2053:
313:
962:, a high tone and a low tone. Low tone has two variations: raising low tone (L) and non-raising low tone (^L). High tone has only raised high (R). The tone system also has three features: downstep (!), upstep (^) and latent low (‘ placed before the word). Rules for the operation of the tonal variations are as follows:
398:
Comparing Izi, Ezaa, and Ikwo reveals that these dialects share about 95% of their vocabulary. However, comparisons with the
Central Igbo language showed only an 80% consistency in lexical items. Since Izi, Ezaa, and Ikwo are mutually intelligible with each other but not with Central Igbo, they are
299:
The
Portuguese arrived in Igboland in the mid-15th century, and from 1434 to 1807, contact points between European and African traders were established along the Nigerian coast. After slavery was abolished in 1807, the British became aggressive in its practices of industrial trade and imperialism.
903:
There are two distinguished types of syllable structures in Izi: CVN, whose the consonant onset and nasal coda are optional, and N, which consists of a syllabic nasal. Thus, the five possible combinations are V, CV, VN, CVN, N (V is a vowel, C a consonant, and N, a syllabic nasal. There are a few
295:
Research on the origins of the Igbo is limited, but a leading hypothesis is that many different communities immigrated in waves from the West and North to the borders of the central area of
Igboland. These waves of immigration may have begun as early as the 9th century. From that central area,
977:, pronounced with a high tone followed by a high tone, means 'hand'. However, with two low tones, it means 'worm'. It changes again to mean 'notch mark' when it is pronounced with a high tone followed by a low tone. Finally is a fourth meaning when the high tone follows the low tone, 'place'.
377:
A standard form was agreed upon by 1962 and is still in use today. In 1972, a standardization committee met to expand the Igbo language, borrowing words from various dialects other than the central one, the idea for a
Standard Igbo being meant to be spoken and understood by all Igbo speakers.
381:
Between 1973 and 1976, the standardization committee’s recommendations for Igbo spelling were approved, and new suggestions for the rearrangement of the Igbo alphabet were taken into consideration. The standard Igbo orthography that is currently in use is based on the dialects of
1112:, which are head-initial, and the noun head comes before both the genitive and the demonstrative. For instance, in the sentence, 'village' appears before 'our', and 'meeting' appears before 'that'. Adjectives usually precede the noun but can follow it.
340:, meant for all the languages of the world. In 1882, Britain enacted an educational ordinance to direct the teaching of reading and writing only in English which temporarily inhibited the development of Igbo along with other languages of West Africa.
278:
highlight the area where Izi speakers live, showing both the country of
Nigeria within the African Continent and the divisions within Nigeria. Izi’s parent group, the Igbo, reside in Southeast Nigeria. The area where the Igbo live has been termed
1091:
Instead of the morphemes combining to form one sentence, each morpheme in the sentence is unconnected, which suggests that Izi is an isolating language. The sentence also reveals that the word order of this language is
938:
High front vowels do not occur in syllables with labialisation and syllables with the neutral feature and consonant margins consisting of fricatives, velar and labio-velar nasals, and stops (except
351:(IIALC) published a pamphlet, "Practical Orthography of African Languages". Consonants /gw/, /kw/, and /nw/ were added to represent Igbo sounds. The pamphlet used some symbols from the
1119:
in relation to the order of the object and verb is typical. Izi, like other languages whose verb precedes the object reference. The following shows the preposition-object relationship:
827:, and neutral. They are regarded as syllable features for several reasons but most importantly since they cause contrast between syllables rather than between individual phonemes.
1611:
348:
1839:
868:'razor'. It can also occur when the syllable margin is a velar stop, nasal or liquid. The contrast in meaning is exemplified by comparing it to the word
1304:
883:
The neutral feature is simply the absence of the other two features of quality. There are no consonant margin restrictions other than the absence of
969:
A three-way phonemic contrast exists after a high tone, which may be followed by another high tone, a low tone, or a downstep to another high tone.
