1790: 1649:

held a public ceremony recognizing its responsibility

1481:Árbenz had intended the shipment of weapons from the 1134:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

816:(i.e., a "foreman"). During this period he first met 4471:

Banana: The Fate of the Fruit That Changed the World

4340:

The blood of Guatemala: a history of race and nation

3952: 3086: 2696: 1853: 4669:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 4540:(3rd, revised ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. 4494:Kornbluh, Peter; Doyle, Kate, eds. (23 May 1997) . 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 2851: 2822: 2798: 2786: 2735: 1215:The official title of the agrarian reform bill was 4911: 4859: 4751: 4662: 4557:"An Apology for a Guatemalan Coup, 57 Years Later" 4508: 4468: 4445: 4234: 4179: 3982: 3909: 3907: 3905: 2969: 2163: 1930: 998: 4701: 4066: 3661: 3388: 3361: 3334: 3266: 3254: 3208: 3169: 3152: 2990: 1963: 884:passed laws confiscating the lands of the native 5548: 5014:International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation 4972:From Árbenz to Zelaya: Chiquita in Latin America 4806: 3872: 1626: 1505:By 21 June, Guatemalan soldiers had gathered at 1306:company to rehire a number of laid-off workers. 5100: 4591: 4296: 4090: 4015: 4003: 3902: 3854: 3831: 3819: 3800: 3776: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3718: 3691: 3676: 1948: 1888: 1683:issued a series of postage stamps in his honor. 1581: 772: 719:engineered by the government of U.S. president 53: and the second or maternal family name is 4953:CIA file about Operations against Jacob Árbenz 4909: 4502:. Washington, D.C.: National Security Archive. 4260:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83. 1160:made an effort to reach out to the indigenous 5086: 4813:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional. 4686:Guatemala, la historia silenciada (1944–1989) 4533: 4493: 4159: 4078: 3433: 2360: 1740:by Mario Overall and Daniel Hagedorn (2016), 955:, and since then Árbenz had been living in El 656:, which represented some of the few years of 613: 1112: 4724: 4640: 4197:(2nd ed.). Stanford University Press. 4120:. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH KG. 3972:"Guatemala: una disculpa que tardó 57 años" 3885: 3703: 2845: 1959: 1957: 1652:sent a letter of apology to the next of kin 853:October revolution and defense ministership 5093: 5079: 4534:Loveman, Brian; Davies, Thomas M. (1997). 4237:Guatemala in rebellion: unfinished history 3916:"41 Years After Coup, Hero'S Body Returns" 1267:Route Map of the Great White Fleet of the 1253:Relationship with the United Fruit Company 930:(right) in 1944. The three men formed the 620: 606: 72: 4934: 4862:Gift of the devil: a history of Guatemala 4475:. New York: Hudson Street Press. p. 4400:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 4313: 4190: 4186:. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 3886:Castellanos, Amafredo (19 October 1995). 3649: 3632: 3620: 3603: 3588: 3576: 3559: 3532: 3520: 3493: 3469: 3373: 3349: 3116: 3080: 3043: 3014: 3002: 2963: 2900: 2888: 2780: 2753: 2714: 2654: 2618: 2606: 2579: 2567: 2544: 2532: 2517: 2441: 2429: 2387: 2375: 2336: 2300: 2256: 2220: 2196: 2157: 2069: 2042: 2030: 1871: 1634:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 202:Head of State and Government of Guatemala 144:15 March 1945 – 20 February 1950 4772: 4621: 4600: 4443: 4280:We Now Know, rethinking Cold War history 4253: 3913: 3544: 3508: 3481: 3457: 3445: 3403: 3317: 3305: 3281: 3223: 3196: 3181: 3140: 3031: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2816: 2768: 2729: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2642: 2630: 2486: 2471: 2456: 2417: 2402: 2315: 2285: 2232: 2208: 2142: 2127: 2093: 2054: 1954: 1924: 1490:presenting Castillo Armas' victory as a 1433:, with the face of the bomb alluding to 1398: 1331: 1274: 1262: 1188: 1103: 917: 875: 856: 776: 738: 213:20 October 1944 – 15 March 1945 27:President of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954 4880: 4817: 4576: 4554: 4515:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 4506: 4466: 4337: 4211: 4177: 4160:Borrayo Pérez, Gloria Catalina (2011). 