Italian resistance movement

2117: 2133: 2906: 1317: 1262: 2040: 2165: 2602: 1885: 1636: 61: 1073:) were also sunk during the fighting. Later in the morning, however, De Vecchi ordered the prisoners to be released and had their weapons returned to them. New popular protests broke out, as the Italian units were disbanded and the senior commanders fled from the city; the divisional command surrendered Piombino to the Germans on 12 September, and the city was occupied. Many of the sailors, soldiers and citizens who had fought in the battle of Piombino retreated to the surrounding woods and formed the first partisan formations in the area. For the deeds of its citizens, the town received a gold medal for Military Valour from the 2502: 1867: 466: 2371: 1536: 2149: 2063:, Germany's commander of occupation forces in Italy, that he estimated German casualties fighting partisans in the summer of 1944 amounted to 30,000 to 35,000, including 5,000 confirmed killed. Kesselring considered the number to be exaggerated, and offered his own figure of 20,000: 5,000 killed, between 7,000 and 8,000 missing / "kidnapped" (including deserters), and a similar number seriously wounded. Both sources agreed that partisan losses were less. By the end of the year, German reinforcements and Mussolini's remaining forces crushed the uprising. 3507: 1341: 767: 2614: 2243: 966:

senior Italian commander, general Fortunato Perni, instead ordered his tanks to open fire on the civilians – an order the tankers refused. Meanwhile, De Vecchi forbade any action against the Germans. This however did not stop the protests; some junior officers, acting on their own initiative and against the orders (Perni and De Vecchi even tried to dismiss them for this), assumed command and started distributing weapons to the population, and civilian volunteers joined the Italian sailors and soldiers in the defense.

11832: 662: 930: 4478: 2363: 783: 1904:. This involved groups of 40–50 fighters ambushing and harassing the Nazis and their allies. The size of the brigades was reflective of the resources available to the partisans. Resource limits could not support large groups in one area. Mobility was key to their success. Their terrain knowledge enabled narrow escapes in small groups when nearly surrounded by the Germans. The partisans had no permanent headquarters or bases, making them difficult to destroy. 8558: 1089: 615: 519: 2697:) – proclaimed a general insurrection in all the territories still occupied by the Nazi-fascists, indicating to all the partisan forces active in Northern Italy that were part of the Volunteer Corps of Freedom to attack the fascist and German garrisons by imposing the surrender, days before the arrival of the Allied troops. "Surrender or die!" was the rallying call of the partisans that day and those immediately following. 1329: 8547: 3441: 1360:, consisted of four days of continuous open warfare and guerrilla actions by locals against the Nazi Germans. The spontaneous uprising of Neopolitan and Italian Resistance against German occupying forces (despite limited armament, organization, or planning) nevertheless successfully disrupted German plans to deport Neopolitans en masse, destroy the city, and prevent Allied forces from gaining a strategic foothold. 1654: 66: 2743: 1627:. Their ranks were gradually increased by the influx of young men escaping the Italian Social Republic's draft, as well as from deserters from the RSI armed forces. By August 1944, the number of partisans had grown to 100,000, and it escalated to more than 250,000 with the final insurrection in April 1945. The Italian resistance suffered 50,000 fighters killed throughout the conflict. 2490:. His negotiations were an act of betrayal against the Germans. When confronted about this by Achille Marazza, Mussolini said, "They have always treated us as slaves. I will now resume my freedom of action." With the city already held by resistance fighters, Mussolini used his connections one last time to secure passage with an escaping German convoy on its way to the 2016:(Justice and Freedom) movement. Republican and Catholic women, along with those without prior political or ideological commitments, also joined. These groups predominantly operated in the northern midlands of Italy. Scholars attribute this geographic spread to the influence of local women's clothing, which fostered individual initiative and civic awareness. 1989:(patriots); they broke into these groups based on their activities. The majority were between 20 and 29. They were generally kept separate from male partisans. Few were attached to brigades and were even rarer in mountain brigades. Female countryside volunteers were generally rejected. Women still served in large numbers and had significant influence. 1293:, the German puppet regime in northern Italy led by Mussolini, or in Italian "volunteer" units in the German armed forces) or, otherwise, be sent to detention camps in Germany. Those soldiers and officials who refused to recognize the "republic" led by Mussolini were taken as civilian prisoners too. Only 10 percent agreed to enroll. 2345:. Since Jews were considered "enemy aliens" by the Social Republic regime, they were left with little or nothing to live on, and many were deported to Nazi concentration and extermination camps where about 7,000 died. DELASEM helped thousands of Jews by offering food, shelter and money. Some of its members would later be designated 2423:

impose control as soon as they took the place of the retreating Germans. While the Kingdom of Italy was the de facto ruler of the south, the National Liberation Committee, still embedded in German territory, existed as a populist organization which posed a threat to the monarchy and property owners in post-war Italy. However the

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threatening the regime, if some attacks carried out in particular by anarchists are excluded. Their activity was limited to the ideological side; the production of writings was copious, particularly among the anti-fascist exile communities, which however did not reach the masses and did not influence public opinion.

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Italian soldiers captured by the Germans numbered around 650,000–700,000 (some 45,000 others were killed in combat, executed, or died during transport), of whom between 40,000 and 50,000 later died in the camps. Most refused cooperation with the Third Reich despite hardship, chiefly to maintain their

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Another task carried out by the resistance was assisting escaping POWs (an estimated 80,000 were interned in Italy until 8 September 1943), to reach Allied lines or Switzerland on paths previously used by smugglers. Some fugitives and groups of fugitives hid in safe houses, usually arranged by women

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Resistance activities were different in the cities. Some Italians ignored the struggle, while others organized, such as the Patriotic Action Squads and issued propaganda. Groups such as the Patriotic Action Groups carried out military actions. A more expansive support network was devised than in the

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Naples was the first of the major European cities to rise up against the German occupation, and successfully at that. The people of Naples revolted and held strong against Nazi occupiers in the last days of September 1943. The popular mass uprising and resistance in Naples against the occupying Nazi

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Amedeo Capuano, the Naval commander of the harbour. Once they entered and landed, the German forces showed a hostile behaviour, and it became clear that their intent was to occupy the town; the local population asked for a resolved reaction by the Italian forces, threatening an insurrection, but the

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According to a book published in 1955 by an Italian ministerial committee on the tenth anniversary of the Liberation, casualties in Italy among the Resistance movement amounted to 35,828 partisans killed in action or executed, and 21,168 partisans mutilated or left disabled by their wounds. Another

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emphasized national unity and "progressive democracy" in order to stake their claim in the post-war political situation. Despite the pressing need to resolve social issues which persisted after the fall of fascism, the resistance movement was subordinated to the interests of Allied leaders in order

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signed the order of surrender; the Italian divisions were disbanded and their troops taken prisoner. Although some officers participating in the battle later joined the resistance, the clash in Rome was not motivated by anti-German sentiment so much as the desire to control the Italian capital and

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between 1943 and 1945 during the Liberation of Italy from German occupation and during the civil war. Versions of this song continue to be sung worldwide as a hymn of freedom and resistance. As an internationally known hymn of freedom, it was intoned at many historic and revolutionary events. The

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Initially, the women's groups aimed to support resistance efforts in auxiliary roles. However, they quickly assumed leadership responsibilities in areas such as information dissemination, propaganda, issuing orders, and handling ammunition. Some women even directly engaged in armed resistance as

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The April insurrection brought to the fore issues between the resistance and the Allies. Given the revolutionary dimension of the insurrection in the industrial centres of Turin, Milan, and Genoa, where concerted factory occupations by armed workers had occurred, the Allied commanders sought to

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said: "The values and merits of the Resistance, from the Partisan movement and the soldiers who sided with the fight for liberation to the Italian armed forces, are indelible and beyond any rhetoric of mythicization or any biased denigration. The Resistance, the commitment to reconquer Italy's

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The total number of victims of the anti-fascist movement remains unclear; it is estimated that between 12,000 and 26,000 people were killed, usually in extrajudicial executions. The outburst was particularly violent in the northern provinces; according to statistics provided by the Ministry of

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Some historians who have dealt with the civil war in Italy have also taken into consideration the phenomenon of post-war violence, placing the end of the civil war beyond the official end of the Second World War in Europe. Therefore, for them, it is not easy to identify a real end date of the

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The anti-fascists therefore organized themselves clandestinely in Italy and abroad, creating with great difficulty a rudimentary network of connections, which however did not produce significant practical results, remaining fragmented into small uncoordinated groups, incapable of attacking or

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Since then, public events in memory of the event, like marches and parades, have been organized annually in all Italian cities – especially in those decorated with military valour for the war of liberation. Among the events of the festival program, there is the solemn homage, by the

1304:(7.1%), mining (28.5%), construction (5.9%) and agriculture (14.3%). The working conditions were very poor. The Italians were inadequately fed or clothed for the German winter. Many became sick and died. The death rate of the military internees at 6-7% was second only to that of 2586:

only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans, whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian Armed Forces (more than half those killed) were considered as members of their armed force of origin.

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on 5 April 1945. It persists due to the activity of its antifascist members. ANPI's objectives are the maintenance of the historical role of the partisan war by means of research and the collection of personal stories. Its goals are a continued defence against

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attacked the hill occupied by elements of the German 290th Grenadier Regiment. The Germans were caught completely by surprise. The attackers captured the hill and held it for five days against reinforced German units, securing a path for the Allied advance.

654:, France, by expatriate Italians, the CAI was an alliance of non-communist anti-fascist forces (republican, socialist, nationalist) trying to promote and to coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy; they published a propaganda paper entitled 2418:

on 26–27 April, when General Günther Meinhold surrendered to the CLN. The forces of German occupation in Italy officially capitulated on 2 May. Fascists attempted to continue fighting, but were quickly suppressed by the partisans and the Allied forces.

2834:, in which the ideals of the Italian resistance were collected. Since 2008, every two years ANPI organizes its national festival. During the event, meetings, debates, and musical concerts that focus on antifascism, peace, and democracy are organized. 1048:

were scuttled because of the damage they had suffered. The German attack was repelled; by the dawn of 11 September, 120 Germans had been killed and about 200–300 captured, 120 of them wounded. Italian casualties had been 4 killed (two sailors, one

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The resistance fighters themselves relied heavily on the local populace for support and supplies. They would often barter or just ask for food, blankets and medicine. When the partisans took supplies from families, they would often hand out

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were established to hide weapons and wounded fighters. Only sympathizers were involved, because compulsion was thought to encourage betrayal. People largely supported the resistance because of economic hardships, especially inflation.

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The German punishments backfired and instead strengthened the relationship. Because most resistance fighters were peasants, local populations felt a need to provide for their own. One of the larger engagements was the battle for

2132: 6706: 5390:"Nell'anniversario della battaglia di Piombino, uno storico racconta perché la città merita l'onorificenza La medaglia d'oro, dopo 55 anni "Il massimo riconoscimento va concesso per ristabilire la verità" – Il Tirreno" 2755: 2116: 2024:

was among the first to criticize the use of the term "assistance" in the group's name. In 1944, the organization's objectives were reformulated to prioritize activities that broadly promoted women's emancipation.

2386:, the occupying Nazi German forces and their few remaining Italian Fascist allies were openly attacked by Italian partisans on 19 April, and by 21 April, the city of Bologna was liberated by the partisans, the 2561:

Interior, some 9,000 people were killed there during April and May 1945 only. Proportionally, the scale of vengeance killings was much greater than in Belgium and significantly above that recorded in France.

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clergy, faithful/sympathetic police officers and even some German soldiers. DELASEM operated in Rome until the liberation under the leadership of the Jewish delegates Septimius Sorani, Giuseppe Levi, and the

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song originally aligned itself with Italian partisans fighting against Nazi German occupation troops, but has since become to merely stand for the inherent rights of all people to be liberated from tyranny.

707:, were among the movement's leaders. The movement's members held various political beliefs but shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties. 1110:

In the days following 8 September 1943 most servicemen, left without orders from higher echelons (due to Wehrmacht units ceasing Italian radio communications), were disarmed and shipped to POW camps in the

2214:, armed confrontation between compatriots was more intense in Italy, making the Italian case unique. In 1965, the definition of "civil war" was used for the first time by fascist politician and historian 1916:

at the time) described fighters using donkeys to move equipment at night while during the day the peasants used them in the fields. The Nazis tried to split the populace from the resistance by adopting a

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32,000 Italian partisans had been killed abroad (in the Balkans and, to a lesser extent, in France). 9,980 Italian civilians had been killed in reprisals by the German and Fascist forces. In 2010, the

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liberty and independence, was a great civil engine of ideals, but above all, it was a people in arms, a courageous mobilization of young and very young citizens who rebelled against foreign power."

2164: 1375:, and were led by junior Army officers who had decided to resist the German occupation; they were subsequently joined and re-organized by Anti-Fascists, and became thus increasingly politicized. 2307: 1921:

policy of killing 10 Italians for every German killed by the Partisans. Those executed would come from the village near where an attack took place and sometimes from captive partisan fighters.

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existed even before World War II, but open and armed resistance followed the German invasion of Italy on 8 September 1943: in Nazi-occupied Italy, the Italian Resistance fighters, known as the

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chose to defend themselves from a German invasion during ongoing negotiations. After a ten-day battle, the Germans executed 5,155 officers and enlisted men in retaliation. Those killed in the

2427:, under directives from Moscow, enabled the Allies to carry out their program of disarming the partisans and discouraged any revolutionary attempt at changing the social system. Instead, the 650:), officially known as Concentrazione d'Azione Antifascista (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration), was an Italian coalition of Anti-Fascist groups which existed from 1927 to 1934. Founded in 6224:

Franca Pieroni Bortolotti, Le donne della Resistenza antifascista e la questione femminile in Emilia (1943–45), in Donne e Resistenza in Emilia-Romagna, vol. 2, Milan, evangelist, p. 77

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After disarmament by the Germans, the Italian soldiers and officers were confronted with the choice to continue fighting as allies of the German army (either in the armed forces of the

2533:, near the Swiss border. Lazzaro recognized and arrested Mussolini. The task of executing Mussolini was, according to the official version, given to a 'Colonel Valerio' (identified as 1742:

Like their counterparts elsewhere in Europe, Italian partisans seized whatever arms they could find. The first weapons were brought by ex-soldiers fighting German occupiers from the

1521:(Rome's largest single anti-fascist force under Occupation), which sought a revolutionary outcome to the conflict and were thus unwilling to collaborate with 'bourgeois parties'. 2082:

and systematic reprisals against the civilian population. Resistance captives and suspects were often tortured and raped. Some of the most notorious mass atrocities included the

11885: 6710: 2905: 2557:) were displayed in the square; this place was significant because the bodies of 15 executed enemies of Mussolini's regime had been displayed in this square the previous year. 1900:

The worst conditions and fighting took place in mountainous regions. Resources were scarce and living conditions were terrible. Due to limited supplies, the resistance adopted

6653: 1593:(Trentino and South Tyrol) zones. Its losses amounted to 16,000 killed, wounded or captured between September 1943 and May 1944. On 15 June 1944, the General Staff of the 5740: 10403: 6845: 10148: 2110:(20 partisans murdered after being tortured, as a reprisal). In all, an estimated 15,000 Italian civilians were deliberately killed, including many women and children. 9756: 12444: 11754: 9772: 6893: 1363:

Elsewhere, the nascent movement began as independently operating groups were organized and led by previously outlawed political parties or by former officers of the

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A battle broke out at 21:15 on 10 September, between the German landing forces (who aimed to occupy the town centre) and the Italian coastal batteries, tanks of the

541: 6461: 885:, which left the generals in charge of the city without a coordinated defence plan; also the absence of the Italian Centauro II Division, composed primarily of ex- 4213: 10092: 5591: 9695: 9667: 8811: 6196:

Gabriella Bonansea, Donne nella resistenza, in Enzo Collotti, Renato Sandri, Fediano Sessi (edited by), Dizionario della Resistenza, Turin, Einaudi, 2000, p. 272

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Partisan unit sizes varied, depending on logistics (such as the ability to arm, clothe and feed members) and the amount of local support. The basic unit was the

12019: 11733: 10412: 10099: 9233: 2463:) ensued against pro-German collaborators, thousands of whom were rounded up by the vengeful partisans. Controversially, many of those detainees were speedily 585:(PCd'I) ordered its members to quit the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor. The Italian anarchist 6018: 10715: 10078: 9387: 9012: 1912:

that the peasants could convert after the war for money. The partisans slept in abandoned farms and farmhouses. One account from Paolino 'Andrea' Ranieri (a

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Automatic weapons became more common as they were captured in combat and as the Social Republic regime soldiers began defecting, bringing their own guns.