328:”. That form died out, most likely because many of its users were members of secret societies and did not want it to be public. In 1854, A German
2091:
1972:
819:
or phonological units. In Izi, every syllable is marked with one or more features of pitch and quality. The three features of quality in Izi are
702:. Below is a table of the vowels divided by their places of articulation in the oral cavity as well as the position of the root of the tongue:
358:
In 1929, the
Colonial Government Board of Education tried to replace Lepsius with the IIALC’s orthography. The government, along with
251:, the Izi distinguish themselves from their neighbors and have divided themselves into many clans. Izi speakers are found east of
1419:
945:
High back vowels do not occur in syllables with palatalisation and syllables with the neutral feature and a consonant margin of
1364:
966:
There is a two-way phonemic contrast after a low tone. Thus, a low tone may be followed by another low tone or a high tone.
2084:
191:
891:
margins found in syllables marked by the labialization and palatalization features. An example of a neutral syllable is
694:
Izi has an average vowel inventory. There are nine vowel phonemes in Izi, including the canonical vowels and two more
2478:
2442:
374:, but the controversy continued, and a resolution was made to use the new alphabet only for government literature.
355:(IPA), which began a controversy with the missionary society who had used Lepsius's writing for almost 70 years.
352:
181:
296:
migration in the more recent past has occurred in all directions, which has led to a homogeneous Igbo culture.
2077:
287:, cultural unity is maintained by the Igbo people, as the river provides a convenient means of communication.
1298:
247:
Speakers of the Izi language are spread over a large area. Belonging to a larger group of people called the
1920:
337:
78:
974:
946:
939:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
are always in syllables with nuclei consisting of a high back vowel and are marked by the neutral feature.
913:
909:
892:
888:
884:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
847:
843:
835:
399:
classified as one language separate from the
Central Igbo language. However, some of the words in Izi are
1093:
259:
and extend as far as the
Anambra and Imo State boundaries. Longitudinally, Izi speakers extend from the
1394:
820:
449:
2100:
1800:
1404:
1357:
83:
72:
370:
missionaries opposed it. A standard alphabet based on a central dialect was proposed in 1944 by Dr.
2108:
1409:
1382:
816:
834:
friction or as slight vowel fronting in the syllable and occurs if a syllable margin is a palatal
1606:
1444:
2670:
2510:
2232:
1998:
1815:
421:
1810:
1626:
1449:
425:
264:
1350:
850:, 'a bird' are marked by the palatalization feature because they contain a syllable with a
333:
838:
and sometimes when the margin is an alveolar consonant (with the exception of liquids) or
8:
2535:
2381:
1968:
1788:
1616:
1596:
301:
2555:
2432:
2267:
1820:
1454:
1279:
986:
441:
1775:
171:
2575:
2285:
429:
268:
2189:
187:
2545:
2515:
2502:
2376:
2341:
2320:
2237:
2209:
2003:
1962:
1830:
1429:
465:
437:
212:
93:
2179:
2483:
2422:
2396:
2386:
2361:
2315:
2300:
2290:
2217:
1910:
1621:
1424:
1308:
959:
445:
224:
64:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2540:
2525:
2488:
2473:
2468:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2401:
2391:
2371:
2351:
2280:
2199:
2184:
2164:
2149:
2144:
2116:
1993:
1925:
1873:
1825:
1795:
1575:
1540:
1510:
1439:
1414:
839:
433:
359:
300:
The
British eventually conquered Igboland, and Igbo culture was compromised by
128:
1236:
2664:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2530:
2520:
2452:
2366:
2356:
2325:
2257:
2252:
2242:
2227:
2222:
2194:
2139:
2131:
2121:
2057:
2013:
1988:
1955:
1898:
1888:
1863:
1835:
1805:
1731:
1665:
1660:
1490:
1475:
1434:
1109:
824:
260:
236:
232:
228:
2038:
1323:
2644:
2346:
2275:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2154:
1868:
1850:
1711:
1690:
1670:
1565:
256:
216:
135:
45:
155:
1783:
1680:
1675:
1570:
1555:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1500:
1485:
1373:
808:
695:
464:
are always labials and alveolars. Izi has both a lateral and non-lateral
428:
which are shown in the chart below. Consonants are also distinguished by
344:
329:
284:
248:
2069:
1883:
1746:
1655:
1520:
1505:
1480:
1241:
1116:
699:
453:
367:
366:
missionaries, accepted and adopted the new orthography; however, other
1104:
Another feature illustrated by the sentence is the order of nouns and
1915:
1878:
1756:
1706:
1685:
858:
812:
468:, but some speakers replace the non-lateral with the lateral liquid.
