2064:
324:
973:, a high tone and a low tone. Low tone has two variations: raising low tone (L) and non-raising low tone (^L). High tone has only raised high (R). The tone system also has three features: downstep (!), upstep (^) and latent low (‘ placed before the word). Rules for the operation of the tonal variations are as follows:
409:
Comparing Izi, Ezaa, and Ikwo reveals that these dialects share about 95% of their vocabulary. However, comparisons with the
Central Igbo language showed only an 80% consistency in lexical items. Since Izi, Ezaa, and Ikwo are mutually intelligible with each other but not with Central Igbo, they are
310:
The
Portuguese arrived in Igboland in the mid-15th century, and from 1434 to 1807, contact points between European and African traders were established along the Nigerian coast. After slavery was abolished in 1807, the British became aggressive in its practices of industrial trade and imperialism.
914:
There are two distinguished types of syllable structures in Izi: CVN, whose the consonant onset and nasal coda are optional, and N, which consists of a syllabic nasal. Thus, the five possible combinations are V, CV, VN, CVN, N (V is a vowel, C a consonant, and N, a syllabic nasal. There are a few
306:
Research on the origins of the Igbo is limited, but a leading hypothesis is that many different communities immigrated in waves from the West and North to the borders of the central area of
Igboland. These waves of immigration may have begun as early as the 9th century. From that central area,
988:, pronounced with a high tone followed by a high tone, means 'hand'. However, with two low tones, it means 'worm'. It changes again to mean 'notch mark' when it is pronounced with a high tone followed by a low tone. Finally is a fourth meaning when the high tone follows the low tone, 'place'.
388:
A standard form was agreed upon by 1962 and is still in use today. In 1972, a standardization committee met to expand the Igbo language, borrowing words from various dialects other than the central one, the idea for a
Standard Igbo being meant to be spoken and understood by all Igbo speakers.
392:
Between 1973 and 1976, the standardization committee’s recommendations for Igbo spelling were approved, and new suggestions for the rearrangement of the Igbo alphabet were taken into consideration. The standard Igbo orthography that is currently in use is based on the dialects of
1123:, which are head-initial, and the noun head comes before both the genitive and the demonstrative. For instance, in the sentence, 'village' appears before 'our', and 'meeting' appears before 'that'. Adjectives usually precede the noun but can follow it.
351:, meant for all the languages of the world. In 1882, Britain enacted an educational ordinance to direct the teaching of reading and writing only in English which temporarily inhibited the development of Igbo along with other languages of West Africa.
289:
highlight the area where Izi speakers live, showing both the country of
Nigeria within the African Continent and the divisions within Nigeria. Izi’s parent group, the Igbo, reside in Southeast Nigeria. The area where the Igbo live has been termed
1102:
Instead of the morphemes combining to form one sentence, each morpheme in the sentence is unconnected, which suggests that Izi is an isolating language. The sentence also reveals that the word order of this language is
949:
High front vowels do not occur in syllables with labialisation and syllables with the neutral feature and consonant margins consisting of fricatives, velar and labio-velar nasals, and stops (except
362:(IIALC) published a pamphlet, "Practical Orthography of African Languages". Consonants /gw/, /kw/, and /nw/ were added to represent Igbo sounds. The pamphlet used some symbols from the
1130:
in relation to the order of the object and verb is typical. Izi, like other languages whose verb precedes the object reference. The following shows the preposition-object relationship:
838:, and neutral. They are regarded as syllable features for several reasons but most importantly since they cause contrast between syllables rather than between individual phonemes.
1622:
359:
1850:
879:'razor'. It can also occur when the syllable margin is a velar stop, nasal or liquid. The contrast in meaning is exemplified by comparing it to the word
1315:
894:
The neutral feature is simply the absence of the other two features of quality. There are no consonant margin restrictions other than the absence of
980:
A three-way phonemic contrast exists after a high tone, which may be followed by another high tone, a low tone, or a downstep to another high tone.