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army, in Italy for guard/patrol duty in 1944), Russians, Ukrainians, Dutch, Spaniards, Greeks, Poles, German defectors and deserters disillusioned with

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Other Italian forces remained trapped in Yugoslavia following the armistice and some decided to fight alongside the local resistance. Elements of the

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on 3 August 1921, and trade unions adopted a legalist and pacified strategy, members of the workers' movement who disagreed with this strategy formed

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component. The defenders were hampered by a number of facts: Allied support was cancelled at the last minute since the Fallschirmjäger took the U.S.

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The groups were formed collaboratively by women from diverse political backgrounds. Prominent participants included communists Giovanna Barcellona,

1115:(often by smaller German outfits). However, some garrisons stationed in occupied Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Italy fought the Germans. Admirals 12738: 12074: 9371: 8751: 1853:. Other supplies included explosives, clothing, boots, food rations, and money (used to buy weapons or to compensate civilians for confiscations). 12594: 12405: 9808: 9120: 7617: 4208: 3239: 2051:

During the summer and early fall of 1944, with Allied forces nearby, partisans attacked behind German lines, led by CLNAI. This rebellion led to

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was the most important of these, receiving recognition from Switzerland and Allied consulates there. An intelligence officer told Field Marshal

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In the first major act of resistance following the German occupation, Italian partisans and local resistance fighters liberated the city of

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that was a part of the Gothic Line. On September 26, 1944, a joint force of 250 Partisans and three companies of U.S. soldiers from the

1458:(Clandestine Military Front) headed by Colonel Montezemolo. Another sizeable partisan group, particularly strong in Piedmont (where the 13268: 13017: 12069: 10241: 8973: 8244: 7174: 3784: 3469: 3412: 1553:

estimated the partisan strength at around 70,000–80,000 by May 1944. Some 41% in the Garibaldi Brigades and 29% were Actionists of the

1220:. When the unit finally returned to Italy at the end of the war, half its members had been killed or were listed as missing in action. 2475:, who briefly served as Prime Minister after the war in 1945, said thousands were killed. Some partisans, such as perpetrators of the 953:

Karl-Wolf Albrand, tried to enter the harbour of Piombino but was denied access by the port authorities. General and Fascist official

581:(CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the 12084: 11747: 10375: 8765: 8723: 8378: 5428: 1578: 219: 5663: 1261: 11596: 9415: 9189: 8952: 8818: 8629: 8285: 1817:

factory which was producing them for the Wehrmacht. Additional weapons (chiefly of British origin) were airdropped by the Allies:

841:(in addition to Carabinieri, infantry and coastal artillery regiments) were deployed around the city and along surrounding roads. 501:. Furthermore, in the memory of the partisan fighters, especially those of communist and socialist inspiration, the memory of the 12089: 11974: 10491: 10288: 9325: 8825: 8737: 8673: 7850: 6664: 4145: 578: 6797: 2529:'Partisan Bill'), a partisan with the 52nd Garibaldi Brigade, was checking a column of lorries carrying retreating SS troops at 12097: 10694: 10206: 9056: 8594: 7062: 5744: 4270: 1934: 1719:(GAP; "Patriotic Action Groups") commanded by the Resistance's youngest officer, Giuseppe "Beppe" Ruffino, carried out acts of 429:

The Resistance was a diverse coalition of various Italian political parties, independent resistance fighters and soldiers, and

13121: 12978: 12674: 12165: 11290: 11195: 10722: 10468: 10343: 9429: 9403: 9260: 8966: 8883: 8528: 7691: 6961: 6690: 6575: 6426: 5853: 5796: 5181: 5154: 5120: 2039: 1466:) partisans, largely composed of former soldiers with no substantial alignment to any anti-Fascist party; an example was the 1171: 910: 636:, which will give rise to ever greater control and severe persecution of opponents, at risk of imprisonment and confinement. 13258: 13186: 11523: 10930: 10816: 9981: 9448: 9444: 9422: 9026: 8325: 7600: 7408: 3069: 643: 1316: 11438: 10902: 10234: 10220: 9433: 7654: 7517: 6469: 5503:"FR L'Iphigénie of the French Navy - French Torpedo boat of the La Melpoméne class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net" 4679: 4175: 2710: 2259: 838: 2258:

camps or joined guerrilla bands as so-called "military missions". Among them were Yugoslavs, Czechs (deserters from the

1884: 13136: 13126: 12598: 12553: 11909: 11647: 11516: 11394: 10972: 10687: 10638: 10396: 9951: 9203: 9042: 8890: 8744: 8373: 7958: 7585: 7418: 7179: 5724: 5673: 5595: 4233: 4150: 3851: 3417: 3123: 2086:(335 Jewish civilians and political prisoners executed without a trial in a reprisal operation after a resistance bomb 1364: 5641: 5459: 2482:

During the waning hours of the war, Mussolini, accompanied by Marshal Graziani, headed to Milan to meet with Cardinal

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Brigades. One of the strongest units, the 8th Garibaldi Brigade, had 8,050 men (450 without arms) and operated in the

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The Nazis considered the Italians as traitors and not as prisoners of war. The former Italian soldiers were sent into

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later put the number of the victims of such executions at 732, but other estimates were much higher. Partisan leader

2155: 2091: 1543:(RSI). Its territory (marked in green) was the theatre of the Italian resistance. In grey are the territories of the 1379: 1187: 1093: 1074: 852:

were initially repelled and endured losses, but slowly gained the upper hand, aided by their experience and superior

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prices tripled and bread prices had quintupled since 1938; hunger unified the underground and general population.

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at the end of the war based on a compromissory synthesis of their Resistance parties' respective principles of

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and not trusted, with its German-made tanks, contributed to the defeat of the Italian forces by the Germans.

442: 438: 71: 6394: 2601: 12750: 12720: 12621: 12608: 12102: 11844: 11740: 11115: 11076: 9995: 9830: 9815: 9742: 9721: 9539: 9217: 9003: 8996: 8980: 8691: 8650: 8622: 8059: 7998: 7983: 7835: 7696: 7149: 6896:[Not only Tsipras: "Bella ciao" sung in all languages of the world Watch the video – Corriere TV]. 6526: 5327: 4651: 4135: 4118: 4058: 3387: 3320: 2271: 2267: 1834: 1715: 1213: 874: 161: 6767: 1635: 13168: 13062: 12625: 12308: 12029: 11807: 11131: 11083: 10701: 10673: 10526: 10120: 9641: 9304: 9210: 8700: 8403: 8121: 7967: 7749: 7559: 7445: 7413: 7098: 4975:"Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22" 4896: 4686: 4585: 4492: 4265: 4260: 4165: 4103: 4093: 4074: 3811: 3486: 3433: 2706: 2387: 2346: 2094:(about 560 random villagers brutally killed in an anti-partisan operation in the central mountains), the 1402: 822: 747: 743: 6846:"Bella ciao, significato e testo: perché la canzone della Resistenza non appartiene (solo) ai comunisti" 1413:. The CLN was set up by partisans behind German lines and had the support of most groups in the region. 711:

also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of

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Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919–22

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forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the Italian resistance and the

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was mostly composed of representatives of the parties that had given life to the Italian Resistance's

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Marina Addis Saba, Partigiane. Tutte le donne della resistenza, Milan, Mursia Editore, 1998, pp. 40–50

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regime, the Italian Social Republic, which the Germans created following the Nazi German invasion and

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visited Cefalonia, giving a speech underlining how "their conscious choice was the first act of the

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One of the most important episodes of resistance by Italian Armed Forces after the armistice was the

593:, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community. The Italian liberal anti-fascist 494: 430: 12563: 9274: 5005: 4974: 3896: 2830:

and the ideal and ethical support of the high values of freedom and democracy expressed in the 1948

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were liberated on 25 April through a popular revolt and Italian Resistance insurrection following a

2066:

In their attempts to suppress the resistance, German and Italian Fascist forces (especially the SS,

734:'s dictatorship against Mussolini's regime; hence their motto: "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy". 13231: 13149: 13107: 12616: 11958: 11246: 11223: 10475: 10276: 10269: 9933: 9593: 9565: 9558: 8945: 8503: 8493: 8473: 8443: 8398: 8096: 7938: 7870: 7840: 7820: 7701: 7377: 7342: 7139: 6894:"Non solo Tsipras: "Bella ciao" cantata in tutte le lingue del mondo Guarda il video – Corriere TV" 4882: 4123: 3806: 3377: 3112: 2970: 2546: 2207: 901: 582: 224: 60: 9290: 9267: 6063: 2855:

modified and adopted as an anthem of the Italian resistance movement by the partisans who opposed

2729:

in memory of the fallen and missing Italians in wars. Speaking at the 2014 anniversary, President

2537:) and the bodies of Mussolini and Petacci were later brought to Milan and hung upside down in the 786:

Commemorative plaque for those killed in the battle of Porta San Paolo in Rome (10 September 1943)

408:('national liberation war') against the invading German forces; in this context, the anti-fascist 13131: 13112: 13012: 12690: 12508: 12181: 11668: 11612: 11482: 11342: 11027: 10680: 10576: 10482: 10050: 9918: 9888: 9852: 9837: 9709: 9601: 9579: 9525: 9511: 9493: 9157: 8938: 8666: 8615: 8383: 8146: 8003: 7973: 7948: 7865: 7825: 7764: 7663: 7428: 7398: 4322: 4228: 4113: 4108: 3651: 3270: 3142: 3059: 2868: 2806: 2638: 2487: 2428: 2424: 2295: 2185: 1838: 1599:

estimated that the partisan forces amounted to some 82,000 men, of whom about 25,000 operated in

1574: 1540: 1500:. Tensions between the Catholics and the Communists in the movement led to the foundation of the 1387: 1383: 1305: 1290: 1265:

Prison camp for Italian military after the armistice of 8 September 1943, German propaganda photo

1124: 918: 696: 603:, which was published in 1925. Other notable Italian liberal anti-fascists around that time were 557: 423: 340: 274: 5305: 13103: 11360: 11253: 11055: 11006: 10909: 10802: 10772: 10555: 10443: 10169: 9960: 9551: 9532: 9502: 9049: 9019: 8081: 8069: 7845: 7830: 7522: 7164: 6609: 4910: 4798: 4756: 4714: 3402: 2827: 2630: 2596: 2052: 1981:

Women played a large role. After the war, about 35,000 Italian women were recognised as female

1826: 1410: 1244: 1159:

took the islands through air and sea landings by infantry and Fallschirmjäger supported by the

954: 857: 818: 791: 723: 260: 6559: 6404: 6266: 5617: 5549: 5144: 5054: 2501: 2013: 1424: 673: 666: 515:

himself) a true "civil war" in defence of the popular classes against the reactionary forces.

12612: 12054: 11851: 11574: 11417: 11313: 11283: 11239: 10979: 10944: 10937: 10860: 10758: 10199: 10176: 10023: 9634: 9171: 8911: 8897: 8580: 8388: 8315: 8295: 8209: 8158: 7916: 7896: 7706: 7300: 7268: 7154: 7134: 7048: 5992: 5110: 4819: 4784: 4742: 4282: 4155: 3831: 3392: 3372: 3294: 2931: 2831: 2822: 2402:

were later freed on 24 April by the Italian Resistance and then the advancing Allied forces.

718:

Some historians have also underlined how the Resistance movement may have had links with the

446: 11863: 9469: 5689: 5171: 3791: 2298:

recorded his experiences of fighting with the partisans in his book "Where bleed the many".

511:

in the period 1919–1922, considered by some exponents of the left-wing parties (among which

292:; involvement of Italian army and partisan units in Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, and France. 13037: 13022: 12932: 12920: 12902: 12878: 12726: 12708: 12558: 12121: 11919: 11675: 11530: 11181: 11138: 11108: 11034: 10844: 10823: 9749: 9226: 8904: 8239: 8054: 7943: 7921: 7575: 7473: 7357: 7225: 4749: 4672: 4665: 4420: 4347: 3931: 3826: 3571: 3210: 3001: 2925: 2774: 1448: 1190: 1144: 1077: 906: 795: 586: 561: 6169: 2370: 1866: 1367:. Many partisan formations were initially founded by soldiers from disbanded units of the 961:

ordered the port authorities to allow the German flotilla to enter, against the advice of

465: 8: 13211: 12989: 12950: 12647: 12522: 12416: 12399: 11979: 11793: 11567: 11445: 11401: 10923: 10057: 9823: 9350: 9180: 9164: 9113: 8523: 8513: 8468: 8234: 8199: 8194: 7911: 7532: 7468: 7388: 7015:

ANCFARGL – Associazione Nazionale Combattenti Forze Armate Regolari Guerra di Liberazione

6732:

McGaw Smyth, Howard (September 1948). "Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946)".