461:
457:
363:
321:
252:
164:
148:
1893:
1858:
1639:
1550:
1105:
1087:'Tell him it is the people of our village who called that meeting.'
417:
371:
280:
275:
199:
1930:
1761:
1721:
1459:
831:
400:
390:. The alphabet is shown below along with the IPA transcriptions.
387:
325:
220:
195:
35:
1751:
1726:
1601:
1560:
1530:
994:
990:
872:'story'. Lip rounding occurs throughout the entire syllable of
383:
312:
1342:
2018:
1903:
1741:
1716:
1580:
1495:
1399:
1736:
1545:
1084:
Say him that {it is} people village our called meeting that
857:
The labialization feature is phonetically realized by the
198:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
349:
International
Institute of African Languages and Cultures
1096:(SVO), like English. The sentence means 'It is people'.
864:
between a consonant margin and a vowel nucleus, as in
1081:
sʊ́ ɪꜜjá lɛ ɔ̀ɔ́ ńdʊ́ mkpùkpú ̂ànji ́kùrù mí́tìná ònó
452:
places of articulation. There are also corresponding
830:Palatalization is phonetically realized as strong
2662:
2085:
1358:
267:, which runs through the appropriately named
958:Izi, like many Niger–Congo languages, has a
460:are always labials, alveolars, and velars;
2092:
2078:
1365:
1351:
456:for each of these places of articulation.
2099:
1286:, Summer Institute of Linguistics (1975)
1274:
320:Before the 16th century, the Igbo had a
311:
1300:"The Igbo People: Origins & History
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
803:
283:.” Though this area is divided by the
263:to approximately 12 miles north of the
192:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2663:
1318:
1316:
1294:
1292:
2073:
1346:
935:and is marked by the neutral feature.
898:
1251:
1313:
1289:
307:
227:with the closely related languages
13:
1284:A Grammar of Izi: An Igbo Language
1230:
14:
2682:
997:, as in the following example.
16:Igboid language spoken in Nigeria
2052:
2051:
904:syllable restrictions in Izi:
1372:
973:Tone can often change meaning.
876:, which differentiates it from
353:International Phonetic Alphabet
242:
953:
472:Table 1. Consonant Inventory
1:
1278:Paul Meier, Inge Meier &
1224:
980:
411:
393:
1324:"Igbo language and alphabet"
1174:yes, in garden in place that
811:features are related to the
669:
651:
630:
612:
591:
574:
554:
535:
513:
494:
432:. Both voiced and voiceless
406:
7:
1177:'Yes, in the garden there.'
470:
10:
2687:
1220:'You mean Onyikwa people?'
1217:meaning people of Onyikwa?
1171:é, lɛ́ mgbábʊ̀ lɛ ɛ̀ká ònó
715:(Position of tongue root)
708:Table 2. Vowel Inventory:
416:Izi contains 26 consonant
290:
2627:
2574:
2501:
2461:
2410:
2334:
2308:
2299:
2266:
2208:
2130:
2107:
2047:
2031:
1981:
1947:
1940:
1849:
1774:
1699:
1648:
1635:
1589:
1468:
1381:
1099:
923:is always between vowels
786:
757:
728:
707:
689:
670:
631:
592:
555:
514:
495:
476:
178:
162:
146:
141:
125:
61:
51:
41:
31:
26:
21:
846:'to shake a rattle' and
347:began in 1927, when the
324:form of writing called “
1247:(subscription required)
422:manners of articulation
426:places of articulation
343:Controversy over Igbo
317:
180:This article contains
2101:Volta–Niger languages
1450:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
1387:(chronological order)
815:relationship between
420:classified under six
315:
255:, the capital of the
1455:Nigerian-Biafran War
1420:Atlantic slave trade
1214:ḿꜜbʊ́ ndʊ kɛ ónjìkwá
804:Syntagmatic features
334:Karl Richard Lepsius
1597:Anti-Igbo sentiment
1094:subject–verb–object
989:, and it has equal
473:
338:“Standard Alphabet”
302:British imperialism
211:(Izii, Izzi) is an
57:540,000 (2012)
1307:2008-12-08 at the
1280:John Bendor-Samuel
987:isolating language
899:Syllable structure
471:
318:
101:Izi–Ezaa–Ikwo–Mgbo
2658:
2657:
2497:
2496:
2067:
2066:
2027:
2026:
1840:Dallas–Fort Worth
1770:
1769:
1388:
1245:(18th ed., 2015)
1115:The order of the
798:
797:
687:
686:
655:
637:
403:of Central Igbo.
