7247:
709:
young people. Obviously, there are innumerable decisions to be made as to what courses should be taught, what books should be purchased, or what teachers should be employed.... In the very course of administering the many-faceted operations of a school district, the mere decision to purchase some books will necessarily preclude the possibility of purchasing others.... In each of these instances, however, the book or the exposure to the subject matter may be acquired elsewhere. The managers of the school district are not proscribing it as to the citizenry in general, but are simply determining that it will not be included in the curriculum or school library.
31:
318:
7271:
7283:
1207:
643:
law are made by the
District Court, that may end the case. If, for example, the District Court concludes after a trial that the books were removed for their vulgarity, there may be no appeal. In any event, if there is an appeal, if there is dissatisfaction with the subsequent Court of Appeals' judgment, and if certiorari is sought and granted, there will be time enough to address the First Amendment issues that may then be presented."
7259:
714:
high school setting, which I find wholly unsupported by our past decisions and inconsistent with the necessarily selective process of elementary and secondary education." He considered education to consist of selective presentation and explanation of ideas and that the right to receive information doctrine is improperly placed in elementary and secondary education.
417:, rejecting recommendations of a committee of parents and school staff that it had appointed, ordered that certain books, which the Board characterized as "anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Semtic, and just plain filthy," be removed from high school and junior high school libraries. Respondent students then brought this action for declaratory and
668:
Presumably all activity within a primary or secondary school involves the conveyance of information and at least an implied approval of the worth of that information. How are "fundamental values" to be inculcated except by having school boards make content-based decisions about the appropriateness of
663:
Writing about the plurality opinion, Burger stated, "Were this to become the law, this Court would come perilously close to becoming a 'super censor' of school board library decisions." Justice Burger disagreed with the plurality's view that students have an enforceable right to receive information
713:
He also took issue with the plurality's decision to find the "right to receive information" as an inherent corollary of the rights of free speech and of the press, which are guaranteed by the First
Amendment: "It is the very existence of a right to receive information, in the junior high school and
642:
Rather, he rejected the plurality's decision to speak about "the extent to which the First
Amendment limits the discretion of the school board to remove books from the school library," and he concluded that there was "no necessity for doing so at this point. When findings of fact and conclusions of
615:
As noted earlier, nothing in our decision today affects in any way the discretion of a local school board to choose books to add to the libraries of their schools. Because we are concerned in this case with the suppression of ideas, our holding today affects only the discretion to remove books. In
722:
In a very short dissenting opinion, Justice O'Connor found the school board to take on a special role as educator. She considered educational decisions such as suitable material to be properly relegated to the elected members of the school board: "If the school board can set the curriculum, select
708:
With these differentiated roles of government in mind, it is helpful to assess the role of government as educator as compared with the role of government as sovereign. When it acts as an educator... the government is engaged in inculcating social values and knowledge in relatively impressionable
673:
express its views on the subjects which are taught to its students. In doing so those elected officials express the views of their community; they may err, of course, and the voters may remove them. It is a startling erosion of the very idea of democratic government to have this Court arrogate to
384:
student) who, according to oral argument, were 17, 16, 15, 14, and 13 years old at the time of the removal of the books, led by Steven Pico, filed a lawsuit against the school board by claiming a violation of First
Amendment rights. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New
700:
Justice
Rehnquist's dissenting opinion first focused on the procedural posture of the case and disagreed with the approach taken by the plurality opinion: "I entirely disagree with Justice Brennan's treatment of the constitutional issue, I also disagree with his opinion for the entirely separate
691:
Justice Powell's dissenting opinion reflected his belief that "the States and locally elected school boards should have the responsibility for determining the educational policy for the public schools." He believed that school boards were "uniquely local and democratic institutions" and that the
376:
In
September 1975, the Island Trees Board of Education received a list of books deemed inappropriate by Parents of New York United. The board temporarily removed the books from school libraries and formed a committee to review the list. The committee found that five of the nine books should be
682:
a book is less 'official suppression' than the decision not to acquire a book desired by someone." He ended, "I categorically reject this notion that the
Constitution dictates that judges, rather than parents, teachers, and local school boards, must determine how the standards of morality and
629:
Justice
Blackmun, concurring, concluded that a proper balance between the limited constitutional restriction imposed on school officials by the First Amendment and the broad state authority to regulate education would be struck by holding that school officials may not remove books from school
5580:
654:
Chief
Justice Burger filed a dissenting opinion in which Justices Powell, Rehnquist, and O'Connor joined. Justices Powell and O'Connor each filed an additional dissenting opinion. Justice Rehnquist filed a dissenting opinion in which Chief Justice Burger and Justice Powell joined.
616:
brief, we hold that local school boards may not remove books from school library shelves simply because they dislike the ideas contained in those books and seek by their removal to "prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion."
638:
Justice White provided the necessary fifth vote for the outcome, which was to allow the case to proceed in the lower court. However, his reasoning was different from that of the plurality and of
Justice Blackmun, and he expressly refused to opine on the First Amendment question.
2312:
723:
teachers, and determine initially what books to purchase for the school library, it surely can decide which books to discontinue or remove from the school library so long as it does not also interfere with the right of students to read the material and discuss it."
692:
school boards were in the best position to decide what educational policy decisions should be made in their school district. He closed his dissenting opinion by calling the plurality's decision "a debilitating encroachment upon the institutions of a free people".
5548:
5636:
5303:
2702:
2904:
1901:
5628:
1981:
7069:
4352:
7202:
2336:
6655:
5700:
608:). Brennan also reasoned that the First Amendment protects not only the right to express ideas but also the right to receive them. The First Amendment, in this case, included the right to read library books of the student's choosing.
5692:
4360:
2758:
2379:
1989:
1802:
1869:
2422:
425:
against the Board and petitioner Board members, alleging that the Board's actions had denied respondents their rights under the First Amendment. The District Court granted summary judgment in petitioners' favor. The
2296:
358:. Four Justices ruled that it was unconstitutional, four Justices concluded the contrary (with perhaps a few minor exceptions), and one Justice concluded that the court need not decide the question on the merits.
5620:
4558:
5098:
362:
was the first Supreme Court case to consider the right to receive information in a library setting under the First Amendment, but the court's fractured plurality decision left the scope of this right unclear.
5194:
5050:
2766:
2505:
1941:
630:
libraries for the purpose of restricting access to the political perspectives or social ideas discussed in the books when that action is motivated simply by the officials' disapproval of the ideas involved.
