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These relationships last until a male or female is replaced. The female maintains bonds with her mates though copulations and producing clutches for them, as well as protecting their territories and defending the eggs from predators. Monogamous pairs are sometimes observed among polyandrous groups. The jacana has a simultaneous polyandrous mating system. That is the female will mate with several males a day or form pair bonds with more than one male at a time. Because of the high energy costs of producing eggs, females are replaced more often than males. If water levels remain constant, jacanas can breed year round.
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have sufficient time to forage throughout the day due to rain and cool temperatures. Males spend most of their time within their territory during incubation but sometimes leave the nest unattended for long periods of time. A male performs when each egg hatches and stands next to the nest to peer into it. The males continues to incubate the remaining eggs while brooding the hatched chicks. When all the eggs have hatched, the male will dispose of the remaining egg shells. It will also lead the chicks away from the nest within the next 24 hours.
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for both males and females increase when the chicks are born. Males are intolerant of intruders in their territory and make calls to the female for help for predator defense. Females respond to every call the male makes and invest much interest in the safety of the chicks, despite having little interaction with them. The females provide the males with a new clutch when the chicks are 12–16 weeks old.
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Vocalizations among jacanas usually occur between mating pairs or between fathers and their young. Jacanas will emit "clustered-note calls", which are made of individual notes clustered together, when jacanas attack intruders in their territories. Jacanas also made calls when eggs or chicks are under
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of four brown eggs with black markings. These eggs usually measure around 30 by 23 millimetres (1.18 by 0.91 in). The male incubates the eggs for 28 days. A female may sometimes shade and squat over the eggs but rarely incubate them. A female may reluctantly incubate the eggs if a male does not
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The northern jacana is medium-sized wader with long legs and elongated toes. It measures 21.5 to 24 cm (8.5 to 9.4 in) in overall length. The female is significantly larger than the male: breeding females average 161 g (5.7 oz) compared to 91 g (3.2 oz) for the male. It
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Chicks are able to swim, dive and feed shortly after they hatch. The male will not feed the chick but lead them to food. The male will brood the chicks for many weeks. As the chicks get bigger, fewer can fit under the male's wing. Females may brood chicks when the male is away. Territorial defense
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The male constructs a floating nest with whatever plant matter he can find. A male jacana will grab vegetation and walk backwards to uproot it and continues to walk backward to drop the plant part in the nest. The male pushes against and steps on the plant parts to create a compact mount. The best
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breeding system. A female jacana lives in a territory that encompasses the territories of 1–4 males. A male forms a pair bond with a female who will keep other females out of his territory. Pair bonds between the female and her males remain throughout the year, even outside of the breeding season.
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on the leading edge of the wings, which it can use to defend itself and its young. Young jacana chicks are covered in down and have patterns of orange, browns, black and some white on them. Older chicks are gray and have brownish upper parts. Juveniles have a white supercilium and white lores.
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has a chestnut-maroon body with a black head, neck and breast. The bill is bright yellow as is the fleshy shield at the base of the forehead. The upper mandible has a white base. When in flight, its yellowish-green primary and secondary wing feathers are visible. Also visible are yellow bony
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The northern jacana feeds on insects on the surface of vegetation and ovules of water lilies. It also consumes snails, worms, small crabs, fish, mollusks, and seeds. The jacana competes with birds of a similar diet like the
315:, which are identifiable by their huge feet and claws, which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. In Jamaica, this bird is also known as the '
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threat by predators. The notes and their pattern depend on the urgency of the threat. Calls are also made on flight, when a female is away from the territory too long or if a male cannot find a chick.
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nest are ones that are the most dense and stable. A male may create several nests at different sites and the female may choose one or find a site of her own in the territory.
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The northern jacana ranges from Mexico to Panama, although it occasionally visits the southern United States, with vagrants being seen in places such as
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Jenni, D.A.; Burr, B.J. (1978). "Sex differences in nest construction, incubation, and parental investment in the polyandrous
American Jacana (
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361:. Linnaeus based his account on the "spur-winged water hen" that had been described and illustrated in 1743 by the English naturalist
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Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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750:"Buttonquail, thick-knees, sheathbills, plovers, oystercatchers, stilts, painted-snipes, jacanas, Plains-wanderer, seedsnipes"
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Northern jacanas appear to be common throughout most of their range, but could become vulnerable with loss of wetlands.
