1912:
913:
1863:
Bashar Assad had recently approved Syria's first
Islamic university, as well as three Islamic banks. And Mohammed Habash, the head of the Islamic Studies Center, had been invited to speak on Islam at Syria's military academy – where praying had been banned 25 years earlier. ... In the 1980s, a distinct minority of women in Damascus wore hejab, or modest Islamic dress. In 2006, a distinct majority in Syria's most modern city had put it on.
1955:
902:
1606:
ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity. It was also a reaction against
Western influences such as individualism, consumerism, commodification of women, and sexual liberty, which were seen as subverting Islamic values and identities. Among the political factors was also the ideological vacuum that emerged after the decline of socialist system and related weakening of the liberal (Western) ideology.
1646:(OPEC) and the quadrupling of global oil prices. At first, this led to an expectation that the oil wealth would lead to a long-awaited resurgence of the Islamic civilization, and when this failed to materialize, the mounting frustration with secular regimes made the public more receptive to religious fundamentalism. Scholar
1942:
One observation made of
Islamization is that increased piety and adoption of Sharia has "in no way changed the rules of the political or economic game", by leading to greater virtue. "Ethnic and tribal segmentation, political maneuvering, personal rivalries" have not diminished, nor has corruption in
1564:
A number of revivalist movements have called for implementation of sharia. The practical implications of this call are often obscure, since historically
Islamic law has varied according to time and place, but as an ideological slogan it serves "to rally support for the creation of a utopian, divinely
1605:
A global wave of
Islamic revivalism emerged starting from the end of 1970s owing in large part to popular disappointment with the secular nation states and Westernized ruling elites, which had dominated the Muslim world during the preceding decades, and which were increasingly seen as authoritarian,
1609:
Economic and demographic factors, such as lagging economic development, a rise in income inequality and a decline in social mobility, the rise of an educated youth with expectation of higher upward mobility, and urbanization in the Muslim world also played a major part. In general, the gap between
1862:
For the first time, the regime celebrated the
Prophet's birth with greater fanfare than the anniversary of the ruling party. Billboards once heralding 'progressiveness and socialism' were also being replaced with new admonitions: 'Pray for the Prophet, and Do not forget to mention God.' President
1595:
Global Muslim identity does not necessarily or even usually imply organised group action. Even though
Muslims recognise a global affiliation, the real heart of Muslim religious life remains outside politics – in local associations for worship, discussion, mutual aid, education, charity, and other
1339:, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, better known as the Muslim Brotherhood, in 1928, the first mass Islamist organization. Despite him being influenced by Rida and his drawing of ideas primarily from Islamic sources, Al-Banna nevertheless was willing to engage with modern European concepts like
1727:
Islamic revivalist leaders have been "activists first, and scholars only secondarily", emphasizing practical issues of
Islamic law and impatience with theory. According to Daniel W. Brown, two "broad features" define the revivalist approach to Islamic authorities: distrust of Islamic scholarship
1576:
The call to fundamentalism, centered on the sharia: this call is as old as Islam itself and yet still new because it has never been fulfilled, It is a tendency that is forever setting the reformer, the censor, and tribunal against the corruption of the times and of sovereigns, against foreign
1560:
cultivates Muslim spirituality; Many revivalist movements have a community-building orientation, focusing on collective worship, education, charity or simple sociability. Many local movements are linked up with national or transnational organizations which sponsor charitable, educational and
1531:
The term "Islamic revival" encompasses "a wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favorable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional, and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific, some violent".
1234:). These efforts frequently drew inspiration from the hadith in which Muhammad states: "God will send to His community at the head of each century those who will renew its faith for it". Throughout Islamic history, Muslims looked to reforming religious leaders to fulfil the role of a
1873:
In many Muslim countries, there has been a growth of networks of religious schools. "Graduates holding a degree in religious science are now entering the labour market and tend, of course, to advocate the
Islamization of education and law in order to improve their job prospects."