4115: 4054: 4042: 4030: 3958: 3866: 3788: 3235: 3128: 3104: 2951: 2876: 2864: 2702: 2348: 2268: 2244: 2184: 2108: 2081: 1912: 1900: 14: 5632:Revolutionary Action Party politicians 5549: 4692: 4683: 4555:Malkin, Elizabeth (20 October 2011a). 4414: 4361:. University of North Carolina Press. 4274: 4171:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 4091:Overall, Mario; Hagedorn, Dan (2016). 3293: 2975: 2498: 1859: 1612:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 1394: 5074: 4857: 4836: 4749: 4394: 4356: 4282:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4232: 3991: 3914:Phillips, Richard (21 October 1995). 3888:"Guatemala receives Arbenz's remains" 3415: 3092: 2828: 2804: 2792: 2741: 1744:by Zachary Fisher (2014), as well as 1718: 1554: 1536: 913: 639: 102:15 March 1951 – 27 June 1954 5627:20th-century presidents of Guatemala 5025:'s "United Fruit Historical Society" 4660: 4375: 2172: 1936: 1340: 660:in Guatemalan history. The landmark 5597:Guatemalan people of German descent 5110:Federal Republic of Central America 4697:(in Spanish). Guatemala: GrafiaEtc. 1003:Arévalo described his ideology as " 641:[xwaŋxaˈkoβoˈaɾβensɣusˈman] 24: 5602:Guatemalan people of Swiss descent 5137:direct central rule, 1826–27 5120:direct central rule, 1823–24 4793: 4577:Malkin, Elisabeth (23 May 2011b). 4218:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 1409:(in english, Glorious victory) by 1147:". Schlesinger described him as a 25: 5648: 4983: 4807:Arévalo Martinez, Rafael (1945). 4297:Garcia Ferreira, Roberto (2008). 1590:of 1959, a representative of the 1382:and his brother and CIA director 5208: 5046: 5021:Biography brought to you by the 5001: 4989: 4940: 4918:(5th ed.). Westview Press. 4648:(Press release). 11 October 2011 4592:Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990). 4134: 4109: 4084: 3964: 3930: 3409: 1812: 1800: 1065: 593: 541:United Fruit Company(Guatemalan) 473: 373: 1832: 1675:Mi esposo, el presidente Árbenz 1437:. In the background is shown a 1413:, circa 1954. It shows General 999:Government of Juan José Arévalo 839:. María had received a copy of 826:In 1938 he met his future wife 781:Árbenz seated next to his wife 767:Polytechnic School of Guatemala 364:Polytechnic School of Guatemala 336: 303:Guatemala City General Cemetery 5577:Defense ministers of Guatemala 5567:20th-century Guatemalan people 4323:. Princeton University Press. 4303:Journal of Third World Studies 4116:Zachary, Fisher (April 2014). 1964:Castellanos Cambranes, Julio. 1729:(1994), filmed on location in 1321: 1184: 1072:Partido de Integridad Nacional 711:His policies ran afoul of the 13: 1: 4773:Streeter, Stephen M. (2000). 4607:. Stanford University Press. 4452:. University of Texas Press. 4444:Immerman, Richard H. (1982). 4067:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3662:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3389:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3362:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3335:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3267:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3255:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3209:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3170:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 3153:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 2991:Schlesinger & Kinzer 1999 1846: 1677:(My Husband President Árbenz) 1627:Guatemalan government apology 1531: 1099: 993:Partido Acción Revolucionaria 734: 34:. For Árbenz's daughter, see 4843:. Rowman & Littlefield. 4730:"Ghosts of Guatemala's Past" 4622:Paterson, Thomas G. (2009). 4417:Journal of Genocide Research 4191:Cullather, Nicholas (2006). 3890:. United Press International 1582:Daughter's suicide and death 1528:, seeking political asylum. 830:, the daughter of a wealthy 773:Military career and marriage 650:Minister of National Defense 132:Minister of National Defense 45:, the first or paternal 7: 5102:Heads of state of Guatemala 5063:Carlos Enrique Díaz de León 4758:. Oxford University Press. 