6595: 4903: 4889: 4840: 4791: 4637: 4616: 4415: 4352: 3901: 3886: 3868: 3856: 3626: 3591: 3172: 3160: 3137: 3039: 2798: 2786: 2718: 2650: 2550: 2095: 1913: 1459: 1439: 1406: 1391: 1357: 1352: 1333: 1140: 684: 399: 366: 229: 214: 6998: 2414:

that commenced two days earlier; over 14,000 German and Fascist troops were captured in

1535: 1340: 13141: 13002: 12780: 12768: 12348: 12342: 12116: 12111: 11984: 11929: 11786: 11619: 11544: 11498: 11468: 11376: 11216: 10881: 10765: 10659: 10610: 10548: 10304: 10255: 10064: 9688: 9343: 9141: 8498: 8483: 8463: 8320: 8261: 8214: 8136: 7993: 7963: 7953: 7928: 7901: 7808: 7801: 7737: 7493: 7488: 7205: 6749: 6567: 6419:

Il Bracciale di Sterline – Cento bastardi senza gloria. Una storia di guerra e passioni

6246: 5938: 5909: 4875: 4812: 4573: 4457: 4440: 4395: 4053: 4048: 3736: 3646: 3536: 3133: 3073: 2852: 2730: 2702: 2542: 2107: 2087: 2083: 1846: 1694: 1566: 1478: 1477:

Relations among the groups varied. For example, in 1945, the Garibaldi partisans under

1368: 1283: 1217: 1096: 1050: 914: 704: 3506: 1482: 1405:

and other minor parties, largely took control of the movement in accordance with King

982: 978: 950: 12944: 12890: 12387: 12381: 12324: 12256: 12244: 12232: 12126: 12024: 11914: 11777: 11661: 11551: 11491: 11452: 11385: 11367: 11333: 11276: 11230: 11174: 10999: 10737: 10729: 10666: 10519: 10113: 9645: 9106: 9085: 8795: 8448: 8438: 8310: 8224: 8189: 8116: 8106: 7884: 7754: 7668: 7498: 7478: 7452: 7440: 7235: 7230: 7215: 7210: 7195: 6978: 6957: 6933: 6686: 6614: 6571: 6444: 6422: 6272: 6210:

Patrizia Gabrielli, Il 1946, le donne, la Repubblica, Rome, Donzelli, 2009, pp. 45–46

6145: 6090: 5998: 5849: 5792: 5780: 5720: 5669: 5354: 5177: 5150: 5116: 4833: 4700: 4693: 4549: 4543: 4445: 4198: 4026: 3906: 3711: 3686: 3631: 3576: 3566: 3278: 3088: 2920: 2654: 2566: 2231: 2189: 2079: 2060: 1901: 1842: 1736: 1724: 1710: 1497: 1435: 1418: 1398: 1279: 1232: 867: 864: 727: 719: 712: 625: 618: 570: 512: 471: 415: 234: 209: 104: 94: 6344: 5031: 2375: 2374:

Monument to the fallen at the burial place of partisans killed on 26 April 1945, at

2215: 1693:

While the largest contingents operated in mountainous districts of the Alps and the

766: 13067: 13032: 12840: 12822: 12744: 12426: 12336: 12291: 12268: 12262: 12079: 12059: 12034: 12007: 11696: 11689: 11633: 11297: 11062: 11048: 10951: 10888: 10839: 10652: 10505: 10452: 10262: 10213: 10127: 9357: 9334: 8867: 8518: 8340: 8290: 8271: 8266: 8219: 8126: 8064: 8044: 8032: 7988: 7791: 7771: 7759: 7622: 7503: 7220: 7083: 7075: 6741: 6355: 4826: 4770: 4763: 4707: 4482: 4451: 4435: 4430: 4255: 4011: 4001: 3958: 3948: 3863: 3706: 3696: 3681: 3671: 3656: 3616: 3606: 3601: 3531: 2894: 2847: 2801:") is an association founded by participants of the Italian resistance against the 2510: 2506: 2495: 2456: 2319: 2291: 1909: 1806: 1787: 1550: 1544: 1054: 731: 633: 545: 344: 315: 303: 256: 239: 154: 49: 8876: 7590: 6327: 5502: 2613: 2582:

of the Italian Ministry of Defence recorded 15,197 partisans killed; however, the

2242: 1428:(Justice and Freedom) Brigades related to the Partito d'Azione, and the socialist 628:(1924) and the decisive assumption of responsibility by Mussolini, the process of 12996: 12983: 12926: 12872: 12854: 12816: 12792: 12538: 12360: 12354: 12297: 12220: 11946: 11719: 11431: 11346: 11304: 11202: 11145: 11013: 10795: 10786: 10315: 9897: 9873: 9127: 8428: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8305: 8229: 8091: 7610: 7508: 7393: 7293: 7200: 6972: 5523: 5012: 4868: 4805: 4562: 4425: 4130: 4031: 3978: 3841: 3821: 3769: 3751: 3701: 3561: 3551: 3314: 3117: 2686: 2666: 2661:. The date was chosen by convention, as it was the day of the year 1945 when the 2618: 2554: 2538: 2530: 2514: 2472: 2464: 2391: 2382:

On 19 April 1945, the CLN called for an insurrection (the April 25 uprising). In

2342: 2332:, a network extending throughout occupied Italy that included Jews and Gentiles, 2311: 2283: 1926: 1822: 1486: 1372: 1275: 1236: 1132: 1120: 946: 897: 878: 870:

had crossed enemy lines and gone to Rome to personally supervise the operation);

849: 802: 771: 692: 629: 594: 529: 419: 114: 11831: 7023:

INSMLI – Istituto Nazionale per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione in Italia

1809:

began appearing in larger numbers in October 1943, when they were spirited away

1416:

The main CLN formations included three politically varied groups: the communist

1336:(27–30 September 1943) during the liberation of the city from German occupation. 938: 13027: 12866: 12844: 12804: 12798: 12774: 12756: 12714: 12238: 12226: 12208: 11726: 11262: 11188: 9240: 9099: 8561: 8508: 8478: 8423: 8330: 8204: 8151: 8111: 7781: 7776: 7627: 7527: 7483: 7435: 7383: 7337: 7305: 7263: 7240: 6947: 6490: 6354:("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist 5741:"The Forgotten Italian Military Internees of WWII | the Stillman Exchange" 5328:"8 settembre 1943: l'armistizio che divise l'Italia e portò alla guerra civile" 4568: 4410: 4400: 4357: 4342: 4304: 4245: 4038: 4021: 4016: 3921: 3726: 3716: 3676: 3641: 3581: 3556: 3546: 3541: 3521: 3245: 3049: 3029: 2964: 2818: 2678: 2534: 2476: 2444: 2411: 2333: 2279: 2219: 2075: 1743: 1616: 1471: 1301: 1183: 1116: 871: 810: 700: 688: 608: 549: 522: 2306: 1239:, and one of the first acts of resistance by the Italian armed forces against 661: 13247: 12938: 12908: 12762: 12568: 12330: 11537: 9462: 9311: 9150: 8433: 8074: 7644: 7332: 7310: 7169: 5592:"-La Nazione – Piombino – Taglio del nastro per la banchina "Giorgio Perini"" 4537: 4298: 4218: 3911: 3774: 3746: 3741: 3691: 3666: 3586: 3526: 3407: 2958: 2937: 2726: 2674: 2665:

of Upper Italy (CLNAI) – whose command was based in Milan and was chaired by

2399: 1974: 1775: 1755: 1751: 1732: 1395: 1297: 1233:

a naval battle between Italian torpedo boats and an attacking German flotilla

1152: 1128: 929: 604: 590: 537: 503: 199: 89: 12466: 5570: 4372: 2486:. Mussolini was hoping to negotiate a deal but was given only the option of 1151:

troops under the command of Generals Francis Gerrard Russell Brittorous and

13224: 13178: 12896: 12860: 12848: 12834: 12513: 11836: 11640: 9940: 9845: 9476: 8839: 8603: 8551: 8358: 8163: 7933: 7537: 7403: 7352: 7327: 6376: 4526: 4327: 4292: 4006: 3968: 3661: 3636: 3621: 3445: 3166: 2995: 2951: 2864: 2810: 2782: 2658: 2642: 2634: 2491: 2468: 2325: 2211: 1997: 1791: 1608: 1584: 1240: 1148: 681: 498: 490: 454: 362: 352: 336: 289: 270: 174: 109: 99: 12659: 12150: 6917:

Partiti e ideologie del movimento antifascista in: Storia d'Italia, vol. 8

2362: 2234:" being used more frequently by Italian and international historiography. 1507:

A further challenge to the 'national unity' embodied in the CLN came from

13073: 12956: 12914: 12884: 12573: 12432: 12318: 12285: 12250: 11475: 11461: 11123: 9799: 9620: 9605: 8959: 8453: 8393: 8363: 7716: 7347: 6952: 4721: 4337: 4223: 3963: 3953: 3721: 3611: 3596: 3307: 3220: 2975: 2682: 2670: 2275: 2266:

and Britons and Americans (ex-prisoners or advisors deployed by the SAS,

2199: 2021: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1795: 1759: 1706: 1112: 886: 799: 782: 553: 179: 7014: 6054:"H-Net Review: Andrea Peto on Women and the Italian Resistance, 1943–45" 6019:"This Day in History – 9/6/1944 – Italian resistance fighters persevere" 5055:"Il Popolo del 1925 col manifesto antifascista: ritrovata l'unica copia" 4546:, an Italian left-wing antifascist militia active during the early 1920s 2440: 2366:

Italian partisans in Milan during the liberation of the city, April 1945

12828: 10830: 10583: 10562: 9455: 8788: 8716: 7711: 7320: 5931:

Die Juden und der Widerstand gegen den Faschismus in Italien: 1943–1945

5813:"Senato.it – Resoconto sommario della seduta del 7 marzo 1946, pag.336" 5112:

Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present

4556: 4405: 4098: 4068: 4063: 3973: 3891: 3836: 3300: 2838: 2761: 2646: 1993: 1948: 1850: 1443: 1216:

were assembled in the Italian Garibaldi Partisan Division, part of the

1136: 1088: 556:

and against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the

508: 244: 204: 169: 6753: 4367: 2254:

Not all resistance members were Italians; many foreigners had escaped

2138:

German soldier examining the papers of an Italian civilian outside of

1511:

as well as dissident-communist Resistance formations, such as Turin's

973:, and civilian population. Italian tanks sank the German torpedo boat 12490: 12482: 12474: 11093: 10498: 10295: 10106: 9904: 9859: 4377: 4362: 4332: 3983: 3941: 3494: 2987: 2981: 2781:, which was formed by the representatives of all the anti-nazist and 1771: 1570: 1508: 1175: 1160: 1156: 1100: 1001: 997: 962: 860: 794:

of 3 September 1943 partially began with Italian regular forces: the

450: 380: 372: 194: 189: 184: 9380: 7030: 7022: 5351:

Da Porta San Paolo a Salò. Gioacchino Solinas comandante antitedesco

4861: 2467:, condemned and shot, or killed without trial. Minister of Interior 614: 65: 12548: 9364: 9092: 8368: 8353: 8348: 8249: 7283: 7278: 6745: 6043:“World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945” p. 360 4043: 3926: 3183: 2606: 2541:

square. Eighteen executed prominent Fascists (including Mussolini,

1918: 1830: 1767: 1720: 1702: 1698: 1686:(divisional group). These divisional groups were responsible for a 1653: 1642: 1624: 1600: 1321: 1286:

on a par with the armed confrontation of other Italian servicemen.

882: 518: 1328: 1270:

oath of fidelity to the King. Their former allies designated them

892:

By 10 September, the Germans had penetrated downtown Rome and the

651: 437:

was declared to be founded on the struggle of the Resistance: the

414:

of the Italian Resistance also simultaneously participated in the

13057: 13007: 12543: 11936: 7315: 7040: 4565:, formed by expatriate Italian anti-Fascists in the United States 4462: 2860: 2383: 2329: 2247: 2224:

Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza

2171: 2067: 1814: 1802:) were initially scarce, and usually reserved for squad leaders. 1747: 1612: 1604: 1558: 1332:

Italian partisans celebrating the liberation of Naples after the

1228: 942: 2318:(less likely to arouse suspicion). After the war, Field Marshal 1970: 913:(later executed by the Germans) joined the underground; General 9974: 8572: 8008: 6775: 4847: 3936: 2856: 2513:

and other executed fascists by Italian partisans on display at

2263: 2228:

A Civil War. Historical Essay On the Morality Of the Resistance

2203: 2195: 2103: 2099: 2056: 2044: 1930: 1620: 1493: 1349: 1224: 1164: 1053:

brigadier, and one civilian) and a dozen wounded; four Italian

917:(commander of the Granatieri) instead opted for the pro-German 853: 477: 75: 6462:"British prisoners of the Second World War and the Korean War" 4534:, an association of the participants to the Italian resistance 2322:

issued a certificate to those who thereby risked their lives.

2274:). Some later became well-known, such as climber and explorer 1833:. U.S.-made weapons were provided on a smaller scale from the 11893: 10162: 7288: 7071: 6058: 5717:

L'altra Resistenza. I militari italiani internati in Germania

3498: 2518: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2139: 1953: 1891: 1799: 1783: 1779: 1462:

had disintegrated in September 1943), were the "autonomous" (

434: 348: 329: 4559:", the anthem of the anti-nazist and anti-fascist resistance 4540:, an Italian communist antifascist militia active after WWII 2742: 2565:

phenomenon, which slowly faded away. Some have proposed the

1977:, a vice-commander in the Gruppi di Azione Patriottica (GAP) 1670:(squad), with three or more squads (usually five) forming a 1163:. Both Campioni and Mascherpa were captured and executed at 7796: 7273: 6116:

The Italian Resistance: Fascists, Guerrillas and the Allies

4531: 2814: 2802: 2793: 2746: 2722: 2622: 2123: 2098:(about 770 civilians killed in similar circumstances), the 1873: 1818: 1589: 1562: 1382:(Committee of National Liberation, or CLN), created by the 1139:

islands from their former allies. With reinforcements from

806: 775: 730:

with the hope of setting an example of armed resistance to

144: 5238: 2863:, and fought against the invading and occupying forces of 2102:

massacre (24 partisans murdered during their retreat from

1798:

were added to partisan kits. Submachine guns (such as the

687:, active from 1929 to 1945. The movement was cofounded by 485:

was a militant anti-fascist group founded in 1921 in Italy

6798:"Riscoprire I Valori Della Resistenza Nella Costituzione" 6707:"Italy celebrates Liberation Day – Politics – ANSAMed.it" 6654:"Seconda Guerra MondiaIe - I Caduti Del Fronte Orientale" 5090: 2255: 2055:

partisan governments throughout the mountainous regions.

737: 542:

Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism

6823: 6631:"Togliatti Guardasigilli, l'amnistia criticata del 1946" 6495:

Special Operations Europe: Scenes from the Anti-Nazi War

4942: 2867:, who were allied with the fascist and collaborationist 1701:

flatland. In the large towns of northern Italy, such as

1282:. Their actions were eventually recognized as an act of 1235:. It was one of the few successful Italian reactions to 790:

Armed resistance to the German occupation following the

770:

Italian soldiers preparing to clash with the Germans at

6308: 6239:

Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945

5979:

La Marina dall'8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto

5866:

Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945

5837:

La Marina dall'8 settembre 1943 alla fine del conflitto

5221:

Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile

2629:

Since 1946, 25 April has been officially celebrated as

1682:(division). In some places, several divisions formed a 27:

Italian combatant organizations opposed to Nazi-Fascism

9234:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

7006: 5079:

James Martin, 'Piero Gobetti's Agonistic Liberalism',

2043:

Three Italian partisans executed by public hanging in

6350:, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book 5226: 905:

resist the disarmament of Italian soldiers. Generals

589:, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 445:. These former Italian Resistance fighters wrote the 5848:

The Italian Army 1940–45 (3) Osprey Men-at-Arms 353

5642:"De Vecchi, Cesare Maria in "Dizionario Biografico"" 5482:"Interventi del Presidente – La Camera dei Deputati" 5109:

Pugliese, Stanislao G.; Pugliese, Stanislao (2004).