269:Cross River State
206:
205:
188:rendering support
184:phonetic symbols.
2678:
2306:
2305:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2055:
2054:
1945:
1944:
1921:New Yam Festival
1811:Guangzhou, China
1646:
1645:
1430:Ekumeku Movement
1386:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:www.omniglot.com
1320:
1311:
1296:
1287:
1276:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1108:, and nouns and
985:Izi is a fairly
976:
948:
941:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
911:
894:
890:
886:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
853:
849:
845:
837:
705:
704:
653:
635:
474:
308:Igbo orthography
174:
158:
151:
131:
90:
67:
19:
18:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2623:
2570:
2493:
2457:
2406:
2330:
2295:
2262:
2204:
2126:
2103:
2098:
2068:
2063:
2043:
2023:
1977:
1936:
1845:
1766:
1695:
1637:
1631:
1622:Ohanaeze Ndigbo
1607:Eastern Nigeria
1585:
1464:
1445:Eastern Nigeria
1425:Aro Confederacy
1385:
1377:
1371:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1309:Wayback Machine
1297:
1290:
1277:
1252:
1246:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1179:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1102:
1089:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
983:
960:two-tone system
956:
901:
842:. For example,
806:
800:
692:
414:
409:
396:
310:
293:
245:
225:dialect cluster
213:Igboid language
186:Without proper
170:
154:
147:
132:
127:
121:
88:
68:
65:Language family
63:
54:
53:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
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2329:
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2323:
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2297:
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2245:
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2214:
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2206:
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2203:
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2136:
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2128:
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2119:
2113:
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2104:
2097:
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2089:
2082:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2039:Igbo Knowledge
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
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1976:
1975:
1966:
1959:
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1949:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1926:Ofala Festival
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
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1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1876:
1874:Ikeji festival
1871:
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1833:
1831:United Kingdom
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1415:Kingdom of Nri
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1110:demonstratives
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982:
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943:
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897:
840:bilabial stops
821:palatalization
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360:Roman Catholic
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190:, you may see
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142:Language codes
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129:Writing system
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98:Nuclear Igboid
79:Atlantic–Congo
71:
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62:
59:
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55:
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43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2683:
2672:
2671:Igbo language
2669:
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2335:North-Central
2333:
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1836:United States
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1627:Rulers of Nri
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1435:Anglo-Aro War
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860:
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841:
833:
828:
826:
825:labialization
822:
818:
817:morphological
814:
810:
801:
794:
791:
789:
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779:
776:
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766:
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739:
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734:
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727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
712:
711:
706:
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701:
698:and two more
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682:
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327:
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316:Igbo Alphabet
314:
305:
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297:
288:
286:
282:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:Plateau State
258:
254:
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238:
234:
230:
226:
223:. It forms a
222:
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177:
173:
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124:
106:
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100:
99:
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77:
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66:
60:
56:
50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2462:Southwestern
2411:Northwestern
2247:
2056:
2008:
1961:
1954:
1776:Demographics
1722:Ọnịcha Mmili
1700:Major cities
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1299:
1283:
1240:
1232:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1190:
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1176:
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1163:
1158:
1155:
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1147:
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1126:
1123:
1114:
1103:
1090:
1086:
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1080:
1076:
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1049:
1044:
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1033:
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1020:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1001:
984:
972:
957:
902:
882:
856:
829:
807:
799:
696:front vowels
693:
491:Labio-velar
415:
397:
380:
376:
357:
342:
319:
298:
294:
274:The maps on
273:
257:Ebonyi State
246:
243:Demographics
217:Ebonyi state
208:
207:
179:
163:
104:
46:Ebonyi State
1994:Enuani Igbo
1784:Igbo people
1440:Women's War
954:Tone system
908:Consonants
809:Syntagmatic
700:back vowels
671:Semivowels
593:Fricatives
556:Affricates
450:labio-velar
345:orthography
330:philologist
285:Niger River
265:Cross River
194:instead of
84:Volta–Niger
73:Niger–Congo
2536:Gupa-Abawa
2382:Ivbiosakon
2109:Ayere-Ahan
1989:Delta Igbo
1933:(religion)
1911:Literature
1747:Awka-Etiti
1333:2024-02-16
1242:Ethnologue
1225:References
1117:adposition
981:Morphology
919:Consonant
774:Retracted
745:Retracted
462:affricates
458:Fricatives
412:Consonants
394:Vocabulary
368:Protestant
215:spoken in
2556:Koro Zuba
2516:Bassa Nge
2433:Okpamheri
2032:Knowledge
1757:Abakaliki
1732:Ugwu Ọcha
1636:Geography
1469:Subgroups
1410:Igbo-Ukwu
1106:genitives
995:prefixing
991:suffixing
859:semivowel
813:syntactic
761:Advanced
732:Advanced
482:Alveolar
436:occur in
424:and five
407:Phonology
364:Methodist
322:pictogram