1245:
The modern movement of
Islamic revival has been compared with earlier efforts of a similar nature: The "oscillat between periods of strict religious observance and others of devotional laxity" in Islamic history was striking enough for "the Muslim historian,
1630:
failed to deliver on its promises. According to a common assessment offered at the time, "the Jews had deserved victory by being truer to their religion than the Arabs had been to theirs". After a period of introspection and rise of religious discourse, the
1768:
In reaction to Islamist opposition during the 1980s, even avowedly secular Muslim states "endeavoured to promote a brand of conservative Islam and to organise an `official Islam`". Official radio stations and journals opened up to fundamentalist preaching.
1382:
in South Asia. Today it is one of the most influential Islamic parties in the Indian sub-continent, spanning three countries (Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh), although the different national parties have no organisational link between them. Muhammed
1617:
The above reasons are generally agreed to be the ultimate causes of the Islamic revival. There were also specific political events which heralded the revival. Major historical turning points in the Islamic revival include, in chronological order:
1586:
The increased integration of world societies as a result of enhanced communications, media, travel, and migration makes meaningful the concept of a single Islam practiced everywhere in similar ways, and an Islam which transcends national and ethnic
1391:
Islamic revivalist movement, in 1925. It is now a worldwide movement with over 50 million active followers, it is a non-political movement which focuses on increasing the Muslims' faith and for them to return to the sunnah way of life.
1764:
Afghanistan. Other regimes, such as countries in the Persian Gulf region, and the secular countries of Iraq, Egypt, Libya, and Pakistan, while not a product of the resurgence, have made some concessions to its growing popularity.
1027:
for revivalist movements, which may be "intolerant and exclusivist", or "pluralistic"; "favorable to science", or against it; "primarily devotional", or "primarily political"; democratic, or authoritarian; pacific, or violent.
1458:
between Muslims and Christians previously unseen in many Middle Eastern countries. Another motivation was the newfound wealth and discovered political leverage brought to much of the Muslim world in the aftermath of the
1829:
government made Friday an official holy day in 1976. The family law of 1984 "re-introduced some sharia elements" such as Quranic dissymmetry between men and women, and the official policy of Arabisation led to a
1581:
Contemporary Islamic revival includes a feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" as often shared by Muslim immigrants and their children who live in non-Muslim countries. According to Ira Lapidus,
1847:
In Morocco, at the end of the 1990s, more doctorates were written in religious sciences than in social sciences and literature. In Saudi Arabia, the absolute majority of doctorates were in religious sciences.
1519:, the revival was also motivated by the migration of many Egyptians during the 1980s to the Gulf countries in search of work; when they returned, returning especially in the aftermath of the
1222:
has seen periodic calls for a renewed commitment to the fundamental principles of Islam and it has also seen periodic calls for the reconstruction of society in accordance with the
1395:
Whether or not the contemporary revival is part of an historical cycle, the uniqueness of the close association of the Muslim community with its religion has been noted by scholar
1844:
Even the Marxist government of Afghanistan, before it was overthrown, introduced religious programs on television in 1986, and declared Islam to be the state religion in 1987.
1450:
during the preceding decades, and which were increasingly seen as authoritarian, ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity. Further motivation for the revival included the
1822:
In Sudan, the sharia penal code was proclaimed in 1983. South Yemen (formerly the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) made polygamy legal with a new Family Code in 1992.
397:
136:
1515:
political system, there was a general idea amongst many Muslims by the late 1970s that secularism had failed in the Middle East to deliver the demands of the masses. In
1012:
occurring every century. They manifest in renewed commitment to the fundamentals of Islam, the teachings of the Quran and hadith (aka traditions) of the Islamic prophet
2832:
1539:
among ordinary Muslims. In the 1970s and 80s there were more veiled women in the streets. One striking example of it is the increase in attendance at the
1968:
1610:
higher expectations and reality among many in the Muslim world was an important factor. Gulf oil money was also a huge factor, in a phenomenon known as
1472:
1085:
392:
131:
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1855:
1507:- resulting in Saudi Arabia's newfound dominance over Arab countries – the Islamic revival became especially potent amongst Muslims worldwide. With
3994:
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504:
471:
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to ponder its causes 600 years ago, and speculate that it could be "attributed ... to features of ecology and social organization peculiar to the
4010:
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spent by Saudi Arabia and other gulf states around the Muslim world to encourage the following of stricter, more conservative strains of Islam.