4214:

Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line

7555:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

6271:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2008. p. 303. 2617:The 68th anniversary of the liberation of Italy at 2605:The 64th anniversary of the liberation of Italy in 1739:, women were often important members and couriers. 669:, an anti-fascist movement active from 1929 to 1945 6443: 6294:"Hidden archive exposes WWII slaughters - CNN.com" 5146:Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922–1935 2525:On the morning of 27 April 1945, Umberto Lazzaro ( 2122:A woman executed by public hanging in a street of 1311: 1155:, the defenders held on for a month. However, the 7007:ANPI – Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia 5690:"Cefalonia. Ciampi: "Qui cominciò la Resistenza"" 726:. Many Italian anti-fascists participated in the 722:, in particular with those who had served in the 13245: 5108: 2805:occupation and the fascist and collaborationist 6868:"ATENE – Comizio di chiusura di Alexis Tsipras" 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 2685:(present among others the designated president 1674:(detachment). Three or more detachments made a 792:armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces 355:and anti-nazist movement and organisation, the 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5208:The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe 4601: 896:(aided by civilians) made their last stand at 805:. The period's best-known battle broke out in 388:General underground Italian opposition to the 74:and some members of the Italian resistance in 12675: 12166: 11879: 8588: 7056: 7036:Anarchist partisans in the Italian Resistance 5460:"8 settembre '43: la breve illusione di pace" 4500: 3463: 2767:Band of the Guard of the Serbian Armed Forces 2569:of 22 June 1946 as the end of the civil war. 1250: 409: 403: 393: 356: 323: 41: 6932:] (in Italian). Baldini & Castoldi. 6291: 6236: 5408: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 4579:Anarchist brigades in the Italian Resistance 2765:(instrumental only version performed by the 1583:(the area northeast of the north end of the 1274:("Italian military internees") to deny them 996:, was scuttled at the harbour entrance as a 378: 370: 12689: 12595:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) 12180: 6731: 6709:. Ansamed.info. 4 June 1944. Archived from 6505: 6503: 6129:Women and the Italian Resistance: 1943–1945 5443: 5429:"Piombino città di eroi – la Repubblica.it" 4964:, New York: Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26 4591:Japanese dissidence during the Showa period 4209:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) 1762:revolvers, SRCM and OTO hand grenades, and 600:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals 385:from 8 September 1943 until 25 April 1945. 136:Liberation of Italy from Nazism and Fascism 12682: 12668: 12604:Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party 12173: 12159: 11886: 11872: 8595: 8581: 7063: 7049: 6410: 6251:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6078: 5943:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5914:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5877: 5173:Renewing Italian Socialism: Nenni to Craxi 4778:La buona battaglia – Don Pietro Pappagallo 4507: 4493: 3470: 3456: 2794:Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia 2479:, were tried by an Allied Military Court. 2194:Although other European countries such as 2174:for two Italian partisans – killed in 1944 1731:(SAP; "Patriotic Action Squads") arranged 6923: 6760: 6391:at the University of Munchen (in German). 6314: 5367: 5176:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–8. 624:After the murder of the socialist deputy 507:and of the violent struggles against the 339:and the fascist collaborationists of the 6524: 6509: 6500: 6362:("History of Italy") by the same author. 6268:Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War, 1944–1945 6110: 6108: 6106: 5142: 5115:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 10. 5052: 2797:(ANPI; "National Association of Italian 2752: 2741: 2612: 2600: 2500: 2439: 2369: 2361: 2305: 2241: 2038: 2012:; as well as women associated with the 1969: 1713:housed a key partisan headquarters. The 1534: 1339: 1327: 1324:during the Resistance, 12 September 1943 1315: 1260: 1087: 1028:), and heavily damaged the torpedo boat 949:, a small German flotilla, commanded by 928: 781: 765: 660: 613: 517: 497:already existed, until the beginning of 489:The Italian Resistance has its roots in 464: 6914: 6553: 6551: 6527:"Così fucilammo Mussolini e la Petacci" 6441: 6416: 6167: 6087:Quando inglesi arrivare noi tutti morti 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5902:Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce 5899: 5779: 5244: 5096: 4552:, an Italian anarchist partisan brigade 4146:Italian General Confederation of Labour 2237: 2230:), published in 1991, led to the term " 1872:Resistance monument in Rubiana, in the 1705:, and the surrounding valleys near the 1697:, other large formations fought in the 1678:(brigade), of which two or more made a 933:View of the harbour of Piombino in 2012 579:Italian General Confederation of Labour 548:, anti-fascists, many of them from the 536:to describe its opponents. Mussolini's 14: 13246: 10442: 10420:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7031:Il portale della guerra di Liberazione 6946: 6685:(in Italian). Il Mulino. p. 109. 6328:"Storia della guerra civile in Italia" 6163: 6161: 5928: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5880:Bandiera Rossa nella Resistenza romana 5785:The Extermination of the European Jews 5668:(in Italian). Mondadori. p. 261. 5544: 5542: 5540: 5232: 5202: 5200: 5053:Bruscino, Felicia (25 November 2017). 4948: 738:Resistance by the Italian Armed Forces 12979:Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party 12663: 12154: 11867: 11291:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 10723:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 10369:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10325:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9430:Rape during the occupation of Germany 8576: 7044: 6970: 6680: 6400: 6383:of 14 July 2005 (in Italian) and the 6343:See the books from Italian historian 6103: 6084: 5990: 5714: 5661: 5348: 5169: 2846: 1561:area. The CLN mostly operated in the 1320:Italians shot by invading Germans in 1278:status and the rights granted by the 911:Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo 809:the day the armistice was announced. 361:opposed Nazi Germany and its Fascist 314: 10413:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9445:Rape during the liberation of France 7601:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 6557: 6548: 6348:Storia della guerra civile in Italia 5964: 4523:, a list of Italian resistance units 2070:, and paramilitary militias such as 2000:, and Caterina Picolato; socialists 1985:(partisan combatants) and 20,000 as 1735:and propaganda campaigns. As in the 1524: 1353:through a chaotic popular rebellion. 1182:included division commander General 977:; Italian artillery also sank seven 644:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana 6999:Italy | European Resistance Archive 6956:(in Italian). Bollati Boringhieri. 6651: 6230: 6158: 5922: 5886: 5537: 5210:. Harvard University Press. p. 224. 5197: 4680:The Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission 2817:in 1944 while the war continued in 2447:, the Italian partisan believed to 2435: 2260:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1959: 1438:Brigades). Smaller groups included 335:who fought the occupying forces of 24: 13137:Italian Democratic Socialist Party 13127:Maximalist Italian Socialist Party 12554:Italian Communist Youth Federation 10639:German invasion of the Netherlands 8919:Weather events during World War II 7070: 6598:" 15th November 1997. (in Italian) 5994:Resistenzialismo versus Resistenza 5284:"Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia" 5258:"Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia" 5223:. Harvard University Press. p. 51. 4987:from the original on 19 March 2022 2078:) committed war crimes, including 1197:, of an Italy free from fascism". 1103:on 25 April 2007 in memory of the 648:Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration 25: 13280: 13269:World War II resistance movements 13091:Italian Reformist Socialist Party 12418:Leader in the European Parliament 12310:Leader in the Chamber of Deputies 11270:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 6992: 6131:. Denver, CO: Arden, 1997. Print. 4736:From the Clouds to the Resistance 2777:is the result of the work of the 2590: 2250:) with Italian and Yugoslav names 1380:Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale 1218:Yugoslav People's Liberation Army 1188:President of the Italian Republic 1094:President of the Italian Republic 1075:President of the Italian Republic 13187:Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy 11830: 8602: 8557: 8556: 8545: 6525:Lampredi, Aldo (20 April 2008). 5959:Storia della Resistenza italiana 5021:, Vol. 33, No. 2, 183–218 (2003) 4596:Museum of the Liberation of Rome 4476: 4251:Movement of Unitarian Communists 4194:Armed Proletarians for Communism 4171:Unified Communist Party of Italy 3817:Portella della Ginestra massacre 3505: 3439: 2904: 2357: 2206:also had partisan movements and 2163: 2147: 2131: 2115: 2028: 1883: 1865: 1652: 1634: 1272:Italienische Militär-Internierte 1083: 752:Italian Co-belligerent Air Force 351:from 1943 to 1945. As a diverse 316:[reziˈstɛntsaitaˈljaːna] 128:8 September 1943 – 25 April 1945 64: 59: 13100:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento 8286:Orders, decorations, and medals 6908: 6886: 6860: 6848:(in Italian). 13 September 2022 6838: 6812: 6790: 6734:The Western Political Quarterly 6725: 6699: 6674: 6645: 6623: 6601: 6584: 6518: 6514:. Penguin Book. pp. 57–70. 6512:A History of Contemporary Italy 6484: 6454: 6435: 6365: 6337: 6320: 6285: 6259: 6216: 6202: 6188: 6134: 6121: 6046: 6037: 6011: 5984: 5951: 5871: 5868:; Lexington Books; 2001; p. 218 5858: 5842: 5829: 5805: 5773: 5759: 5733: 5708: 5682: 5655: 5634: 5610: 5584: 5563: 5516: 5495: 5474: 5342: 5320: 5298: 5276: 5250: 5213: 5163: 5136: 5102: 4962:Mediterranean Fascism 1919–1945 4855:The Path to the Nest of Spiders 4204:Communist Party of Italy (2014) 3847:Assassination of Sergio Ramelli 2707:important officers of the State 2301: 1596:Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano 1312:Resistance by Italian partisans 945:. On 10 September 1943, during 405:guerra di liberazione nazionale 13174:Italian Socialist Party (2007) 13096:Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria 12599:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party 11895:Resistance during World War II 11517:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 9227:Territorial changes of Germany 9135:Indonesian National Revolution 6977:. Cambridge University Press. 6974:Civil War in Europe, 1905–1949 5594:. 26 July 2012. Archived from 5219:Stanislao G. Pugliese (1999). 5073: 5046: 5034:. Anarchist_century.tripod.com 5024: 4999: 4967: 4954: 4925: 4151:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party 4141:Italian Communist Party (2016) 3008:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 2449:have executed Benito Mussolini 2156:Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre 2092:Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre 2008:; actionists Elena Dreher and 1941: 1856: 1774:machine guns. Later, captured 1180:massacre of the Acqui Division 1105:massacre of the Acqui Division 431:partisan brigades and militias 13: 1: 13146:Italian Democratic Socialists 13117:International Communist Party 13048:National Liberation Committee 12590:International Communist Party 12534:National Liberation Committee 10917:Japanese invasion of Thailand 10868:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 10632:German invasion of Luxembourg 9013:Mediterranean and Middle East 6450:. London: Elek Books Limited. 6358:as the fifteen volume of the 6118:. London: Pluto, 2009. Print. 6021:. History.com. Archived from 5878:Corvisieri, Silverio (1968). 5170:Scala, Spencer M. Di (1988). 5143:Tollardo, Elisabetta (2016). 4918: 3118:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 2851:; "Goodbye beautiful") is an 2663:National Liberation Committee 2572: 2352: 2288:Count Manfred Beckett Czernin 1729:Squadre di Azione Patriottica 909:(commander of Ariete II) and 552:, fought against the violent 460: 443:National Liberation Committee 72:National Liberation Committee 12622:Communist Refoundation Party 12609:Democratic Party of the Left 10824:Invasion of the Soviet Union 10513:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 9831:Independent State of Croatia 6352:L'Italia della guerra civile 4119:Communist Refoundation Party 4059:Proletarian internationalism 3179:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 2737: 2649:of the fascists, during the 2432:to maintain the status quo. 2179: 1929:(lit. "Battle Mountain"), a 1835:Office of Strategic Services 1716:Gruppi di Azione Patriottica 1518:Movimento Comunista d'Italia 1356:German forces, known as the 1344:A group of Italian partisans 540:was officially known as the 7: 13259:Italian resistance movement 13169:New Italian Socialist Party 13053:Italian resistance movement 12626:Party of Italian Communists 12529:Italian resistance movement 11808:End of World War II in Asia 11648:Western invasion of Germany 11155:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 11132:Second Battle of El Alamein 10702:Hundred Regiments Offensive 10674:Battle of the Mediterranean 10527:Italian invasion of Albania 8701:Air warfare of World War II 8326:Water supply and sanitation 7750:Italian geographical region 7618:Monarchy and the World Wars 7560:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 7446:War of the Sicilian Vespers 7099:Timeline of Italian history 5991:Capua, Giovanni Di (2005). 5206:James D. Wilkinson (1981). 5015:, Antonio Sonnessa, in the 4960:Charles F. Delzell, edit., 4897:Ten Italians for One German 4602:In works of popular culture 4586:German resistance to Nazism 4266:Party of Italian Communists 4261:Party of the Christian Left 4104:Communist Alternative Party 3812:Third De Gasperi government 2875: 2809:during the latter phase of 2725:, with the deposition of a 2455:A score-settling campaign ( 2388:Italian Co-Belligerent Army 2347:Righteous Among the Nations 1455:Fronte Militare Clandestino 1452:(Green Flame Brigades) and 1371:that had evaded capture in 1300:in war industries (35.6%), 924: 756: 748:Italian Co-belligerent Navy 744:Italian Co-belligerent Army 10: 13285: 13190:(social-democrats faction) 13182:(social-democrats faction) 11925:June Uprising in Lithuania 11734:Naval bombardment of Japan 11102:First Battle of El Alamein 11021:Battle of Christmas Island 10966:Japanese invasion of Burma 10730:Italian invasion of Greece 10646:German invasion of Belgium 10618:German invasion of Denmark 10591:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 10460:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 8724:Comparative military ranks 8245:Inventions and discoveries 7655:Fall of the Fascist regime 7638:Fourth War of Independence 7596:Expedition of the Thousand 7586:Second War of Independence 6971:Payne, Stanley G. (2011). 6919:(in Italian). De Agostini. 6594:with Ferruccio Parri, on " 6237:O'Reilly, Charles (2001). 5904:. Taylor Trade Publishing. 5789:Cambridge University Press 5715:Natta, Alessandro (1997). 5524:"Seekrieg 1943, September" 5018:European History Quarterly 4645:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 4166:Trotskyist League of Italy 2821:. It was constituted as a 2594: 2484:Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster 2183: 2035:Italian partisan republics 2032: 1963: 1528: 1468:1° Gruppo Divisioni Alpine 1422:(Garibaldi Brigades), the 1257:Italian military internees 1254: 1251:Italian military internees 1170:On 13 September 1943, the 1099:during his speech held in 957:in command of the Italian 839:"Lupi di Toscana" Division 741: 632:of the State began in the 544:. During the 1920s in the 390:Fascist Italian government 13198: 13160:Reformist Socialist Party 13083: 13043:Division over World War I 12966: 12699: 12634: 12582: 12519:XII International Brigade 12501: 12458: 12415: 12370: 12307: 12278: 12197: 12190: 11967: 11903:Anti-communist resistance 11902: 11823: 11655:Bratislava–Brno offensive 11595: 11586:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 11323: 11210:Allied invasion of Sicily 11164: 11070:Aleutian Islands campaign 11042:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 10989: 10980:Greek famine of 1941–1944 10875:Second Battle of Changsha 10780:German invasion of Greece 10748: 10625:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 10600: 10538: 10433: 10314: 10040: 9950: 9798: 9501: 9492: 9250: 9075: 8967:North and Central Pacific 8928: 8690: 8683: 8610: 8541: 8339: 8185: 8176: 8040: 8031: 8019:Security and intelligence 7892: 7883: 7745: 7736: 7679: 7606:Third War of Independence 7581:First War of Independence 7568: 7461: 7370: 7251: 7188: 7107: 7091: 7082: 6924:De Felice, Renzo (1995). 