3083:
West Bank, Golan
Heights and our united capital Jerusalem to be harmed. We will not accept any external diktats about our borders. This matter will only be settled in direct negotiations between the parties." Israel is also concerned that the same policy could extend to settlement produce and goods exported to European markets, as some EU member states are pressing for an EU-wide policy of labelling produce and goods originating in Jewish settlements to allow consumers to make informed choices. A special ministerial panel led by prime minister Netanyahu, decided to approach the EU and demand several key amendments in the guidelines before entering any new projects with the Europeans. A spokesperson for the EU confirmed that further talks would take place between Israel and the EU, stating: "We stand ready to organise discussions during which such clarifications can be provided and look forward to continued successful EU-Israel cooperation, including in the area of scientific cooperation."
6953:
a wide belt of surrounding suburbs, villages and towns. Article 49 of the same convention prohibits the forcible transfer or deportation of residents from an occupied area, regardless of motive. And yet thousands of
Palestinians have been expelled (see Lesch, 1979: 113–130, for a partial list of the "officially deported" ones) while many more have been, through measures to be described below, "pressured" to leave. The same Article expressly forbids the transfer by an occupying power of any of its civilian population into occupied areas. And yet, at most recent count, over 90,000 Israeli Jews have been officially "settled" within the illegally annexed Jerusalem district, and more than 30,000 others have been "settled" in some 100 nahals (military forts), villages and even towns that the Israeli government has authorized, planned, financed and built in unannexed zones beyond the 1949 cease-fire line that Israelis refer to not as a border, but euphemistically as a "green line."
2898:
1805:
water sources, and economic effects. Regarding the violation of freedom of
Palestinians, in a 2005 report, the United Nations stated that: ...it is difficult to overstate the humanitarian impact of the Barrier. The route inside the West Bank severs communities, people's access to services, livelihoods and religious and cultural amenities. In addition, plans for the Barrier's exact route and crossing points through it are often not fully revealed until days before construction commences. This has led to considerable anxiety among Palestinians about how their future lives will be impacted...The land between the Barrier and the Green Line constitutes some of the most fertile in the West Bank. It is currently the home for 49,400 West Bank Palestinians living in 38 villages and towns.
568:
531:
656:
2988:
604:
2106:, after Egypt's agreement to secure its side of the border. Under the Oslo Accords the Philadelphi Route was to remain under Israeli control to prevent the smuggling of materials (such as ammunition) and people across the border with Egypt. With Egypt agreeing to patrol its side of the border, it was hoped that the objective would be achieved. However, Israel maintained its control over the crossings in and out of Gaza. The Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza was monitored by the Israeli army through special surveillance cameras. Official documents such as passports, I.D. cards, export and import papers, and many others had to be approved by the Israeli army.
689:
723:
2110:
491:
2246:
415:
1846:
2483:
2444:
2030:
2426:(yet unpublished, paragraph 3 of the opinion of the Court; hereinafter – The Gaza Coast Regional Council Case). In the center of this public international law stand the Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907 (hereinafter – The Hague Regulations). These regulations are a reflection of customary international law. The law of belligerent occupation is also laid out in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 (hereinafter – the Fourth Geneva Convention).
33:
3100:
due to "sustained abuse by Israel of its position as an occupying power through its annexation and assertion of permanent control over occupied
Palestinian territory, and its continued frustration of the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination". The court also stated that Israel should "make reparations for the damage caused to all the people" of such lands, and that Israel also had "an obligation to cease immediately all new settlement activities and to evacuate all settlers" from the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
1670:
1335:
3045:
After
Palestine's admission to the United Nations as a non-member state in September 2012, it potentially may have its complaint heard by the International Court. Israel's foreign ministry replied to the report saying that "Counterproductive measures – such as the report before us – will only hamper efforts to find a sustainable solution to the Israel-Palestinian conflict. The human rights council has sadly distinguished itself by its systematically one-sided and biased approach towards Israel."
1854:
449:
2355:
2367:
1005:
1793:
2351:
Convention". They ruled that "Conventional international law does not become part of
Israeli law through automatic incorporation, but only if it is adopted or combined with Israeli law by enactment of primary or subsidiary legislation from which it derives its force". However, in the same decision the Court ruled that the Fourth Hague Convention rules governing belligerent occupation did apply, since those were recognized as customary international law.
947:
920:
893:
3062:
explicitly exclude Jewish settlements and
Israeli institutions and bodies situated across the pre-1967 Green Line – including the Golan Heights, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. EU grants, funding, prizes or scholarships will only be granted if a settlement exclusion clause is included, forcing the Israeli government to concede in writing that settlements in the occupied territories are outside the state of Israel to secure agreements with the EU.
2591:
1903:, and Israel captured and annexed the western part of Jerusalem . Jordan bilaterally annexed East Jerusalem along with the rest of the West Bank in 1950 as a temporary trustee at the request of a Palestinian delegation, and although the annexation was recognized by only two countries, it was not condemned by the UNSC. The British did not recognize the territory as sovereign to Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan in the 1967
979:
837:
1274:
1063:
1039:
1021:
992:
907:
880:
3277:
1052:
2479:, has stated that the language of "occupation" has allowed Palestinian spokesmen to obfuscate this history. By repeatedly pointing to "occupation," they manage to reverse the causality of the conflict, especially in front of Western audiences. Thus, the current territorial dispute is allegedly the result of an Israeli decision "to occupy," rather than a result of a war imposed on Israel by a coalition of Arab states in 1967.
966:
934:
850:
824:
3070:
moment
Israeli entities enjoy financial support and cooperation with the EU and these guidelines are designed to ensure that this remains the case. At the same time concern has been expressed in Europe that Israeli entities in the occupied territories could benefit from EU support. The purpose of these guidelines is to make a distinction between the State of Israel and the occupied territories when it comes to EU support.
1831:, obtaining broad authority over civilian issues in the West Bank. In June 2023, Israel shortened the procedure of approving settlement construction and gave Finance Minister Smotrich the authority to approve one of the stages, changing the system operating for the last 27 years. In its first six months, construction of 13,000 housing units in settlements, almost triple the amount advanced in the whole of 2022.
862:
2440:
territory of a High
Contracting Party, and therefore do not apply since Jordan never exercised sovereignty over the region. However, that interpretation is not shared by the international community. The application of Geneva Convention to Occupied Palestinian Territories was further upheld by International Court of Justice, UN General Assembly, UN Security Council and the Israeli Supreme Court.
4468:
1482:
2292:, has asserted that "As noted in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 'a party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty'. As such, Israeli reliance on local law does not justify its violations of its international legal obligations". Further, the Palestinian mission to the U.N. has argued that:
3606:. ... 'For 45 years, different compositions of the High Court of Justice stated again and again that international law applies to the West Bank, which is clearly opposed to Levy's findings. This is a colossal turnaround, which I do not think is within his authority. He can tell the government that he recommends changing legal status, and that's all,' said Sasson.
1789:
belligerent occupation, since 1967. The court also held that the normative provisions of public international law regarding belligerent occupation are applicable. The
Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague of 1907 and the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 were both cited.
2297:
refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purposes of a treaty when it has undertaken an act expressing its consent thereto." The Treaty, which is substantially a codification of customary international law, also provides that a State "may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty" (Art. 27).
3012:
decisions by the government of Israel. The EU reiterates that it will not recognize any changes to the pre-1967 borders including with regard to Jerusalem, other than those agreed by the parties." The report by all EU foreign ministers also criticized the Israeli government's failure to dismantle settler outposts illegal even under domestic Israeli law."
3008:
The Court also concluded that the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (including East Jerusalem) have been established "in breach of international law" and that all the States parties to the Geneva Convention are under an obligation to ensure compliance by Israel with international law as embodied in the Convention.
2506:
territories contravenes the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention." Moshe Dayan authored a secret memo in 1968 proposing massive settlement in the territories which said "Settling Israelis in administered territory, as is known, contravenes international conventions, but there is nothing essentially new about that."
2422:
international law regarding belligerent occupation. The legal meaning of this view is twofold: first, Israeli law does not apply in these areas. They have not been "annexed" to Israel. Second, the legal regime which applies in these areas is determined by public international law regarding belligerent occupation (see HCJ 1661/05
1769:, separating Israel and several of its settlements, as well as a significant number of Palestinians, from the remainder of the West Bank. State of Israel cabinet approved a route to construct separation barrier whose total length will be approximately 760 km (472 mi) built mainly in the West Bank and partly along the
1237:. As required by the treaty, Israel evacuated Israeli military installations and civilian settlements prior to the establishment of "normal and friendly relations" between it and Egypt. Israel dismantled eighteen settlements, two air force bases, a naval base, and other installations by 1982, including the only
6952:
annexations, expulsions and the creation of settlements are specifically prohibited by international law. The Fourth Geneva Convention, in Article 47, proscribes the annexation of occupied territory, and the United Nations has repeatedly condemned Israel's precipitous annexation of East Jerusalem and
5063:
In December 1948, at a conference which took place in Jericho, a group of hand-picked leaders of Palestinian Arabs resolved to ask King Abdullah of Transjordan to incorporate the Arab parts of Palestine into his kingdom. The General Armistice Agreement of 3 April 1949 constituted de facto recognition
3044:
forbidding transferring civilians of the occupying nation into occupied territory. It held that the settlements are "leading to a creeping annexation that prevents the establishment of a contiguous and viable Palestinian state and undermines the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination."
2549:
has dismissed the position that they are not occupied as being "based on dubious legal grounds, considering that the Fourth Geneva Convention does not make its applicability conditional on recognition of titles". Many Israeli government websites do refer to the areas as being "occupied territories".
2453:
In the cases before the Israeli High Court of Justice the government has agreed that the military commander's authority is anchored in the Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, and that the humanitarian rules of the Fourth Geneva Convention apply. The
3099:
The International Court of Justice delivered a landmark advisory opinion in July 2024 that Israel's occupation of West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Gaza Strip was illegal, and that this "unlawful presence" should be ended "as rapidly as possible". The court found that Israel's occupation was illegal
2889:
ruled that portions of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 merely declare existing customary international law. In 1993, the UN Security Council adopted a binding Chapter VII resolution establishing an International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The resolution approved a Statute which said
2397:
had been an after-thought in planning portions of the Elon Moreh settlement. That situation did not fulfill the precise strictures laid down in the articles of the Hague Convention, so the Court ruled the requisition order had been invalid and illegal. In recent decades, the government of Israel has
2296:
it is of no relevance whether a State has a monist or a dualist approach to the incorporation of international law into domestic law. A position dependent upon such considerations contradicts Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 which states that: "a state is obliged to
1241:
resources under Israeli control. The evacuation of the civilian population, which took place in 1982, was done forcefully in some instances, such as the evacuation of Yamit. The settlements were demolished, as it was feared that settlers might try to return to their homes after the evacuation. Since
4241:
released a series of controversial articles which revealed that key Israeli figures were aware of considerable danger that an attack was likely, including Golda Meir and Moshe Dayan, but had decided not to act. The two journalists leading the investigation, Ronen Bergman and Gil Meltzer, later went
2505:
was the Israeli government's expert on international law. On September 16, 1967, Meron wrote a top secret memo to Mr. Adi Yafeh, Political Secretary of the Prime Minister regarding "Settlement in the Administered Territories" which said "My conclusion is that civilian settlement in the Administered
2439:
applied to the recently occupied territories, but this order was rescinded a few months later. For a number of years, Israel argued on various grounds that the Geneva Conventions do not apply. One is the Missing Reversioner theory which argued that the Geneva Conventions apply only to the sovereign
2092:
from the Gaza Strip. The plan began to be implemented on 15 August 2005, and was completed on 12 September 2005. Under the plan, all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip (and four in the West Bank) and the joint Israeli-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled with the removal of all 9,000
3082:
The move was described as an "earthquake" by an Israeli official who wished to remain anonymous, and prompted harsh criticism by prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu who said in a broadcast statement: "As prime minister of Israel, I will not allow the hundreds of thousands of Israelis who live in the
3007:
In 2004 the International Court of Justice, in an advisory, non-binding opinion, noted that the Security Council had described Israel's policy and practices of settling parts of its population and new immigrants in the occupied territories as a "flagrant violation" of the Fourth Geneva Convention.