1957:
6962:
4190:
2790:
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5660:
4606:
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5516:
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5803:
5532:
5319:
3559:
5827:
5572:
4526:
3583:
7037:
5787:
5436:
4344:
2005:
5540:
5524:
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1778:
472:
5644:
5295:
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4336:
1524:
7122:
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5492:
5460:
5396:
5279:
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4441:
2513:
2320:
2037:
664:
and ideas that are contained in junior and senior high school library books: "o such right... has ever been recognized." Discussing the role and obligation of school boards, he stated:
2710:
611:
Brennan concluded the plurality opinion by noting that the court's holding was narrowly limited to the extent of the school board's authority to remove books from the school library:
3679:
5364:
4494:
1309:
7021:
5508:
2940:
1973:
1845:
7318:
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6938:
5684:
5122:
5106:
4959:
4951:
4449:
2229:
6647:
5939:
2654:
5596:
5500:
5034:
4433:
4026:
2352:
602:
Justice Brennan noted the Court had previously held that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate" (
6540:
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4457:
2021:
1468:
6201:
4614:
4518:
4198:
3655:
3317:
2798:
6220:
4730:
4722:
678:
He also disagreed with the plurality's distinction between acquisition decisions and removal decisions of the library: "It does not follow that the decision to
5484:
5311:
4761:
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3152:
1893:
1341:
535:
389:
in favor of the school board, citing the discretion given to a school board's authority in terms of its political philosophy. The judgment was challenged and
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5740:
4018:
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1701:
1222:
981:
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331:
130:
122:
72:
7308:
7162:
7053:
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6126:
6022:
5452:
2984:
2237:
1933:
7114:
7013:
6789:
6367:
5564:
5404:
5042:
4690:
2993:
2489:
1949:
7333:
7323:
5223:
5090:
4883:
4401:
3623:
2859:
2782:
2077:
1965:
1560:
1460:
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5875:
5795:
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4328:
4246:
1717:
1642:
1443:
1440:
1360:
513:
339:
309:
148:
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3994:
2178:
1925:
1909:
1749:
1508:
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2912:
2344:
540:
6174:
5476:
4102:
1770:
7343:
7338:
6391:
5356:
4630:
3591:
2029:
1242:
6881:
6797:
6479:
6046:
4822:
4206:
3893:
3703:
6690:
6228:
6081:
5588:
3711:
2806:
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2194:
1428:
1420:
7313:
5676:
5412:
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3647:
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3631:
1693:
1598:
1334:
6383:
6285:
5779:
4706:
4534:
4182:
3543:
3511:
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2085:
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3407:
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1633:
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414:
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1500:
1452:
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3575:
2726:
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1582:
1516:
1327:
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1548:
976:
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4368:
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2138:
1388:
942:
704:
He found a distinction between the actions of the government as educator and the actions of the government as sovereign:
6612:
6109:
4550:
3789:
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2438:
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1794:
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As a consequence, the Justices split 4–4 on the First Amendment question and so no precedent was set for future cases.
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35:
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retaining materials in the school library and curriculum. In order to fulfill its function, an elected school board
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5604:
4919:
4166:
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2481:
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1319:
54:
Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26, et al. v. Pico, by his next friend Pico, et al.
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5002:
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2114:
1810:
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427:
851:
107:
6986:
5963:
5468:
5420:
5263:
5146:
4846:
4753:
3970:
3797:
1853:
1725:
6865:
6351:
6006:
4174:
4071:
3962:
3925:
3204:
2774:
1626:
1278:
1180:
873:
118:
7106:
6752:
6588:
6548:
4793:
4222:
4118:
3869:
3463:
3390:
3277:
3226:
2718:
2261:
1590:
7237:
6639:
5979:
5708:
4465:
4002:
3325:
3301:
1741:
587:
announced the judgment of the Court affirming the Court of Appeals and delivered an opinion joined by
7138:
6495:
6343:
6327:
4134:
3687:
3471:
2558:
1260:
7251:
6849:
6434:
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3917:
3695:
3479:
3439:
3234:
3209:
3165:
3096:
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2061:
1818:
1540:
390:
6556:
6516:
5239:
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4010:
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3370:
3269:
3185:
3144:
3112:
3081:
2598:
2574:
1619:
584:
507:
461:
1269:
6471:
5923:
4896:
4094:
3399:
3378:
3354:
3160:
2638:
1574:
1310:
Interview with Barbara Bernstein on the Pico Case - Supreme Court and School Library Censorship
234:
190:
561:
was removed from the Junior High School library because it contained the 1729 satirical essay
6311:
6073:
5202:
3415:
3128:
3104:
2887:
2742:
1563:
1226:
985:
785:
134:
64:
1251:
1158:
7353:
7275:
5287:
5231:
5114:
4502:
4126:
4110:
3885:
3809:
3527:
3495:
2622:
2546:
2170:
2146:
1885:
1656:
1300:
988:
491:
8:
6760:
6731:
6671:
6166:
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5066:
5010:
4262:
4158:
3877:
3431:
3423:
3309:
3180:
2414:
1826:
1611:
583:
No single opinion commanded a majority of the Court or announced any legal binding rule.
439:
351:
214:
160:
79:
1233:
422:
6970:
6900:
6781:
6706:
6463:
6418:
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5971:
5899:
5444:
4967:
4838:
4150:
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3813:
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3455:
3293:
3120:
3009:
2686:
2670:
2662:
2646:
2457:
2430:
2380:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2162:
2045:
1990:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1709:
1532:
1404:
788:
524:
444:
7178:
6580:
6319:
5955:
5732:
5339:
5166:
5018:
4777:
4742:
4417:
4283:
4230:
4214:
3941:
3663:
3599:
3519:
3362:
3260:
2497:
2122:
2053:
2013:
1877:
1685:
1677:
1372:
895:
826:
592:
588:
563:
546:
418:
317:
226:
222:
202:
1349:
599:. Justice Blackmun filed an opinion concurring in part and concurring the judgment.
7154:
6857:
6236:
6118:
6065:
6014:
5998:
5883:
5771:
5581:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
5247:
5058:
4698:
4384:
4254:
4142:
3909:
3333:
2972:
2956:
2814:
2694:
2630:
2590:
2465:
1997:
1733:
596:
529:
386:
377:
returned, but the board overruled the decision and returned only two of the books.
182:
557:
The first nine titles above were removed from shelves of the High School library;
67:
7130:
6873:
6399:
6335:
6297:
6158:
6089:
5748:
5271:
5178:
4801:
4638:
4622:
4598:
3850:
3822:
3780:
3748:
3192:
3136:
2875:
2614:
2566:
2521:
2473:
2288:
2154:
2130:
2093:
1396:
1380:
806:
551:
518:
477:
620:, 319 U.S., at 642. Such purposes stand inescapably condemned by our precedents.
7263:
7186:
6260:
6244:
5138:
5026:
4903:
3254:
2851:
2371:
2186:
1861:
1476:
1412:
1304:
568:
496:
455:
394:
210:
1003:
701:
reason that it is not remotely tailored to the facts presented in this case."
7297:
3978:
3172:
3001:
1363:
450:
381:
343:
152:
430:
reversed and remanded for a trial on the merits of respondents' allegations.
6919:
6134:
5915:
5724:
5428:
4813:
4769:
4085:
2734:
2678:
483:
355:
164:
1287:
327:
Board of Education, Island Trees Union Free School District No. 26 v. Pico
7210:
6038:
3345:
466:
198:
7287:
6507:
6302:
5501:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
4434:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
3068:
126:
83:
251:
Brennan, joined by Marshall, Stevens; Blackmun (all but parts II-A(1))
5549:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
2965:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
502:
7282:
5461:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
1525:
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
7123:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
6979:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
4442:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3073:
855:
575:
was removed from the curriculum of a 12th-grade literature course.