6822:. anpi.it. Archived from 6774:. ANPI.it. Archived from 6170:"Nome di battaglia donna" 6062:. msu.edu. Archived from 6007:– via Google Books. 5882:. Rome: Samona e Savelli. 5149:. Springer. p. 152. 5081:History of European Ideas 4521:Italian partisan brigades 3917:Italian road to socialism 3022:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 2278:, reporter and historian 1947:countryside. Networks of 1764:Fiat–Revelli Modello 1935 1659:Partisan Alfredo Sforzini 1577:, and also in the German 1531:Italian partisan brigades 1504:as a separate formation. 1485:several partisans of the 1123:led an attempt to defend 677: 647: 280: 266: 252: 160: 150: 140: 132: 122: 83: 58: 39: 34: 13232:Alliance of Progressives 13206:Popular Democratic Front 13108:Republican Fascist Party 13068:Banco Ambrosiano scandal 12642:Popular Democratic Front 11247:Allied invasion of Italy 11224:Solomon Islands campaign 10973:Third Battle of Changsha 10570:First Battle of Changsha 10476:Second Sino-Japanese War 9416:German military brothels 9282:United States war crimes 7697:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 7692:Institutional referendum 6915:Colombo, Arturo (1979). 6442:Dunning, George (1955). 6417:Incerti, Matteo (2011). 5929:Longhi, Silvano (2010). 4883:The Seven Cervi Brothers 4278:Popular Democratic Front 4176:Workers' Communist Party 3807:Red Republic of Caulonia 3780:XVII Congress of the PSI 3113:Italy in the Middle Ages 2971:Roman expansion in Italy 2106:to Switzerland) and the 1839:Thompson submachine guns 1040:(former Italian ships). 902:Giorgio Calvi di Bergolo 881:and their staff fled to 583:Communist Party of Italy 422:of the collaborationist 13264:Modern history of Italy 13218:Unified Socialist Party 13122:Unitary Socialist Party 13113:Italian Communist Party 13013:Revolutionary socialism 12692:Italian Socialist Party 12509:Italian Socialist Party 12445:Luigi Alberto Colajanni 12183:Italian Communist Party 11968:Anti-fascist resistance 11669:Second Guangxi campaign 11524:Philippines (1944–1945) 11028:Battle of the Coral Sea 10931:Fall of the Philippines 10577:Battle of South Guangxi 10483:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 9889:Italian Social Republic 8220:Emigration and diaspora 7429:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7414:the Sardinian Judicates 6510:Ginsborg, Paul (1990). 6085:Balbo, Adriano (2005). 5900:Moseley, Roger (2004). 5349:Sanna, Daniele (2005). 4729:The Four Days of Naples 4288:Proletarian Unity Party 4229:Italian Communist Party 3785:I Congress of the PCd'I 3652:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli 3321:European migrant crisis 3271:Italian Social Republic 3186:Italy (1801–1814) 3143:Guelphs and Ghibellines 2869:Italian Social Republic 2807:Italian Social Republic 2711:Italian Unknown Soldier 2709:, to the chapel of the 2639:Italian Social Republic 2584:Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro 2580:Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro 2488:unconditional surrender 2186:Italian Social Republic 1827:Bren light machine guns 1641:An Italian partisan in 1541:Italian Social Republic 1388:Italian Socialist Party 1384:Italian Communist Party 1306:Soviet prisoners of war 1291:Italian Social Republic 1186:. On 1 March 2001, the 919:Italian Social Republic 761: 697:Prime Minister of Italy 564:with Mussolini and his 558:Italian Socialist Party 424:Italian Social Republic 418:, fighting against the 341:Italian Social Republic 328:) consisted of all the 275:Italian Social Republic 13104:National Fascist Party 12974:Italian Workers' Party 11254:Armistice of Cassibile 11056:Battle of Dutch Harbor 11007:Battle of the Java Sea 10910:Attack on Pearl Harbor 10810:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10803:Battle of South Shanxi 10773:Invasion of Yugoslavia 10556:Battle of the Atlantic 10170:Korean Liberation Army 9883:(until September 1943) 9840:(until September 1944) 9818:(until September 1944) 8102:Science and technology 8050:Italian regions by GDP 7851:Marine protected areas 7523:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6564:Italy's Divided Memory 5997:. Rubbettino Editore. 5087:, (2006), pp. 205–222. 4939:, vol. 8, pp. 368–369. 4799:Last Days of Mussolini 4757:Harmony in Ultraviolet 4241:The Left – The Rainbow 3004:(286 AD–476 AD) 2934:(12th–6th c. BC) 2928:(18th–3rd c. BC) 2848:[ˈbɛllaˈtʃaːo] 2844:Italian pronunciation: 2828:historical revisionism 2813:. ANPI was founded in 2770: 2750: 2626: 2610: 2597:Liberation Day (Italy) 2522: 2460: 2452: 2394:under Allied command; 2379: 2367: 2314: 2251: 2048: 1983:partigiane combattenti 1978: 1966:Women's Defense Groups 1935:88th Infantry Division 1788:potato-masher grenades 1547: 1442:and, outside the CLN, 1345: 1337: 1325: 1266: 1245:armistice of Cassibile 1107: 971:XIX Tank Battalion "M" 959:215th Coastal Division 955:Cesare Maria De Vecchi 934: 858:82nd Airborne Division 819:Granatieri di Sardegna 787: 779: 724:International Brigades 670: 621: 528:In Italy, Mussolini's 525: 486: 410: 404: 394: 379: 371: 357: 324: 307: 42: 13254:Anti-fascism in Italy 12613:Democrats of the Left 11418:Second Battle of Guam 11314:Bengal famine of 1943 11284:Second Battle of Kiev 11240:Battle of the Dnieper 10945:Battle of Wake Island 10817:East African campaign 10759:Battle of South Henan 10404:atrocities by Germans 10177:Korean Volunteer Army 9158:Occupation of Germany 8912:Music in World War II 8301:Public administration 7409:the Holy Roman Empire 6683:L'Altare della Patria 6681:Tobia, Bruno (2011). 6661:CAMPAGNADIRUSSIA.info 6466:The National Archives 5977:Giuseppe Fioravanzo, 5864:Charles T. O'Reilly; 5835:Giuseppe Fioravanzo, 5662:Vespa, Bruno (2010). 5011:19 March 2022 at the 4904:Two Anonymous Letters 4820:The Man Who Will Come 4785:The Hunchback of Rome 4631:Beneath a Scarlet Sky 4283:Proletarian Democracy 4188:Defunct organisations 4156:Network of Communists 4088:Current organisations 3264:Italy in World War II 2967:(509 BC–27 BC) 2961:(753 BC–509 BC) 2940:(8th–3rd c. BC) 2932:Etruscan civilization 2823:charitable foundation 2759: 2745: 2616: 2604: 2504: 2443: 2373: 2365: 2309: 2245: 2042: 1973: 1841:(both M1928 and M1), 1690:(operational group). 1538: 1409:'s ministers and the 1343: 1331: 1319: 1308:although much lower. 1264: 1231:, was the setting of 1223:On 9 September 1943, 1091: 932: 785: 769: 664: 617: 532:regime used the term 521: 468: 447:Constitution of Italy 225:Catholic anti-fascism 166:Various, including: 13038:Democratic socialism 13023:National syndicalism 12933:Francesco De Martino 12921:Francesco De Martino 12903:Francesco De Martino 12879:Ivan Matteo Lombardo 12373:Leader in the Senate 11920:Lithuanian partisans 11704:Surrender of Germany 11182:Battle of West Hubei 11139:Guadalcanal campaign 11109:Battle of Stalingrad 11035:Battle of Madagascar 9809:Albania protectorate 9596:(formerly Swaziland) 9305:Wehrmacht war crimes 9121:Expulsion of Germans 8905:Art and World War II 8803:British contribution 8752:Governments in exile 8529:World Heritage Sites 7984:Council of Ministers 7722:Coronavirus pandemic 7120:Currency and coinage 6570:. pp. 176–179. 6446:Where bleed the many 6421:. Aliberti Editore. 6375:to French historian 6371:See as examples the 5791:. pp. 235–236. 5571:"Wrecksite – Carbet" 5306:"L'8 settembre 1943" 4750:General della Rovere 4666:A Day for Lionhearts 4483:Communism portal 4421:Democratic socialism 3827:Manifesto of the 101 3572:Giuseppe Di Vittorio 3358:Currency and coinage 3297:(1970s–1980s) 3252:Italy in World War I 3163:(14th–16th c.) 2998:(27 BC–286 AD) 2926:Nuragic civilization 2779:Constituent Assembly 2775:Italian constitution 2238:Foreign contribution 2218:in his books, while 1849:, and folding-stock 1449:Brigate Fiamme Verdi 1403:Democrazia Cristiana 1191:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 1078:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 907:Raffaele Cadorna Jr. 796:Italian Armed Forces 587:Severino Di Giovanni 439:Constituent Assembly 220:Catholic anti-Nazism 13212:Organic centre-left 13028:Reformist socialism 12951:Ottaviano Del Turco 12648:Historic Compromise 12523:Garibaldi Battalion 12400:Gerardo Chiaromonte 12215:Executive Committee 12003:Bohemia and Moravia 11794:Potsdam Declaration 11683:Italy (Spring 1945) 11446:Liberation of Paris 10903:Siege of Sevastopol 9921:(until August 1944) 9824:Wang Jingwei regime 9646:from September 1943 9606:from September 1944 9544:from September 1944 9404:Romanian war crimes 9395:Persecution of Jews 9381:Croatian war crimes 9351:Japanese war crimes 9165:Occupation of Japan 9114:First Indochina War 8826:Military production 8738:Declarations of war 8060:Automotive industry 7999:Metropolitan cities 7545:Early Modern period 7518:Kingdom of Sardinia 7469:Italian city-states 6596:Corriere della Sera 6558:Foot, John (2009). 6534:Patria Indipendente 6497:(1980), pp. 340/360 6381:Corriere della Sera 5957:Roberto Battaglia, 5665:Il cuore e la spada 5396:on 17 February 2020 5264:on 27 December 2012 5247:, pp. 338–339. 5099:, pp. 332–338. 5032:"Anarchist Century" 4951:, pp. 256–257. 4890:The Sun Still Rises 4841:Miracle at St. Anna 4792:Johnny the Partisan 4638:Blood of the Losers 4416:Christian socialism 4353:Quaderni piacentini 4094:Anticapitalist Left 3902:Christian communism 3887:Anarchist communism 3869:Historic Compromise 3857:Mitterrand doctrine 3627:Pier Paolo Pasolini 3592:Galvano Della Volpe 3161:Italian Renaissance 3138:Italian city-states 2787:Liberation of Italy 2719:Altare della Patria 2651:liberation of Italy 2551:Alessandro Pavolini 2246:Partisan monument ( 2096:Marzabotto massacre 2014:Giustizia e Libertà 1914:political commissar 1847:United Defense M42s 1555:Giustizia e Libertà 1483:attacked and killed 1440:Christian democrats 1425:Giustizia e Libertà 1407:Victor Emmanuel III 1358:Four days of Naples 1334:Four Days of Naples 1202:Taurinense Division 900:. At 4 pm, General 875:Victor Emmanuel III 844:Outnumbered German 778:, 10 September 1943 709:Giustizia e Libertà 695:, who later became 685:resistance movement 678:Justice and Freedom 674:Giustizia e Libertà 667:Giustizia e Libertà 630:totalitarianization 475:, an axe cutting a 367:military occupation 308:Resistenza italiana 215:Christian democracy 151:Active regions 43:Resistenza italiana 13142:Italian Socialists 13063:Sigonella incident 12781:Costantino Lazzari 12769:Costantino Lazzari 12349:Giorgio Napolitano 12343:Fernando Di Giulio 11930:Estonian partisans 11787:Surrender of Japan 11620:Battle of Iwo Jima 11469:Belgrade offensive 10882:Siege of Leningrad 10766:Battle of Shanggao 10695:British Somaliland 10660:Dunkirk evacuation 10611:Norwegian campaign 10549:Invasion of Poland 10376:Japanese prisoners 9344:Italian war crimes 9275:British war crimes 9190:Soviet occupations 8974:South-West Pacific 8861:Allied cooperation 8819:Military equipment 8122:Telecommunications 7489:Maritime republics 6652:Multari, Massimo. 6568:Palgrave Macmillan 6292:Gia Marie Amella. 6066:on 6 December 2006 6025:on 20 October 2014 5781:Gerlach, Christian 5618:"Marinai d'Italia" 4876:Tea with Mussolini 4813:Long Night in 1943 4659:Cloak & Dagger 4574:Anarchism in Italy 4458:Socialism in Italy 4441:Italian neorealism 4396:Anarchism in Italy 4131:Communist Struggle 4054:Passive revolution 4049:Organic centralism 3802:Italian Resistance 3797:Aventine Secession 3792:Proština rebellion 3737:Oliviero Diliberto 3647:Giorgio Napolitano 3537:Costantino Lazzari 3134:Maritime republics 3120:(6th–8th c.) 3074:Carolingian Empire 2771: 2751: 2731:Giorgio Napolitano 2703:President of Italy 2627: 2611: 2543:Fernando Mezzasoma 2523: 2494:with his mistress 2453: 2380: 2368: 2315: 2252: 2170:Memorial stone in 2108:Salussola massacre 2084:Ardeatine massacre 2080:summary executions 2049: 1979: 1890:Partisan memorial 1843:M3 submachine guns 1695:Apennine Mountains 1645:on August 14, 1944 1548: 1369:Royal Italian Army 1365:Royal Italian Army 1346: 1338: 1326: 1284:unarmed resistance 1267: 1167:for high treason. 1108: 1097:Giorgio Napolitano 1051:Guardia di Finanza 992:(another péniche, 939:Battle of Piombino 935: 915:Gioacchino Solinas 827:Ariete II Division 813:units such as the 788: 780: 705:President of Italy 671: 622: 526: 487: 300:Italian Resistance 230:Catholic socialism 124:Dates of operation 35:Italian resistance 13241: 13240: 13191: 13183: 13155:Labour Federation 12945:Giorgio Benvenuto 12891:Alberto Jacometti 12811:Domenico Fioritto 12727:Carlo Dell'Avalle 12709:Carlo Dell'Avalle 12657: 12656: 12454: 12453: 12439:Giovanni Cervetti 12388:Umberto Terracini 12382:Mauro Scoccimarro 12325:Palmiro Togliatti 12257:Enrico Berlinguer 12245:Palmiro Togliatti 12233:Palmiro Togliatti 12200:General Secretary 12148: 12147: 11915:Latvian partisans 11861: 11860: 11819: 11818: 11662:Battle of Okinawa 11561:Burma (1944–1945) 11395:Mariana and Palau 11175:Tunisian campaign 11000:Fall of Singapore 10924:Fall of Hong Kong 10667:Battle of Britain 10520:Operation Himmler 10429: 10428: 10093:Dutch East Indies 9736:Southern Rhodesia 9488: 9487: 9388:Genocide of Serbs 9291:German war crimes 9268:Soviet war crimes 9261:Allied war crimes 9107:Division of Korea 9086:Chinese Civil War 8884:Strategic bombing 8796:Manhattan Project 8570: 8569: 8537: 8536: 8172: 8171: 8107:Southern question 8027: 8026: 7959:Political parties 7907:Foreign relations 7879: 7878: 7732: 7731: 7453:Kingdom of Naples 7441:Kingdom of Sicily 6963:978-88-339-1676-7 6898:video.corriere.it 6820:"Festa dell'anpi" 6692:978-88-15-23341-7 6670:on 2 August 2020. 6577:978-0-230-10183-8 6428:978-88-7424-766-0 6296:. Edition.cnn.com 6127:Slaughter, Jane. 5854:978-1-85532-866-2 5798:978-0-521-70689-6 5183:978-0-19-536396-8 5156:978-1-349-95028-7 5122:978-0-7425-3123-9 4834:The Mattei Affair 4701:The Fall of Italy 4694:Everybody Go Home 4617:Achtung! Banditi! 4550:Lucetti Battalion 4517: 4516: 4446:Politics of Italy 4199:Autonomia Operaia 4027:Cultural hegemony 3907:Council communism 3712:Ernesto Screpanti 3687:Fausto Bertinotti 3632:Enrico Berlinguer 3577:Palmiro Togliatti 3567:Bruno Fortichiari 3480: 3479: 3327:COVID-19 pandemic 3323:(2014–2016) 3317:(2007–2009) 3311:(1992–2001) 3303:(1986–1992) 3281:(1943–1945) 3279:Italian Civil War 3266:(1940–1945) 3260:(1922–1943) 3254:(1914–1918) 3248:(1882–1960) 3242:(1861–1946) 3214:(1815–1871) 3175:(1545–1648) 3169:(1494–1559) 3130:in southern Italy 3098: 3097: 3089:Holy Roman Empire 2921:Prehistoric Italy 2853:Italian folk song 2757: 2717:), buried in the 2691:Giustino Arpesani 2655:Italian Civil War 2645:of the Nazis and 2567:Togliatti amnesty 2505:The dead body of 2232:Italian Civil War 2210:governments with 2190:Italian Civil War 2061:Albert Kesselring 1902:guerrilla warfare 1737:French Resistance 1725:guerrilla warfare 1711:Montechino Castle 1688:zona d'operazione 1525:Partisan movement 1515:movement and the 1498:province of Udine 1479:Yugoslav Partisan 1431:Brigate Matteotti 1419:Brigate Garibaldi 1399:liberal socialist 1280:Geneva Convention 1055:submarine chasers 1032:and the steamers 868:Maxwell D. Taylor 865:Brigadier General 835:Piacenza Division 831:Centauro Division 728:Spanish Civil War 720:Spanish Civil War 713:Gaetano Salvemini 680:) was an Italian 626:Giacomo Matteotti 619:Giacomo Matteotti 571:Arditi del Popolo 562:pacification pact 513:Palmiro Togliatti 483:Arditi del Popolo 472:Arditi del Popolo 416:Italian Civil War 333:resistance groups 296: 295: 235:Social liberalism 210:Liberal socialism 105:Palmiro Togliatti 95:Alcide De Gasperi 16:(Redirected from 13276: 13189: 13181: 13150:Socialist League 13033:Social democracy 12967:Related articles 12841:Giuseppe Saragat 12823:Olindo Vernocchi 12745:Savino Varazzani 12702: 12693: 12684: 12677: 12670: 12661: 12660: 12617:Democratic Party 12559:Marxism–Leninism 12502:Related articles 12427:Giorgio Amendola 12419: 12374: 12337:Alessandro Natta 12311: 12292:Alessandro Natta 12269:Achille Occhetto 12263:Alessandro Natta 12201: 12195: 12194: 12184: 12175: 12168: 12161: 12152: 12151: 11888: 11881: 11874: 11865: 11864: 11854: 11847: 11840: 11837:World portal 11835: 11834: 11810: 11803: 11796: 11789: 11780: 11773: 11766: 11757: 11750: 11743: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11713: 11706: 11699: 11697:Prague offensive 11692: 11690:Battle of Berlin 11685: 11678: 11671: 11664: 11657: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11634:Vienna offensive 11629: 11622: 