2945:
on human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, in his 2017 report to the UN General Assembly has opined that the occupation itself has become illegal and has recommended that a UN study be commissioned to determine this and to consider asking the International Court of Justice
2929:
raised a number of exceptions and objections, but the Court found them unpersuasive. The Court ruled that territories had been occupied by the Israeli armed forces in 1967, during the conflict between Israel and Jordan, and that subsequent events in those territories, had done nothing to alter the
2873:
The international community has formally entrusted the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) with the role of guardian of international humanitarian law. That includes a watchdog function by which it takes direct action to encourage parties to armed conflict to comply with international
2571:
comes to the conclusion that Israel's presence in the West Bank is not an occupation in the legal sense, and that the Israeli settlements in those territories do not contravene international law. The report has met with both approval and harsh criticism in Israel and outside. As of July 2013, the
1804:
About 500,000 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank and another 200,000 live in East Jerusalem. The barrier has many effects on Palestinians including reduced freedoms, road closures, loss of land, increased difficulty in accessing medical and educational services in Israel, restricted access to
1788:
stating that it is "essential to the Palestinian nation in order to foster its national identity and independence without being dependent on the State of Israel". The Israeli Supreme Court, sitting as the High Court of Justice, stated that Israel has been holding the areas of Judea and Samaria in
3061:
issued guidelines for the 2014 to 2020 financial framework covering all areas of co-operation between the EU and Israel, including economics, science, culture, sports and academia but excluding trade on 30 June 2013. According to the directive all future agreements between the EU and Israel must
2350:
of 1907 were customary law that had been recognized by all civilized nations. In the past, the Supreme Court has argued that the Geneva Convention insofar it is not supported by domestic legislation "does not bind this Court, its enforcement being a matter for the states which are parties to the
7039:
The settlements program is quite simply contrary to international law. However, it is now so far advanced, and so plainly in violation of the Geneva Convention, that it actually creates a powerful reason for Israel's continuing refusal to accept that the Convention is applicable in the occupied
3069:
the guidelines are...in conformity with the EU's longstanding position that Israeli settlements are illegal under international law and with the non-recognition by the EU of Israel's sovereignty over the occupied territories, irrespective of their legal status under domestic Israeli law. At the
2421:
The Judea and Samaria Area is held by the State of Israel in belligerent occupation. The long arm of the state in the area is the military commander. He is not the sovereign in the territory held in belligerent occupation (see The Beit Sourik Case, at p. 832). His power is granted him by public
3035:
On January 31, 2012, the United Nations independent "International Fact-Finding Mission on Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" filed a report stating that Israeli settlement led to a multitude of violations of Palestinian human rights and that if Israel did not stop all
3027:
decided in March 2012 to establish a panel charged with investigating "the implications of the Israeli settlements on the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem." In reaction the
3011:
In May 2012 the 27 ministers of foreign affairs of the European Union published a report strongly denouncing policies of the State of Israel in the West Bank and finding that settlements in the West Bank are illegal: "settlements remain illegal under international law, irrespective of recent
3003:
In 2000, the editors of the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Palestine Yearbook of International Law (1998–1999) said "the "transfer, directly or indirectly, by the Occupying Power of parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies, or the
3074:
The guidelines do not apply to any Palestinian body in the West Bank or East Jerusalem, and they do not affect agreements between the EU and the PLO or the Palestinian Authority, nor do they apply to Israeli government ministries or national agencies, to private individuals, to human rights
2097:
settlement area in the Strip's southwest) and military bases. Some settlers resisted the order, and were forcibly removed by the IDF. On 12 September 2005 the Israeli cabinet formally declared an end to Israeli military occupation of the Gaza Strip. To avoid allegations that it was still in
1521:
of 1973, Syria attempted to recapture the Golan Heights militarily, but the attempt was unsuccessful. Israel and Syria signed a ceasefire agreement in 1974 that left almost all the Heights under Israeli control, while returning a narrow demilitarized zone to Syrian control. A United Nations
1509:
of 22 November 1967, which called for the return of Israeli-occupied State territories in exchange for peaceful relations. Israel had accepted Resolution 242 in a speech to the Security Council on 1 May 1968. In March 1972, Syria "conditionally" accepted Resolution 242, and in May 1974, the
2214:
was agreed in June 2008, but it was broken several times by both Israel and Hamas. As it reached its expiry, Hamas announced that they were unwilling to renew the ceasefire without improving the terms. At the end of December 2008 Israeli forces began Operation Cast Lead, launching the
5449:
1591:. Syria and Lebanon have claimed that the farms belong to Lebanon and in 2007 a UN cartographer came to the conclusion that the Shebaa farms do actually belong to Lebanon (contrary to the belief held by Israel). UN then said that Israel should relinquish the control of this area.
1983:
East Jerusalem residents are increasingly becoming integrated into Israeli society, in terms of education, citizenship, national service and in other aspects. Recent surveys show that, if given the option of having East Jerusalem transferred today from Israeli rule to the
1549:, which declared it as "null and void and without international legal effect", and consequently continuing to regard the Golan Heights as Israeli-occupied territory. The measure has also been criticized by other countries, either as illegal or as not being helpful to the
7268:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission to investigate the implications of the Israeli settlements on the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East
2501:, disputing these views, has written that the Israeli government knew at the outset that it was violating the Geneva Convention by creating civilian settlements in the territories under IDF administration. He explained that as the legal counsel of the Foreign Ministry,
1784:. It claimed that "Israel cannot rely on a right of self-defence or on a state of necessity in order to preclude the wrongfulness of the construction of the wall". However, Israel government derived its justification for constructing this barrier with Prime Minister
4738:
3472:
3090:
welcomed the guidelines, saying: "The EU has moved from the level of statements, declarations and denunciations to effective policy decisions and concrete steps, which constitute a qualitative shift that will have a positive impact on the chances of peace."
5468:
4081:
3004:
deportation or transfer of all or parts of the population of the occupied territory within or outside this territory" amounts to a war crime. They hold that this is obviously applicable to Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Arab Territories."
1640:
Jordan occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, from 1948 to 1967, annexing it in 1950 and granting Jordanian citizenship to the residents in 1954 (the annexation claims and citizenship grants were rescinded in 1988 when Jordan acknowledged the
5510:
Because of the continuing controls Israel exercises over the lives and welfare of Gaza's inhabitants, Israel remains an occupying power under international humanitarian law, despite withdrawing its military forces and settlements from the territory in
4899:
3272:
2454:
Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs says that the Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that the Fourth Geneva Convention and certain parts of Additional Protocol I reflect customary international law that is applicable in the occupied territories.
1930:
UN Security Council Resolution 478 also called upon countries which held their diplomatic delegations to Israel in Jerusalem, to move them outside the city. Most nations with embassies in Jerusalem complied, and relocated their embassies to
6260:
1459:, promised that within a year all Israeli forces would withdraw from Lebanon. When negotiation efforts failed between Israel and Syria—the goal of the negotiations was to bring a peace agreement between Israel and Lebanon as well, due to
4030:
6396:
2345:
held that the fundamental rules of international law accepted as binding by all "civilized" nations were incorporated in the domestic legal system of Israel. The Nuremberg Military Tribunal determined that the articles annexed to the
3602:'If the Levy Committee is pushing the government to determine that Israel's presence in the West Bank does not violate international law, Israel is in a dangerous position facing the rest of the world,' said Sasson this morning to
2550:
According to the BBC, "Israel argues that the international conventions relating to occupied land do not apply to the Palestinian territories because they were not under the legitimate sovereignty of any state in the first place."
1988:, most East Jerusalem Palestinians would oppose the proposal. According to Middle East expert David Pollock, in the hypothesis that a final agreement was reached between Israel and the Palestinians with the establishment of a
5235:
3057:(EU) foreign ministers in December 2012 stating that "all agreements between the state of Israel and the EU must unequivocally and explicitly indicate their inapplicability to the territories occupied by Israel in 1967", the
3972:
4730:
3462:
2918:
2890:
that the problem of adherence of some but not all States to the Geneva Conventions does not arise, since beyond any doubt the Convention is declarative of customary international law. The subsequent interpretation of the
2222:
In January 2012, the spokesperson for the UN Secretary General stated that under resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, the UN still regards Gaza to be a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
2148:
continues to consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip as Israel controls the Gaza Strip's airspace and territorial waters as well as the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.
2128:
stated in January, 2008: "Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement." Israel also notes that Gaza does not belong to any sovereign state.
2925:, territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army, and the occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised.
1963:
in 1995, stating that "Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999." As a result of the
4992:
1575:
In 2004, there were 34 settlements in the Golan Heights, populated by around 18,000 people. Today, an estimated 20,000 Israeli settlers and 20,000 Syrians live in the territory. All inhabitants are entitled to
4446:
Letter dated 31 August 1949, addressed to the Chairman of the Conciliation Commission by Mr. Reuven Shiloah, Head of the Delegation of Israel, containing Replies to the Commission's Questionnaire of 15 August 1949
2874:
humanitarian law. The head of the International Red Cross delegation to Israel and the Occupied Territories stated that the establishment of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories is a grave breach of the
1926:
declared this action to be "null and void", and that it "must be rescinded forthwith". The international community does not recognize Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem and considers it an occupied territory.
7206:
2946:
for an advisory opinion. The general thrust of international law scholarship addressing this question has concluded that, regardless of whether it was initially legal, the occupation has become illegal over time.
7139:
4073:
2534:
6631:"Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (Unofficial translation) Passed by the Knesset on the 17th Av, 5740 (30th July, 1980) and published in Sefer Ha-Chukkim No. 980 of the 23rd Av, 5740 (5th August, 1980)"
4960:
2184:
7412:"Guidelines on the eligibility of Israeli entities and their activities in the territories occupied by Israel since June 1967 for grants, prizes and financial instruments funded by the EU from 2014 onwards"
6990:
Article 49 has been interpreted as prohibiting both forced deportations of Palestinians and population transfers of the sort associated with the establishment and continuous expansion of Israeli settlements
4891:
3620:
2317:
The question is important given if the status of "occupied territories" has a bearing on the legal duties and rights of Israel toward those. Hence it has been discussed in various forums including the UN.
5266:
3589:
7458:
2329:, Jordan's prior illegal occupation and initiation of the 1967 war, and security needs due to its small borders and hostile neighbors. Israel states that the territories' final status should be decided
2256:
map showing East Jerusalem, the Green Line and Jerusalem's city limits which were unilaterally expanded by Israel, 28 June 1967, annexed by Knesset (30 July 1980), and modified and expanded in February
1907:. On June 27, Israel extended its laws, jurisdiction, and administration to East Jerusalem and several nearby towns and villages, and incorporated the area into the Jerusalem Municipality. In 1980, the
1398:(transformed from Free Lebanon Army), until the year 2000. Israel's stated purpose for the Security Belt was to create a space separating its northern border towns from terrorists residing in Lebanon.
7115:
6257:
3561:
5348:
4472:
4022:
6388:
3912:
Articles 85, 88, and 89 of Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977
1444:, which was the capital of the security belt. Residents remaining in the security zone had many contacts with Israel, many of whom have worked there and received various services from Israel.
6109:
5841:
5383:
4451:
4298:
6682:
5932:
3823:
2800:
2789:
5465:
3339:
3015:
Israel denies that the Israeli settlements are in breach of any international laws. The Israeli Supreme Court has yet to rule decisively on settlement legality under the Geneva Convention.
5970:
4929:
1463:
until 2005—Barak led the withdrawal of the IDF to the Israeli border on 24 May 2000. No soldiers were killed or wounded during the redeployment to the internationally recognized border of
5793:
4182:
1233:
into a city with a population of 200,000, though the actual population of Yamit did not exceed 3,000. The Sinai Peninsula was returned to Egypt in stages beginning in 1979 as part of the
3394:
4679:
2071:
1739:
4841:
1858:
5225:
6768:'Letter dated 29 January 2004 from the Deputy Director General and Legal Advisor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, together with the Written Statement of the Government of Israel'
4426:
3962:
6162:
6370:
5023:
2906:
1424:
The strip was a few kilometers wide, and consisted of about 10% of the total territory of Lebanon, which housed about 150,000 people who lived in 67 villages and towns made up of
6135:
7671:
4708:
7271:
7552:
5675:
4780:
3398:
5583:
4400:
3656:
4982:
2514:
1968:, official U.S. documents and web sites refer to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Until May 2018, the law had never been implemented, because successive U.S. Presidents
7203:
7089:
6427:
3366:
284:
for the territories. The ICJ in 2024 ruled that Israel's occupation was illegal and called for Israel to end its "unlawful presence … as rapidly as possible" and to make
7358:
2121:
The Israeli position is that it no longer occupies Gaza, as Israel does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions inside the Gaza Strip.