406:
111:
104:
5517:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
1206:
5493:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
5397:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
4337:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
3680:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
877:
347:
156:
5637:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
5304:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
2703:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
4567:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
4450:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
30:
5685:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5195:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
5123:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
5107:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
4960:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4952:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
1902:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
5629:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
2655:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
1982:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
1295:
1173:
943:"Banning Books in Public Schools: Board of Education v. Pico"
7070:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
5365:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
4353:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
4027:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
7203:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
5701:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
5509:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
2353:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
434:
Eleven books were the subject of the case. The books were:
115:
6656:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
5940:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
4458:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
2941:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
2514:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2038:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
2022:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
1641:
1469:
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District
869:
Pico v. Bd. of Educ. Island Trees Union Free Sch. Dist. 26
847:
Pico v. Bd. of Educ. Island Trees Union Free Sch. Dist. 26
101:
Pico v. Bd. of Educ. Island Trees Union Free Sch. Dist. 26
731:
Two stage musicals have been produced based on the case:
2799:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
2230:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
1093:
1091:
6541:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
4649:
6573:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
5693:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
5485:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
5312:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
7319:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
7235:
5860:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
5844:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
5741:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
4019:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
2238:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
1702:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
1088:
754:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 457
7163:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
6565:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
4361:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
3153:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
2759:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
397:
after questions rose of the school board's motives.
380:
A group of five high school students (including one
5035:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
4731:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
4691:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
1870:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
5091:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
4884:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
4762:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
4723:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
3624:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
2783:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
2423:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
1461:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
7195:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
7062:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
6023:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
5796:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
4247:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
3995:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
1718:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
658:
624:
7295:
4892:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
4666:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
3831:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
2337:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
1750:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
1509:Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens
6842:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
6597:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
5948:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
5621:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
5405:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
4559:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
2913:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
2297:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
916:"11 Banned Books in Island Trees v Pico (1982)"
823:Supreme Court Drama: Cases that Changed America
683:vulgarity are to be treated in the classroom."
6175:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
5224:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
3037:
1151:
1124:, 457 U.S. at 907 (Rehnquist, J., dissenting).
1004:Freedom of Speech for Libraries and Librarians
695:
633:
4631:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
2030:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
1627:
1335:
1037:, 457 U.S. at 885 (Burger, C.J., dissenting).
799:
797:
717:
674:itself the power the plurality asserts today.
275:Burger, joined by Powell, Rehnquist, O'Connor
7304:Student rights case law in the United States
6882:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6798:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6480:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
6047:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5051:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
4402:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
4207:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3894:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
2767:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
2506:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1942:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
820:
803:
618:West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette
6691:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
6082:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
5589:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
5043:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
2807:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
2396:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
2070:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1958:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
1429:Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow
1421:Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe
1085:, 457 U.S. at 893 (Powell, J., dissenting).
686:
571:which the Board found to be offensive; and
6821:
5413:Carey v. Population Services International
5099:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
4936:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
4786:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
4191:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
3632:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
3592:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
3318:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2179:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
1771:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
1694:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
1634:
1620:
1599:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
1342:
1328:
794:
726:
7334:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
7324:United States Free Speech Clause case law
7171:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
6384:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
5780:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
5661:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
5453:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
4707:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
4607:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
4535:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
3544:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
3512:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
2868:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2791:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
2086:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
1918:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
773:
771:
769:
7309:United States children's rights case law
6284:
6229:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
3408:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
2545:
2388:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
2254:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
1655:
908:
821:Brannen, Daniel; Hanes, Richard (2011).
316:
7093:
6963:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
6730:
6664:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
5932:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
5852:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
5804:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
5717:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
5557:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
4591:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
4410:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
3648:United States v. American Library Ass'n
3608:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
3560:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
415:Island Trees Union Free School District
7296:
6699:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
5868:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
5836:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
5828:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
5820:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
5573:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
5328:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
4928:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
4876:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4855:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
4823:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
4527:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
4394:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
3704:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
3584:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
2583:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
2203:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
1501:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
1453:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
1000:
940:
889:
810:, 95 Law Libr. J. 175, 175 (2003).
766:
595:and joined in all but Part II-A(1) by
7092:
7038:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
6955:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
6820:
6729:
6283:
5788:California Medical Association v. FEC
5437:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
5075:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
4345:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
4239:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
3576:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
3036:
2727:Bob Jones University v. United States
2544:
1787:Bob Jones University v. United States
1654:
1615:
1583:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
1517:Rosenberger v. University of Virginia
1323:
413:Petitioner Board of Education of the
18:1982 United States Supreme Court case
7344:Education in Nassau County, New York
7339:Book censorship in the United States
7046:California Democratic Party v. Jones
6488:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
5908:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
5892:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
5677:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4984:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
4912:Island Trees School District v. Pico
4583:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
3712:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
2006:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
1549:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
1485:Island Trees School District v. Pico
1219:Island Trees School District v. Pico
1007:, 85 Law Libr. J. 71, 77 (1993).
977:Tinker v. Des Moines School District
778:Island Trees School District v. Pico
749:Book censorship in the United States
605:Tinker v. Des Moines School District
6995:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
6360:New York Times Co. v. United States
5613:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
5541:State University of New York v. Fox
5525:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
4511:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
4426:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
4369:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3839:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
2949:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
2139:Abington School District v. Schempp
1779:California v. Grace Brethren Church
1389:Abington School District v. Schempp
514:A Hero Ain't Nothin' but a Sandwich
473:Best Short Stories of Negro Writers
291:Rehnquist, joined by Burger, Powell
13:
6613:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
5645:United States v. United Foods Inc.
5296:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
4658:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
4575:United States v. United Foods Inc.
3790:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
2897:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
2439:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
2329:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
1795:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
7365:
7314:United States Supreme Court cases
7147:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
6031:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
5533:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5320:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
5280:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
5187:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
5155:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
4715:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
4543:Keller v. State Bar of California
4183:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
4056:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
3757:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
3568:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
3243:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
2831:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2321:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2313:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
2270:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2211:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
2195:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
1803:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
1229:853 (1982) is available from:
1199:
7281:
7269:
7257:
7245:
6947:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
6632:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
5812:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
5605:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
4944:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4920:Bethel School District v. Fraser
4292:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4167:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
2860:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
2246:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
2078:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1493:Bethel School District v. Fraser
1301:Five Teens Win the Right to Read
1205:
941:Bowers, Kelly (March 15, 1983).
807:The Right to Receive Information
321:Island Trees High School in 2019
29:
6605:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
6194:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
6143:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
5653:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
5357:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
5003:Pickering v. Board of Education
4831:Garner v. Board of Public Works
4551:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
3720:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
3536:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
3448:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
3089:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
994:
969:
7329:1982 in United States case law
7219:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
6533:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
6525:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
6456:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
6427:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
6376:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
5381:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
5256:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
5131:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
4495:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
3286:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
3219:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2924:Statutory religious exemptions
2823:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
2115:McCollum v. Board of Education
1811:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
1181:"The Musicals of Scott Miller"
1159:"The Musicals of Scott Miller"
957:
934:
883:
861:
839:
814:
659:Chief Justice Burger's dissent
625:Justice Blackmun's concurrence
1:
7349:Libraries in New York (state)
7022:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
6987:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
6939:Hishon v. King & Spalding
5964:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
5469:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
5421:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
5264:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
5147:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
4847:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
4754:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
3971:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
3798:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
2482:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
1974:New York v. Cathedral Academy
1854:Everson v. Board of Education
1846:Cochran v. Board of Education
1726:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
1643:United States First Amendment
1350:Rights of students under the
892:Encyclopedia of Education Law
759:
371:
330:, 457 U.S. 853 (1982), was a
7030:Tashjian v. Republican Party
6866:Bates v. City of Little Rock
6772:Protection from prosecution
6352:Lamont v. Postmaster General
6007:Bates v. City of Little Rock
4175:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
4072:Packingham v. North Carolina
3963:Lamont v. Postmaster General
2775:Employment Division v. Smith
1296:Island Trees School District
578:
7:
7107:United States v. Cruikshank
6753:United States v. Cruikshank
6648:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
6589:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
6549:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
4794:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
4223:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
4119:Martin v. City of Struthers
3934:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
3464:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
3278:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
3227:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
2751:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
2262:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
1591:Board of Education v. Earls
920:Read and Teach's Just Lists
742:
696:Justice Rehnquist's dissent
649:
634:Justice White's concurrence
336:United States Supreme Court
10:
7370:
6640:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
5980:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
5709:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
5597:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
4466:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
4003:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3326:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
3302:Gregory v. City of Chicago
1742:Town of Greece v. Galloway
1566:to the warrant requirement
1352:United States Constitution
1288:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1212:Board of Education v. Pico
966:, 457 U.S. at 856-57 n. 3.