11615: 11613:Battle of Manila 11608: 11588: 11579: 11570: 11563: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11503: 11494: 11487: 11478: 11471: 11464: 11457: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11413: 11406: 11397: 11390: 11381: 11372: 11363: 11356: 11354:Korsun–Cherkassy 11349: 11338: 11316: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11226: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11198: 11196:Bombing of Gorky 11191: 11184: 11177: 11157: 11150: 11141: 11134: 11127: 11118: 11111: 11104: 11097: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11065: 11063:Battle of Midway 11058: 11051: 11049:Battle of Gazala 11044: 11037: 11030: 11023: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10982: 10975: 10968: 10961: 10959:Battle of Borneo 10954: 10952:Malayan campaign 10947: 10940: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10905: 10898: 10896:Bombing of Gorky 10891: 10889:Battle of Moscow 10884: 10877: 10870: 10863: 10856: 10849: 10833: 10826: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10741: 10732: 10725: 10718: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10655: 10653:Battle of France 10648: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10593: 10586: 10579: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10551: 10529: 10522: 10515: 10508: 10506:Munich Agreement 10501: 10494: 10485: 10478: 10471: 10462: 10455: 10440: 10439: 10422: 10415: 10406: 10399: 10392: 10391:Soviet prisoners 10385: 10378: 10371: 10362: 10355: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10331:German prisoners 10327: 10307: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10195: 10188: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10033: 10026: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9943: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9891: 9884: 9876: 9869: 9867:French Indochina 9862: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9811: 9791: 9782: 9775: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9717: 9714:from August 1944 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9597: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9499: 9498: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9440: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9406: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9358:Nanjing Massacre 9353: 9346: 9337: 9335:Nuremberg trials 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9176: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9095: 9088: 9068: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9036: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8983: 8976: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8939:Asia and Pacific 8921: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8879: 8870: 8868:Mulberry harbour 8863: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8782: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8710: 8703: 8688: 8687: 8676: 8669: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8574: 8573: 8560: 8559: 8552:Italy portal 8549: 8548: 8489:National symbols 8183: 8182: 8038: 8037: 7890: 7889: 7743: 7742: 7623:Kingdom of Italy 7550:Napoleonic Italy 7089: 7088: 7065: 7058: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7029: 7021: 7013: 7005: 6988: 6967: 6943: 6920: 6902: 6901: 6890: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6874:on 20 April 2020 6870:. Archived from 6864: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6663:. Archived from 6658: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6627: 6621: 6610:Savage continent 6605: 6599: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6560:"The Resistance" 6555: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6531: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6507: 6498: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6468:. Archived from 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6414: 6408: 6398: 6392: 6389:Thomas Schlemmer 6369: 6363: 6356:Indro Montanelli 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6250: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6138: 6132: 6125: 6119: 6112: 6101: 6100: 6089:. Blu Edizioni. 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6008: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5869: 5862: 5856: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5825:on 8 April 2014. 5824: 5818:. Archived from 5817: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5743:. Archived from 5737: 5731: 5730: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5694:rainews24.rai.it 5686: 5680: 5679: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5550:"Penische fates" 5546: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5462:. September 2003 5456: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5431:. 8 October 2000 5425: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5392:. Archived from 5386: 5365: 5364: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5260:. Archived from 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5217: 5211: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5028: 5022: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4929: 4827:Massacre in Rome 4764:His Day of Glory 4652:Cloak and Dagger 4509: 4502: 4495: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4452:Prison Notebooks 4436:History of Italy 4431:Fischia il vento 4256:October 22 Group 4012:Anti-imperialism 4002:Anti-clericalism 3959:Neo-Gramscianism 3949:Marxist humanism 3932:Marxism–Leninism 3864:Movement of 1977 3707:Margherita Cagol 3697:Domenico Losurdo 3682:Achille Occhetto 3672:Giovanni Scuderi 3657:Armando Cossutta 3617:Raniero Panzieri 3607:Alessandro Natta 3602:Altiero Spinelli 3532:Errico Malatesta 3509: 3482: 3481: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3446:Italy portal 3444: 3443: 3442: 3173:Catholic revival 3026: 3025: 2908: 2898: 2880: 2879: 2850: 2845: 2758: 2511:Claretta Petacci 2507:Benito Mussolini 2496:Claretta Petacci 2436:Revenge killings 2320:Harold Alexander 2292:Oliver Churchill 2290:, and architect 2208:collaborationist 2167: 2151: 2135: 2119: 1960:Female partisans 1910:promissory notes 1887: 1869: 1684:gruppo divisione 1656: 1638: 1607:, 16,000 in the 1551:Rodolfo Graziani 1545:Kingdom of Italy 1392:Partito d'Azione 1206:Venezia Division 979:Marinefährprahme 850:Panzergrenadiere 815:Sassari Division 679: 649: 634:Kingdom of Italy 566:Fasces of Combat 546:Kingdom of Italy 435:Italian Republic 420:Italian Fascists 413: 407: 397: 384: 376: 369:of Italy by the 360: 345:Second World War 327: 318: 313: 286:Italian campaign 281:Battles and wars 257:Kingdom of Italy 240:Social democracy 155:Kingdom of Italy 125: 68: 63: 54: 53: 45: 32: 31: 21: 18:Italian partisan 13284: 13283: 13279: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13237: 13194: 13165:Socialist Party 13132:Socialist Unity 13079: 12997:Critica Sociale 12984:Fasci Siciliani 12962: 12927:Giacomo Mancini 12873:Rodolfo Morandi 12855:Giuseppe Romita 12817:Tito Oro Nobili 12793:Nicola Bombacci 12733:Alfredo Bertesi 12700: 12695: 12691: 12688: 12658: 12653: 12630: 12578: 12539:May 1947 crises 12497: 12450: 12417: 12411: 12372: 12366: 12361:Giulio Quercini 12355:Renato Zangheri 12309: 12303: 12298:Aldo Tortorella 12274: 12221:Antonio Gramsci 12199: 12186: 12182: 12179: 12149: 12144: 12133: 11999:Czechoslovakia 11995:Channel Islands 11963: 11947:Cursed soldiers 11898: 11892: 11862: 11857: 11850: 11843: 11829: 11827: 11815: 11806: 11799: 11792: 11785: 11776: 11769: 11762: 11753: 11748:Atomic bombings 11746: 11739: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11709: 11702: 11695: 11688: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11653: 11646: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11604: 11591: 11584: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11550: 11543: 11536: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11506: 11497: 11490: 11481: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11451: 11444: 11439:Eastern Romania 11437: 11432:Warsaw Uprising 11430: 11425:Tannenberg Line 11423: 11416: 11411:Western Ukraine 11409: 11400: 11393: 11384: 11375: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11341: 11332: 11319: 11312: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11208: 11203:Battle of Kursk 11201: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11173: 11160: 11153: 11144: 11137: 11130: 11121: 11114: 11107: 11100: 11091: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11054: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11014:St Nazaire Raid 11012: 11005: 10998: 10985: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10887: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10838: 10829: 10822: 10815: 10808: 10801: 10796:Anglo-Iraqi War 10794: 10787:Battle of Crete 10785: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10744: 10735: 10728: 10721: 10716:Eastern Romania 10714: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10596: 10589: 10582: 10575: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10534: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10481: 10474: 10467: 10458: 10451: 10425: 10418: 10411: 10402: 10395: 10390: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10358: 10351: 10342: 10335: 10330: 10323: 10310: 10303: 10294: 10287: 10282: 10277:Western Ukraine 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10221:Northeast China 10219: 10212: 10205: 10198: 10191: 10184: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10015: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9927:Slovak Republic 9925: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9898:Empire of Japan 9896: 9887: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9814: 9807: 9794: 9787: 9778: 9771: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9640: 9633: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9600: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9484: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9443: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9410:Sexual violence 9409: 9402: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9333: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9225: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9179: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9140: 9133: 9128:Greek Civil War 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9071: 9064: 9055: 9048: 9041: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8953:South-East Asia 8951: 8944: 8937: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8812:Military awards 8810: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8706: 8699: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8637: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8606: 8601: 8571: 8566: 8546: 8533: 8504:Public holidays 8335: 8281:Life expectancy 8168: 8023: 7939:Law enforcement 7875: 7728: 7675: 7664:Social Republic 7628:Colonial Empire 7611:Capture of Rome 7564: 7457: 7366: 7259:Ancient peoples 7247: 7184: 7145:Historic states 7103: 7078: 7069: 7027: 7019: 7011: 7003: 6995: 6985: 6964: 6948:Pavone, Claudio 6940: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6851: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6781: 6779: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6713:on 2 April 2015 6705: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6636: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6613:, London 2012, 6606: 6602: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6556: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6508: 6501: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6472:on 16 June 2013 6460: 6459: 6455: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6415: 6411: 6399: 6395: 6370: 6366: 6360:Storia d'Italia 6342: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6297: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6126: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6097: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5976: 5965: 5956: 5952: 5936: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5907: 5906: 5898: 5887: 5876: 5872: 5863: 5859: 5847: 5843: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5778: 5774: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5747:on 17 June 2018 5739: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5598:on 30 June 2017 5590: 5589: 5585: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5457: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5388: 5387: 5368: 5361: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5218: 5214: 5205: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5078: 5074: 5064: 5062: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5013:Wayback Machine 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4937:Storia d'Italia 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4869:Rome, Open City 4806:Little Teachers 4687:Escape by Night 4604: 4563:Mazzini Society 4544:People's Squads 4513: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4426:Fasci Siciliani 4391: 4383: 4382: 4318: 4310: 4309: 4189: 4181: 4180: 4114:Communist Party 4109:Communist Front 4089: 4081: 4080: 4032:Counterhegemony 3997: 3989: 3988: 3979:Western Marxism 3882: 3874: 3873: 3842:Primavalle fire 3822:May 1947 crises 3770:Fasci Siciliani 3765: 3757: 3756: 3752:Alberto Toscano 3732:Cesare Battisti 3702:Silvia Federici 3562:Antonio Gramsci 3552:Nicola Bombacci 3517: 3476: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3383:Historic states 3347: 3339: 3338: 3315:Great Recession 3246:Colonial Empire 3235: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3206: 3156: 3148: 3147: 3108: 3100: 3099: 3023: 3015: 3014: 2954: 2944: 2943: 2916: 2896: 2889: 2878: 2843: 2753: 2740: 2695:Achille Marazza 2687:Rodolfo Morandi 2667:Alfredo Pizzoni 2625:(25 April 2013) 2619:Porta San Paolo 2609:(25 April 2009) 2599: 2593: 2575: 2555:Achille Starace 2539:Piazzale Loreto 2531:Dongo, Lombardy 2515:Piazzale Loreto 2473:Ferruccio Parri 2465:court martialed 2438: 2392:Polish II Corps 2360: 2355: 2343:Maria Benedetto 2312:Maria Benedetto 2304: 2240: 2192: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2159: 2158:memorial relief 2152: 2143: 2136: 2127: 2120: 2037: 2031: 1968: 1962: 1944: 1927:Monte Battaglia 1898: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1888: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1859: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1623:, and 5,000 in 1533: 1527: 1373:Operation Achse 1314: 1276:prisoner of war 1259: 1253: 1237:Operation Achse 1214:Emilia Division 1121:Luigi Mascherpa 1086: 1004:service boats ( 951:Kapitänleutnant 947:Operation Achse 927: 898:Porta San Paolo 879:Pietro Badoglio 846:Fallschirmjäger 803:military police 772:Porta San Paolo 764: 759: 754: 740: 693:Ferruccio Parri 595:Benedetto Croce 560:(PSI) signed a 463: 311: 273: 259: 123: 115:Ferruccio Parri 79: 47: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13282: 13272: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13235: 13229: 13221: 13215: 13209: 13202: 13200: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13192: 13184: 13176: 13171: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13110: 13093: 13087: 13085: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13077: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12970: 12968: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12942: 12936: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12894: 12888: 12882: 12876: 12870: 12867:Sandro Pertini 12864: 12858: 12852: 12845:Oddino Morgari 12838: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12814: 12808: 12805:Giovanni Bacci 12802: 12799:Egidio Gennari 12796: 12790: 12784: 12778: 12775:Egidio Gennari 12772: 12766: 12760: 12757:Oddino Morgari 12754: 12748: 12742: 12739:Enrico Bertini 12736: 12730: 12724: 12718: 12715:Filippo Turati 12712: 12705: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12687: 12686: 12679: 12672: 12664: 12655: 12654: 12652: 12651: 12645: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12619: 12606: 12601: 12592: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12516: 12511: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12498: 12496: 12495: 12487: 12479: 12471: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12455: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12448: 12442: 12436: 12430: 12423: 12421: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12409: 12403: 12397: 12391: 12385: 12378: 12376: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12358: 12352: 12346: 12340: 12334: 12328: 12322: 12315: 12313: 12305: 12304: 12302: 12301: 12295: 12289: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12266: 12260: 12254: 12248: 12242: 12239:Ruggero Grieco 12236: 12230: 12227:Camilla Ravera 12224: 12218: 12212: 12209:Amadeo Bordiga 12205: 