399:
7131:
2132:
Immediately after Israel withdrew in 2005, Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas stated, "the legal status of the areas slated for evacuation has not changed."
1645:(PLO) as the sole representative of the Palestinian people). Egypt administered the Gaza Strip from 1948 to 1967 but did not annex it or make Gazans Egyptian citizens.
234:, respectively. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and the Golan Heights, where Israel had transferred its parts of population there and built large
7588:
7250:
6751:
4952:
7423:
6711:
3801:
6552:
2307:
6018:
International Law – Administered Territories – Rights and Duties of Occupying Power – Registration and Taxation – Articles 43 and 49 of the Hague Regulations, 1907
4605:
4198:"Upon completion of the interim withdrawal provided for in Annex I, the parties will establish normal and friendly relations, in accordance with Article III (3)."
3129:
2046:
214:
3776:
3617:
3422:
Strongly deplores the continued refusal of Israel, the occupying Power, to comply with the relevant resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly;
5258:
3533:
1758:
and reinstated full military administration in various parts of the two territories. On July 31, 1988, Jordan renounced its claims to the West Bank for the PLO.
7447:
6598:
5064:
of that incorporation; however, it was specifically designed as a military agreement which did not prejudice the political positions of the contracting parties.
3579:
2475:
since the Convention "is based on the assumption that there had been a sovereign who was ousted and that he had been a legitimate sovereign." Israeli diplomat,
3032:
and boycotted the UN Human Rights Commission. The U.S. government acceded to the Israeli government demand to attempt to thwart the formation of such a panel.
5764:
4870:
7225:
3498:
3233:. Israel transferred the islands to Egypt as part of its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and, subsequently, in 2017 Egypt transferred the two islands to
3207:
2234:
on Israel from the Gaza Strip. On 9 October 2023, following the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war and attacks in Israel by Hamas militants, Israel imposed a
7112:
65:
6189:
4107:
3556:
6093:
3109:
2203:
2153:
1720:
1511:
6660:
5340:
2785:
to describe Israeli-occupied territories is "the Arab territories occupied since 1967, including Jerusalem", which is used, for example, in Resolutions
4281:
4499:
Lutfiyya, Abdulla M., Baytin: A Jordanian Village. A Study of Social Institutions and Social Change in a Folk Community, Walter de Gruyter, 1966, p.14
304:
have preferred the term "disputed territories" in the case of the West Bank, and Israel likewise maintains that the West Bank is disputed territory.
6618:
5869:
7514:
6113:
5845:
5373:
4448:
4302:
2797:
2786:
2063:
Between 1967 and 1993, the Gaza Strip was under Israeli military administration. In March 1979, Egypt renounced all claims to the Gaza Strip in the
6686:
5922:
3827:
3684:
2389:
case that the area in question was under occupation and that accordingly only the military commander of the area may requisition land according to
2267:
37:
6450:
6054:
6020:
5606:
4806:
4776:
3332:
1378:. Later, Israel withdrew from parts of the occupied area between 1983 and 1985, but remained in partial control of the border region known as the
6351:
5954:
5497:
4921:
4179:
2967:
2947:
2938:
2271:
2235:
392:
5815:
5785:
5705:
5653:
2842:
also declared the annexation of the Golan "null and void". Following withdrawal by Israel from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982, as part of the 1979
4584:
3660:
3402:
2839:
2835:
1580:, which would entitle them to an Israeli driver's license and enable them to travel freely in Israel. The non-Jewish residents, who are mostly
1506:
677:
was created to provide a Palestinian interim self-government in the West Bank and the interior of the Gaza Strip. Its second phase envisioned "
4671:
3874:
425:
Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine. The red line is the "International Administration" proposed in the 1916
7634:
7389:
7332:
5047:
4833:
2958:, that the occupation itself is an illegal regime "of alien subjugation, domination and exploitation", or some combination of these factors.
1747:
1295:
6573:
6550:"Annexe 2—Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: statement by the International Committee of the Red Cross"
6500:
4362:
3939:
3296:
2199:
175:
17:
6479:
6339:
See Yoram Dinstein, 'The International Law of Belligerent Occupation and Human Rights', 8 Israeli Yearbook on Human Rights 104, 107 (1978)
4423:
2179:
applied to Israel "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war." In a 2009 interview on
6852:
6166:
2897:
2038:
1873:
1685:
502:
6826:
6634:
6367:
5015:
4526:
2971:
7204:
http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/u-s-pressing-un-human-rights-commissioner-to-put-off-west-bank-settlements-probe-1.427744
6730:
6139:
4639:
2008:
1980:
exercised the law's presidential waiver, citing national security interests. On 14 May 2018, the U.S. opened its Embassy in Jerusalem.
1402:
1391:
1259:
385:
311:
in 2005. The UN and a number of human rights organizations continue to consider Israel as the occupying power of the Gaza Strip due to
121:
5630:
5144:
4777:"Palestine question/Mideast situation – Compilation of resolutions and decisions adopted in 2003 (English and French) (23 April 2004)"
4760:
4700:
2572:
report was not brought before the Israeli cabinet or any parliamentary or governmental body which would have the power to approve it.
7692:
6905:
6525:
6073:
5177:
4053:
3725:
2089:
1208:
789:
549:
203:
154:
7613:
Legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem
7267:
7266:
Human Rights Council Twenty-second session, Agenda item 7, Human rights situation in Palestine and other occupied Arab territories,
5544:
5316:
3751:
281:
5525:
5095:
3882:
3858:
2812:
1728:
58:
5580:
4552:
4397:
3896:
3850:
1816:. On June 9, 2020, the Israeli Supreme Court struck down the law as "infringing on the property rights of Palestinian residents."
374:. In 2015, over 800,000 Israelis resided outside the 1949 Armistice Lines, constituting nearly 13% of Israel's Jewish population.
5734:
2052:
Between 1948 and 1967, the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian military administration, being officially under the jurisdiction of the
1414:
90:
7642:
6236:
6209:
4230:
3718:"Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability"
3086:
Palestinians and their supporters hailed the EU directive as a significant political and economic sanction against settlements.
2980:
is held to constitute a transfer of Israel's civilian population into the occupied territories and as such is illegal under the
2417:, the Court determined that "Judea and Samaria" and the Gaza area are lands seized during warfare, and are not part of Israel:
7542:
7087:
6419:
3915:
3370:
3134:
3036:
settlement activity immediately and begin withdrawing all settlers from the West Bank, it potentially might face a case at the
3024:
2157:
1263:
795:
708:
434:
149:
7354:
6770:
5399:
4572:"Israel High Court Ruling Docket H.C.J. 7957/04: International Legality of the Security Fence and Sections near Alfei Menashe"
7687:
7661:
7612:
7174:
7076:
6315:
5118:
4520:
4341:
4262:
4250:
4211:
4168:
3435:
3119:
2530:
2330:
1689:
1550:
581:
224:
109:
7574:
7491:
7247:
2156:
maintains an office on "Occupied Palestinian Territory", which concerns itself with the Gaza Strip. In his statement on the
1773:, or "Green Line" between Israel and Palestinian West Bank. 12% of the West Bank area is on the Israel side of the barrier.
7135:
6748:
5476:
3797:
3029:
126:
7411:
6708:
5259:"The desire of eastern Jerusalem Arabs to integrate in Israeli society outweighs the threats of the Palestinian Authority"
3999:
2526:
1505:. A ceasefire was signed on 11 June 1967 and the Golan Heights came under Israeli military administration. Syria rejected
6549:
5591:
5453:
5434:
5201:
4381:
4135:
2743:
2727:
2326:
2289:
1862:
1820:
1654:
297:
104:
51:
7113:
http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/eu-israel-s-policies-in-the-west-bank-endanger-two-state-solution-1.430421
4807:"Humanitarian impact of the West Bank barrier on Palestinian communities (June 2007) – OCHA/UNRWA report (30 July 2007)"
4609:
3872:
Commentary on Part III : Status and treatment of protected persons #Section III : Occupied territories Art. 47
3271:
Since the occupation began in 1967, Israel applied its laws on Israeli citizens living in the West Bank with successive
567:
336:
6568:
5927:
5397:
Summary of the Advisory Opinion: Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
3772:
2808:
2402:
that its authority in the territories is based on the international law of "belligerent occupation", in particular the
2122:
1923:
1823:
under Benjamin Netanyahu approved the legalization of nine illegal settler outposts in the West Bank. Finance Minister
1546:
1523:
7294:
6849:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967"
5842:"Israel's Belligerent Occupation of the Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem and International Humanitarian Law"
3525:
2684:, Abraham's grandson. A literal reading of the text suggests that the land promise is (or was at one time) one of the
366:
in these territories are in breach of Israel's obligations as an occupying power and constitute a grave breach of the
6590:
5066:
3463:"International Court of Justice calls on Israel to end occupation of Palestinian territories 'as rapidly as possible"
2951:
2942:
2403:
2164:
1724:
1642:
1321:
639:
541:
340:
3395:"Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the occupied Syrian Golan"
1303:
6284:. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (Israeli Security, Regional Diplomacy, and International Law). Archived from
5994:
5756:
4862:
2004:
1600:
355:, the resolution of specific conditions outlined in a peace treaty, or the formation of a new civilian government.
7222:
5426:
5295:
3187:
2934:
2782:
2231:
2211:
1920:
1876:
had contemplated that all of Jerusalem would be an international city within an international area that included
1538:
1194:
700:
308:
277:
273:
170:
6327:
See Israeli State Archives 153.8/7920/7A, Document 60, dated October 15, 1968, cited on page 173 of Gorenberg's
5581:
Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories
5407:
4486:
4103:
3191:
2891:
2886:
2855:
2491:
2176:
2082:
2075:
1985:
1777:
1299:
1009:
674:
269:
97:
7625:
6281:
3639:
2691:
The definition of the limits of this territory varies between biblical passages, some of the main ones being:
530:
6656:
5369:
2987:
2843:
2382:
2145:
2064:
1448:
1409:
and later as an allied militia. Notably, the South Lebanon Army controlled the prison in Khiam. In addition,
1234:
1156:
250:
7355:"Statement by the Delegation of the European Union to the State of Israel on the European Commission Notice"
5054:. Session 12-11 Date: May 1950. Council approved plan to consider Jordan the "trustee" of Eastern Palestine.
5866:
4804:
Introduction, The Humanitarian Impact of the West Bank Barrier on Palestinian Communities, United Nations.
3037:
1828:
1460:
1056:
510:
324:
262:
246:
239:
5886:
5701:
5679:
4581:
3291:
Over the years Israel had several plans to annex portions of the territory. The first plan was called the
2648:
The Jewish religious belief that the area is a God-given inheritance of the Jewish people is based on the
2406:. The court has confirmed this interpretation many times, for example in its 2004 and 2005 rulings on the
1872:
has created additional issues in relation to the question of whether or not it is occupied territory. The
1533:, extending Israeli administration and law to the territory. Israel has expressly avoided using the term "
655:
3692:
3124:
2250:
1418:
6789:"Using the Master's Tools to Dismantle the Master's House: International Law and Palestinian Liberation"
4784:
2594:
Map showing an interpretation of the borders of the Land of Israel, based on scriptural verses found in
1992:, 48% of East Jerusalem Arabs would prefer being citizens of Israel, while 42% of them would prefer the
1522:
observation force was established in 1974 as a buffer between the sides. By Syrian formal acceptance of
6454:
6090:
6051:
6017:
5603:
4810:
3183:
1561:
1088:
603:
430:
312:
253:, Israel effectively annexed the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem in 1980, and brought the rest of the
131:
6348:
5489:
5424:
JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws
4023:"HUSSEIN SURRENDERS CLAIMS ON WEST BANK TO THE P.L.O.; U.S. PEACE PLAN IN JEOPARDY; Internal Tensions"
3870:
Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
722:
544:
as of 1947 in blue, constituting 7.4% of the total land area, of which more than half was held by the
6709:
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)
5819:
5650:
5563:
5561:
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs office on Occupied Palestinian Territory web site
2826:) has not been recognized by any other country, and the annexation of the Golan Heights in 1981 (see
2467:
applicability of the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention regarding occupied territories to the case of the
2447:
2407:
2109:
2042:
1888:
1770:
1762:
1743:
1697:
1692:
after the 1948 war. In April 1950, Jordan annexed the West Bank, but this was recognized only by the
1634:
1565:
1526:, which set out the cease-fire at the end of the Yom Kippur War, Syria also accepted Resolution 242.