718:Justice O'Connor's dissent
151:limits the power of local
24:Board of Education v. Pico
7139:Edwards v. South Carolina
7101:
7088:
7005:
6930:
6911:
6892:
6833:
6829:
6816:
6771:
6742:
6738:
6725:
6682:
6623:
6506:
6496:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
6445:
6410:
6344:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
6328:Lovell v. City of Griffin
6296:
6292:
6279:
6212:
6185:
6108:
6057:
5990:
5759:
5338:
5213:
5165:
4994:
4865:
4812:
4741:
4680:
4484:
4383:
4310:
4273:
4135:Edwards v. South Carolina
4082:
4037:
3952:
3849:
3808:
3779:
3730:
3688:United States v. Kilbride
3672:United States v. Williams
3472:Ginzburg v. United States
3389:
3344:
3253:
3203:
3067:
3056:
3052:
3032:
2983:
2930:
2923:
2886:
2841:
2559:Reynolds v. United States
2553:
2540:
2449:
2406:
2363:
2280:
2221:
2104:
1837:
1760:
1667:
1663:
1650:
1559:
1439:
1359:
487:, of anonymous authorship
308:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
247:
242:
176:
171:
146:
141:
96:
91:
59:
49:
42:
28:
23:
6850:Watkins v. United States
6435:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
5373:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
5349:Valentine v. Chrestensen
4976:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4650:Compelled representation
4615:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
4321:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4300:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3918:United States v. Eichman
3870:United States v. O'Brien
3696:United States v. Stevens
3480:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
3440:Marcus v. Search Warrant
3235:United States v. Alvarez
3166:clear and present danger
3097:Schenck v. United States
2607:United States v. Ballard
2305:United States v. Ballard
2222:Private religious speech
2062:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1819:City of Boerne v. Flores
1541:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
1002:
852:474 F. Supp. 387
805:
687:Justice Powell's dissent
366:
7006:Primaries and elections
6557:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
6517:Beauharnais v. Illinois
6202:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
5240:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
4519:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
4474:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
4064:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
4048:Schneider v. New Jersey
4011:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
3862:Stromberg v. California
3765:United States v. Hansen
3371:Elonis v. United States
3270:Cantwell v. Connecticut
3186:imminent lawless action
3145:Dennis v. United States
3113:Abrams v. United States
3082:Alien and Sedition Acts
2599:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
2575:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2281:Internal church affairs
737:Breaking Out in Harmony
727:Subsequent developments
462:Down These Mean Streets
400:
86:8; 8 Media L. Rep. 1721
6931:Membership restriction
6823:Freedom of association
6774:and state restrictions
6472:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
5924:Citizens United v. FEC
4897:substantial disruption
4199:United States v. Grace
4095:Davis v. Massachusetts
3926:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
3400:Rosen v. United States
3379:Counterman v. Colorado
3355:Watts v. United States
3161:Yates v. United States
2711:Thomas v. Review Board
2639:Fowler v. Rhode Island
1575:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
1013:, 457 U.S. at 866-67).
711:
676:
622:
432:
322:
191:William J. Brennan Jr.
6683:Copyrighted materials
6312:Patterson v. Colorado
6221:Procunier v. Martinez
6074:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
5216:restriction of speech
5203:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
3416:Roth v. United States
3129:Whitney v. California
3105:Debs v. United States
2905:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
2888:Ministerial exception
2842:Exclusion of religion
2743:Goldman v. Weinberger
1025:, 457 U.S. at 872-73.
947:Pepperdine Law Review
706:
666:
613:
411:
320:
114:1979); reversed, 638
45:Decided June 25, 1982
6286:Freedom of the press
6110:Official retaliation
5764:and political speech
5288:Freedman v. Maryland
5232:Cox v. New Hampshire
5115:Garcetti v. Ceballos
4503:Machinists v. Street
4127:Niemotko v. Maryland
4111:Thornhill v. Alabama
3987:Butterworth v. Smith
3886:Spence v. Washington
3528:Miller v. California
3496:Ginsberg v. New York
2844:from public benefits
2719:United States v. Lee
2623:Niemotko v. Maryland
2547:Free Exercise Clause
2171:Edwards v. Aguillard
2147:Epperson v. Arkansas
1894:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
1886:Tilton v. Richardson
1657:Establishment Clause
922:. September 22, 2008
874:638 F.2d 404
804:Susan Nevelow Mart,
559:A Reader for Writers
536:A Reader for Writers
310:U.S. Const. amend. I
78:102 S. Ct. 2799; 73
43:Argued March 2, 1982
7095:Freedom to petition
6761:Presser v. Illinois
6732:Freedom of assembly
6672:Bartnicki v. Vopper
6253:Overton v. Bazzetta
6167:Gonzalez v. Trevino
5669:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
5389:Bigelow v. Virginia
5083:Waters v. Churchill
5067:Rankin v. McPherson
5011:Perry v. Sindermann
4263:McCullen v. Coakley
4159:Adderley v. Florida
3878:Cohen v. California
3733:to criminal conduct
3656:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
3432:Smith v. California
3424:One, Inc. v. Olesen
3310:Cohen v. California
3181:Brandenburg v. Ohio
2415:McGowan v. Maryland
1827:Cutter v. Wilkinson
1761:Statutory religious
1279:Library of Congress
890:Richardson, Emily.
440:Slaughterhouse-Five
352:junior high schools
267:White (in judgment)
235:Sandra Day O'Connor
215:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
161:junior high schools
7054:Clingman v. Beaver
6971:Dallas v. Stanglin
6901:Baggett v. Bullitt
6782:De Jonge v. Oregon
6707:Eldred v. Ashcroft
6464:Branzburg v. Hayes
6419:Time, Inc. v. Hill
6151:Nieves v. Bartlett
6127:Reichle v. Howards
6098:Murthy v. Missouri
5972:Thompson v. Hebdon
5900:Randall v. Sorrell
5445:Friedman v. Rogers
4968:Morse v. Frederick
4839:Speiser v. Randall
4151:Brown v. Louisiana
3902:Dallas v. Stanglin
3741:New York v. Ferber
3640:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
3552:Jenkins v. Georgia
3504:Stanley v. Georgia
3488:Redrup v. New York
3456:Jacobellis v. Ohio
3294:Feiner v. New York
3121:Gitlow v. New York
3010:Ramirez v. Collier
2687:Wisconsin v. Yoder
2671:Sherbert v. Verner
2663:Torcaso v. Watkins
2647:Braunfeld v. Brown
2458:Torcaso v. Watkins
2431:Braunfeld v. Brown
2163:Wallace v. Jaffree
2046:Agostini v. Felton
1934:Wheeler v. Barrera
1710:Van Orden v. Perry
1533:Morse v. Frederick
1405:Wallace v. Jaffree
1148:, 457 U.S. at 921.