12203: 12192: 12188: 12187: 12178: 12177: 12170: 12163: 12155: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12100: 12092: 12087: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12005: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11971: 11969: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11939: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11899: 11891: 11890: 11883: 11876: 11868: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11824: 11821: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11804: 11797: 11783: 11782: 11781: 11767: 11764:South Sakhalin 11760: 11759: 11758: 11744: 11737: 11730: 11723: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11700: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11665: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11609: 11601: 11599: 11593: 11592: 11590: 11589: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11564: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11541: 11534: 11527: 11520: 11513: 11504: 11495: 11488: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11449: 11442: 11435: 11428: 11421: 11414: 11407: 11398: 11391: 11382: 11373: 11364: 11357: 11350: 11339: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11301: 11287: 11280: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11258: 11257: 11243: 11236: 11227: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11189:Battle of Attu 11185: 11178: 11170: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11158: 11151: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11119: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11080: 11066: 11059: 11052: 11045: 11038: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10995: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10938:Battle of Guam 10934: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10861:Battle of Kiev 10857: 10850: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10791: 10790: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10754: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10614: 10606: 10604: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10552: 10544: 10542: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10502: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10479: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10448: 10446: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10416: 10409: 10408: 10407: 10400: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10372: 10365: 10364: 10363: 10360:United Kingdom 10356: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10328: 10320: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10292: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10173: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10046: 10044: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9956: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9944: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9849: 9842: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9812: 9804: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9764:British Empire 9757:United Kingdom 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9598: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9573:Czechoslovakia 9569: 9562: 9555: 9548: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9507: 9505: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9473: 9470:Rape of Manila 9466: 9459: 9452: 9441: 9426: 9419: 9407: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9391: 9377: 9376: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9347: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9322: 9308: 9301: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9256: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9241:United Nations 9237: 9230: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9186: 9177: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9117: 9110: 9103: 9100:Decolonization 9096: 9089: 9081: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9046: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9030: 9023: 9009: 9008: 9007: 9000: 8986: 8985: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8934: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8864: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8792: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8776: 8773:United Kingdom 8769: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8713: 8712: 8711: 8696: 8694: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8654: 8647: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8619: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8600: 8599: 8592: 8585: 8577: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8554: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8112:Stock exchange 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8078: 8077: 8072: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8016: 8014:Municipalities 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7974:Prime Minister 7971: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7925: 7924: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7861:Regional parks 7858: 7856:National parks 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7765:Climate change 7757: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7630: 7625: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7530: 7528:Duchy of Savoy 7525: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7438: 7436:Lombard League 7433: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7358:Western Empire 7350: 7345: 7343:Roman conquest 7340: 7335: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7264:Italic peoples 7255: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7025: 7017: 7009: 7001: 6994: 6993:External links 6991: 6990: 6989: 6983: 6968: 6962: 6944: 6938: 6921: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6885: 6859: 6837: 6826:on 24 May 2010 6811: 6789: 6759: 6746:10.2307/442274 6740:(3): 205–222. 6724: 6698: 6691: 6673: 6644: 6622: 6600: 6583: 6576: 6547: 6517: 6499: 6491:Basil Davidson 6483: 6453: 6434: 6427: 6409: 6393: 6364: 6345:Giorgio Pisanò 6336: 6319: 6315:De Felice 1995 6307: 6284: 6277: 6258: 6229: 6215: 6201: 6187: 6157: 6150: 6133: 6120: 6102: 6095: 6077: 6045: 6036: 6010: 6003: 5983: 5963: 5961:, pp. 336–339. 5950: 5921: 5885: 5870: 5857: 5841: 5828: 5804: 5797: 5772: 5758: 5732: 5726:978-8806143145 5725: 5707: 5681: 5675:978-8852017285 5674: 5654: 5633: 5609: 5583: 5562: 5536: 5515: 5494: 5473: 5442: 5407: 5366: 5359: 5341: 5319: 5297: 5275: 5249: 5237: 5235:, p. 307. 5225: 5212: 5196: 5182: 5162: 5155: 5135: 5121: 5101: 5089: 5072: 5045: 5023: 4998: 4966: 4953: 4941: 4935:, in: AA.VV., 4923: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4571: 4569:Anni di piombo 4566: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4411:Christian left 4408: 4403: 4401:Bandiera Rossa 4398: 4392: 4390:Related topics 4389: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4358:Quaderni Rossi 4355: 4350: 4345: 4343:Il Politecnico 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305:Workers' Power 4302: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4246:Lotta Continua 4243: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4161:People's Union 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4136:Countercurrent 4133: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4039:Euroscepticism 4036: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4022:Class conflict 4019: 4017:Antimilitarism 4014: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3929: 3924: 3922:Left communism 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3727:Marco Ferrando 3724: 3719: 3717:Franco Berardi 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3677:Gianni Vattimo 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3642:Lucio Colletti 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3582:Ruggero Grieco 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3557:Amadeo Bordiga 3554: 3549: 3547:Egidio Gennari 3544: 3542:Luigi Galleani 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3522:Emilio Covelli 3518: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3490: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3304: 3292: 3282: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3131: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3094:962–1801 3092: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3002:Western Empire 2999: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2978: 2973: 2962: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2900: 2891: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2819:northern Italy 2739: 2736: 2679:Sandro Pertini 2631:Liberation Day 2595:Main article: 2592: 2591:Liberation Day 2589: 2574: 2571: 2535:Walter Audisio 2477:Schio massacre 2461:resa dei conti 2445:Walter Audisio 2437: 2434: 2412:general strike 2376:Montù Beccaria 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2334:Roman Catholic 2328:were aided by 2303: 2300: 2296:George Dunning 2280:Peter Tompkins 2239: 2236: 2220:Claudio Pavone 2216:Giorgio Pisanò 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2090:in Rome), the 2076:Black Brigades 2030: 2027: 1961: 1958: 1943: 1940: 1889: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1871: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1744:Regio Esercito 1733:strike actions 1658: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1617:Emilia-Romagna 1526: 1523: 1496:groups in the 1472:Enrico Martini 1313: 1310: 1302:heavy industry 1255:Main article: 1252: 1249: 1210:Aosta Division 1184:Antonio Gandin 1172:Acqui Division 1117:Inigo Campioni 1085: 1082: 1038:Capitano Sauro 926: 923: 823:Piave Division 811:Regio Esercito 763: 760: 758: 755: 739: 736: 701:Sandro Pertini 689:Carlo Rosselli 609:Carlo Rosselli 550:labor movement 523:Carlo Rosselli 509:fascist squads 495:fascist regime 462: 459: 294: 293: 282: 278: 277: 268: 264: 263: 254: 250: 249: 248: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 164: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 85: 81: 80: 69: 56: 55: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13281: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13233: 13230: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13219: 13216: 13213: 13210: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13197: 13188: 13185: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13082: 13076: 13075: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12958: 12955: 12952: 12949: 12946: 12943: 12940: 12939:Bettino Craxi 12937: 12934: 12931: 12928: 12925: 12922: 12919: 12916: 12913: 12910: 12909:Mario Tanassi 12907: 12904: 12901: 12898: 12895: 12892: 12889: 12886: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12836: 12833: 12830: 12827: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12815: 12812: 12809: 12806: 12803: 12800: 12797: 12794: 12791: 12788: 12785: 12782: 12779: 12776: 12773: 12770: 12767: 12764: 12763:Pompeo Ciotti 12761: 12758: 12755: 12752: 12749: 12746: 12743: 12740: 12737: 12734: 12731: 12728: 12725: 12722: 12719: 12716: 12713: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12698: 12694: 12685: 12680: 12678: 12673: 12671: 12666: 12665: 12662: 12649: 12646: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12581: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12569:Eurocommunism 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12524: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12500: 12493: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12464: 12463: 12461: 12457: 12446: 12443: 12440: 12437: 12434: 12431: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12414: 12407: 12406:Ugo Pecchioli 12404: 12401: 12398: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12386: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12369: 12362: 12359: 12356: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12344: 12341: 12338: 12335: 12332: 12331:Pietro Ingrao 12329: 12326: 12323: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12306: 12299: 12296: 12293: 12290: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12270: 12267: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12255: 12252: 12249: 12246: 12243: 12240: 12237: 12234: 12231: 12228: 12225: 12222: 12219: 12216: 12213: 12210: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12196: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12176: 12171: 12169: 12164: 12162: 12157: 12156: 12153: 12141: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12110: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11910:Baltic States 11908: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11896: 11889: 11884: 11882: 11877: 11875: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11826: 11825: 11822: 11809: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11779: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11771:Kuril Islands 11768: 11765: 11761: 11756: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11694: 11691: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11666: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11652: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11631: 11628: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11587: 11583: 11578: 11577: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11558: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11542: 11539: 11538:Syrmian Front 11535: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11521: 11518: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11496: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11484:Market Garden 11480: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11447: 11443: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11344: 11343:Monte Cassino 11340: 11337: 11336: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11315: 11311: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11260: 11255: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11244: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11228: 11225: 11221: 11218: 11214: 11211: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11140: 11136: 11133: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11053: 11050: 11046: 11043: 11039: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11025: 11022: 11018: 11015: 11011: 11008: 11004: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10893: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10788: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10709:Baltic states 10706: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10553: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10537: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10466: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10432: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10410: 10405: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10353:United States 10350: 10345: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10302: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10289:Quốc dân Đảng 10286: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10069: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9989:Liechtenstein 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9949: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9931: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9773:United States 9770: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9733: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9625: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9577: 9574: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9463:Comfort women 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9447: / 9446: 9442: 9439: 9436: / 9435: 9432: / 9431: 9427: 9424: 9423:Camp brothels 9420: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9336: 9332: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312:The Holocaust 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9298:forced labour 9295: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9249: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9155: 9152: 9151:Marshall Plan 9148: 9145: 9144: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9090: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9005: 9004:Eastern Front 9001: 8998: 8997:Western Front 8994: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8891:Puppet states 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8848: 8844: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8833:Naval history 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8780:United States 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8598: 8593: 8591: 8586: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8575: 8563: 8555: 8553: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:Years of Lead 7705: 7703: 7702:Economic Boom 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7645:Fascist Italy 7643: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7591:Niçard exodus 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7311:Magna Graecia 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7054: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6986: 6984:9781139499644 6980: 6976: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6939:88-85987-95-8 6935: 6931: 6930:Red and Black 6927: 6922: 6918: 6913: 6912: 6900:(in Italian). 