4380:. Oxford University Press. 4254:Friedman, Max Paul (2003). 4233:Fried, Jonathan L. (1983). 3418:The Fish that Ate the Whale 1766: 1328:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 729:Central Intelligence Agency 717:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 546:1953 parliamentary election 452:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 217:Francisco Javier Arana and 125:Carlos Enrique Díaz de León 10: 5653: 5622:People from Quetzaltenango 4604:Rural Guatemala, 1760–1940 4152: 1670:published a book of photos 1524:. He walked to the nearby 1443:Mariano Rossell y Arellano 1325: 1256: 1200: 1170:Guatemalan Party of Labour 1116: 1038:Revolutionary Action Party 880:In 1871 the government of 868: 662:program of agrarian reform 40: 29: 5529: 5217: 5206: 5108: 5059: 5044: 5036: 5031: 4895:10.1080/08850600490274935 4777:. Ohio University Press. 4661:Rabe, Stephen G. (1988). 4429:10.1080/14623520600703081 4342:. Duke University Press. 3434:Kornbluh & Doyle 1997 2361:Loveman & Davies 1997 1699: 1620:Guatemala City's cemetery 1195:Quetzaltenango Department 1113:Inauguration and ideology 1046:National Renovation Party 633:Juan Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán 460: 439: 429: 419: 411: 401: 396: 381: 369: 357: 346: 318: 308: 298: 281: 257: 252: 248: 238: 226: 206: 201: 191: 173: 156: 148: 137: 130: 118: 106: 95: 87: 83: 71: 64: 5617:Leaders ousted by a coup 4799: 4750:Smith, Peter H. (2000). 4601:McCreery, David (1994). 4507:LaFeber, Walter (1993). 1825: 1690:María Cristina Villanova 725:U.S. Department of State 658:representative democracy 482:This article is part of 5115:Supreme Chiefs of State 4965: 4910:Jonas, Susanne (1991). 4837:Dosal, Paul J. (1993). 4818:Chapman, Peter (2009). 4693:Sabino, Carlos (2019). 4684:Sabino, Carlos (2007). 4309:(2). United States: 59. 4212:Forster, Cindy (2001). 1641:on 20 October 2011, to 1476:United States' backyard 1364:Anastasio Somoza García 1084:Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes 842:The Communist Manifesto 783:Maria Cristina Vilanova 697:Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes 578:Maria Cristina Vilanova 325:Maria Cristina Vilanova 185:as Secretary of Defense 5053:President of Guatemala 5006:Quotations related to 4935:Government/NGO reports 4702:Schlesinger, Stephen; 4376:Hunt, Michael (2004). 4338:Grandin, Greg (2000). 4178:Chomsky, Noam (1985). 3940:. CNN. 24 October 2011 1750:The Devil's Chessboard 1643:Jacobo Árbenz Vilanova 1446: 1337: 1281: 1272: 1225:Banco Nacional Agrario 1198: 1197:, in western Guatemala 1109: 968:Francisco Javier Arana 935: 866: 786: 744: 646:president of Guatemala 183:Francisco Javier Arana 180:Position established; 163:Francisco Javier Arana 90:President of Guatemala 5612:Guatemalan socialists 5607:Guatemalan Revolution 5219:Republic of Guatemala 4695:Árbenz, una biografía 4594:La Patria del Criollo 4467:Koeppel, Dan (2008). 4378:The World Transformed 4142:"Devils Don't Dream!" 2003:– via Copredeh. 1723:The Guatemalan movie 1608:San Carlos University 1488:psychological warfare 1459:Carlos Castillo Armas 1421:, Secretary of State 1402: 1368:Carlos Castillo Armas 1335: 1278: 1266: 1257:Further information: 1192: 1107: 1080:Jorge García Granados 948:Federico Ponce Vaides 921: 876:Historical background 871:Guatemalan Revolution 869:Further information: 860: 802:San Juan Sacatepéquez 780: 742: 654:Guatemalan Revolution 526:Guatemalan Revolution 447:Guatemalan Revolution 412:Years of service 233:Federico Ponce Vaides 215:Serving with 5637:Burials in Guatemala 5023:United Fruit Company 4998:at Wikimedia Commons 4996:Jacobo Arbenz Guzman 4958:4 March 2016 at the 4726:Schlesinger, Stephen 4626:. Cengage Learning. 4016:Garcia Ferreira 2008 4004:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3855:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3832:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3820:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3801:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3777:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3758:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3746:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3734:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3719:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3692:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3677:Garcia Ferreira 2008 3416:Cohen, Rich (2012). 