1136:, 457 U.S. at 910.
1112:, 457 U.S. at 897.
1100:, 457 U.S. at 894.
1073:, 457 U.S. at 890.
1061:, 457 U.S. at 889.
1049:, 457 U.S. at 887.
1001:Rodney A. Smolla,
445:Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.
382:junior high school
323:
259:Blackmun (in part)
187:Associate Justices
7252:Freedom of speech
7233:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7179:McDonald v. Smith
7115:Thomas v. Collins
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7014:Cousins v. Wigoda
6812:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6790:Thomas v. Collins
6721:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6581:McDonald v. Smith
6368:Pell v. Procunier
6320:Near v. Minnesota
6275:
6274:
6271:
6270:
5956:McCutcheon v. FEC
5733:Iancu v. Brunetti
5565:Edenfield v. Fane
5340:Commercial speech
5019:Arnett v. Kennedy
4778:Iancu v. Brunetti
4681:Government grants
4676:
4675:
4487:of others' speech
4485:Compelled subsidy
4418:Wooley v. Maynard
4379:
4378:
4284:Widmar v. Vincent
4231:Burson v. Freeman
4215:Frisby v. Schultz
3942:Virginia v. Black
3775:
3774:
3664:Nitke v. Gonzales
3600:People v. Freeman
3520:Kois v. Wisconsin
3363:Virginia v. Black
3039:Freedom of speech
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
2994:Sossamon v. Texas
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2498:Bowen v. Kendrick
2490:Larson v. Valente
2364:Taxpayer standing
2123:Zorach v. Clauson
2054:Mitchell v. Helms
2014:Aguilar v. Felton
1950:Meek v. Pittenger
1878:Lemon v. Kurtzman
1686:Lynch v. Donnelly
1678:Marsh v. Chambers
1609:
1608:
1373:Zorach v. Clauson
1316:, 10 August 2009.
1312:, by Mary Minow,
1210:Works related to
589:Justices Marshall
564:A Modest Proposal
419:injunctive relief
405:According to the
315:
314:
223:William Rehnquist
203:Thurgood Marshall
7361:
7286:
7285:
7274:
7273:
7272:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7155:Cox v. Louisiana
7090:
7089:
6858:NAACP v. Alabama
6831:
6830:
6818:
6817:
6740:
6739:
6727:
6726:
6298:Prior restraints
6294:
6293:
6281:
6280:
6237:Turner v. Safley
6119:Hartman v. Moore
6066:Marsh v. Alabama
6015:Buckley v. Valeo
5999:NAACP v. Alabama
5991:Anonymous speech
5884:McConnell v. FEC
5772:Buckley v. Valeo
5761:Campaign finance
5248:Kunz v. New York
5059:Connick v. Myers
4995:Public employees
4699:Rust v. Sullivan
4647:
4646:
4385:Compelled speech
4255:Hill v. Colorado
4143:Cox v. Louisiana
4080:
4079:
3910:Texas v. Johnson
3334:Snyder v. Phelps
3065:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3034:
3033:
2973:Tanzin v. Tanvir
2957:Zubik v. Burwell
2928:
2927:
2839:
2838:
2815:Tandon v. Newsom
2695:McDaniel v. Paty
2631:Kunz v. New York
2591:Jamison v. Texas
2542:
2541:
2466:McDaniel v. Paty
1998:Mueller v. Allen
1966:Wolman v. Walter
1734:Salazar v. Buono
1665:
1664:
1652:
1651:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1561:Fourth Amendment
1344:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1209:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1006:
998:
992:
973:
967:
961:
955:
954:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
912:
906:
905:
887:
881:
871:
865:
859:
849:
843:
837:
836:
825:(2nd ed.).
818:
812:
811:
809:
801:
792:
775:
597:Justice Blackmun
530:Eldridge Cleaver
428:Court of Appeals
423:42 U.S.C. § 1983
387:summary judgment
183:Warren E. Burger
172:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7280:
7270:
7268:
7258:
7256:
7246:
7244:
7236:
7234:
7225:
7131:NAACP v. Button
7097:
7076:
7001:
6926:
6907:
6888:
6874:NAACP v. Button
6825:
6804:
6773:
6767:
6734:
6713:
6678:
6624:Broadcast media
6619:
6616:(9th Cir. 2014)
6502:
6447:
6441:
6406:
6400:Tory v. Cochran
6336:Tucker v. Texas
6300:
6288:
6267:
6208:
6181:
6159:Egbert v. Boule
6104:
6090:Lindke v. Freed
6053:
5986:
5876:FEC v. Beaumont
5763:
5755:
5749:Vidal v. Elster
5334:
5272:NAACP v. Button
5215:
5209:
5179:Ex parte Curtis
5170:
5161:
4990:
4861:
4808:
4802:Vidal v. Elster
4744:
4737:
4682:
4672:
4645:
4639:Janus v. AFSCME
4623:Harris v. Quinn
4599:Locke v. Karass
4486:
4480:
4375:
4329:Brown v. Glines
4312:
4306:
4275:
4269:
4084:
4078:
4039:
4038:Content-neutral
4033:
3954:
3948:
3853:
3851:Symbolic speech
3845:
3823:Smith v. Goguen
3812:
3804:
3781:Strict scrutiny
3771:
3749:Osborne v. Ohio
3732:
3731:Speech integral
3726:
3691:(9th Cir. 2009)
3683:(6th Cir. 2009)
3667:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
3595:(7th Cir. 1985)
3411:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
3385:
3340:
3258:
3249:
3208:
3199:
3193:Hess v. Indiana
3137:Fiske v. Kansas
3092:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
3071:
3059:
3048:
3041:
3016:
2979:
2919:
2882:
2876:Carson v. Makin
2843:
2837:
2615:Tucker v. Texas
2567:Davis v. Beason
2549:
2528:
2522:Trump v. Hawaii
2474:Harris v. McRae
2445:
2402:
2359:
2289:Watson v. Jones
2276:
2217:
2155:Stone v. Graham
2131:Engel v. Vitale
2106:
2100:
2094:Carson v. Makin
1833:
1762:
1756:
1669:
1668:Public displays
1659:
1646:
1640:
1610:
1605:
1565:
1555:
1441:First Amendment
1435:
1397:Stone v. Graham
1381:Engel v. Vitale
1361:First Amendment
1355:
1348:
1314:LibraryLaw Blog
1290:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
999:
995:
974:
970:
962:
958:
939:
935:
925:
923:
914:
913:
909:
902:
888:
884:
867:
866:
862:
845:
844:
840:
833:
819:
815:
802:
795:
776:
767:
762:
745:
735:, in 1985; and
729:
720:
698:
689:
661:
652:
636:
627:
585:Justice Brennan
581:
552:Bernard Malamud
519:Alice Childress
478:Langston Hughes
403:
374:
369:
342:issue of local
340:First Amendment
227:John P. Stevens
225:
213:
201:
149:First Amendment
137:891 (1981).