516:
1080:; perceived successes of Islam included the surprising victory of Islamist forces against a well-armed and financed secular monarch in the 1979
808:
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were given right of access to the universities and allowed to apply for civil service positions, introducing it to religious-minded people.
3800:
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Among revivalist currents, neo-fundamentalism predominates, stressing obedience to Islamic law and ritual observance. There have also been
541:
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1782:
was "the main source of legislation". In 1991, the Egyptian Security Court condemned the writer Ala'a Hamid to eight years in prison for
492:
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of 1973 was fought in the name of Islam rather than pan-Arabism and the greater success of Arab armies was seen to validate the change.
941:
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1238:(lit., renovator). Although there is disagreement over which individuals might actually be identified as such, Muslims agree that
3212:
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1423:
erupted, a worldwide Islamic revival emerged in response to the success of the revolution, owing in large part to the failure of
803:
3217:
1511:, traditionally a source of secular Arab culture, fractured between Muslim and Christian, exposing the failures of its secular
3544:
3672:
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1214:, Muslims believed they had not succeeded in creating and maintaining a society that truly followed the principles of their
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17:
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and presented early ideas of an Islamic alternative to socialism and capitalism. Perhaps his most important work was
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Lapidus, Ira M. (1997). "Islamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms".
1407:". In the last few decades ending in 2000, rather than scientific knowledge and secularism edging aside religion,
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1983:
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Allah will raise for this community at the end of every 100 years the one who will renovate its religion for it.
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which occurred in late 1979 amidst the revival; both of these events encouraged the rise of the phenomenon of "
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ruling elites that were increasingly seen as authoritarian, ineffective and lacking cultural authenticity; the
1008:
is an important religious concept, called for periodically throughout Islamic history and according to a sahih
934:
4264:
658:
2825:
Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies)
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1734:(accepting a scholar's decision without investigating it); and at the same time a strong commitment to the
31:
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143:
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1307:, "one of the most influential Muslim reformers" of the era, traveled the Muslim world, advocating for
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with Israel; the fall of previously prosperous multi-confessional Lebanon into a destructive sectarian
768:
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260:
86:
1923:
1523:, they brought the neo-Wahhabist ideologies and more conservative customs of the Gulf back with them.
3687:
3033:
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2706:
Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (1993). "Reviewed work: The Islamic Movement of Iraqi Shias, Joyce N. Wiley".
1993:
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In secular Turkey, religious teaching in schools was made compulsory in 1983. Religious graduates of
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worldwide. As such, it has been argued that with both of the Islamic superpowers in the Middle East (
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interview by Robin Wright of UK Foreign Secretary (at the time) Lord Carrington in November 1981,
1159:, which cultivates Muslim spirituality; and classical fundamentalism, which stresses obedience to
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The terms commonly used for Islamic revival movements are fundamentalist, Islamist or revivalist.
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1304:
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1650:, agrees that the tripling in the price of oil in the mid-1970s and the progressive takeover of
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attacks by radical Islamist groups. A feeling of a "growing universalistic Islamic identity" or
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1254:", namely the tension between the easy living in the towns and the austere life in the desert.
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and other petroleum exporting Gulf states during the mid-to-late 1970s. In an effort by the
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8:
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1998:
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Politically, Islamic resurgence runs the gamut from Islamist regimes in Iran, Sudan, and
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The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, and the Shi'i International
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revivalists attempting to reconcile Islamic beliefs with contemporary values and neo-
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1308:
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1112:
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551:
527:
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238:
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81:
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1210:(lit., regeneration, renewal) has been an important religious concept. Early in the
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influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts.