3119:, pp. 155, 163. 1995:on 28 September 2020 1949:Garcia Ferreira 2008 1889:Martínez Peláez 1990 1692:, and his children, 1474:interference in the 1453:, was authorized by 1439:United Fruit Company 1435:President Eisenhower 1269:United Fruit Company 1259:United Fruit Company 1153:United Fruit Company 1149:democratic socialist 977:constituent assembly 890:United Fruit Company 882:Justo Rufino Barrios 863:United Fruit Company 721:Dwight D. Eisenhower 713:United Fruit Company 313:Revolutionary Action 262:Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán 18:Jacobo Arbenz Guzman 5592:Guatemalan colonels 4866:. South End Press. 4858:Handy, Jim (1984). 4357:Handy, Jim (1994). 4069:, pp. 190–204. 3652:, pp. 345–349. 3635:, pp. 342–345. 3623:, pp. 330–335. 3591:, pp. 326–329. 3579:, pp. 320–323. 3562:, pp. 100–101. 3523:, pp. 300–311. 3511:, pp. 155–160. 3496:, pp. 280–285. 3484:, pp. 144–150. 3472:, pp. 259–262. 3460:, pp. 162–165. 3448:, pp. 141–143. 3406:, pp. 122–127. 3391:, pp. 106–107. 3364:, pp. 100–101. 3352:, pp. 228–231. 3320:, pp. 109–110. 3238:, pp. 136–137. 3107:, pp. 200–201. 3083:, pp. 149–164. 3046:, pp. 144–146. 3017:, pp. 181–379. 3005:, pp. 141–181. 2879:, pp. 154–160. 2363:, pp. 126–127. 2211:, pp. 316–317. 2033:, pp. 134–137. 1762:Devils Don't Dream! 1726:The Silence of Neto 1707:Agrarian Reform Law 1500:Carlos Enrique Díaz 1496:Voice of Liberation 1451:Operation PBSuccess 1395:Operation PBSuccess 1360:Operation PBFortune 1352:Richard H. Immerman 1174:José Manuel Fortuny 1141:Stephen Schlesinger 1119:José Manuel Fortuny 1030:José Manuel Fortuny 1005:spiritual socialism 953:Escuela Politécnica 806:political prisoners 747:Árbenz was born in 701:agrarian reform law 682:José Manuel Fortuny 551:Operation PBHistory 78:Árbenz in the 1950s 5582:Exiled politicians 5113:(1823–1839); 5032:Political offices 4735:The New York Times 4562:The New York Times 4276:Gaddis, John Lewis 4095:. Helion Limited. 4079:Borrayo Pérez 2011 3978:. 20 October 2011. 3284:, pp. 82–100. 1785:Ernest V. Siracusa 1719:In popular culture 1673:reissued the book 1555:Europe and Uruguay 1537:Beginning of exile 1522:October Revolution 1447: 1423:John Foster Dulles 1380:John Foster Dulles 1338: 1316:John Foster Dulles 1282: 1273: 1199: 1110: 1042:Pacto del Barranco 936: 914:October revolution 867: 787: 745: 5587:Guatemalan exiles 5542: 5541: 5069: 5068: 5060:Succeeded by 5040:Juan José Arévalo 4994:Media related to 4945:Works related to 4925:978-0-8133-0614-8 4873:978-0-89608-248-9 4850:978-0-8420-2590-4 4829:978-1-84767-194-3 4784:978-0-89680-215-5 4717:978-0-674-01930-0 4676:978-0-8078-4204-1 4633:978-0-547-22569-2 4614:978-0-8047-2318-3 4547:978-0-8420-2611-6 4526:978-0-393-30964-5 4459:978-0-292-71083-2 4387:978-0-19-937234-8 4368:978-0-8078-4438-0 4349:978-0-8223-2495-9 4330:978-0-691-02556-8 4267:978-0-521-82246-6 4225:978-0-8229-4162-0 4204:978-0-8047-5468-2 4081:, pp. 37–48. 3918:. 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He was anti- 1001: 972:National Palace 961:Aldana Sandoval 956: 928:Francisco Arana 916: 878: 873: 855: 818:Francisco Arana 775: 737: 686:Francisco Arana 636: 626: 592: 588:Árbenz Vilanova 574: 571: 563: 560: 520: 519: 516: 490: 488: 487: 486: 483: 481: 456: 406:Guatemalan Army 386: 385: 342: 339: 1939) 334: 330: 327: 309:Political party 290: 286: 285:27 January 1971 273: 267: 265: 264: 263: 239: 227: 222: 216: 212: 207: 192: 186: 174: 169: 143: 138: 119: 107: 101: 96: 79: 67: 58: 39: 36:Arabella Árbenz 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5650: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5540: 5539: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5454:Mejía Víctores 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5395:González López 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5266: 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4057:, p. 239. 