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
7367:
7357:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7291:
7290:
7278:
7266:
7254:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7215:
7207:
7199:
7191:
7187:Meyer v. Grant
7183:
7175:
7167:
7159:
7151:
7143:
7135:
7127:
7119:
7111:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7066:
7058:
7050:
7042:
7034:
7026:
7018:
7009:
7007:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6991:
6983:
6975:
6967:
6959:
6951:
6943:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6896:
6894:
6893:Future Conduct
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6878:
6870:
6862:
6854:
6846:
6837:
6835:
6827:
6826:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6794:
6786:
6777:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6757:
6748:
6746:
6736:
6735:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6703:
6695:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6668:
6660:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6609:
6601:
6593:
6585:
6577:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6529:
6521:
6512:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6492:
6484:
6476:
6468:
6460:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6332:
6324:
6316:
6307:
6305:
6290:
6289:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6261:Beard v. Banks
6257:
6249:
6245:Shaw v. Murphy
6241:
6233:
6225:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6198:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6147:
6139:
6131:
6123:
6114:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6070:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6043:
6035:
6027:
6019:
6011:
6003:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5976:
5968:
5960:
5952:
5944:
5936:
5928:
5920:
5912:
5904:
5896:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5848:
5840:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5808:
5800:
5792:
5784:
5776:
5767:
5765:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5745:
5737:
5729:
5721:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5673:
5665:
5657:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5617:
5609:
5601:
5593:
5585:
5577:
5569:
5561:
5553:
5545:
5537:
5529:
5521:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5449:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5353:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5308:
5300:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5268:
5260:
5252:
5244:
5236:
5228:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5174:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5151:
5143:
5139:Lane v. Franks
5135:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5063:
5055:
5047:
5039:
5031:
5027:Elrod v. Burns
5023:
5015:
5007:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4904:Healy v. James
4900:
4888:
4880:
4871:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4749:
4747:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4662:
4653:
4651:
4644:
4643:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4470:
4462:
4454:
4446:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3854:versus conduct
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3794:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3261:heckler's veto
3255:Fighting words
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3214:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3177:
3169:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3062:
3050:
3049:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2852:Locke v. Davey
2847:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2372:Flast v. Cohen
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2187:Lee v. Weisman
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2107:public schools
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1926:Sloan v. Lemon
1922:
1914:
1910:Hunt v. McNair
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1862:Flast v. Cohen
1858:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1838:Public funding
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1670:and ceremonies
1661:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1477:Healy v. James
1473:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1413:Lee v. Weisman
1409:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1305:Chris Crutcher
1298:
1293:
1261:Google Scholar
1215:
1201:
1200:External links
1198:
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1194:
1183:. May 20, 2018
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1161:. May 20, 2018
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569:Jonathan Swift
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508:Richard Wright
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497:Oliver LaFarge
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456:Desmond Morris
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395:Second Circuit
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6834:Organizations
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6744:Incorporation
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5214:Licensing and
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4878:
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4867:School speech
4864:
4857:
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4852:
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4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4828:
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4815:
4814:Loyalty oaths
4811:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4783:
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4779:
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4712:
4709:
4708:
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4700:
4696:
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4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:and subsidies
4679:
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4008:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:Boos v. Barry
3976:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:Content-based
3951:
3944:
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3206:
3202:
3195:
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3190:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:Bond v. Floyd
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
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3002:Holt v. Hobbs
2999:
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2345:Jones v. Wolf
2342:
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2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
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1995:
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1444:school speech
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1364:school prayer
1362:
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1243:CourtListener
1235:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1214:at Wikisource
1213:
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997:
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983:
979:
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972:
965:
960:
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948:
944:
937:
926:September 30,
921:
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857:
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541:Jerome Archer
538:
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531:
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453:
452:
451:The Naked Ape
448:
446:
442:
441:
437:
436:
435:
431:
429:
424:
420:
416:
410:
409:of the case:
408:
398:
396:
392:
388:
385:York granted
383:
378:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:school boards
341:
338:split on the
337:
334:in which the
333:
332:landmark case
329:
328:
319:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
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243:Case opinions
241:
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196:
192:
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186:
184:
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179:Chief Justice
178:
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166:
162:
158:
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153:school boards
150:
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136:
132:
128:
124:
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117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
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90:
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81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
7217:
7209:
7201:
7193:
7185:
7177:
7169:
7161:
7153:
7145:
7137:
7129:
7121:
7113:
7105:
7068:
7060:
7052:
7044:
7036:
7028:
7020:
7012:
6993:
6985:
6977:
6969:
6961:
6953:
6945:
6937:
6920:In re Primus
6918:
6912:Solicitation
6899:
6880:
6872:
6864:
6856:
6848:
6840:
6796:
6788:
6780:
6759:
6751:
6705:
6697:
6689:
6670:
6662:
6654:
6646:
6638:
6630:
6611:
6603:
6595:
6587:
6579:
6571:
6563:
6555:
6547:
6539:
6531:
6523:
6515:
6494:
6486:
6478:
6470:
6462:
6454:
6446:Taxation and
6433:
6425:
6417:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6358:
6350:
6342:
6334:
6326:
6318:
6310:
6259:
6251:
6243:
6235:
6227:
6219:
6200:
6192:
6173:
6165:
6157:
6149:
6141:
6135:Wood v. Moss
6133:
6125:
6117:
6096:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6064:
6058:State action
6045:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5997:
5978:
5970:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5938:
5930:
5922:
5916:Davis v. FEC
5914:
5906:
5898:
5890:
5882:
5874:
5866:
5858:
5850:
5842:
5834:
5826:
5818:
5810:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5778:
5770:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5725:Matal v. Tam
5723:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5643:
5635:
5627:
5619:
5611:
5603:
5595:
5587:
5579:
5571:
5563:
5555:
5547:
5539:
5531:
5523:
5515:
5507:
5499:
5491:
5483:
5477:In re R.M.J.
5475:
5467:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5435:
5429:In re Primus
5427:
5419:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5347:
5326:
5318:
5310:
5302:
5294:
5286:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5171:similar laws
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4911:
4910:
4902:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4821:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4770:Matal v. Tam
4768:
4760:
4752:
4729:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4664:
4656:
4637:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4605:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4472:
4464:
4456:
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4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4276:public forum
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4103:Hague v. CIO
4101:
4093:
4086:public forum
4070:
4062:
4054:
4046:
4040:restrictions
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3955:restrictions
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3837:
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3796:
3788:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3616:Reno v. ACLU
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3346:True threats
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3210:false speech
3191:
3179:
3171:
3159:
3156:(1955; 1961)
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2735:Bowen v. Roy
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2679:Cruz v. Beto
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2394:
2386:
2378:
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2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
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1876:
1868:
1860:
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1809:
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1777:
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1484:
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1459:
1451:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1313:
1218:
1185:. Retrieved
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1010:
996:
991: (1969).
975:
971:
963:
959:
950:
946:
936:
924:. Retrieved
919:
910:
891:
885:
868:
863:
846:
841:
822:
816:
791: (1982).
777:
736:
732:
730:
721:
712:
707:
703:
699:
690:
679:
677:
670:
667:
662:
653:
645:
641:
637:
628:
617:
614:
610:
603:
601:
582:
572:
562:
558:
556:
545:
539:, edited by
534:
523:
512:
501:
492:Laughing Boy
490:
484:Go Ask Alice
482:
476:, edited by
471:
460:
449:
438:
433:
412:
404:
379:
375:
359:
356:high schools
326:
325:
324:
304:Laws applied
230:
218:
206:
194:
165:high schools
100:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
7354:Library law
7211:Doe v. Reed
6392:Lowe v. SEC
6039:Doe v. Reed
3810:Overbreadth
3603:(Cal. 1988)
3058:Unprotected
2105:Religion in
880: 1980).