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1211:
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708:
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during the period from being the most influential Arab country as a result of the
1035:", ranging from increased number of sharia-based legal statutes, of attendance at
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and Saudi Arabia) espousing Islamist ideologies by the end of the 1970s, and the
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126:
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in Afghanistan in the late 1970s. The Mujahideen were a major beneficiary of
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Preachers and scholars who have been described as revivalists (mujaddids) or
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30:"Islamic renaissance" redirects here. For the Tunisian political party, see
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The revival has been manifested in greater piety and a growing adoption of
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1973:
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1611:
1468:
1439:
1428:
1340:
1326:
1251:
1247:
1132:
1124:
1073:
850:
738:
723:
610:
534:
2875:
1911:
912:
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3805:
3641:
3524:
3440:
3023:
2941:
2276:
1988:
1887:
1673:
1432:
1404:
1351:
1277:
1180:
1156:
1061:
820:
600:
372:
119:
2727:
1257:
Some of the more famous revivalists and revival movements include the
3611:
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3460:
3182:
2694:
1978:
1783:
1694:
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But not necessarily transnational political or social organisations:
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387:
184:
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Africa and Islamic Revival: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
2476:
The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography
2101:
The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography
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3710:
3242:
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2911:
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has "increasingly represented the cutting edge" of Muslim culture.
1227:
1215:
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1144:
1013:
995:
367:
243:
109:
51:
2834:
The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam will Shape the Future
1654:
in the 1974–1980 period, provided the source of much influence of
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have been an important force in the history of Islamic societies.
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3732:
3616:
3288:
3172:
2976:
2936:
2155:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 521–523.
1882:
1761:
1508:
1387:
was an Indian Islamic scholar who founded the widely influential
1374:
established the world's first modern Islamic republic, Pakistan.
1266:
1095:, by differing sects and groups, in the history of Islam include
352:
114:
2317:
Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge,
3050:
2336:""September 11 and the Struggle for Islam" by Robert W. Hefner"
1868:
Robin Wright, Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East
1804:
1778:
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1718:
in the mid 1980s and the government recognition of these banks.
1715:
1557:
1492:
1231:
1175:
1161:
1017:
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990:
273:
171:
1807:
the exclusive source of law of the state was introduced after
1143:, have been described as such. Academics often use the terms "
1060:
Explanations for the revival include the perceived failure of
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in Egypt increased "from 1985 in 1986–7 to 4314 in 1995–6".
1786:. By the mid 1990s, the official Islamic journal in Egypt –
1151:" interchangeably. Contemporary revivalist currents include
2880:
1643:
1541:
1496:
1057:
among immigrants in non-Muslim countries was also evident.
1037:
2387:
Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror
2295:
Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror
2211:
2209:
1658:
in the Islamic World, in the aforementioned phenomenon of
1399:
who observed that "of all the major cultural domains" the
1020:, and reconstruction of society in accordance with them.
2820:, Cambridge University Press; 2 edition (August 26, 2002)
2809:
Pioneers of Islamic Revival (Studies in Islamic Society)
2257:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
2206:
1549:, which grew from 90,000 in 1926 to 2 million in 1979.
1378:
was the later leader of this movement who established
1354:, Islamic revivalist intellectuals and statesmen like
2423:"Islamic Revivalism: The Case of the Tablighi Jamaat"
1072:
whose governments were humiliatingly defeated in the
1950:
1473:
International propagation of conservative revivalist
2795:
The Failure of Political Islam muslim world league.
1969:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
1796:. The number of "teaching institutes dependent" on
1173:The concept of Islamic revival is based on a sahih
1031:
In the late 20th century, Islamic revival brought "
2769:
2192:
985:, "Islamic awakening") refers to a revival of the
2683:Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East
2604:by Robin Wright, Simon and Schuster (1985), p. 67
2389:. London: Yale University Press. pp. 27–29.