688:
589:
585:
506:
426:
2866:
consider East Jerusalem to be part of the West Bank and occupied by Israel; Israel considers all of
2245:
7202:, 3 May 2012, "U.S. Pressing UN Human Rights Commissioner to Put Off West Bank Settlements Probe,"
6876:"Negotiating the Illegal: On the United Nations and the Illegal Occupation of Palestine, 1967–2020"
5604:
A Debate on Israel's Invasion of Gaza: UNRWA's Christopher Gunness v. Israel Project's Meagan Buren
5091:
3871:
2981:
2816:
2542:
2053:
1732:
1452:
1284:
704:
344:
7667:
7639:"Security for Peace: Israel's Minimal Security Requirements in Negotiations with the Palestinians"
7381:
7324:
5044:
4512:
The ABC of the OPT: A Legal Lexicon of the Israeli Control over the Occupied Palestinian Territory
2563:, published in July 2012, a three-member committee headed by former Israeli Supreme Court justice
1225:. It established settlements along the Gulf of Aqaba and in the northeast portion, just below the
490:
6504:
5900:
3247:
2399:
2342:
2187:(UNRWA) contends that Israel is an occupying power. However, Meagan Buren, senior adviser to the
2172:
1630:
1604:
1401:
During the stay in the security belt, the IDF held many positions and supported the SLA. The SLA
1288:
712:
414:
359:
293:
191:
6571:
4359:
3931:
3299:
was to annex 60% of the territory by July 2020. None of the annexation plans were ever executed.
3173:
was returned in 1989 in a separate arrangement allowing Israelis to travel there free of charge.
1707:
In 1967, the West Bank came under Israeli military administration. Israel retained the mukhtar (
7002:
6475:
2216:
1956:
1845:
1664:
1363:
1119:
631:
358:
Israel disputes whether, and if so to what extent, it is an occupying power in relation to the
6848:
6630:
6039:
5226:"A surprising process of 'Israelization' is taking place among Palestinians in East Jerusalem"
5110:
The right to conquest: the acquisition of territory by force in international law and practice
5108:
4201:
3425:
1935:
or other Israeli cities prior to the adoption of Resolution 478. Following the withdrawals of
7052:
6788:
6727:
4510:
4333:
3721:
2847:
2838:
declared the annexation of East Jerusalem "null and void" and required that it be rescinded.
2195:
2103:
1965:
1960:
1755:
1751:
6926:
Abu-Lughod, Janet (1982). "Israeli Settlements in Occupied Arab Lands: Conquest to Colony".
6657:"The International Committee of the Red Cross as guardian of international humanitarian law"
4863:"Israel's Supreme Court strikes down law legalising settlements on private Palestinian land"
4646:
2922:
2390:
7584:
7053:
Preserving a legal inheritance: settlement rights in the "Occupied Palestinian Territories"
5786:"Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel"
5626:
5134:
4758:
4629:
Makovsky, David (March/April 2004). "How to Build a Fence". Foreign Affairs 83 (2): 50–64.
3309:
2517:
that the territories are occupied and claim that use of the term "occupied" in relation to
2510:
2207:
2057:
1916:
1900:
1754:, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has frequently redeployed its
678:
574:
545:
114:
7248:
Independent UN inquiry urges halt to Israeli settlements in occupied Palestinian territory
6875:
6518:
6070:
5167:
3717:
1711:) system of government inherited from Jordan, and subsequent governments began developing
1560:" based on Resolution 242. The first high-level public talks aimed at a resolution of the
8:
7453:
5541:
3748:
3282:, each one lasting for five years. The last emergency authorization was approved in 2023.
3058:
2984:. This is disputed by other legal experts who argue with this interpretation of the law.
2977:
2863:
2859:
2538:
2347:
2341:
In two cases decided shortly after independence, in the Shimshon and Stampfer cases, the
2311:
2029:
1701:
1626:
1577:
1464:
1144:
593:
438:
328:
5522:
4278:
3367:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory"
2919:'Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory'
2769:, in the belief that Jews are forbidden to have their own state until the coming of the
2482:
2443:
2242:, who declared: "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed."
7697:
7030:
7022:
6981:
6943:
6818:
6749:"Legal Consequence of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory"
4548:
3893:
3847:
2955:
2875:
2685:
2638:
2568:
2436:
2414:
2394:
2141:
2133:
1993:
1989:
1919:, which declared Jerusalem to be the "complete and united" capital of Israel. However,
1813:
1673:
1406:
1395:
1383:
1375:
1359:
1255:
1173:
1135:
1115:
1111:
1030:
1004:
952:
925:
898:
367:
363:
285:
235:
7005:(1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967".
5726:
4731:"Far-right Israeli Minister Lays Groundwork for Doubling West Bank Settler Population"
3312:, some Israelis have organized with the goal of rebuilding the evacuated settlements.
3153:
The occupied part consists of the western two-thirds of the territory, which includes
2041:, but no Arab state formed as a result of the 1947 partition plan. As a result of the
1735:
are applied to Israeli settlements and Israeli residents in the occupied territories.
1556:
Syria wants the return of the Golan Heights, while Israel has maintained a policy of "
32:
7657:
7638:
7170:
7111:, 14 May 2012, "EU: Israel's Policies in the West Bank Endanger Two-State Solution,"
7072:
7034:
6897:
6822:
6810:
6519:"Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention: Declaration"
6311:
6232:
6205:
5962:
5114:
4516:
4337:
4258:
4227:
4207:
4164:
3580:"Legal Expert: If Israel Isn't Occupying West Bank, It Must Give Up Land Held by IDF"
3431:
3114:
3041:
2996:
2827:
2739:
2731:
2607:
2522:
2498:
2371:
2099:
1781:
1615:
1568:. Throughout the 1990s several Israeli governments negotiated with Syria's president
1530:
1367:
1094:
635:
332:
301:
5466:
Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference
4326:
3913:
1943:
in August 2006, no country maintained its embassy in Jerusalem until 2018, although
7166:
The Occupation of Justice: the Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories
7014:
6973:
6939:
6935:
6887:
6800:
6767:
5396:
4630:
4238:
2914:
2735:
2611:
1824:
1669:
1355:
1339:
1251:
755:
557:
207:
7654:
What Did We Do to Deserve This? Palestinian Life Under Occupation in the West Bank
4922:"Smotrich handed sweeping powers over West Bank, control over settlement planning"
4247:
2726:
The boundaries of the Land of Israel are different from the borders of historical
7646:
7629:
7543:"Top UN court says Israeli occupation of West Bank and East Jerusalem is illegal"
7481:
7275:
7254:
7229:
7210:
7164:
7119:
7093:
6774:
6755:
6734:
6715:
6577:
6556:
6374:
6355:
6264:
6077:
6058:
6027:. Israeli Supreme Court document. April 5, 1983. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
6024:
6002:
5998:
5873:
5657:
5610:
5587:
5567:
5548:
5529:
5472:
5430:
5403:
5205:
5051:
4764:
4455:
4430:
4404:
4385:
4366:
4285:
4254:
4234:
4186:
4003:
3967:
3919:
3900:
3878:
3854:
3755:
3643:
3624:
3565:
3246:
Although renounced in 1988 its claims to East Jerusalem, Jordan still claims the
2804:
2793:
2766:
2747:
2653:
2619:
2160:
1334:
1214:
750:
734:
623:
460:
289:
6805:
1880:
for at least ten years, after which the residents would be allowed to conduct a
1812:, which aimed at retroactively legalizing 2,000 to 4,000 Israeli settlements in
6036:
5378:
4953:"Former US ambassador accuses Israel of 'creeping annexation' of the West Bank"
3996:
3688:
3226:
3054:
2894:
does not support Israel's view on the applicability of the Geneva Conventions.
2851:
2754:
2665:
2657:
2615:
2585:
2581:
2546:
2322:
2253:
2188:
2137:
2114:
1973:
1952:
1896:
1840:
1809:
1712:
1693:
1569:
1557:
1518:
1410:
772:
663:
627:
43:
5542:"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"
5198:
4378:
4129:
3749:"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"
2811:
and 484. A conference of the parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention, and the
2720:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2599:
2185:
United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
1853:
1370:
Christian militias seized large sections of Lebanon, including the capital of
7681:
6901:
6814:
5966:
5613:
4588:
4477:
3503:
3230:
3087:
2831:
2823:
2758:
2715:
2705:
2595:
2502:
2180:
2012:
1912:
1494:
1486:
1476:
1134:
No, but Israel has maintained control over the territory's border crossings,
1129:
760:
619:
195:
7482:"UN top court says Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal"
6683:"Press Release-US Response to ICRC Statement on Illegal Israeli Settlements"
2921:. The Court observed that under customary international law as reflected in
2513:
have made political statements and many of Israel's citizens and supporters
7519:
7234:
6965:
6892:
5891:
5423:
4074:"Israel's Knesset Extends West Bank Emergency Orders by Another Five Years"
4058:
3237:. Israel was consulted and approved the subsequent transfer to Saudi Arabia
3234:
3222:
3154:
2902:
2642:
2458:
2354:
2239:
2168:
1977:
1969:
1619:
1588:
871:
670:
352:
5887:"Israel Palestinian Conflict: The Truth About the West Bank (minute 4:30)"
5727:"Israel attack: PM says Israel at war after 70 killed in attack from Gaza"
5070:
3079:
working toward promoting peace which operate in the occupied territories.
2366:
2007:
occurred between Palestinians and Israeli police over further anticipated
1587:
In the Golan Heights there is another area occupied by Israel, namely the
448:
210:
as well. Prior to 1967, the Palestinian territories was split between the
7579:
7515:"UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories"
6308:
The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977
6190:"The Missing Reversioner: Reflections on the Status of Judea and Samaria"
5450:
International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense
5172:
5139:
4508:
3262:
Area B is under PNA civillian control and under Israeli security control.
3170:
2614:, there are no, and cannot be, "occupied territories" because all of the
2564:
2559:
2435:
Soon after the 1967 war, Israel issued a military order stating that the
2125:
1940:
1904:
1797:
1502:
1222:
615:
553:
230:, while the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights are parts of Egypt and
199:
5016:"Netanyahu hands Smotrich full authority to expand existing settlements"
4323:
2098:
occupation of any part of the Gaza Strip, Israel also withdrew from the
7132:"Israel, the Conflict and Peace: Answers to frequently asked questions"
7026:
6985:
6947:
6097:
5288:"إستطلاع رأي : 93% من العرب في القدس يفضلون بقاء الحكم الإسرائيلي"
5287:
5090:
UK recognition of Israel and of Jordanian annexation of the West Bank,
4892:"U.S. Announced Israeli Settlement Freeze, Netanyahu Rushed to Deny It"
3657:"Israel, the Conflict and Peace: Answers to frequently asked questions"
3292:
2879:
2677:
2661:
2472:
2386:
2359:
2238:. The total blockade of Gaza was announced by Israeli Defense Minister
2094:
2024:
1936:
1881:
1792:
1785:
1534:
1456:
1425:
1242:
1982, the Sinai Peninsula has not been regarded as occupied territory.
1226:
777:
258:
211:
7615:, advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice, 19 July 2024
3679:
3677:
3526:"Controversial UN expert: If talks fail, Hague should opine on Israel"
2972:
Human rights in Israel § Human rights in the occupied territories
2815:, have also resolved that these territories are occupied and that the
2219:
that left an estimated 1,166–1,417 Palestinians and 13 Israelis dead.
5374:"Evictions in Jerusalem Become Focus of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"
5135:"Costa Rica's Exit Leaves El Salvador with Lone Embassy in Jerusalem"
4834:"Israel Passes Provocative Law to Retroactively Legalize Settlements"
4672:"Jewish settler population in the West Bank surpasses half a million"
4634:
2867:
2590:
2487:
2476:
2468:
1877:
1869:
1766:
1677:
1658:
1441:
1429:
1238:
1125:
867:
765:
468:
464:
371:
254:
221:
7018:
6977:
4314:. General Assembly Security Council. United Nations. 23 October 1973
3848:
Occupation and international humanitarian law: questions and answers
2310:
that according to international law the West Bank status is that of
1273:
513:, extraterritorial crossroads between the non-contiguous areas, and
459:
The first official proposal for partition, published in 1937 by the
437:, and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923–48
7618:
7486:
6285:
5992:
International Law in Domestic Courts: Israel, by Dr. David Kretzmer
5991:
5341:"New Poll Reveals Moderate Trend Among East Jerusalem Palestinians"
5208:
4987:
3674:
3637:
From "Occupied Territories" to "Disputed Territories," by Dore Gold
3636:
3467:
3157:. Israel has never occupied the eastern third of the Golan Heights.