858: 1979).
739:, in 1994.
525:Soul on Ice
467:Piri Thomas
350:books from
264:Concurrence
256:Concurrence
199:Byron White
159:books from
7298:Categories
6508:Defamation
6448:privileges
6303:censorship
4745:as speaker
4743:Government
4274:Designated
3205:Defamation
3069:Incitement
1763:exemptions
1564:exceptions
901:1412940796
760:References
372:Background
155:to remove
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:435; 1982
5167:Hatch Act
4311:Nonpublic
3814:Vagueness
3391:Obscenity
2407:Blue laws
579:Plurality
573:The Fixer
547:The Fixer
503:Black Boy
346:removing
248:Plurality
129:granted,
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
6186:Boycotts
3074:sedition
1645:case law
1354:case law
1217:Text of
1009:(citing
989:503, 506
856:E.D.N.Y.
743:See also
733:The Line
650:Dissents
407:syllabus
391:remanded
299:O'Connor
112:E.D.N.Y.
105:F. Supp.
7264:Schools
7238:Portals
6411:Privacy
6213:Prisons
4895:(1969,
3184:(1969,
3164:(1957,
1252:Findlaw
1234:Cornell
1187:May 20,
1165:May 20,
878:2d Cir.
593:Stevens
393:to the
348:library
296:Dissent
288:Dissent
280:Dissent
272:Dissent
157:library
142:Holding
125:1980);
123:2d Cir.
7222:(2011)
7214:(2010)
7206:(2002)
7198:(1999)
7190:(1988)
7182:(1985)
7174:(1979)
7166:(1972)
7158:(1965)
7150:(1965)
7142:(1963)
7134:(1963)
7126:(1961)
7118:(1945)
7110:(1876)
7073:(2008)
7065:(2008)
7057:(2005)
7049:(2000)
7041:(1997)
7033:(1986)
7025:(1981)
7017:(1975)
6998:(2010)
6990:(2000)
6982:(1995)
6974:(1989)
6966:(1988)
6958:(1987)
6950:(1984)
6942:(1984)
6923:(1978)
6904:(1964)
6885:(2021)
6877:(1963)
6869:(1960)
6861:(1958)
6853:(1957)
6845:(1951)
6801:(2021)
6793:(1945)
6785:(1937)
6764:(1886)
6756:(1876)
6710:(2003)
6702:(1985)
6694:(1977)
6675:(2001)
6667:(1997)
6659:(1996)
6651:(1981)
6643:(1978)
6635:(1969)
6608:(1990)
6600:(1989)
6592:(1988)
6584:(1985)
6576:(1985)
6568:(1984)
6560:(1976)
6552:(1974)
6544:(1970)
6536:(1967)
6528:(1964)
6520:(1952)
6499:(1991)
6491:(1987)
6483:(1983)
6475:(1978)
6467:(1972)
6459:(1936)
6438:(1989)
6430:(1975)
6422:(1967)
6403:(2005)
6395:(1985)
6387:(1978)
6379:(1976)
6371:(1974)
6363:(1971)
6355:(1965)
6347:(1946)
6339:(1946)
6331:(1938)
6323:(1931)
6315:(1907)
6264:(2006)
6256:(2003)
6248:(2001)
6240:(1987)
6232:(1977)
6224:(1974)
6205:(1990)
6197:(1982)
6178:(2024)
6170:(2024)
6162:(2022)
6154:(2019)
6146:(2018)
6138:(2014)
6130:(2012)
6122:(2006)
6101:(2024)
6093:(2024)
6085:(2019)
6077:(1972)
6069:(1946)
6050:(2021)
6042:(2010)
6034:(1995)
6026:(1982)
6018:(1976)
6010:(1960)
6002:(1958)
5983:(2022)
5975:(2019)
5967:(2015)
5959:(2014)
5951:(2012)
5943:(2011)
5935:(2011)
5927:(2010)
5919:(2008)
5911:(2007)
5903:(2006)
5895:(2006)
5887:(2003)
5879:(2003)
5871:(2002)
5863:(2001)
5855:(2000)
5847:(1996)
5839:(1990)
5831:(1989)
5823:(1986)
5815:(1985)
5807:(1982)
5799:(1981)
5791:(1981)
5783:(1978)
5775:(1976)
5752:(2024)
5744:(2020)
5736:(2019)
5728:(2017)
5720:(2017)
5712:(2011)
5704:(2010)
5696:(2010)
5688:(2007)
5680:(2005)
5672:(2003)
5664:(2002)
5656:(2001)
5648:(2001)
5640:(1999)
5632:(1999)
5624:(1997)
5616:(1996)
5608:(1995)
5600:(1995)
5592:(1995)
5584:(1994)
5576:(1993)
5568:(1993)
5560:(1993)
5552:(1990)
5544:(1989)
5536:(1988)
5528:(1988)
5520:(1987)
5512:(1986)
5504:(1986)
5496:(1985)
5488:(1982)
5480:(1982)
5472:(1981)
5464:(1980)
5456:(1980)
5448:(1979)
5440:(1978)
5432:(1978)
5424:(1977)
5416:(1977)
5408:(1977)
5400:(1976)
5392:(1975)
5384:(1975)
5376:(1974)
5368:(1973)
5360:(1970)
5352:(1942)
5331:(1992)
5323:(1988)
5315:(1982)
5307:(1981)
5299:(1967)
5291:(1965)
5283:(1964)
5275:(1963)
5267:(1957)
5259:(1952)
5251:(1951)
5243:(1943)
5235:(1941)
5227:(1915)
5206:(1973)
5198:(1973)
5190:(1947)
5182:(1882)
5158:(2022)
5150:(2016)
5142:(2014)
5134:(2011)
5126:(2007)
5118:(2006)
5110:(2001)
5102:(1996)
5094:(1995)
5086:(1994)
5078:(1990)
5070:(1987)
5062:(1983)
5054:(1979)
5046:(1979)
5038:(1977)
5030:(1976)
5022:(1974)
5014:(1972)
5006:(1968)
4987:(2021)
4979:(2021)
4971:(2007)
4963:(2007)
4955:(2001)
4947:(1995)
4939:(1990)
4931:(1988)
4923:(1986)
4915:(1982)
4907:(1972)
4887:(1943)
4879:(1940)
4858:(1974)
4850:(1967)
4842:(1958)
4834:(1951)
4826:(1950)
4805:(2024)
4797:(2022)
4789:(2022)
4781:(2019)
4773:(2017)
4765:(2015)
4757:(2009)
4734:(2020)
4726:(2013)
4718:(2001)
4710:(1998)
4702:(1991)
4694:(1983)
4669:(1984)
4661:(1944)
4642:(2018)
4634:(2016)
4626:(2014)
4618:(2012)
4610:(2009)
4602:(2008)
4594:(2007)
4586:(2005)
4578:(2001)
4570:(2000)
4562:(1997)
4554:(1991)
4546:(1990)
4538:(1988)
4530:(1986)
4522:(1984)
4514:(1977)
4506:(1961)
4498:(1956)
4477:(2024)
4469:(2023)
4461:(2018)
4453:(2006)
4445:(1995)
4437:(1986)
4429:(1980)
4421:(1977)
4413:(1974)
4405:(1943)
4397:(1940)
4372:(2018)
4364:(1997)
4356:(1992)
4348:(1985)
4340:(1983)
4332:(1980)
4324:(1974)
4303:(2021)
4295:(1995)
4287:(1981)
4266:(2014)
4258:(2000)