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
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2174:
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1454:, which began in 1975 and resulted in a level of
1319:has been called "the most influential figure" of
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2612:
2610:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
1201:, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim , Hadith Number 4278
1023:In academic literature, "Islamic revival" is an
27:Movements to revive the faith in Islamic history
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2061:
2059:
1501:isolation of the traditionally secularist Egypt
1179:(a saying attributed to Muhammad), recorded by
993:. A leader of a revival is known in Islam as a
3709:
2620:Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought
2543:
2169:
2143:
2141:
2104:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 24–25.
1168:
2896:
2607:
2526:
2297:. London: Yale University Press. p. 27.
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1943:politics and economics based on speculation.
1644:Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
935:
2742:
2708:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2644:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2056:
1776:was made to specify (in article 2) that the
1700:to Iran in 1979 and his establishment of an
1690:introduces Islamic legal system in Pakistan.
1403:"seems to have been the least penetrated by
989:religion, usually centered around enforcing
973:
505:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
2623:. Cambridge University Press. p. 109.
2359:Sohail H. Hashimi, "Afghani, Jamal Al-Din"
1714:The establishment of many Islamic banks in
1680:, and would ultimately lead to the rise of
4084:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
2903:
2889:
2500:
2361:Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World
2118:
2076:
2037:
2017:described by the French Islam researchers
1811:in 1977, and finally passed in 1993 under
1414:
942:
928:
2466:
2384:
2292:
2234:
2222:
1665:The opening of the first Islamic bank in
799:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
2602:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
2576:Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam
1815:'s government. The number of registered
1288:movement of the 19th century, preachers
3213:Justice and Development Party (Morocco)
2254:
2219:, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 75
2147:
1819:rose from 137 in 1947 to 3906 in 1995.
1722:
1485:consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
1446:ruling elites, which had dominated the
1123:. In the 20th century, figures such as
14:
4252:
3218:Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
2472:
2463:, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 43
2375:by Cyril Glasse, Altamira, 2008, p. 15
2217:Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam
2097:
972:, lit., "regeneration, renewal"; also
3976:
3708:
3673:International propagation of Salafism
3492:
2884:
1626:helped to convince many Muslims that
1565:governed Islamic state and society".
1165:(Islamic law) and ritual observance.
3777:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
2830:
2705:
2479:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 24.
2461:The Koran, a very short introduction
1906:
1745:
1642:, which led to the formation of the
3493:
2987:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists
2420:
1895:), considered an important work of
1825:In Algeria, the leftist secularist
1728:along with "vehement rejection" of
1187:, who reported that Muhammad said:
974:
962:
24:
2801:
2523:, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2019), pp. 21–36
2427:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
1851:In Syria, despite the rule of the
517:Principles of State and Government
493:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
25:
4276:
4089:Popular Arab and Islamic Congress
2859:
2616:
2546:"A Theory of the Islamic Revival"
1526:
1425:secular Arab nationalist movement
1070:secular Arab nationalist movement
442:List of Islamic political parties
3977:
2521:Journal of Globalization Studies
1953:
1910:
1790:– had a higher circulation than
1431:and popular disappointment with
911:
900:
4145:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
2699:
2688:
2675:
2594:
2581:
2569:
2509:
2473:Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991).
2453:
2414:
2403:
2378:
2366:
2353:
2328:
2286:
2098:Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991).
1984:Contemporary Islamic philosophy
1419:After the late 1970s, when the
1086:hundreds of billions of dollars
4079:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
3208:Justice and Construction Party
2817:A History of Islamic Societies
2772:The Failure of Political Islam
2767:
2748:
2665:
2196:
2153:A History of Islamic Societies
2046:
2011:
1206:Within the Islamic tradition,
1002:Within the Islamic tradition,
13:
1:
4150:Islamic response to modernity
2837:. W.W. Norton & Company.
2685:, Penguin Press, 2008, p. 245
2373:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1475:strains of Islam favored by
659:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
2910:
2866:The Islamic revival in Egypt
2776:. Harvard University Press.
2031:
1902:
1839:İmam Hatip secondary schools
1803:In Pakistan, a bill to make
1622:The Arab defeat in the 1967
32:Islamic Renaissance Movement
7:
3753:Militant Islamism based in
3396:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
1946:
1856:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
1834:Islamisation of education.