4047: 4045:, p. 221. 4035: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3981: 3963: 3951: 3929: 3901: 3871: 3869:, p. 221. 3859: 3836: 3824: 3805: 3793: 3791:, p. 153. 3781: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3723: 3711: 3696: 3681: 3666: 3664:, p. 201. 3654: 3650:Gleijeses 1992 3637: 3633:Gleijeses 1992 3625: 3621:Gleijeses 1992 3608: 3604:Cullather 2006 3593: 3589:Gleijeses 1992 3581: 3577:Gleijeses 1992 3564: 3560:Cullather 2006 3549: 3547:, p. 165. 3537: 3533:Cullather 2006 3525: 3521:Gleijeses 1992 3513: 3498: 3494:Gleijeses 1992 3486: 3474: 3470:Gleijeses 1992 3462: 3450: 3438: 3423: 3408: 3393: 3378: 3376:, p. 234. 3374:Gleijeses 1992 3366: 3354: 3350:Gleijeses 1992 3339: 3337:, p. 102. 3322: 3310: 3298: 3296:, p. 177. 3286: 3271: 3259: 3240: 3228: 3213: 3201: 3186: 3174: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3131:, p. 118. 3121: 3117:Gleijeses 1992 3109: 3097: 3095:, p. 135. 3085: 3081:Gleijeses 1992 3048: 3044:Gleijeses 1992 3036: 3019: 3015:Gleijeses 1992 3007: 3003:Gleijeses 1992 2995: 2980: 2968: 2964:Gleijeses 1992 2956: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2903:, p. 134. 2901:Gleijeses 1992 2893: 2889:Gleijeses 1992 2881: 2869: 2850: 2833: 2821: 2819:, p. 304. 2809: 2797: 2785: 2781:Gleijeses 1992 2773: 2758: 2756:, p. 149. 2754:Gleijeses 1992 2746: 2734: 2719: 2717:, p. 124. 2715:Gleijeses 1992 2707: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2655:Gleijeses 1992 2647: 2635: 2623: 2619:Gleijeses 1992 2611: 2607:Gleijeses 1992 2584: 2580:Gleijeses 1992 2572: 2568:Gleijeses 1992 2549: 2545:Gleijeses 1992 2537: 2533:Gleijeses 1992 2522: 2518:Gleijeses 1992 2503: 2491: 2476: 2461: 2446: 2442:Gleijeses 1992 2434: 2430:Gleijeses 1992 2422: 2407: 2392: 2388:Gleijeses 1992 2380: 2376:Gleijeses 1992 2365: 2353: 2341: 2337:Gleijeses 1992 2320: 2305: 2303:, p. 140. 2301:Gleijeses 1992 2290: 2273: 2261: 2257:Gleijeses 1992 2249: 2237: 2225: 2221:Gleijeses 1992 2213: 2201: 2197:Gleijeses 1992 2189: 2177: 2162: 2158:Cullather 2006 2147: 2132: 2113: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2070:Gleijeses 1992 2059: 2047: 2045:, p. 141. 2043:Gleijeses 1992 2035: 2031:Gleijeses 1992 2006: 1984: 1978:. p. 90. 1953: 1941: 1939:, p. 255. 1929: 1917: 1905: 1893: 1891:, p. 842. 1876: 1872:Gleijeses 1992 1864: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1809: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1768: 1765: 1746:New York Times 1720: 1717: 1701: 1698: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1628: 1625: 1583: 1580: 1556: 1553: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1468:Czechoslovakia 1415:Castillo Armas 1396: 1393: 1342: 1339: 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1287:Puerto Barrios 1254: 1251: 1201:Main article: 1186: 1183: 1130:infrastructure 1114: 1111: 1101: 1098: 1067: 1064: 1000: 997: 944:Guatemala City 926:(center), and 924:Jorge Toriello 915: 912: 877: 874: 854: 851: 828:María Vilanova 798:Guatemala City 774: 771: 749:Quetzaltenango 736: 733: 678:María Vilanova 628: 627: 625: 624: 617: 610: 602: 599: 598: 591: 590: 585: 580: 572: 570: 569: 561: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 517: 515: 514: 509: 501: 500: 497: 496: 484:a series about 480: 478: 462: 461: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 443: 441: 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 421: 417: 416: 413: 409: 408: 403: 402:Branch/service 399: 398: 394: 393: 383: 379: 378: 371: 367: 366: 361: 355: 354: 348: 344: 343: 332: 328: 323: 322: 320: 316: 315: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 295: 289:(aged 57) 283: 279: 278: 275:Quetzaltenango 261: 259: 255: 254: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 219:Jorge Toriello 214: 204: 203: 199: 198: 197:Rafael O'Meany 195: 189: 188: 181: 177: 171: 170: 168: 167: 164: 160: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 135: 134: 128: 127: 122: 116: 115: 110: 104: 103: 93: 92: 85: 84: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5649: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572:Árbenz