4250:(1997)
4242:(1994)
4234:(1992)
4226:(1989)
4218:(1988)
4210:(1984)
4202:(1983)
4194:(1981)
4186:(1971)
4178:(1971)
4170:(1968)
4162:(1966)
4154:(1966)
4146:(1965)
4138:(1963)
4130:(1951)
4122:(1943)
4114:(1940)
4106:(1939)
4098:(1897)
4083:In the
4075:(2017)
4067:(1994)
4059:(1986)
4051:(1939)
4030:(2022)
4022:(2020)
4014:(2015)
4006:(1992)
3998:(1991)
3990:(1990)
3982:(1988)
3974:(1981)
3966:(1965)
3945:(2003)
3937:(2000)
3929:(1991)
3921:(1990)
3913:(1989)
3905:(1989)
3897:(1984)
3889:(1974)
3881:(1971)
3873:(1968)
3865:(1931)
3842:(2018)
3834:(1987)
3826:(1974)
3801:(2015)
3793:(2010)
3768:(2023)
3760:(2002)
3752:(1990)
3744:(1982)
3723:(2025)
3715:(2012)
3707:(2011)
3699:(2010)
3675:(2008)
3659:(2004)
3651:(2003)
3643:(2002)
3635:(2002)
3627:(2000)
3619:(1997)
3611:(1994)
3587:(1980)
3579:(1976)
3571:(1975)
3563:(1975)
3555:(1974)
3547:(1973)
3539:(1973)
3531:(1973)
3523:(1972)
3515:(1971)
3507:(1969)
3499:(1968)
3491:(1967)
3483:(1966)
3475:(1966)
3467:(1964)
3459:(1964)
3451:(1962)
3443:(1961)
3435:(1959)
3427:(1958)
3419:(1957)
3403:(1896)
3382:(2023)
3374:(2015)
3366:(2003)
3358:(1969)
3337:(2011)
3329:(1992)
3321:(1977)
3313:(1971)
3305:(1969)
3297:(1951)
3289:(1949)
3281:(1942)
3273:(1940)
3246:(2014)
3238:(2012)
3230:(1988)
3222:(1964)
3196:(1973)
3176:(1966)
3148:(1951)
3140:(1927)
3132:(1927)
3124:(1925)
3116:(1919)
3108:(1919)
3100:(1919)
3084:(1798)
3060:speech
3044:portal
3013:(2022)
3005:(2015)
2997:(2011)
2985:RLUIPA
2976:(2020)
2968:(2020)
2960:(2016)
2952:(2014)
2944:(2006)
2916:(2020)
2908:(2012)
2900:(1979)
2879:(2022)
2871:(2020)
2863:(2017)
2855:(2004)
2834:(2022)
2826:(2021)
2818:(2021)
2810:(2020)
2802:(2018)
2794:(2002)
2786:(1993)
2778:(1990)
2770:(1989)
2762:(1989)
2754:(1987)
2746:(1986)
2738:(1986)
2730:(1983)
2722:(1982)
2714:(1981)
2706:(1981)
2698:(1978)
2690:(1972)
2682:(1972)
2674:(1963)
2666:(1961)
2658:(1961)
2650:(1961)
2642:(1953)
2634:(1951)
2626:(1951)
2618:(1946)
2610:(1944)
2602:(1943)
2594:(1943)
2586:(1940)
2578:(1940)
2570:(1890)
2562:(1879)
2525:(2018)
2517:(1994)
2509:(1989)
2501:(1988)
2493:(1982)
2485:(1982)
2477:(1980)
2469:(1978)
2461:(1961)
2442:(1985)
2434:(1961)
2426:(1961)
2418:(1961)
2399:(2011)
2391:(2007)
2383:(1982)
2375:(1968)
2356:(2020)
2348:(1979)
2340:(1976)
2332:(1969)
2324:(1960)
2316:(1952)
2308:(1944)
2300:(1929)
2292:(1872)
2273:(2022)
2265:(2022)
2257:(2001)
2249:(1995)
2241:(1995)
2233:(1993)
2214:(2022)
2206:(2004)
2198:(2000)
2190:(1992)
2182:(1990)
2174:(1987)
2166:(1985)
2158:(1980)
2150:(1968)
2142:(1963)
2134:(1962)
2126:(1952)
2118:(1948)
2097:(2022)
2089:(2020)
2081:(2017)
2073:(2011)
2065:(2002)
2057:(2000)
2049:(1997)
2041:(1994)
2033:(1993)
2025:(1986)
2017:(1985)
2009:(1985)
2001:(1983)
1993:(1982)
1985:(1980)
1977:(1977)
1969:(1977)
1961:(1976)
1953:(1975)
1945:(1974)
1937:(1974)
1929:(1973)
1921:(1973)
1913:(1973)
1905:(1973)
1897:(1973)
1889:(1971)
1881:(1971)
1873:(1968)
1865:(1968)
1857:(1947)
1849:(1930)
1830:(2005)
1822:(1997)
1814:(1989)
1806:(1987)
1798:(1985)
1790:(1983)
1782:(1982)
1774:(1970)
1753:(2019)
1745:(2014)
1737:(2010)
1729:(2009)
1721:(2005)
1713:(2005)
1705:(1989)
1697:(1985)
1689:(1984)
1681:(1983)
1602:(2009)
1594:(2002)
1586:(1995)
1578:(1985)
1552:(2021)
1544:(2021)
1536:(2007)
1528:(2000)
1520:(1995)
1512:(1990)
1504:(1988)
1496:(1986)
1488:(1982)
1480:(1972)
1472:(1969)
1464:(1943)
1456:(1940)
1432:(2004)
1424:(2000)
1416:(1992)
1408:(1985)
1400:(1980)
1392:(1963)
1384:(1962)
1376:(1952)
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1270:Justia
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
980:,
953:: 547.
898:
876: (
872:,
854: (
850:,
829:
780:,
680:remove
421:under
283:Powell
233:
231:·
229:
221:
219:·
217:
209:
207:·
205:
197:
195:·
193:
103:, 474
4313:forum
2450:Other
1225:
984:
784:
550:, by
528:, by
517:, by
506:, by
495:, by
465:, by
454:, by
443:, by
367:Facts
133:
127:cert.
97:Prior
6301:and
3259:the
3072:and
2932:RFRA
1227:U.S.
1189:2018
1167:2018
1146:Pico
1134:Pico
1122:Pico
1110:Pico
1098:Pico
1083:Pico
1071:Pico
1059:Pico
1047:Pico
1035:Pico
1023:Pico
1011:Pico
986:U.S.
964:Pico
928:2015
896:ISBN
827:ISBN
786:U.S.
671:must
591:and
401:Case
360:Pico
354:and
163:and
147:The
135:U.S.
116:F.2d
73:more
65:U.S.
63:457
7288:Law
5169:and
3257:and
3207:and
1303:by
1223:457
982:393
789:853
782:457
567:by
131:454
119:404
108:387
68:853
7300::
1221:,
1090:^
951:10
949:.
945:.
918:.
894:.
796:^
768:^
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3188:)
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3046:)
3042:(
1635:e
1628:t
1621:v
1343:e
1336:t
1329:v
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1169:.
930:.
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835:.
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110:(
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