3040:. It said that Israel was in violation of article 49 of the fourth
2999:, who was shot dead while reporting in the West Bank on 11 May 2022
2746:
ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries. The current
2461:, taking a different approach, wrote in the 1970s that there is no
2285:
1948:
1932:
1106:
463:. An ongoing British Mandate was proposed to keep "the sanctity of
27:
Territories presently occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War
2937:
resolutions have described the continuing occupation of Palestine
2846:, the Sinai ceased to be considered occupied territory. While the
2541:" although they agree to apply the humanitarian provisions of the
1637:. Today, Palestinians make up around half of Jordan's population.
292:
called Israel's occupation "an affront to international law". The
5896:
5661:
5230:
4983:"Israeli government takes major step toward West Bank annexation"
4409:
4161:
The Arab–Israeli Dilemma (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)
4146:
4077:
3584:
2770:
2762:
2669:
2533:. They argue it is more accurate to refer to the territories as "
2463:
2375:
2060:, de facto becoming under direct Egyptian military governorship.
1944:
1908:
1437:
1387:
1351:
1100:
984:
842:
288:
to the people of the occupied territories. UN Special Rapporteur
249:, and after the return of the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt after the
6524:. hosted by Foundation for Middle East Peace. 1949. p. 11.
6275:
6273:
5067:"Annexation of the West Bank by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan"
4054:"Jordan scrambles to affirm its custodianship of al-Aqsa mosque"
3826:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2014-07-18. Archived from
3659:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2009-12-30. Archived from
3499:"Israel's Palestinian Territories Occupation Unlawful: UN Court"
3361:
3359:
2923:
Article 42 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention
2391:
Article 52 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention
2284:, an independent Palestinian human rights organization based in
2037:
The Gaza Strip was allotted to the Arab state envisioned by the
7672:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
4479:
Israel and the Palestinians: Prospects for a Two-State Solution
3758:
July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.
2926:
2518:
2413:
In its June 2005 ruling upholding the constitutionality of the
2281:
2072:
Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition
1997:
1892:
1884:
and the issue could be re-examined by the Trusteeship Council.
1740:
Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition
1386:, which executed a limited authority over portions of southern
1371:
1347:
1075:
1068:
1044:
1026:
1013:
997:
912:
885:
227:
187:
7325:"EU: Future agreements with Israel won't apply to territories"
4781:
United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine
4701:"Israel to ramp up settlement expansion in occupied West Bank"
4449:
31st Aug 1949 Israel's official claim to non-state territories
3399:
United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine
2913:
In July 2004, the International Court of Justice delivered an
2688:
between God and the Israelites, as the following verses show.
2088:
In February 2005, the Israeli government voted to implement a
2085:
treated Gaza as a part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory.
1358:
and subsequently retained its forces to support the Christian
505:(UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), 1947), prior to the
245:
From 1967 to 1981, the four areas were administered under the
7382:"EU's new policy on Israeli settlements: The full guidelines"
7223:
Israel must withdraw all settlers or face ICC, says UN report
6972:(217). Middle East Research and Information Project: 16–18 .
6270:
5317:"93% of east Jerusalem Arabs prefer Israeli rule, poll shows"
4509:
Orna Ben-Naftali; Michael Sfard; Hedi Viterbo (10 May 2018).
3427:
The Jerusalem Question and Its Resolution: Selected Documents
3369:. International Court of Justice. 9 July 2004. Archived from
3356:
2681:
2673:
2664:. According to the Book of Genesis, the land was promised by
2649:
2529:, and that it prejudges the outcome of any future or ongoing
2227:
1780:
issued an advisory opinion stating that the barrier violates
1708:
1581:
1498:
1433:
1417:(UNIFIL) were deployed to the security belt (from the end of
1405:
in the security zone, initially as the official force of the
1230:
1218:
971:
939:
855:
829:
514:
480:
476:
472:
231:
217:
7357:. Delegation of the European Union to Israel. 16 July 2013.
7288:
7286:
7284:
6685:. UN Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine. Archived from
4398:"Golan Heights Druze cross into Syria for annual pilgrimage"
2321:
Israel justifies its control over the territories by citing
2191:, a pro-Israel media group, contests that characterization.
1346:
The Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon took place after
323:
The significance of the designation of these territories as
6349:
Public activities section of Ezer Weizman's Knesset profile
3075:
organizations operating in the occupied territories, or to
2634:
2555:
Report on the Legal Status of Building in Judea and Samaria
2074:
of 1993, the Gaza Strip came under the jurisdiction of the
1622:
1572:. While serious progress was made, they were unsuccessful.
1481:
642:
claim over East Jerusalem gained international recognition.
7438:
5560:
3894:
Rome Statute Of The International Criminal Court Article 8
1440:). In the central zone of the Strip was the Maronite town
7547:
7281:
6233:"Beit Sourik Village Council v. The Government of Israel"
4592:
4332:. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press. pp.
3423:
3076:
2992:
2952:
prohibition on the acquisition of territory through force
2641:, since the times of Biblical antiquity based on various
2370:
A military checkpoint along the route of the forthcoming
1761:
In 2000, the Israeli government started to construct the
711:, two separate executive governments took control in the
618:, Israel captured the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the
4163:, Syracuse University Press; 3rd edition (August, 1985)
3384:
2954:, that the occupation violates the Palestinian right to
1584:, have nearly all declined to take Israeli citizenship.
1138:, and air space since the end of the occupation in 2005
737:
of settlements (cities, villages and other communities).
7278:(Advanced Unedited Version), accessed February 1, 2013.
4424:"UN tells Israel: Place Shaba Farms in hands of UNIFIL"
3618:
FAQ: The Peace process with the Palestinians – Dec 2009
3558:
Beit Sourik Village Council v. The Government of Israel
3389:
3387:
2198:
and took control over the Gaza Strip, Israel imposed a
7575:"Palestinians Hail ICJ Ruling, Condemnation In Israel"
7541:
Ebrahim, Nadeen; McCluskey, Mitchell (July 19, 2024).
6968:(2000). "International Law and the al-Aqsa Intifada".
6282:"From "Occupied Territories" to "Disputed Territories"
5667:
5523:"Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation"
3798:"Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation"
1633:
from Israel and territory Israel controlled after the
7635:"Israeli Water Interests in the Occupied Territories"
7619:"From 'Occupied Territories' to 'Disputed Territories
7013:(1). American Society of International Law: 44–103 .
6001:
and Chapter 2 "Application of International Law", in
5955:"The world court says Israel's occupation is illegal"
5860:
4752:
4549:"The Separation Barrier – Statistics | B'Tselem"
3824:"Ambassador Prosor addresses the UN Security Council"
3048:
2424:
The Gaza Coast Regional Council v. The Knesset et al.
1808:
On Feb 6, 2017, The Knesset passed the controversial
1382:, initially in coordination with the self-proclaimed
38:
status of Israel and the Israeli-occupied territories
7649:), by Ze'ev Schiff, 1989. Retrieved October 8, 2005.
7448:"Israel seeks compromise on EU settlement sanctions"
7124:
6091:
HCJ 7957/04 Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister of Israel
5057:
4502:
3963:"Israel, Egypt sign accord on return of Taba resort"
3217:
3215:
2430:
1618:, and both have populations consisting primarily of
298:
holding the West Bank under "belligerent occupation"
7318:
7316:
6420:"PM to decide on Levy report with settlement c'tee"
5990:"Place of customary international law", pp. 5–6 of
4324:Hinnebusch, Raymond A.; Drysdale, Alasdair (1991).
4052:Chulov, Martin; Safi, Michael (November 26, 2020).
2995:carrying photos of Palestinian-American journalist
2822:Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem in 1980 (see
2154:
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2136:also contested that this ended the occupation. The
2113:Israeli soldiers and protesters in Gaza during the
1684:The West Bank was allotted to the Arab state under
1512:
Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria
7446:
6793:The Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online
5038:
4325:
3461:Maupas, Stephanie; Imbert, Louis (July 20, 2024).
2602:, includes almost all of the occupied territories.
7069:Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1998–1999
6230:
4274:
4272:
4270:
3212:
3208:Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)
3028:government of Israel ceased cooperating with the
2819:provisions regarding occupied territories apply.
2575:
1716:
1537:" to describe the change of status. However, the
7679:
7540:
7373:
7313:
7295:"EU takes tougher stance on Israeli settlements"
7292:
7195:
7193:
6619:s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 478
5644:
5113:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 250–260.
4189:. Theisraelproject.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
3766:
3764:
3333:"The situation in the occupied Arab territories"
3018:
2268:Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967
705:clashes between the two main Palestinian parties
560:-owned lands including related religious trusts.
73:
7257:, United Nations News Center, January 31, 2012.
7104:
7102:
6386:
3552:
3550:
3202:
3200:
3110:International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
2968:Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine
2961:
2750:also has similar but not identical boundaries.
2272:Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine
471:", in the form of an enclave from Jerusalem to
7162:
6389:"Validate Settlements, Israeli Panel Suggests"
6080:. Zionism-israel.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
5879:
5693:
5219:
5217:
4769:
4267:
4244:Yom Kippur War, Real Time: The Updated Edition
4206:. US Government Printing Office. p. 496.
4199:
4006:. Kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
3744:
3742:
3712:
3710:
3430:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 351–.
3190:), Israel ceded a portion of the strip to the
2840:United Nations Security Council Resolution 497
2836:United Nations Security Council Resolution 478
347:. One of those obligations is to maintain the
327:is that certain legal obligations fall on the
7190:
6934:(2). University of California Press: 16–54 .
6588:
6503:. Neturei Karta International. Archived from
6258:See Operation Gaza: factual and legal aspects
5199:US embassy opens in Jerusalem | Full ceremony
4220:
4104:"Israel plans to annex West Bank territories"
3761:
2336:
393:
240:longest military occupation in modern history
59:
7099:
6417:
6380:
5702:"Rights Group Puts Gaza Death Toll At 1,284"
4515:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–.
3887:
3547:
3460:
3197:
2765:and calls for a peaceful dismantling of the
2606:According to the views of most adherents of
2261:
7444:
7404:
7379:
7322:
7059:. 19 October 2009. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
5923:"Israeli Settlements and International Law"
5757:"Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza"
5651:Israel tightens grip on urban parts of Gaza
5214:
4372:
3739:
3707:
3416:
2870:to be its capital and sovereign territory.
2194:In 2007, after Hamas defeated Fatah in the
1302:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1229:. It had plans to expand the settlement of
503:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
309:unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip
6925:
6358:. Knesset.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
6200:
6198:
6110:"Chronological Review of Events/June 2005"
5660:. By Nidal al-Mughrabi. January 12, 2009.
4582:U.N. court rules West Bank barrier illegal
4051:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3221:The occupied area included the islands of
2457:Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
2183:Christopher Gunness, spokesperson for the
2102:, which is a narrow strip adjacent to the
1721:International legal issues of the conflict
1594:
1392:South Lebanon security belt administration
1362:militia in Southern Lebanon. In 1982, the
1260:South Lebanon security belt administration
400:
386:
66:
52:
7007:The American Journal of International Law
6891:
6804:
6591:"Israel annexing East Jerusalem, says EU"
6411:
5676:"IDF releases Cast Lead casualty numbers"
4608:. Icj-cij.org. 2004-07-09. Archived from
4226:During the Autumn of 2003, following the
3992:
3990:
3258:
3256:
2288:in the West Bank and an affiliate of the
1715:in Arab villages under its control. (see
1322:Learn how and when to remove this message
1209:Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula
542:Jewish-owned lands in Mandatory Palestine
337:laws of war governing military occupation
315:; Israel rejects this characterization.
7512:
7071:, Anis Kassim (Editor), Springer, 2000,
6728:the report made by the Secretary General
6559:ICRC website. Retrieved October 5, 2005
5490:"Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15"
5445:
5443:
5368:
4131:The Israelis who campaign to occupy Gaza
3906:
3903:. legal.un.org. Retrieved on 2013-10-18.