family 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5545: 5528: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465:Serrano Elías 5463: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5235:López Requena 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5222:(since 1839); 5220: 5216: 5211: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5019:Jacobo Árbenz 5017: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5008:Jacobo Árbenz 5004: 5000: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4949:at Wikisource 4948: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4927: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822:. Canongate. 4821: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4786: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4765:0-19-512997-0 4761: 4756: 4755: 4748: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4486:9781101213919 4482: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4402:. August 2009 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4289:0-19-878070-2 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4143: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4033:, p. 19. 4032: 4027: 4025: 4018:, p. 61. 4017: 4012: 4006:, p. 74. 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3939: 3933: 3917: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3834:, p. 72. 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3803:, p. 69. 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3779:, p. 68. 3778: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3760:, p. 55. 3759: 3754: 3748:, p. 54. 3747: 3742: 3736:, p. 66. 3735: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3694:, p. 62. 3693: 3688: 3686: 3679:, p. 56. 3678: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3606:, p. 97. 3605: 3600: 3598: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3545:Immerman 1982 3541: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3509:Immerman 1982 3505: 3503: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3482:Immerman 1982 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3458:Immerman 1982 3454: 3447: 3446:Immerman 1982 3442: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3404:Immerman 1982 3400: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3318:Immerman 1982 3314: 3307: 3306:Streeter 2000 3302: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3282:Immerman 1982 3278: 3276: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3224:Immerman 1982 3220: 3218: 3211:, p. 71. 3210: 3205: 3198: 3197:Immerman 1982 3193: 3191: 3183: 3182:Immerman 1982 3178: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3141:Immerman 1982 3137: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3032:Immerman 1982 3028: 3026: 3024: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2937:Streeter 2000 2933: 2927:, p. 63. 2926: 2925:Immerman 1982 2921: 2914: 2913:Immerman 1982 2909: 2902: 2897: 2891:, p. 77. 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2831:, p. 36. 2830: 2825: 2818: 2817:Paterson 2009 2813: 2807:, p. 85. 2806: 2801: 2795:, p. 84. 2794: 2789: 2783:, p. 49. 2782: 2777: 2771:, p. 64. 2770: 2769:Immerman 1982 2765: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2744:, p. 52. 2743: 2738: 2732:, p. 18. 2731: 2730:Streeter 2000 2726: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2699: 2693:, p. 16. 2692: 2691:Streeter 2000 2687: 2680: 2679:Immerman 1982 2675: 2669:, p. 62. 2668: 2667:Immerman 1982 2663: 2657:, p. 83. 2656: 2651: 2644: 2643:Immerman 1982 2639: 2632: 2631:Streeter 2000 2627: 2621:, p. 74. 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2582:, p. 70. 2581: 2576: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2500: 2495: 2489:, p. 48. 2488: 2487:Immerman 1982 2483: 2481: 2473: 2472:Streeter 2000 2468: 2466: 2458: 2457:Immerman 1982 2453: 2451: 2443: 2438: 2432:, p. 36. 2431: 2426: 2420:, p. 14. 2419: 2418:Streeter 2000 2414: 2412: 2404: 2403:Immerman 1982 2399: 2397: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2317: 2316:Immerman 1982 2312: 2310: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2287: 2286:Immerman 1982 2282: 2280: 2278: 2271:, p. 86. 