1545:, the annual pilgrimage to
1169:Early history of revivalism
980:
967:
453:Militant Islamism based in
10:
4281:
4207:Political aspects of Islam
3607:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
3193:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
2761:
2751:Failure of Political Islam
2668:Failure of Political Islam
2578:by Robin Wright, pp. 65–66
2517:Islamism and Globalization
2199:Failure of Political Islam
2049:Failure of Political Islam
1756:Political aspects of Islam
1749:
1640:energy crisis of the 1970s
1303:In the late 19th century,
1298:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
1117:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
769:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
437:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
29:
4228:
4194:
4163:
4127:
4064:Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
4054:
3987:
3983:
3972:
3918:
3857:
3746:
3725:
3721:
3704:
3665:
3622:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
3597:
3543:
3512:
3505:
3501:
3488:
3306:
3276:
3163:Freedom and Justice Party
3153:
3088:
3081:
2969:
2922:
2918:
2871:Islamic revival in Jordan
2811:; London: Zed Books, 1994
2720:10.1017/S0020743800059560
2617:Brown, Daniel W. (1996).
1994:Islamization of knowledge
1600:
1284:(~1564–1624), the Indian
883:Islam and other religions
393:International propagation
132:International propagation
4038:(Izetbegović, 1969-1970)
3837:in the Arabian Peninsula
3678:Islamic religious police
3238:Prosperous Justice Party
3198:Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
2385:R. Habeck, Mary (2006).
2293:R. Habeck, Mary (2006).
2269:10.1163/1568520972601486
2004:
1427:in the aftermath of the
545:Governance of the Jurist
3321:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
3233:Malaysian Islamic Party
3228:National Iraqi Alliance
3188:Islamic Salvation Front
3118:Islamic Defenders Front
2421:Ali, Jan (April 2003).
1561:missionary activities.
1415:Contemporary revivalism
1315:. His sometime acolyte
1305:Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
981:aṣ-Ṣaḥwah l-ʾIslāmiyyah
649:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī
3762:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
3476:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
3401:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
3258:State of Law Coalition
3168:Green Algeria Alliance
2439:10.1080/13602000305935
2325:, Chapter 7, pp. 85–89
1879:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
1871:
1598:
1589:
1579:
1483:to counterbalance the
1409:Islamic fundamentalism
1294:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1226:and the traditions of
1204:
1105:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
714:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
150:Islamic fundamentalism
3865:Hibatullah Akhundzada
3688:Sufi–Salafi relations
3331:Hibatullah Akhundzada
2815:Lapidus, Ira Marvin,
2768:Roy, Olivier (1994).
1860:
1774:constitution of Egypt
1593:
1584:
1574:
1568:According to scholar
1189:
787:Criticism of Islamism
781:Criticism of Islamism
699:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
626:Hibatullah Akhundzada
4265:Political neologisms
4104:September 11 attacks
4074:Grand Mosque seizure
3880:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
3875:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
3637:Muhammad Al-Munajjid
3346:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
3263:Islamic Action Front
2807:Rahnema, Ali ;
2544:Jean-Paul Carvalho.
2363:, Thomson Gale, 2004
1723:Scholarship and fiqh
1709:Grand Mosque Seizure
1596:communal activities.
1465:Grand Mosque seizure
1333:would establish the
1327:Muhammad Rashid Rida
1016:, the divine law of
586:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
543:Islamic Government:
4036:Islamic Declaration
3585:Young Kashgar Party
2831:Vali, Nasr (2006).