6899: 6895: 6889: 6873: 6869: 6863: 6847: 6841: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6799: 6793: 6778:on 2 May 2011 6777: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6619:9780241962220 6616: 6612: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6552: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6438: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6387:of historian 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6329: 6323: 6317:, p. 22. 6316: 6311: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6278:9781429945431 6274: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6248: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6219: 6211: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6175: 6171: 6168:MYmovies.it. 6164: 6162: 6153: 6151:88-425-2299-6 6147: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6098: 6096:88-7904-001-4 6092: 6088: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6006: 6004:9788849811971 6000: 5996: 5995: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5960: 5954: 5946: 5940: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5911: 5903: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5768: 5762: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5658: 5643: 5637: 5619: 5613: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5572: 5566: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5525: 5519: 5504: 5498: 5483: 5477: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5362: 5360:88-86799-86-1 5356: 5352: 5345: 5329: 5323: 5307: 5301: 5285: 5279: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5139: 5124: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5033: 5027: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4983: 4976: 4970: 4963: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4934: 4933:La Resistenza 4928: 4924: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4771:Hornets' Nest 4768: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4673:A Day in Life 4670: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4610:The Abandoned 4607: 4606: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4538:Volante Rossa 4536: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4474: 4473: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4299:Volante Rossa 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4219:Critical Left 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3912:Eurocommunism 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3832:Years of Lead 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3775:Biennio Rosso 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747:Paolo Ferrero 3745: 3743: 3742:Nichi Vendola 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3692:Renato Curcio 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3667:Antonio Negri 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3587:Onorato Damen 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3527:Carlo Cafiero 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295:Years of Lead 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3079:774–962 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3064:568–774 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3054:435–534 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3044:493–553 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3034:476–493 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2947: 2939: 2938:Magna Graecia 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2727:laurel wreath 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715:Milite Ignoto 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:Emilio Sereni 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:nom de guerre 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400:Reggio Emilia 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2377: 2372: 2364: 2358:1945 uprising 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2313: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2187: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2047:, August 1944 2046: 2041: 2036: 2029:1944 uprising 2026: 2023: 2020:"gappistas". 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1975:Carla Capponi 1972: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1893: 1886: 1875: 1868: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786:, the iconic 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Beretta M1934 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672:distaccamento 1669: 1655: 1644: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1342: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:forced labour 1294: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174:stationed in 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153:Robert Tilney 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1090: 1084:Outside Italy 1081: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 931: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 873: 869: 866: 862: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 801: 797: 793: 784: 777: 773: 768: 753: 749: 745: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 703:, who became 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 683: 675: 668: 663: 659: 657: 653: 645: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 620: 616: 612: 610: 606: 605:Piero Gobetti 602: 601: 596: 592: 591:March on Rome 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 572: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:secret police 535: 531: 524: 520: 516: 514: 510: 506: 505: 504:Biennio Rosso 500: 496: 492: 484: 480: 479: 474: 473: 467: 458: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433:. The modern 432: 427: 425: 421: 417: 412: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 383: 382: 375: 374: 368: 364: 359: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 331: 326: 322: 317: 309: 305: 301: 291: 287: 283: 279: 276: 272: 269: 265: 262: 258: 255: 251: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 200:Republicanism 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 165: 163: 159: 156: 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 121: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 90:Ivanoe Bonomi 88: 87: 86: 82: 77: 73: 67: 62: 57: 51: 44: 38: 33: 30: 19: 13225:Pentapartito 13223: 13179:Forza Italia 13072: 13052: 12995: 12988: 12897:Pietro Nenni 12861:Pietro Nenni 12849:Angelo Tasca 12835:Pietro Nenni 12787:Arturo Vella 12751:Enrico Ferri 12721:Enrico Ferri 12528: 12514:Culturalists 12489: 12481: 12473: 12465: 12459:Publications 12394:Edoardo Pema 12214: 12080:Soviet Union 12039: 11845:Bibliography 11828: 11641:Project Hula 11606:Vistula–Oder 11575: 11508: 11499: 11483: 11453: 11402: 11386: 11377: 11368: 11334: 11231: 11146: 11122: 11092: 10843: 10736: 10681:North Africa 10383:Soviet Union 10337:Soviet Union 10263:Soviet Union 10141: 10031:Vatican City 9941:Vichy France 9846:German Reich 9743:Soviet Union 9729:South Africa 9722:Sierra Leone 9675:Newfoundland 9494:Participants 9477:Marocchinate 9181: 9172: 9142: 9020:North Africa 8981:Indian Ocean 8840:Nazi plunder 8731:Cryptography 8604:World War II 8389:Architecture 8359:Quattrocento 8316:Social class 8296:Prostitution 8210:Demographics 8132:Trade unions 8075:Central Bank 7917:Human rights 7897:Constitution 7680:Contemporary 7659: 7650:World War II 7538:Italian Wars 7462:Early modern 7404:Papal States 7382:Italy under 7328:Ancient Rome 7028:(in Italian) 7020:(in Italian) 7012:(in Italian) 7004:(in Italian) 6973: 6951: 6929: 6926:Rosso e Nero 6925: 6916: 6909:Bibliography 6897: 6888: 6876:. 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Einaudi. 5233:Pavone 2006 5059:Ultima Voce 4949:Pavone 2006 4722:The Fascist 4624:Bebo's Girl 4338:Il Pioniere 4323:Liberazione 3964:Neo-Marxism 3954:Migliorismo 3722:Paolo Virno 3612:Nilde Iotti 3597:Luigi Longo 3353:Citizenship 3308:Mani pulite 3221:Young Italy 3040:Ostrogothic 2976:Roman Italy 2895:History of 2683:Leo Valiani 2671:Luigi Longo 2547:Luigi Gatti 2276:Bill Tilman 2200:Netherlands 2053:provisional 2022:Ada Gobetti 2010:Ada Gobetti 2006:Lina Merlin 2002:Laura Conti 1949:safe houses 1942:Urban areas 1931:mountaintop 1857:Countryside 1851:M1 carbines 1823:Lee–Enfield 1760:Bodeo M1889 1746:inventory: 1707:Gothic Line 1619:, 5,600 in 1539:Map of the 1460:Fourth Army 1444:monarchists 1113:Third Reich 887:Blackshirts 800:Carabinieri 554:Blackshirts 343:during the 180:Anti-nazism 13248:Categories 13003:Red Guards 12829:Ugo Coccia 12191:Leadership 12112:Yugoslavia 12055:Luxembourg 11897:by country 11676:West Hunan 11509:Pointblank 10845:Silver Fox 10831:Summer War 10584:Winter War 10563:Phoney War 10344:Azerbaijan 10305:Yugoslavia 10200:Luxembourg 10042:Resistance 9789:Yugoslavia 9654:Luxembourg 9456:Sook Ching 9252:War crimes 8854:Technology 8847:Opposition 8789:Lend-Lease 8766:Australian 8759:Home front 8717:Blitzkrieg 8667:Casualties 8658:Commanders 8630:Operations 8524:Traditions 8514:Television 8499:Philosophy 8464:Literature 8404:Cathedrals 8374:Settecento 8235:Healthcare 8200:Corruption 8195:Censorship 7954:Parliament 7912:Government 7712:Maxi Trial 7660:Resistance 7389:Ostrogoths 7321:Messapians 7206:Villanovan 7196:Prehistory 7189:Prehistory 6878:23 January 6852:21 October 6830:22 October 6804:22 October 6540:2 November 6403:, p. 6401:Payne 2011 4919:References 4911:Wild Blood 4715:The Fallen 4557:Bella Ciao 4406:Bella ciao 4224:Front Line 4099:CARC Party 4075:Subalterns 4069:Solidarity 4064:Secularism 3996:Principles 3974:Trotskyism 3892:Autonomism 3881:Ideologies 3837:Hot Autumn 3301:Maxi Trial 3184:Napoleonic 2839:Bella ciao 2762:Bella ciao 2705:and other 2647:rump state 2573:Casualties 2517:square in 2390:, and the 2353:Liberation 2184:See also: 2033:See also: 1994:Lina Fibbi 1964:See also: 1727:, and the 1529:See also: 1509:anarchists 1396:republican 1378:Later the 1243:after the 1195:Resistenza 1137:Dodecanese 1135:and other 1000:) and six 894:Granatieri 877:, Marshal 861:drop zones 742:See also: 676:(English: 656:La Libertà 646:(English: 597:wrote his 461:Background 411:partigiani 395:partigiani 358:Resistenza 325:Resistenza 312:pronounced 245:Monarchism 205:Liberalism 170:Patriotism 13199:Alliances 12701:Secretary 12635:Alliances 12564:Bordigism 12491:Rinascita 12483:Pattuglia 12475:Vie Nuove 12279:President 12136:See also: 12122:Macedonia 12050:Lithuania 11741:Manchuria 11627:Indochina 11403:Bagration 10854:Lithuania 10499:Anschluss 10296:Viet Minh 10193:Lithuania 10135:Hong Kong 9905:Manchukuo 9860:Azad Hind 9519:Australia 9319:Aftermath 9182:Paperclip 9077:Aftermath 8877:Total war 8745:Diplomacy 8708:In Europe 8484:Mythology 8459:Libraries 8379:Ottocento 8321:Terrorism 8262:Languages 8215:Education 8137:Transport 8087:Companies 7994:Provinces 7964:President 7929:Judiciary 7902:Elections 7814:Volcanoes 7809:Volcanism 7802:Apennines 7787:Mountains 7755:Peninsula 7738:Geography 7669:Civil War 7394:Byzantium 7301:Etruscans 7236:Canegrate 7231:Golasecca 7216:Rinaldone 7211:Terramare 7201:Neolithic 6592:interview 6373:interview 6247:cite book 6241:. Oxford. 5981:, p. 433. 5939:cite book 5933:. Berlin. 5910:cite book 5839:, p. 424. 4743:Gangsters 4378:Vie Nuove 4363:Rinascita 4333:Pattuglia 3984:Workerism 3942:Stalinism 3897:Bordigism 3852:Moro case 3495:Communism 3275:Partisans 3030:Odoacer's 2988:Optimates 2982:Populares 2799:Partisans 2738:Aftermath 2653:and the 2282:, former 2180:Civil war 1831:Sten guns 1813:from the 1772:Breda M37 1758:pistols, 1680:divisione 1571:Po Valley 1569:area and 1491:azionista 1436:Matteotti 1176:Cefalonia 1161:Luftwaffe 1157:Wehrmacht 1101:Cefalonia 1018:Fl.C.3099 1014:Fl.C.3046 1002:Luftwaffe 998:blockship 963:Commander 451:democracy 400:partisans 381:Waffen-SS 373:Wehrmacht 267:Opponents 195:Anarchism 190:Socialism 185:Communism 12549:Tolyatti 12127:Slovenia 12103:Taganrog 12008:Slovakia 11990:Bulgaria 11937:Bulgaria 11852:Category 11801:document 11711:document 11568:Ardennes 11552:Budapest 11500:Crossbow 11378:Overlord 11217:Smolensk 10435:Timeline 10270:Slovakia 10256:Thailand 10107:Ethiopia 10072:Bulgaria 9996:Portugal 9934:Thailand 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10840:Finland 10738:Compass 10444:Prelude 10397:Finland 10283:Vietnam 10249:Romania 10121:Germany 10100:Estonia 10086:Denmark 10065:Belgium 10058:Austria 10051:Albania 9982:Ireland 9968:Andorra 9952:Neutral 9919:Romania 9853:Hungary 9838:Finland 9710:Romania 9602:Finland 9580:Denmark 9526:Belgium 9512:Algeria 9218:Romania 9204:Hungary 8960:Pacific 8684:General 8638:Leaders 8623:Battles 8616:Outline 8519:Theatre 8494:Palaces 8474:Museums 8444:Gardens 8429:Fashion 8419:Cuisine 8399:Castles 8341:Culture 8291:Poverty 8267:Italian 8178:Society 8159:Welfare 8127:Tourism 8097:Exports 8065:Banking 8045:Economy 8033:Economy 7989:Regions 7871:Valleys 7841:Islands 7821:Beaches 7792:Prealps 7772:Geology 7760:Climate 7424:Normans 7384:Odoacer 7333:Kingdom 7316:Ligures 7252:Ancient 7226:Nuragic 7175:Postage 7150:Judaism 7140:Genetic 7130:Fashion 7125:Economy 7084:History 6772:Website 6476:19 June 6385:lessons 6379:on the 5189:11 June 5128:11 June 5038:7 April 4463:Craxism 4373:l'Unità 4368:Società 3764:History 3418:Railway 3413:Postage 3388:Judaism 3378:Genetic 3368:Fashion 3363:Economy 3331:present 3289:present 3258:Fascism 3200:Kingdom 3128:Normans 3060:Lombard 2959:Kingdom 2861:Fascism 2657:during 2457:Italian 2384:Bologna 2341:Father 2330:DELASEM 2310:Father 2248:Arcevia 2172:Soragna 2068:Gestapo 1837:(OSS): 1815:Beretta 1748:Carcano 1676:brigata 1668:squadra 1613:Tuscany 1605:Liguria 1573:of the 1559:Romagna 1470:led by 1229:Corsica 1059:VAS 208 943:Tuscany 530:Fascist 330:Italian 304:Italian 133:Motives 84:Leaders 50:Italian 13234:(1994) 12959:(1994) 12947:(1993) 12869:(1945) 12807:(1921) 12789:(1919) 12777:(1918) 12723:(1896) 12140:Jewish 12098:Crimea 12070:Poland 12065:Norway 12045:Latvia 12035:Greece 12025:France 11942:Poland 11755:Debate 11727:Taipei 11720:Borneo 11298:Tarawa 10492:Europe 10453:Africa 10242:Poland 10228:Norway 10207:Malaya 10186:Latvia 10128:Greece 10114:France 10010:Sweden 9975:Bhutan 9703:Poland 9689:Norway 9661:Mexico 9628:Greece 9614:France 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1225:Bastia 1208:, the 1204:, the 1165:Verona 1125:Rhodes 1046:Carbet 1034:Carbet 981:, the 854:Panzer 833:, the 829:, the 825:, the 821:, the 817:, the 750:, and 732:Franco 699:, and 478:fasces 261:Allies 253:Allies 78:, 1944 76:Ossola 46: 12040:Italy 11531:Leyte 11361:Narva 11347:Anzio 11305:Makin 11263:Burma 11147:Torch 11116:Rzhev 11077:Kiska 10163:Korea 10149:Japan 10142:Italy 10024:Tibet 10003:Spain 9881:Italy 9642:Italy 9635:India 9559:China 9434:Japan 9034:Italy 8946:China 8898:Women 8509:Sport 8479:Music 8469:Media 8331:Women 8205:Crime 8070:Banks 7846:Lakes 7831:Caves 7782:Flora 7777:Fauna 7499:Genoa 7484:Milan 7479:Siena 7419:Arabs 7306:Celts 7289:Umbri 7165:Music 7135:Flags 7072:Italy 6928:[ 6750:JSTOR 6668:(PDF) 6657:(PDF) 6530:(PDF) 6331:(PDF) 6059:H-Net 5823:(PDF) 5816:(PDF) 5621:(PDF) 4985:(PDF) 4978:(PDF) 4317:Media 3499:Italy 3403:Music 3373:Flags 3124:Islam 2915:Early 2897:Italy 2519:Milan 2416:Genoa 2408:Milan 2404:Turin 2396:Parma 2140:Milan 1954:Pasta 1892:Parma 1819:PIATs 1800:MP 40 1776:K98ks 1756:M1935 1227:, in 1133:Leros 1042:Sauro 994:Karin 990:Meise 986:Mainz 652:Nérac 349:Italy 12847:and 11597:1945 11325:1944 11166:1943 11094:Blue 11084:Attu 10991:1942 10750:1941 10602:1940 10540:1939 10469:Asia 10316:POWs 10156:Jews 9874:Iraq 9800:Axis 9750:Tuva 9566:Cuba 8651:Axis 8434:Flag 8164:Wine 8152:road 8147:rail 7978:List 7968:List 7797:Alps 7662:and 7504:Pisa 7274:Osci 7170:Name 7155:LGBT 6979:ISBN 6958:ISBN 6934:ISBN 6880:2015 6854:2022 6832:2022 6806:2022 6784:2011 6719:2014 6687:ISBN 6639:2022 6615:ISBN 6572:ISBN 6542:2022 6478:2013 6423:ISBN 6302:2014 6273:ISBN 6253:link 6182:2020 6146:ISBN 6091:ISBN 6072:2013 6031:2013 5999:ISBN 5945:link 5916:link 5850:ISBN 5793:ISBN 5753:2018 5721:ISBN 5702:2010 5670:ISBN 5649:2017 5628:2017 5604:2017 5578:2017 5557:2017 5531:2017 5510:2017 5489:2017 5468:2017 5437:2017 5402:2017 5355:ISBN 5336:2023 5314:2023 5292:2023 5270:2020 5191:2020 5178:ISBN 5151:ISBN 5130:2020 5117:ISBN 5067:2022 5040:2014 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Italian resistance movement

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