339:”. That form died out, most likely because many of its users were members of secret societies and did not want it to be public. In 1854, A German
2102:
1983:
830:
or phonological units. In Izi, every syllable is marked with one or more features of pitch and quality. The three features of quality in Izi are
713:. Below is a table of the vowels divided by their places of articulation in the oral cavity as well as the position of the root of the tongue:
369:
In 1929, the
Colonial Government Board of Education tried to replace Lepsius with the IIALC’s orthography. The government, along with
262:, the Izi distinguish themselves from their neighbors and have divided themselves into many clans. Izi speakers are found east of
1430:
956:
High back vowels do not occur in syllables with palatalisation and syllables with the neutral feature and a consonant margin of
1375:
977:
There is a two-way phonemic contrast after a low tone. Thus, a low tone may be followed by another low tone or a high tone.
2095:
202:
902:
margins found in syllables marked by the labialization and palatalization features. An example of a neutral syllable is
705:
Izi has an average vowel inventory. There are nine vowel phonemes in Izi, including the canonical vowels and two more
2489:
2453:
385:, but the controversy continued, and a resolution was made to use the new alphabet only for government literature.
366:(IPA), which began a controversy with the missionary society who had used Lepsius's writing for almost 70 years.
363:
192:
307:
migration in the more recent past has occurred in all directions, which has led to a homogeneous Igbo culture.
2088:
298:, cultural unity is maintained by the Igbo people, as the river provides a convenient means of communication.
17:
1309:
258:
Speakers of the Izi language are spread over a large area. Belonging to a larger group of people called the
1931:
348:
89:
985:
957:
950:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
are always in syllables with nuclei consisting of a high back vowel and are marked by the neutral feature.
924:
920:
903:
899:
895:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
862:
858:
854:
846:
410:
classified as one language separate from the
Central Igbo language. However, some of the words in Izi are
1104:
270:
and extend as far as the
Anambra and Imo State boundaries. Longitudinally, Izi speakers extend from the
1405:
831:
460:
2111:
1811:
1415:
1368:
94:
83:
381:
missionaries opposed it. A standard alphabet based on a central dialect was proposed in 1944 by Dr.
2119:
1420:
1393:
827:
845:
friction or as slight vowel fronting in the syllable and occurs if a syllable margin is a palatal
1617:
1455:
2681:
2521:
2243:
2009:
1826:
432:
1821:
1637:
1460:
436:
275:
1361:
861:, 'a bird' are marked by the palatalization feature because they contain a syllable with a
344:
849:
and sometimes when the margin is an alveolar consonant (with the exception of liquids) or
8:
2546:
2392:
1979:
1799:
1627:
1607:
312:
2566:
2443:
2278:
1831:
1465:
1290:
997:
452:
1786:
182:
2586:
2296:
440:
279:
2200:
198:
2556:
2526:
2513:
2387:
2352:
2331:
2248:
2220:
2014:
1973:
1841:
1440:
476:
448:
223:
104:
2190:
2494:
2433:
2407:
2397:
2372:
2326:
2311:
2301:
2228:
1921:
1632:
1435:
1319:
970:
456:
235:
75:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2551:
2536:
2499:
2484:
2479:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2412:
2402:
2382:
2362:
2291:
2210:
2195:
2175:
2160:
2155:
2127:
2004:
1936:
1884:
1836:
1806:
1586:
1551:
1521:
1450:
1425:
850:
444:
370:
311:
The
British eventually conquered Igboland, and Igbo culture was compromised by
139:
1247:
2675:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2541:
2531:
2463:
2377:
2367:
2336:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2238:
2233:
2205:
2150:
2142:
2132:
2068:
2024:
1999:
1966:
1909:
1899:
1874:
1846:
1816:
1742:
1676:
1671:
1501:
1486:
1445:
1120:
835:
271:
247:
243:
239:
2049:
1334:
2655:
2357:
2286:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2165:
1879:
1861:
1722:
1701:
1681:
1576:
267:
227:
146:
56:
166:
1794:
1691:
1686:
1581:
1566:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1511:
1496:
1384:
819:
706:
475:
are always labials and alveolars. Izi has both a lateral and non-lateral
439:
which are shown in the chart below. Consonants are also distinguished by
355:
340:
295:
259:
2080:
1894:
1757:
1666:
1531:
1516:
1491:
1252:
1127:
710:
464:
378:
377:
missionaries, accepted and adopted the new orthography; however, other
1115:
Another feature illustrated by the sentence is the order of nouns and
1926:
1889:
1767:
1717:
1696:
869:
823:
479:, but some speakers replace the non-lateral with the lateral liquid.