2270: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2247:, p. 84. 2246: 2241: 2234: 2233:Immerman 1982 2229: 2223:, p. 22. 2222: 2217: 2210: 2209:McCreery 1994 2205: 2199:, p. 15. 2198: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2175:, p. 43. 2174: 2169: 2167: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2144: 2143:Immerman 1982 2139: 2137: 2129: 2128:Streeter 2000 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2111:, p. 29. 2110: 2105: 2103: 2096:, p. 11. 2095: 2094:Streeter 2000 2090: 2083: 2078: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2055:Streeter 2000 2051: 2044: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1958: 1951:, p. 60. 1950: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1925:Friedman 2003 1921: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1835: 1831: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1758:HarperCollins 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1517:John Peurifoy 1513: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:fait accompli 1489: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:John Peurifoy 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1307: 1298: 1288: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1204: 1196: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1178:Joseph Stalin 1175: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1120: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1066:1950 election 1063: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1006: 996: 994: 990: 984: 982: 978: 973: 970:attacked the 969: 964: 962: 954: 949: 945: 941: 933: 929: 925: 920: 911: 908: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 872: 864: 859: 850: 848: 844: 843: 838: 833: 829: 824: 821: 819: 815: 811: 808:) to perform 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Fort San José 790: 784: 779: 770: 768: 763: 758: 754: 750: 741: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 702: 698: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 634: 623: 618: 616: 611: 609: 604: 603: 601: 600: 596: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 568: 565: 564: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 513: 510: 508: 505: 504: 503: 502: 493: 491:Jacobo Árbenz 479: 476: 472: 471: 468: 467: 459: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 442: 438: 435: 432: 428: 425: 422: 418: 414: 410: 407: 404: 400: 395: 389: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 365: 362: 360: 356: 353: 350:3, including 349: 345: 326: 321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 304: 301: 299:Resting place 297: 293: 284: 280: 276: 260: 256: 251: 247: 243: 237: 234: 231: 225: 220: 210: 205: 200: 196: 190: 187: 184: 178: 172: 165: 162: 161: 159: 155: 151: 147: 141: 136: 133: 129: 126: 123: 117: 114: 111: 105: 99: 94: 91: 86: 82: 75: 70: 66:Jacobo Árbenz 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 5544: 5501:Pérez Molina 5371: 5355: 5344:Ponce Vaides 5136: 5135: 5119: 5045: 5010:at Wikiquote 4975: 4913: 4886: 4882: 4861: 4839: 4819: 4809: 4774: 4753: 4739:. 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Retrieved 3867:Forster 2001 3862: 3827: 3796: 3789:Koeppel 2008 3784: 3753: 3741: 3714: 3704: 3699: 3657: 3628: 3584: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3417: 3411: 3369: 3357: 3313: 3308:, p. 4. 3301: 3289: 3262: 3236:Forster 2001 3231: 3204: 3177: 3148: 3136: 3129:Forster 2001 3124: 3112: 3105:Grandin 2000 3100: 3088: 3039: 3010: 2998: 2971: 2959: 2952:Forster 2001 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2877:Chomsky 1985 2872: 2865:Malkin 2011a 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2749: 2737: 2710: 2705:, p. 2. 2703:Forster 2001 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2638: 2626: 2614: 2575: 2540: 2494: 2437: 2425: 2383: 2356: 2349:Forster 2001 2344: 2269:Forster 2001 2264: 2252: 2245:Forster 2001 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2185:Forster 2001 2180: 2109:Forster 2001 2089: 2082:Forster 2001 2077: 2050: 2038: 1997:. 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