3859:International Committee of the Red Cross
3456:
3454:
2986:
2896:
2813:International Committee of the Red Cross
2589:
2521:'s control of the areas has no basis in
2481:
2442:
2365:
2353:
2244:
2144:and many other international bodies and
2108:
2028:
1852:
1844:
1791:
1668:
1564:were held at and after the multilateral
1480:
1333:
31:
7001:
6758:. Icj-cij.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
6744:
6742:
6377:, Israel and the Palestinians, BBC News
6195:
5418:
5416:
4950:
4328:Syria and the Middle East Peace Process
4033:from the original on September 13, 2016
4009:
3960:
3790:
3577:
3492:
3490:
3165:
3163:
1614:Both of these territories were part of
1529:On 14 December 1981, Israel passed the
1415:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
729:Ethnic majority by settlement (present)
370:and whether the settlements constitute
14:
7680:
7416:Official Journal of the European Union
7335:from the original on 24 September 2015
6873:
6654:
6451:"Ancient History: The United Monarchy"
6267:. Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
6013:
6011:
5699:
5673:
5223:
5165:
5106:
5013:
4919:
4831:
4228:declassification of key Aman documents
4101:
4020:
3987:
3816:
3649:
3627:. Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
3253:
3135:Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Israel
3025:United Nations Human Rights Commission
2776:
2567:which was appointed by Prime Minister
2093:Israeli settlers (most of them in the
1264:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon
638:. Neither Israel's annexation nor the
6880:European Journal of International Law
6786:
6453:. About.com Education. Archived from
6448:
5500:from the original on October 12, 2023
5440:
5256:
5238:from the original on 29 November 2014
5026:from the original on 13 November 2023
4963:from the original on 24 February 2023
3592:from the original on October 10, 2017
3568:. (PDF) . Retrieved on April 4, 2017.
3496:
3451:
3130:Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt
3120:Jordanian annexation of the West Bank
2909:over the Golan Heights, 25 March 2019
2056:until in 1959 it was merged into the
2039:United Nations Partition Plan of 1947
1690:West Bank was occupied by Transjordan
1686:United Nations Partition Plan of 1947
47:
7479:
6964:
6855:from the original on 30 January 2018
6846:
6739:
6623:
6531:from the original on 14 January 2018
6430:from the original on 14 January 2018
6279:
6239:from the original on 14 October 2012
5947:
5935:from the original on 9 November 2021
5796:from the original on 2 November 2023
5532:Human Rights Watch. October 29, 2004
5477:Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)
5413:
5180:from the original on 10 October 2017
5166:HaLevi, Ezra, ed. (27 August 2006).
5147:from the original on 10 October 2017
4932:from the original on 5 November 2023
4711:from the original on 8 November 2023
3961:Frankel, Glenn (February 27, 1989).
3942:from the original on 19 January 2018
3864:
3770:
3646:. Jcpa.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
3487:
3424:Ruth Lapidoth; Moshe Hirsch (1994).
3160:
3030:UN High Commissioner on Human Rights
2276:
1374:, amid the hostilities of the wider
1300:adding citations to reliable sources
1267:
202:of 1967. It previously occupied the
7392:from the original on 11 August 2013
7361:from the original on 21 August 2013
7347:
6847:Lynk, S.Michael (23 October 2017).
6179:. p. 3. israellawresourcecenter.org
6152:. p. 1. israellawresourcecenter.org
6008:
5737:from the original on 7 October 2023
5627:"Israeli leaders 'to topple Hamas'"
5592:United Nations Human Rights Council
5551:. Human Rights Watch. July 6, 2006"
5454:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
5435:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
4995:from the original on 8 October 2023
4951:McGreal, Chris (24 February 2023).
4920:Sharon, Jeremy (23 February 2023).
3094:
2623:
2545:pending resolution of the dispute.
2290:International Commission of Jurists
2047:Gaza Strip became occupied by Egypt
1750:came under the jurisdiction of the
1680:under full Israeli control, in 2011
1655:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
1625:, including significant numbers of
1436:(most of whom lived in the town of
429:, the dashed blue line is the 1919
24:
7555:from the original on July 22, 2024
7513:Siddique, Haroon (July 19, 2024).
7426:from the original on 16 April 2023
7136:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
6777:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
6569:UN Security Council Resolution 497
5928:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5333:
4369:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
4360:UN Security Council Resolution 497
4180:Kintera.org—The Giving Communities
3975:from the original on June 17, 2018
3800:. Human Rights Watch. 2004-10-29.
3475:from the original on July 21, 2024
3049:2013 EU directive for 2014 to 2020
2830:) has been recognized only by the
2744:United Kingdom of Israel and Judah
2236:"total blockade" of the Gaza Strip
2123:Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel
1524:UN Security Council Resolution 338
1202:
1078:considers it part of its territory
626:(later traded for peace after the
537:1947 Jewish private land ownership
341:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
25:
7709:
7606:
7591:from the original on 23 July 2024
7494:from the original on 19 July 2024
7293:Harriet Sherwood (16 July 2013).
6071:2005 Israeli Supreme Court ruling
6052:2004 Israeli Supreme Court ruling
5456:, Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008.
5437:, Vol. 5, No. 3, August 26, 2005.
5168:"Last Embassy Abandons Jerusalem"
4529:from the original on 3 March 2023
4110:from the original on June 8, 2020
3685:"SPOKESPERSON's DAILY HIGHLIGHTS"
3065:In a statement, the EU said that
2943:United Nations special rapporteur
2431:Israeli legal and political views
2249:Greater Jerusalem, May 2006. The
2165:United Nations Special Rapporteur
1834:
1643:Palestine Liberation Organization
7567:
7534:
7506:
7473:
7260:
7241:
7215:
7156:
7081:
7062:
7045:
6995:
6958:
6919:
6867:
6840:
6780:
6761:
6720:
6701:
6675:
6648:
6612:
6582:
6562:
6543:
6511:
6493:
6468:
6442:
6399:from the original on 9 July 2012
6361:
6342:
6333:
6321:
6300:
6251:
6224:
6182:
6155:
6128:
6102:
6083:
6064:
6045:
6030:
5984:
5915:
5834:
5816:"Property Destruction. Legality"
5808:
5778:
5749:
5719:
5386:from the original on 9 May 2021.
5224:Hasson, Nir (29 December 2012).
4606:"International Court of Justice"
4471: This article incorporates
4466:
2948:Reasons cited for its illegality
2907:recognizing Israel's sovereignty
2301:
2015:neighborhood of East Jerusalem.
1470:
1272:
1245:
1110:Israelis are allowed to live in
1061:
1050:
1037:
1019:
1003:
990:
977:
964:
945:
932:
918:
905:
891:
878:
860:
848:
835:
822:
721:
687:
654:
602:
566:
529:
489:
447:
413:
7461:from the original on 2022-01-12
7142:from the original on 2018-11-28
6908:from the original on 2023-11-16
6829:from the original on 2023-06-10
6663:from the original on 2010-12-23
6637:from the original on 2014-09-05
6601:from the original on 2018-06-28
6482:from the original on 2017-01-23
6387:Isabel Kershner (9 July 2012).
6212:from the original on 2019-05-12
6040:Israel Yearbook on Human Rights
5973:from the original on 2024-07-21
5903:from the original on 2021-11-17
5767:from the original on 2023-10-09
5708:from the original on 2009-02-25
5633:from the original on 2009-01-11
5619:
5597:
5573:
5554:
5535:
5516:
5482:
5459:
5390:
5362:
5351:from the original on 2022-07-13
5309:
5298:from the original on 2022-03-13
5294:(in Arabic). 13 December 2021.
5280:
5269:from the original on 2022-07-13
5250:
5192:
5159:
5127:
5100:
5084:
5014:Sharon, Jeremy (18 June 2023).
5007:
4975:
4944:
4913:
4902:from the original on 2023-12-07
4884:
4873:from the original on 2020-09-13
4855:
4844:from the original on 2017-10-21
4832:Fisher, Ian (6 February 2017).
4825:
4798:
4741:from the original on 2023-06-09
4723:
4693:
4682:from the original on 2023-11-09
4664:
4623:
4598:
4575:
4566:
4555:from the original on 2011-07-05
4541:
4493:
4460:
4440:
4416:
4391:
4353:
4317:
4291:
4192:
4173:
4154:
4138:from the original on 2024-01-29
4122:
4095:
4084:from the original on 2023-01-25
4066:
4045:
4021:Kifner, John (August 1, 1988).
3954:
3924:
3841:
3804:from the original on 2015-04-15
3779:from the original on 2009-01-21
3773:"Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?"
3728:from the original on 2015-04-15
3630:
3611:
3578:Zarchin, Tomer (July 9, 2012).
3536:from the original on 2021-05-07
3345:from the original on 2021-02-27
3302:
3285:
3265:
3240:
3188:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
3176:
3147:
2935:United Nations General Assembly
2783:United Nations Security Council
1921:United Nations Security Council
1390:until 1984, and later with the
701:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
331:under international law. Under
7668:Occupied Palestinian Territory
7151:Are Israeli settlements legal?
7040:territories on a de jure basis
6940:10.1525/jps.1982.11.2.00p0373x
6280:Gold, Dore (16 January 2002).
6163:"Israeli Military Orders List"
6136:"Israeli Military Orders List"
5876:. Retrieved on August 1, 2013.
5857:. United Nations. 15 July 1999
5408:International Court of Justice
4487:Congressional Research Service
4102:Krämer, Tania (June 4, 2020).
3571:
3518:
3325:
3192:Palestinian National Authority
3182:From May 1994 (signing of the
2892:International Court of Justice
2887:International Court of Justice
2856:International Court of Justice
2781:The official term used by the
2576:Israeli Jewish religious views
2177:international humanitarian law
2158:2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict
2083:International Court of Justice
1986:Palestinian National Authority
1778:International Court of Justice
675:Palestinian National Authority
511:Corpus Separatum for Jerusalem
380:Modern evolution of Palestine
270:International Court of Justice
122:Displacement in East Jerusalem
98:Occupied Palestinian Territory
13:
1:
7445:Robert Tait (9 August 2013).
5674:Lappin, Yaakov (2009-03-26).
3497:Jacob, Sarah (19 July 2024).
3319:
3310:Israel-Hamas war of 2023–2024
3019:2012 UN report on settlements
2950:include the violation of the
2383:Israeli High Court of Justice
2090:unilateral disengagement plan
2018:
1861:map of the area, showing the
1731:", large portions of Israeli
1609:
313:its blockade of the territory
282:Israel as the occupying power
115:Enclaves within the West Bank
7693:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
7688:Israeli-occupied territories
7480:Berg, Raffi (19 July 2024).
7380:Barak Ravid (16 July 2013).
7323:Barak Ravid (16 July 2013).
6928:Journal of Palestine Studies
6589:Rory McCarthy (2009-03-07).
6418:Lahav Harkov (9 July 2012).
3401:. 2012-12-01. Archived from
3038:International Criminal Court
2962:International law violations
2494:(green) and Israeli control.
1717:Palestinians and Israeli law
1648:
1601:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1461:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
808:
805:
802:
799:
793:
786:
586:Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip
263:Israeli Civil Administration
247:Israeli Military Governorate
76:Israeli-occupied territories
18:Israeli occupied territories
7:
6806:10.1163/22116141_022010_002
6655:Sandoz, Yves (1998-12-31).
6192:, Israel L. Rev. 279 (1968)
6125:. United Nations. June 2005
5700:Younis, Khan (2009-01-22).
5257:Koren, David (2018-09-13).
5045:Sessions of the Arab League
4422:Ravid, Barak. (2008-04-02)
4299:"Syria's acceptance of 338"
4248:Yediot Ahronoth/Hemed Books
3125:List of Israeli settlements
3103:
2206:and Israeli raids, such as
2081:A July 2004 opinion of the
1827:took charge of most of the
1380:South Lebanon Security Belt
582:Jordanian-annexed West Bank
421:1916–1922 various proposals
318:
150:Southern Lebanon occupation
10:
7714:
7169:. SUNY Press. p. 99.
6478:. Jewish Virtual Library.
4437:. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
2965:
2652:, especially the books of
2610:and to certain streams of
2579:
2337:Israeli judicial decisions
2265:
2204:Palestinian rocket attacks
2022:
1951:once had theirs in nearby
1838:
1662:
1652:
1598:
1474:
1249:
1206:
960:Currently administrated by
813:2023 – ongoing (portions)
769:(excluding East Jerusalem)
715:of the West Bank and Gaza.