472:
468:
374:
332:
263:
175:
159:
1904:
1869:
1650:
1561:
1116:
1098:'Tell him it is the people of our village who called that meeting.'
428:
382:
291:
286:
210:
1941:
1772:
1732:
1470:
842:
411:
401:. The alphabet is shown below along with the IPA transcriptions.
398:
336:
231:
206:
46:
1762:
1737:
1612:
1571:
1541:
1005:
1001:
883:'story'. Lip rounding occurs throughout the entire syllable of
394:
323:
1353:
2029:
1914:
1752:
1727:
1591:
1506:
1410:
1747:
1556:
1095:
Say him that {it is} people village our called meeting that
868:
The labialization feature is phonetically realized by the
209:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
360:
International
Institute of African Languages and Cultures
1107:(SVO), like English. The sentence means 'It is people'.
875:
between a consonant margin and a vowel nucleus, as in
1092:
sʊ́ ɪꜜjá lɛ ɔ̀ɔ́ ńdʊ́ mkpùkpú ̂ànji ́kùrù mí́tìná ònó
463:
places of articulation. There are also corresponding
841:Palatalization is phonetically realized as strong
2673:
2096:
1369:
278:, which runs through the appropriately named
969:Izi, like many Niger–Congo languages, has a
471:are always labials, alveolars, and velars;
2103:
2089:
1376:
1362:
467:for each of these places of articulation.
2110:
1297:, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975)
1285:
331:Before the 16th century, the Igbo had a
322:
1311:"The Igbo People: Origins & History
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
814:
294:.” Though this area is divided by the
274:to approximately 12 miles north of the
203:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
2674:
1329:
1327:
1305:
1303:
2084:
1357:
946:and is marked by the neutral feature.
909:
1262:
1324:
1300:
318:
238:with the closely related languages
24:
1295:A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language
1241:
25:
2693:
1008:, as in the following example.
27:Igboid language spoken in Nigeria
2063:
2062:
915:syllable restrictions in Izi:
1383:
984:Tone can often change meaning.
887:, which differentiates it from
364:International Phonetic Alphabet
253:
964:
483:Table 1. Consonant Inventory
13:
1:
1289:Paul Meier, Inge Meier &
1235:
991:
422:
404:
1335:"Igbo language and alphabet"
1185:yes, in garden in place that
822:features are related to the
680:
662:
641:
623:
602:
585:
565:
546:
524:
505:
443:. Both voiced and voiceless
417:
7:
1188:'Yes, in the garden there.'
481:
10:
2698:
1231:'You mean Onyikwa people?'
1228:meaning people of Onyikwa?