276:this page
253:Abakaliki
165:Glottolog
149:ISO 639-3
2665:Category
2286:Itsekiri
2268:Yoruboid
2058:Category
1999:Ika Igbo
1982:Dialects
1948:Language
1941:Language
1889:Highlife
1864:Calendar
1801:Dominica
1796:Barbados
1640:Igboland
1590:Politics
1551:Nri-Igbo
1305:Archived
1210:Onyikwa?
895:'salt'.
854:margin.
721:Central
632:Liquids
485:Palatal
442:alveolar
418:phonemes
401:cognates
372:Ida Ward
281:Igboland
200:Help:IPA
172:izii1239
2576:Idomoid
2546:Kakanda
2479:SW Okpe
2443:NW Okpe
2377:Ikpeshi
2342:Afenmai
2321:Engenni
2238:Ikwerre
2004:Ikwerre
1931:Odinala
1899:Odumodu
1869:Cuisine
1851:Culture
1816:Jamaica
1762:Umuahia
1666:Bayelsa
1661:Anambra
1617:Nigeria
1576:Ukwuani
1571:Onitsha
1511:Ikwerre
1460:Nigeria
1383:History
1207:ónjìkwá
1186:meaning
1140:mgbábʊ̀
1069:meeting
1066:mí́tìná
1045:village
1042:mkpùkpú
874:/ákwɔ̀/
866:/ákwɔ̀/
832:palatal
654:Central
636:Lateral
496:Nasals
479:Labial
430:voicing
388:Umuahia
336:made a
326:Nsibidi
291:History
221:Nigeria
196:Unicode
36:Nigeria
2628:Others
2503:Nupoid
2484:Urhobo
2423:Ehueun
2397:Sasaru
2387:Okpela
2362:Ghotuo
2316:Degema
2291:Yoruba
2218:Ekpeye
2210:Igboid
1963:Igboid
1806:Canada
1752:Nsukka
1727:Owèrrè
1717:Énugwú
1691:Rivers
1671:Ebonyi
1649:States
1612:MASSOB
1602:Biafra
1561:Ohafia
1531:Mbaise
1491:Ekpeye
1476:Anioma
1395:Origin
1376:topics
1302:(2008)
1194:people
1143:garden
1100:Syntax
1061:called
1037:people
878:/ákɔ̀/
870:/ákɔ̀/
848:/àpjà/
718:Front
690:Vowels
617:β ~ v
599:ɸ ~ f
515:Stops
488:Velar
466:liquid
454:nasals
448:, and
438:labial
384:Owerri
332:named
235:, and
94:Igboid
42:Region
2650:Ukaan
2640:Akoko
2635:Akpes
2604:Igede
2599:Idoma
2594:Etulo
2589:Alago
2584:Agatu
2541:Gwari
2526:Ebira
2489:Uvbie
2474:Isoko
2469:Eruwa
2448:Uhami
2438:Oloma
2428:Iyayu
2418:Akuku
2402:Uneme
2392:Ososo
2372:Ikhin
2352:Enwan
2309:Delta
2301:Edoid
2281:Igala
2200:Saxwe
2190:Pherá
2185:Tofin
2165:Gbesi
2150:Ayizo
2145:Alada
2117:Ayere
2019:Waawa
1973:SPILC
1969:Names
1916:Names
1904:Ogene
1884:Music
1826:Saros
1821:Japan
1742:Nnewi
1712:Ahaba
1681:Delta
1676:Enugu
1581:Waawa
1566:Ohuhu
1541:Ndoki
1496:Etche
1400:Lejja
1183:ḿꜜbʊ́
1159:place
1058:́kùrù
1050:̂ànji
1029:it is
975:/eka/
893:/únú/
844:/jɔ̀/
729:High
724:Back
446:velar
434:stops
136:Latin
2619:Yala
2614:Akpa
2609:Yace
2566:Nupe
2561:Kupa
2551:Kami
2531:Gade
2521:Dibo
2453:Ukue
2367:Igwe
2357:Esan
2326:Epie
2258:Ogba
2253:Mgbo
2248:Izii
2243:Ikwo
2228:Igbo
2223:Ezaa
2195:Phla
2180:Tɔli
2122:Ahan
2014:Ngwa
2009:Izzi
1956:Igbo
1879:Jews
1789:list
1737:Awka
1656:Abia
1556:Ogba
1546:Ngwa
1536:Mgbo
1526:Izzi
1516:Ikwo
1501:Ezaa
1486:Edda
1374:Igbo
1167:that
1156:ɛ̀ká
1127:yes,
1077:that
1034:ńdʊ́
1026:ɔ̀ɔ́
1021:that
1010:ɪꜜjá
993:and
947:/ŋm/
940:/ɡb/
931:and
921:/ŋm/
914:/bv/
912:and
910:/pf/
887:and
787:Low
758:Mid
386:and
362:and
249:Igbo
237:Mgbo
233:Ezza
229:Ikwo
89:yeai
27:Izii
2645:Oko
2511:Asu
2347:Edo
2276:Ede
2233:Ika
2175:Gun
2170:Gen
2160:Fon
2155:Ewe
2140:Aja
2132:Gbe
1894:rap
1859:Art
1707:Aba
1686:Imo
1521:Isu
1506:Ika
1481:Aro
1405:Opi
1239:at
1237:Izi
1191:ndʊ
1164:ònó
1132:lɛ́
1074:ònó
1053:our
1013:him
1005:Say
1002:sʊ́
933:/o/
929:/a/
925:/e/
889:/j/
885:/w/
862:/w/
852:/j/
836:/j/
614:Vd
596:Vl
582:dz
579:bv
576:Vd
565:ts
562:pf
559:Vl
551:ɡb
537:Vd
532:kp
518:Vl
510:ŋm
271:.
219:in
209:Izi
182:IPA
156:izz
105:Izi
22:Izi
2667::
1971:-
1326:.
1315:^
1291:^
1282:,
1253:^
1202:of
1199:kɛ
1151:in
1148:lɛ
1135:in
1124:é,
1018:lɛ
942:).
927:,
880:.
823:,
792:a
782:ɔ
777:ɛ
769:o
764:e
753:ʊ
748:ɪ
740:u
735:i
683:w
678:j
660:ɹ
642:l
625:ɣ
620:z
607:x
602:s
548:ɡ
543:d
540:b
529:k
524:t
521:p
507:ŋ
502:n
499:m
444:,
440:,
304:.
239:.
231:,
75:?
2093:e
2086:t
2079:v
1842:)
1838:(
1642:)
1638:(
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1336:.
949:.
279:“
202:.
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