509:. The proposal included a
155:Sinai Peninsula occupation
6003:The Occupation of Justice
5292:شبكة فلسطين للأنباء – شفا
4151:Reporting by Aya Ibrahim.
3771:Levs, Josh (2009-01-06).
2844:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
2557:, usually referred to as
2448:Israeli West Bank barrier
2262:Views on terminology used
2104:Strip's border with Egypt
2065:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
2043:1949 Armistice Agreements
1763:Israeli West Bank barrier
1698:1949 Armistice Agreements
1566:Madrid Conference of 1991
1551:Middle East peace process
1235:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
296:has ruled that Israel is
251:Egypt–Israel peace treaty
163:
142:
83:
7096:Retrieved on 2012-07-30.
6501:"Judaism is not Zionism"
6042:. Volume 9, 1979, p. 349
5656:January 9, 2009, at the
5629:. BBC News. 2008-12-22.
5345:The Washington Institute
3273:emergency authorizations
3140:
3053:Following a decision by
2982:Fourth Geneva Convention
2817:Fourth Geneva Convention
2543:Fourth Geneva Convention
2054:All-Palestine Government
1676:(blue), the part of the
1453:Prime Minister of Israel
610:1967 territorial changes
588:(dark green), after the
345:Fourth Geneva Convention
171:Jordan Valley annexation
91:Golan Heights occupation
7163:David Kretzmer (2002).
6633:. Knesset. 2008-08-05.
6368:"The Geneva Convention"
6231:Israel: Supreme Court.
6206:"The Geneva Convention"
5678:. JPost. Archived from
5107:Korman, Sharon (2005).
4763:March 10, 2012, at the
4200:Frank Thompson (1978).
3248:Al-Aqsa Mosque compound
3186:) through August 2005 (
2905:signs the proclamation
2400:Supreme Court of Israel
2385:determined in the 1979
2343:Supreme Court of Israel
2306:The Israeli government
2210:continued into 2008. A
2173:Palestinian territories
1915:, which was declared a
1605:Palestinian territories
1595:Palestinian territories
713:Palestinian territories
709:Hamas electoral victory
360:Palestinian territories
351:until the signing of a
294:Supreme Court of Israel
192:Palestinian territories
7422:: 9–11. 19 July 2013.
6886:(3): 1072–1073, 1085.
5867:Jewish virtual library
5479:, 22 January 22, 2008.
4473:public domain material
3308:In the context of the
3250:within East Jerusalem.
3184:Gaza–Jericho Agreement
3072:
3000:
2910:
2668:to the descendants of
2603:
2495:
2450:
2428:
2378:
2363:
2299:
2258:
2118:
2034:
1957:United States Congress
1874:1947 UN Partition Plan
1866:
1850:
1821:new Israeli government
1819:In February 2023, the
1801:
1796:Israeli settlement of
1744:Palestinian population
1681:
1665:Judea and Samaria Area
1490:
1364:Israeli Defense Forces
1343:
1120:Judea and Samaria Area
733:The map indicates the
632:annexed East Jerusalem
435:Paris Peace Conference
300:. However, successive
41:
7656:, Garnet Publishing.
7652:Howell, Mark (2007).
6874:Imseis, Ardi (2020).
6787:Wilde, Ralph (2021).
6329:The Accidental Empire
6235:. UNHCR. p. 14.
5020:www.timesofisrael.com
4661:Retrieved 2007-04-16.
4288:. BBC. 30 August 2011
4279:Golan Heights profile
3997:Address to the Nation
3722:Amnesty International
3067:
2990:
2976:The establishment of
2900:
2848:Palestinian Authority
2593:
2485:
2446:
2419:
2369:
2357:
2294:
2266:Further information:
2248:
2196:Battle of Gaza (2007)
2167:on "the situation of
2112:
2076:Palestinian Authority
2033:Map of the Gaza Strip
2032:
2009:Palestinian evictions
1961:Jerusalem Embassy Act
1889:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1856:
1849:East Jerusalem zoning
1848:
1795:
1752:Palestinian Authority
1742:of 1993, most of the
1672:
1635:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1631:fled or were expelled
1562:Syria–Israel conflict
1484:
1337:
1178:No; evacuated in 1982
1143:Formerly part of the
630:). In 1980–81 Israel
590:1948 Arab–Israeli War
507:1948 Arab–Israeli War
455:1937 British proposal
427:Sykes–Picot Agreement
127:Gaza Strip occupation
35:
7585:Agence France-Presse
6893:10.1093/ejil/chaa055
6773:5 March 2011 at the
6689:on 25 September 2012
6306:Gorenberg, Gershom,
5594:, December 27, 2008.
4898:. 27 February 2023.
4305:on February 14, 2007
3936:Israel National News
3373:on 24 September 2015
3229:at the mouth of the
2941:. Michael Lynk, the
2637:, also known as the
2490:, May 2021, showing
2331:through negotiations
2312:disputed territories
2208:Operation Hot Winter
2058:United Arab Republic
1829:Civil Administration
1493:Israel captured the
1449:election in May 1999
1413:(UN) forces and the
1403:took over daily life
1296:improve this section
1213:Israel captured the
1087:Yes, as part of the
679:Palestinian enclaves
622:, together with the
594:1949 armistice lines
575:1949 armistice lines
431:Zionist Organization
176:West Bank annexation
110:Oslo II Accord areas
105:West Bank occupation
7454:The Daily Telegraph
7238:, January 31, 2013.
6310:, Macmillan, 2006,
6208:. BBC. 2009-12-10.
6005:, by David Kretzmer
5822:on November 3, 2004
5321:www.israelhayom.com
4926:The Times of Israel
4678:. 2 February 2023.
4652:on October 28, 2005
4080:. 24 January 2023.
3530:The Times of Israel
3169:The border town of
3059:European Commission
2978:Israeli settlements
2864:UN Security Council
2860:UN General Assembly
2777:International views
2742:, and possibly the
2348:Hague IV Convention
2226:On 7 October 2023,
2212:six month ceasefire
2152:The United Nations
1887:However, after the
1771:1949 Armistice line
1727:). As a result of "
1725:Palestinian economy
1696:and Pakistan. (see
1578:Israeli citizenship
1547:UNSC Resolution 497
1539:UN Security Council
1507:UNSC Resolution 242
1447:Before the Israeli
1174:Israeli settlements
1118:, as a part of the
517:as an Arab exclave.
439:Mandatory Palestine
364:Israeli settlements
302:Israeli governments
278:UN Security Council
274:UN General Assembly
132:Gaza Strip blockade
7645:2005-10-30 at the
7628:2011-07-09 at the
7274:2019-06-10 at the
7253:2017-03-03 at the
7228:2020-08-01 at the
7221:Harriet Sherwood,
7209:2012-05-05 at the
7118:2015-04-08 at the
7092:2015-09-24 at the
7057:The Journal Online
6970:Middle East Report
6754:2008-04-30 at the
6733:2009-08-11 at the
6714:2016-03-04 at the
6576:2019-06-28 at the
6555:2006-09-28 at the
6424:The Jerusalem Post
6393:The New York Times
6373:2006-02-13 at the
6354:2023-04-19 at the
6263:2009-09-27 at the
6116:on October 5, 2008
6076:2005-12-24 at the
6057:2008-11-21 at the
6023:2016-01-13 at the
5997:2023-04-25 at the
5872:2016-03-04 at the
5792:. 9 October 2023.
5733:. 7 October 2023.
5616:, January 5, 2009.
5609:2010-06-09 at the
5586:2008-12-29 at the
5566:2012-02-06 at the
5547:2008-10-15 at the
5528:2008-11-01 at the
5494:Human Rights Watch
5471:2011-10-26 at the
5429:2010-06-21 at the
5402:2014-08-25 at the
5204:2018-05-17 at the
5143:. 18 August 2006.
5050:2016-03-04 at the
4637:. ISSN 0015-7120.
4454:2018-11-18 at the
4429:2012-11-03 at the
4403:2012-11-02 at the
4384:2006-08-21 at the
4365:2019-06-28 at the
4284:2009-01-31 at the
4253:2021-02-27 at the
4233:2008-03-21 at the
4185:2006-03-01 at the
4027:The New York Times
4002:2019-07-22 at the
3938:. 9 January 2016.
3918:2013-03-12 at the
3899:2013-10-19 at the
3877:2010-12-03 at the
3853:2009-01-23 at the
3754:2008-10-15 at the
3642:2011-07-09 at the
3623:2022-05-17 at the
3564:2022-09-13 at the
3001:
2956:self-determination
2911:
2876:Geneva Conventions
2803:2015-04-04 at the
2792:2015-05-17 at the
2728:Israelite kingdoms
2686:Biblical covenants
2639:Children of Israel
2604:
2569:Binyamin Netanyahu
2496:
2451:
2437:Geneva Conventions
2415:Gaza disengagement
2398:argued before the
2395:Military necessity
2379:
2364:
2259:
2142:Human Rights Watch
2134:Human Rights Watch
2119:
2035:
1996:. 9% would prefer
1994:State of Palestine
1990:two-state solution
1867:
1863:Israeli occupation
1851:
1802:
1682:
1491:
1407:Free Lebanon State
1396:South Lebanon Army
1384:Free Lebanon State
1376:Lebanese Civil War
1360:South Lebanon Army
1344:
1256:Free Lebanon State
1136:territorial waters
1124:Yes, as undivided
584:(light green) and
552:. White is either
368:Geneva Conventions
362:and as to whether
335:there are certain
325:occupied territory
42:
7662:978-1-85964-195-8
7176:978-0-7914-5337-7
7138:. November 2007.
7077:978-90-411-1304-7
6316:978-0-8050-7564-9
5899:. July 12, 2011.
5496:. June 14, 2022.
5370:Kingsley, Patrick
5120:978-0-19-828007-1
5094:, April 17, 1950—
4676:Los Angeles Times
4640:"Amherst College"
4522:978-1-107-15652-4
4343:978-0-87609-105-0
4263:978-965-511-597-0
4213:978-0-16-058935-5
4169:978-0-8156-2340-3
4134:(News). DW News.
3437:978-0-7923-2893-3
3115:Israeli apartheid
3042:Geneva convention
2997:Shireen Abu Akleh
2828:Golan Heights Law
2740:Hasmonean Kingdom
2711:Deuteronomy 11:24
2680:, descendants of
2660:, as well as the
2633:) belongs to the
2608:Religious Zionism
2523:international law
2499:Gershom Gorenberg
2404:Hague Conventions
2372:West Bank Barrier
2277:Palestinian views
2100:Philadelphi Route
1782:international law
1616:Mandate Palestine
1541:has rejected the
1531:Golan Heights Law
1368:Free Lebanon Army
1366:(IDF) and allied
1332:
1331:
1324:
1200:
1199:
1195:evacuated in 2005
1095:Golan Heights Law
1089:Northern District
784:Occupation period
636:the Golan Heights
501:Proposal per the
333:international law
190:has occupied the
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
7705:
7622:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7587:. 19 July 2024.
7571:
7565:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7477:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7450:
7442:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7320:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7290:
7279:
7264:
7258:
7245:
7239:
7219:
7213:
7197:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7160:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7147:
7128:
7122:
7106:
7097:
7085:
7079:
7066:
7060:
7049:
7043:
7042:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6895:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
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6808:
6784:
6778:
6765:
6759:
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6724:
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6698:
6696:
6694:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6652:
6646:
6645:
6643:
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6627:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6586:
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6538:
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6435:
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6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6384:
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6365:
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6346:
6340:
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6319:
6304:
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6297:
6295:
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6246:
6244:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6202:
6193:
6186:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6169:on June 22, 2006
6165:. Archived from
6159:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6142:on June 22, 2006
6138:. Archived from
6132:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6112:. Archived from
6106:
6100:
6087:
6081:
6068:
6062:
6049:
6043:
6034:
6028:
6015:
6006:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5883:
5877:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5844:. Archived from
5838:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5818:. Archived from
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5790:Business Insider
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5753:
5747:
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5744:
5742:
5723:
5717:
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5691:
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5533:
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5248:
5247:
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5243:
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5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5104:
5098:
5096:scan as PDF file
5092:House of Commons
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5069:. Archived from
5061:
5055:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4991:. 21 June 2023.