1182:é, lɛ́ mgbábʊ̀ lɛ ɛ̀ká ònó
726:(Position of tongue root)
719:Table 2. Vowel Inventory:
427:Izi contains 26 consonant
301:
2638:
2585:
2512:
2472:
2421:
2345:
2319:
2310:
2277:
2219:
2141:
2118:
2058:
2042:
1992:
1958:
1951:
1860:
1785:
1710:
1659:
1646:
1600:
1479:
1392:
1110:
934:is always between vowels
797:
768:
739:
718:
700:
681:
642:
603:
566:
525:
506:
487:
189:
173:
157:
152:
136:
72:
62:
52:
42:
37:
32:
857:'to shake a rattle' and
358:began in 1927, when the
335:form of writing called “
1258:(subscription required)
433:manners of articulation
437:places of articulation
354:Controversy over Igbo
328:
191:This article contains
2112:Volta–Niger languages
1461:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
1398:(chronological order)
826:relationship between
431:classified under six
326:
266:, the capital of the
1466:Nigerian-Biafran War
1431:Atlantic slave trade
1225:ḿꜜbʊ́ ndʊ kɛ ónjìkwá
815:Syntagmatic features
345:Karl Richard Lepsius
1608:Anti-Igbo sentiment
1105:subject–verb–object
1000:, and it has equal
484:
349:“Standard Alphabet”
313:British imperialism
222:(Izii, Izzi) is an
68:540,000 (2012)
1318:2008-12-08 at the
1291:John Bendor-Samuel
998:isolating language
910:Syllable structure
482:
329:
112:Izi–Ezaa–Ikwo–Mgbo
2669:
2668:
2508:
2507:
2078:
2077:
2038:
2037:
1851:Dallas–Fort Worth
1781:
1780:
1399:
1256:(18th ed., 2015)
1126:The order of the
809:
808:
698:
697:
666:
648:
414:of Central Igbo.
280:Cross River State
217:
216:
199:rendering support
195:phonetic symbols.
16:(Redirected from
2689:
2317:
2316:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2066:
2065:
1956:
1955:
1932:New Yam Festival
1822:Guangzhou, China
1657:
1656:
1441:Ekumeku Movement
1397:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1339:www.omniglot.com
1331:
1322:
1307:
1298:
1287:
1260:
1259:
1245:
1119:, and nouns and
996:Izi is a fairly
987:
959:
952:
945:
941:
937:
933:
926:
922:
905:
901:
897:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
864:
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856:
848:
716:
715:
664:
646:
485:
319:Igbo orthography
185:
169:
162:
142:
101:
78:
30:
29:
21:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2688:
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2634:
2581:
2504:
2468:
2417:
2341:
2306:
2273:
2215:
2137:
2114:
2109:
2079:
2074:
2054:
2034:
1988:
1947:
1856:
1777:
1706:
1648:
1642:
1633:Ohanaeze Ndigbo
1618:Eastern Nigeria
1596:
1475:
1456:Eastern Nigeria
1436:Aro Confederacy
1396:
1388:
1382:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1320:Wayback Machine
1308:
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1288:
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1190:
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1100:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
994:
971:two-tone system
967:
912:
853:. For example,
817:
811:
703:
425:
420:
407:
321:
304:
256:
236:dialect cluster
224:Igboid language
197:Without proper
181:
165:
158:
143:
138:
132:
99:
79:
76:Language family