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that had been preserved in alcohol. Edwards mistakenly believed his specimen had been collected near the city of
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Predators of the jacana include snakes, caimans, snapping turtles and various large birds and mammals.
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710:. Vol. 1. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 48, Plate 48.
690:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. pp. 152–153.
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Kaufman, K. 1996. Lives of North
American birds. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
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has therefore been redefined as Panama. The northern jacana is now placed together with the
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The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six
Hundred of the World's Bird Species
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in northern
Colombia but this was a error as the species is not present there. The
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303:, United States, and has also been recorded on several occasions as a vagrant in
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916:"Time budgets and the adaptiveness of polyandry in the Northern Jacana"
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which is known as a resident breeder from coastal Mexico to western
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Jenni, D.A.; Mace, T.R. (2020). Poole, A.F.; Mace, F.B. (eds.).
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for the wattled jacana, which is in turn derived from the
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The northern jacana is unusual among birds in having a
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1039:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145.
369:. Edwards had borrowed a specimen from the collector
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that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist
861:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
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633:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22693550A168911151.en
493:Northern jacana foraging at Tortuguero, Costa Rica
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1100:Jenni, D.A. (1979) "Female chauvinist birds. "
415:are not recognised. The genus name is from the
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825:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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435:for a noisy waterbird. The specific epithet
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459:Showing the pale yellow-green wing feathers
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319:bird', as it appears to walk on water.
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779:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
756:. International Ornithologists' Union
345:. He placed it with the coots in the
1524:IUCN Red List least concern species
986:"Polyandry in the American Jacana (
707:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
619:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
561:Jacana pair and chick near a caiman
403:are recognised. The proposed races
367:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
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331:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
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1033:Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014).
984:Jenni, D.A.; Collier, G. (1972).
914:Betts, B.J.; Jenni, D.A. (1991).
299:. It sometimes known to breed in
754:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
727:Check-List of Birds of the World
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859:Costa Rican Natural History
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857:Janzen, D.H., ed. (1983).
775:Jobling, James A. (2010).
658:Northern Jacana – Synonyms
527:A juvenile northern jacana
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473:Distribution and habitat
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327:The northern jacana was
51:Tortuguero National Park
1549:Birds described in 1758
872:Stephens, M.L. (1984).
443:meaning "thorny", from
311:are a group of wetland
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951:Jenni, D.A. (1974).
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814:"Northern Jacana (
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746:Rasmussen, Pamela
722:Peters, James Lee
549:This bird lays a
447:meaning "thorn".
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1405:Neotropical
1340:iNaturalist
1190:Wikispecies
742:Gill, Frank
639:11 November
517:polyandrous
451:Description
371:Hans Sloane
249:Shaw, 1824
1518:Categories
1496:Xeno-canto
1148:(Lesson)".
1122:Shorebirds
595:References
417:Portuguese
409:gymnostoma
401:subspecies
293:Hispaniola
829:17 August
760:17 August
570:Predation
397:monotypic
375:Cartagena
297:Caribbean
283:, and on
175:Species:
157:Jacanidae
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1384:22693550
1358:11118923
1247:22693550
1242:BirdLife
1175:Wikidata
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511:Breeding
405:violacea
323:Taxonomy
229:Synonyms
207:Linnaeus
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
1322:9520263
1229:Avibase
1181:Q579621
1017:4084107
997:The Auk
935:4163086
882:The Auk
654:Avibase
498:Feeding
479:Arizona
437:spinosa
429:Yassānā
365:in his
339:of his
335:in the
309:jacanas
305:Arizona
295:in the
289:Jamaica
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143:Order:
133:Class:
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1296:norjac
1270:norjac
1209:norjac
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587:Status
551:clutch
433:Yahānā
421:Jaçana
388:Jacana
351:Fulica
307:. The
281:Panama
168:Jacana
1483:WoRMS
1423:72943
1353:IRMNG
1291:eBird
1283:3QHZT
1267:BOW:
1260:10104
1013:JSTOR
993:(PDF)
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466:spurs
445:spina
441:Latin
427:name
419:word
399:: no
347:genus
317:Jesus
313:birds
301:Texas
277:wader
1431:OBIS
1392:NCBI
1379:IUCN
1366:ITIS
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1317:GBIF
1309:4480
1255:BOLD
1126:ISBN
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1041:ISBN
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624:2020
544:MHNT
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411:and
291:and
285:Cuba
261:The
211:1758
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