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
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4942:
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4853:
4852:
4850:
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4829:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4809:. Archived from
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4783:. Archived from
4773:
4767:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4707:. 18 June 2023.
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4645:. Archived from
4644:
4635:10.2307/20033902
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4602:
4596:
4595:, July 10, 2004.
4579:
4573:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
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4464:
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4414:
4413:1 September 2005
4395:
4389:
4376:
4370:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4331:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4301:. Archived from
4295:
4289:
4276:
4265:
4239:Yedioth Ahronoth
4237:, the newspaper
4224:
4218:
4217:
4196:
4190:
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3814:
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3095:2024 ICJ opinion
2915:Advisory Opinion
2878:that constitute
2753:A small sect of
2736:Herodian Kingdom
2732:Bar Kokhba state
2721:Ezekiel 47:13–20
2696:Genesis 15:18–21
2672:through his son
2625:
2624:אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל
2612:Orthodox Judaism
2600:Ezekiel 47:13–20
2511:Israeli Cabinets
2408:separation fence
2200:blockade on Gaza
1825:Bezalel Smotrich
1800:in the West Bank
1419:Operation Litani
1356:1982 Lebanon War
1340:southern Lebanon
1338:Israeli tank in
1327:
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1252:Southern Lebanon
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417:
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339:, including the
208:southern Lebanon
77:
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36:Map showing the
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7051:Gerald M Adler
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2794:Wayback Machine
2779:
2767:State of Israel
2748:State of Israel
2716:Deuteronomy 1:7
2706:Numbers 34:1–15
2701:Exodus 23:28–33
2596:Numbers 34:1–15
2588:
2580:Main articles:
2578:
2537:" rather than "
2433:
2358:The settlement
2339:
2323:Jewish presence
2304:
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2264:
2027:
2021:
1843:
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1667:
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1653:Main articles:
1651:
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1599:Main articles:
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1250:Main articles:
1248:
1215:Sinai Peninsula
1211:
1205:
1203:Sinai Peninsula
1155:Southern half:
1145:British Mandate
1092:
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1038:
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955:(1947–present)
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735:ethnic majority
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329:occupying power
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204:Sinai Peninsula
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7623:" by Dore Gold
7616:
7608:
7607:External links
7605:
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6507:on 2007-04-15.
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6288:on 9 July 2011
6269:
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6096:2005-10-28 at
6082:
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6037:Yoram Dinstein
6029:
6007:
5983:
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5878:
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5807:
5777:
5763:. 2023-10-09.
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5596:
5579:Richard Falk,
5572:
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5412:
5389:
5379:New York Times
5372:(7 May 2021).
5361:
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4838:New York Times
4824:
4797:
4787:on 25 May 2012
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4597:
4587:2012-07-30 at
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4242:on to publish
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3724:. 2009-01-19.
3706:
3689:United Nations
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2991:Protestors in
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2778:
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2724:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2627:ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl
2616:Land of Israel
2586:Greater Israel
2582:Land of Israel
2577:
2574:
2547:Yoram Dinstein
2432:
2429:
2338:
2335:
2327:biblical times
2303:
2300:
2278:
2275:
2263:
2260:
2254:remote sensing
2232:a major attack
2189:Israel Project
2138:United Nations
2115:First Intifada
2023:Main article:
2020:
2017:
1953:Mevaseret Zion
1924:Resolution 478
1897:East Jerusalem
1859:United Nations
1841:East Jerusalem
1839:Main article:
1836:
1835:East Jerusalem
1833:
1810:Regulation Law
1713:infrastructure
1694:United Kingdom
1650:
1647:
1611:
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1596:
1593:
1570:Hafez Al-Assad
1558:land for peace
1545:annexation in
1519:Yom Kippur War
1475:Main article:
1472:
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1411:United Nations
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928:(1947–present)
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707:following the
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664:Oslo II Accord
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628:Yom Kippur War
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7460:
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7407:
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7110:
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7058:
7054:
7048:
7041:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7003:Roberts, Adam
6998:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6966:Falk, Richard
6961:
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6554:
6551:
6546:
6527:
6520:
6514:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6457:on 2013-12-03
6456:
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6425:
6421:
6414:
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6390:
6383:
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6019:
6014:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5987:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5959:The Economist
5956:
5950:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5882:
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5871:
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5863:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5821:
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5811:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5682:on 2011-05-11
5681:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5615:
5614:Democracy Now
5612:
5608:
5605:
5600:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5582:
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5565:
5562:
5557:
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5455:
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5436:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5393:
5385:
5382:. Jerusalem.
5381:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5211:, 14 May 2018
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5162:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5087:
5073:on 2011-10-02
5072:
5068:
5060:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5010:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4813:on 2013-10-29
4812:
4808:
4801:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4740:
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4726:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4612:on 2012-05-05
4611:
4607:
4601:
4594:
4590:
4589:archive.today
4586:
4583:
4578:
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4554:
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4399:
4394:
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4380:
4375:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4320:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4209:
4205:
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4195:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4166:
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4157:
4148:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3830:on 2015-02-19
3829:
3825:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3695:on 8 May 2012
3694:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3663:on 2015-02-19
3662:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3506:
3505:
3504:BNN Bloomberg
3500:
3493:
3491:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3405:on 2017-10-10
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3231:Gulf of Aqaba
3228:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3089:
3088:Hanan Ashrawi
3084:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2885:In 1986, the
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:United States
2829:
2825:
2824:Jerusalem Law
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:Neturei Karta
2756:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:Eretz Yisrael
2628:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2503:Theodor Meron
2500:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2325:beginning in
2324:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2302:Israeli views
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2269:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2181:Democracy Now
2178:
2175:" wrote that
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2013:Sheikh Jarrah
2010:
2006:
2003:In May 2021,
2001:
2000:citizenship.
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:Jerusalem Law
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1865:arrangements.
1864:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:In 2004, the
1774:
1772:
1768:
1765:, within the
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Golan Heights
1488:
1487:Golan Heights
1483:
1478:
1477:Golan Heights
1471:Golan Heights
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1323:
1315:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1281:This section
1279:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:South Lebanon
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:Jerusalem Law
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1029:(Areas B and
1028:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:
988:
986:
975:
973:
962:
959:
958:
954:
941:
930:
927:
914:
903:
900:
887:
876:
873:
869:
857:
846:
844:
833:
831:
820:
817:
816:
797:
791:
783:
782:
779:
776:
774:
771:
767:
764:
762:
761:Golan Heights
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:
736:
730:
724:
714:
710:
706:
702:
696:
690:
680:
676:
672:
666:
665:
657:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Golan Heights
617:
611:
605:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
576:
569:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
532:
516:
512:
508:
504:
498:
492:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
456:
450:
440:
436:
432:
428:
422:
416:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
383:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
316:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:controlled by
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:Golan Heights
193:
189:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
162:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
145:
141:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
123:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
78:
69:
64:
62:
57:
55:
50:
49:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
7653:
7593:. Retrieved
7578:
7569:
7557:. Retrieved
7546:
7536:
7524:. Retrieved
7520:The Guardian
7518:
7508:
7496:. Retrieved
7485:
7475:
7463:. Retrieved
7452:
7440:
7428:. Retrieved
7419:
7415:
7406:
7394:. Retrieved
7388:. Tel Aviv.
7385:
7375:
7363:. Retrieved
7349:
7337:. Retrieved
7331:. Tel Aviv.
7328:
7303:. Retrieved
7299:The Guardian
7298:
7262:
7243:
7235:The Guardian
7233:
7217:
7199:
7180:. Retrieved
7165:
7158:
7150:
7144:. Retrieved
7126:
7108:
7083:
7068:
7064:
7056:
7047:
7038:
7010:
7006:
6997:
6989:
6969:
6960:
6951:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6910:. Retrieved
6883:
6879:
6869:
6857:. Retrieved
6842:
6831:. Retrieved
6796:
6792:
6782:
6763:
6722:
6703:
6691:. Retrieved
6687:the original
6677:
6665:. Retrieved
6650:
6639:. Retrieved
6625:
6614:
6603:. Retrieved
6595:The Guardian
6594:
6584:
6564:
6545:
6533:. Retrieved
6513:
6505:the original
6495:
6484:. Retrieved
6470:
6459:. Retrieved
6455:the original
6444:
6432:. Retrieved
6423:
6413:
6401:. Retrieved
6392:
6382:
6363:
6344:
6335:
6328:
6323:
6307:
6302:
6290:. Retrieved
6286:the original
6253:
6241:. Retrieved
6226:
6214:. Retrieved
6184:
6171:. Retrieved
6167:the original
6157:
6144:. Retrieved
6140:the original
6130:
6118:. Retrieved
6114:the original
6104:
6085:
6066:
6061:(RTF format)
6047:
6032:
5986:
5975:. Retrieved
5958:
5949:
5939:26 September
5937:. Retrieved
5926:
5917:
5907:26 September
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6667:26 December
6449:N.S. Gill.
5831:. alhaq.org
5504:October 19,
5422:Dore Gold,
5242:25 November
5173:Arutz Sheva
5140:Arutz Sheva
4379:Golan Facts
4348:0876091052.
4037:February 9,
3276: [
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2676:and to the
2565:Edmund Levy
2560:Levy Report
2492:Palestinian
2486:Map of the
2126:Tzipi Livni
1966:Embassy Act
1959:passed the
1941:El Salvador
1911:passed the
1905:Six-Day War
1798:Neve Daniel
1729:Enclave law
1503:Six-Day War
1485:Map of the
1354:during the
1223:Six-Day War
1112:settlements
942:(1949–1979)
915:(1949–1988)
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616:Six-Day War
614:During the
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280:all regard
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6641:2015-02-20
6605:2009-03-08
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6120:2006-09-11
6098:Archive-It
5977:2024-07-22
5852:2017-04-15
5826:2006-04-02
5800:10 October
5771:2023-10-10
5761:Al Jazeera
5712:2009-02-17
5686:2009-03-26
5637:2009-01-23
5355:2022-07-13
5326:2022-04-30
5302:2022-04-30
5273:2022-07-13
5077:2011-11-26
5030:10 October
4999:10 October
4967:10 October
4936:10 October
4906:2023-10-10
4877:2020-09-26
4848:2017-02-06
4817:2014-09-27
4791:2012-08-13
4745:2023-10-10
4715:10 October
4705:Al-Jazeera
4686:2023-10-10
4656:2013-08-18
4616:2012-08-13
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4309:2017-04-15
4142:2024-01-30
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3834:2015-01-24
3783:2009-05-30
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3667:2015-01-24
3540:2014-01-06
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3409:2012-04-29
3377:2012-04-29
3349:2018-08-27
3320:References
3293:Allon Plan
2966:See also:
2939:as illegal
2901:President
2809:465 (1980)
2798:452 (1979)
2787:446 (1979)
2757:Jews, the
2678:Israelites
2645:passages.
2473:Gaza Strip
2387:Elon Moreh
2360:Elon Moreh
2095:Gush Katif
2070:Since the
2025:Gaza Strip
2019:Gaza Strip
1937:Costa Rica
1882:referendum
1786:Ehud Barak
1738:Since the
1702:Green Line
1688:, but the
1663:See also:
1610:Background
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1312:April 2023
1227:Gaza Strip
1157:until 1923
818:Claimed by
809:1956–1957,
794:1948–1949,
787:1956–1957,
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669:Under the
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372:war crimes
349:status quo
276:, and the
261:under the
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212:Gaza Strip
198:since the
143:Historical
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7465:12 August
7430:12 August
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2880:war crime
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2469:West Bank
2308:maintains
2230:launched
1998:Jordanian
1917:Basic Law
1895:captured
1878:Bethlehem
1870:Jerusalem
1767:West Bank
1733:civil law
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1659:West Bank
1649:West Bank
1465:Blue Line
1442:Marjayoun
1430:Maronites
1283:does not
1172:Contains
1126:Jerusalem
953:Palestine
926:Palestine
899:Palestine
868:Hezbollah
811:1967–2005
796:1982–2000
790:1967–1982
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469:Bethlehem
465:Jerusalem
255:West Bank
238:, is the
222:West Bank
7643:Archived
7626:Archived
7589:Archived
7580:Barron's
7559:July 22,
7553:Archived
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7492:Archived
7487:BBC News
7459:Archived
7424:Archived
7390:Archived
7359:Archived
7333:Archived
7301:. London
7272:Archived
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7226:Archived
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5731:BBC News
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2217:Gaza War
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1933:Tel Aviv
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