74:
65:
64:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2695:
2685:
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2050:Igbo Knowledge
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2017:
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1937:Ofala Festival
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1885:Ikeji festival
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851:bilabial stops
832:palatalization
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90:Atlantic–Congo
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836:labialization
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327:Igbo Alphabet
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272:Plateau State
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234:. It forms a
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31:
19:
18:Izii language
2473:Southwestern
2422:Northwestern
2258:
2067:
2019:
1972:
1965:
1787:Demographics
1733:Ọnịcha Mmili
1711:Major cities
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
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810:
707:front vowels
704:
502:Labio-velar
426:
408:
391:
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368:
353:
330:
309:
305:
285:The maps on
284:
268:Ebonyi State
257:
254:Demographics
228:Ebonyi state
219:
218:
190:
174:
115:
57:Ebonyi State
2005:Enuani Igbo
1795:Igbo people
1451:Women's War
965:Tone system
919:Consonants
820:Syntagmatic
711:back vowels
682:Semivowels
604:Fricatives
567:Affricates
461:labio-velar
356:orthography
341:philologist
296:Niger River
276:Cross River
205:instead of
95:Volta–Niger
84:Niger–Congo
2547:Gupa-Abawa
2393:Ivbiosakon
2120:Ayere-Ahan
2000:Delta Igbo
1944:(religion)
1922:Literature
1758:Awka-Etiti
1344:2024-02-16
1253:Ethnologue
1236:References
1128:adposition
992:Morphology
930:Consonant
785:Retracted
756:Retracted
473:affricates
469:Fricatives
423:Consonants
405:Vocabulary
379:Protestant
226:spoken in
2567:Koro Zuba
2527:Bassa Nge
2444:Okpamheri
2043:Knowledge
1768:Abakaliki
1743:Ugwu Ọcha
1647:Geography
1480:Subgroups
1421:Igbo-Ukwu
1117:genitives
1006:prefixing
1002:suffixing
870:semivowel
824:syntactic
772:Advanced
743:Advanced
493:Alveolar
447:occur in
435:and five
418:Phonology
375:Methodist
333:pictogram
287:this page
264:Abakaliki
176:Glottolog
160:ISO 639-3
2676:Category
2297:Itsekiri
2279:Yoruboid
2069:Category
2010:Ika Igbo
1993:Dialects
1959:Language
1952:Language
1900:Highlife
1875:Calendar
1812:Dominica
1807:Barbados
1651:Igboland
1601:Politics
1562:Nri-Igbo
1316:Archived
1221:Onyikwa?
906:'salt'.
865:margin.
732:Central
643:Liquids
496:Palatal
453:alveolar
429:phonemes
412:cognates
383:Ida Ward
292:Igboland
211:Help:IPA
183:izii1239
2587:Idomoid
2557:Kakanda
2490:SW Okpe
2454:NW Okpe
2388:Ikpeshi
2353:Afenmai
2332:Engenni
2249:Ikwerre
2015:Ikwerre
1942:Odinala
1910:Odumodu
1880:Cuisine
1862:Culture
1827:Jamaica
1773:Umuahia
1677:Bayelsa
1672:Anambra
1628:Nigeria
1587:Ukwuani
1582:Onitsha
1522:Ikwerre
1471:Nigeria
1394:History
1218:ónjìkwá
1197:meaning
1151:mgbábʊ̀
1080:meeting
1077:mí́tìná
1056:village
1053:mkpùkpú
885:/ákwɔ̀/
877:/ákwɔ̀/
843:palatal
665:Central
647:Lateral
507:Nasals
490:Labial
441:voicing
399:Umuahia
347:made a
337:Nsibidi
302:History
232:Nigeria
207:Unicode
47:Nigeria
2639:Others
2514:Nupoid
2495:Urhobo
2434:Ehueun
2408:Sasaru
2398:Okpela
2373:Ghotuo
2327:Degema
2302:Yoruba
2229:Ekpeye
2221:Igboid
1974:Igboid
1817:Canada
1763:Nsukka
1738:Owèrrè
1728:Énugwú
1702:Rivers
1682:Ebonyi
1660:States
1623:MASSOB
1613:Biafra
1572:Ohafia
1542:Mbaise
1502:Ekpeye
1487:Anioma
1406:Origin
1387:topics
1313:(2008)
1205:people
1154:garden
1111:Syntax
1072:called
1048:people
889:/ákɔ̀/
881:/ákɔ̀/
859:/àpjà/
729:Front
701:Vowels
628:β ~ v
610:ɸ ~ f
526:Stops
499:Velar
477:liquid
465:nasals
459:, and
449:labial
395:Owerri
343:named
246:, and
105:Igboid
53:Region
2661:Ukaan
2651:Akoko
2646:Akpes
2615:Igede
2610:Idoma
2605:Etulo
2600:Alago
2595:Agatu
2552:Gwari
2537:Ebira
2500:Uvbie
2485:Isoko
2480:Eruwa
2459:Uhami
2449:Oloma
2439:Iyayu
2429:Akuku
2413:Uneme
2403:Ososo
2383:Ikhin
2363:Enwan
2320:Delta
2312:Edoid
2292:Igala
2211:Saxwe
2201:Pherá
2196:Tofin
2176:Gbesi
2161:Ayizo
2156:Alada
2128:Ayere
2030:Waawa
1984:SPILC
1980:Names
1927:Names
1915:Ogene
1895:Music
1837:Saros
1832:Japan
1753:Nnewi
1723:Ahaba
1692:Delta
1687:Enugu
1592:Waawa
1577:Ohuhu
1552:Ndoki
1507:Etche
1411:Lejja
1194:ḿꜜbʊ́
1170:place
1069:́kùrù
1061:̂ànji
1040:it is
986:/eka/
904:/únú/
855:/jɔ̀/
740:High
735:Back
457:velar
445:stops
147:Latin
2630:Yala
2625:Akpa
2620:Yace
2577:Nupe
2572:Kupa
2562:Kami
2542:Gade
2532:Dibo
2464:Ukue
2378:Igwe
2368:Esan
2337:Epie
2269:Ogba
2264:Mgbo
2259:Izii
2254:Ikwo
2239:Igbo
2234:Ezaa
2206:Phla
2191:Tɔli
2133:Ahan
2025:Ngwa
2020:Izzi
1967:Igbo
1890:Jews
1800:list
1748:Awka
1667:Abia
1567:Ogba
1557:Ngwa
1547:Mgbo
1537:Izzi
1527:Ikwo
1512:Ezaa
1497:Edda
1385:Igbo
1178:that
1167:ɛ̀ká
1138:yes,
1088:that
1045:ńdʊ́
1037:ɔ̀ɔ́
1032:that
1021:ɪꜜjá
1004:and
958:/ŋm/
951:/ɡb/
942:and
932:/ŋm/
925:/bv/
923:and
921:/pf/
898:and
798:Low
769:Mid
397:and
373:and
260:Igbo
248:Mgbo
244:Ezza
240:Ikwo
100:yeai
38:Izii
2656:Oko
2522:Asu
2358:Edo
2287:Ede
2244:Ika
2186:Gun
2181:Gen
2171:Fon
2166:Ewe
2151:Aja
2143:Gbe
1905:rap
1870:Art
1718:Aba
1697:Imo
1532:Isu
1517:Ika
1492:Aro
1416:Opi
1250:at
1248:Izi
1202:ndʊ
1175:ònó
1143:lɛ́
1085:ònó
1064:our
1024:him
1016:Say
1013:sʊ́
944:/o/
940:/a/
936:/e/
900:/j/
896:/w/
873:/w/
863:/j/
847:/j/
625:Vd
607:Vl
593:dz
590:bv
587:Vd
576:ts
573:pf
570:Vl
562:ɡb
548:Vd
543:kp
529:Vl
521:ŋm
282:.
230:in
220:Izi
193:IPA
167:izz
116:Izi
33:Izi
2678::
1982:-
1337:.
1326:^
1302:^
1293:,
1264:^
1213:of
1210:kɛ
1162:in
1159:lɛ
1146:in
1135:é,
1029:lɛ
953:).
938:,
891:.
834:,
803:a
793:ɔ
788:ɛ
780:o
775:e
764:ʊ
759:ɪ
751:u
746:i
694:w
689:j
671:ɹ
653:l
636:ɣ
631:z
618:x
613:s
559:ɡ
554:d
551:b
540:k
535:t
532:p
518:ŋ
513:n
510:m
455:,
451:,
315:.
250:.
242:,
86:?
2104:e
2097:t
2090:v
1853:)
1849:(
1653:)
1649:(
1377:e
1370:t
1363:v
1347:.
960:.
290:“
213:.
20:)
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