1999:Islam and modernity
1877:In Iraq, Ayatollah
1798:Al-Azhar University
1491:ideologies to many
1364:Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1336:Ikhwan al-Muslimeen
1055:transnational Islam
918:Politics portal
871:Islam and modernity
547:("Velayat-e faqih")
529:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
4094:Algerian Civil War
4069:Iranian Revolution
4028:Islamic Government
3926:Islam and violence
3900:Juhayman al-Otaybi
3813:Sub-Saharan Africa
3558:Authenticity Party
3326:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
3133:Muslim Brotherhood
2982:Islamic governance
1922:. You can help by
1809:General Zia's coup
1521:Gulf War in Kuwait
1505:Camp David Accords
1452:Lebanese Civil War
1421:Iranian Revolution
1321:Modernist Salafism
1149:Islamic revivalist
1125:Sayyid Rashid Rida
1082:Iranian Revolution
816:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
792:Criticism of Islam
654:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
472:Sub-Saharan Africa
432:Muslim Brotherhood
417:Iranian Revolution
327:Islamic Golden Age
180:Islamic governance
18:Islamic revivalism
4247:
4246:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3936:Islamic terrorism
3931:Islamic extremism
3910:Ayman al-Zawahiri
3905:Omar Abdel-Rahman
3711:Militant Islamism
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3632:Rabee al-Madkhali
3593:
3592:
3484:
3483:
3451:Haji Shariatullah
3411:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
3391:Abul A'la Maududi
3386:Ruhollah Khomeini
3376:Alija Izetbegović
3361:Rached Ghannouchi
3351:Necmettin Erbakan
3308:Political leaders
3302:
3301:
3294:Islamic modernism
3223:National Congress
3155:Political parties
3068:Two-nation theory
3002:Islamic socialism
2992:Islamic democracy
2162:978-0-521-51430-9
1940:
1939:
1897:Islamic economics
1788:Al-Liwa al-Islami
1746:Political aspects
1368:Two-Nation Theory
1345:constitutionalism
1309:Islamic modernism
1296:(1702–1762), and
1141:Ruhollah Khomeini
1137:Abul A'la Maududi
1113:Ashraf Ali Thanwi
1064:, in the form of
952:
951:
826:Abdelwahab Meddeb
754:Haji Shariatullah
719:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
704:Abul A'la Maududi
694:Ruhollah Khomeini
674:Rached Ghannouchi
606:Alija Izetbegović
591:Ruhollah Khomeini
498:Rashīd Rīďha 1922
398:by country/region
287:Two-nation theory
239:Islamic terrorism
200:Islamic socialism
190:Islamic democracy
166:Apostasy in Islam
137:by country/region
16:(Redirected from
4272:
4135:Anti-imperialism
4030:(Khomeini, 1970)
4006:(Khomeini, 1940)
3985:
3984:
3974:
3973:
3723:
3722:
3706:
3705:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3456:Hassan Al-Turabi
3268:United Arab List
3086:
3085:
3017:Islamic republic
3012:Islamic monarchy
2997:Islamic feminism
2920:
2919:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2775:
2756:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2703:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2663:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2614:
2605:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2551:. Archived from
2550:
2541:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2338:. Archived from
2332:
2326:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2232:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2194:
2167:
2166:
2145:
2116:
2115:
2095:
2074:
2067:Sunan Abu Dawood
2063:
2054:
2044:
2025:
2015:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1935:
1932:
1914:
1907:
1869:
1853:Arab nationalist
1702:Islamic republic
1672:The rise of the
1376:Abul Ala Maududi
1212:history of Islam
1202:
1199:Sunan Abu Dawood
1097:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
983:
977:
976:
975:الصحوة الإسلامية
970:
964:
944:
937:
930:
916:
915:
907:Islam portal
905:
904:
903:
809:in North America
759:Hassan Al-Turabi
709:Abul Hasan Nadwi
317:Anti-imperialism
215:Islamic republic
210:Islamic monarchy
195:Islamic feminism
54:
48:
47:
37:
36:
21:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4216:
4212:Political Islam
4190:
4159:
4155:Islamic revival
4123:
4056:
4050:
4046:(Gaddafi, 1975)
3979:
3960:
3914:
3885:Osama bin Laden
3870:Anwar al-Awlaki
3853:
3847:in North Africa
3794:Lashkar-e-Taiba
3742:
3738:Salafi jihadism
3717:
3692:
3661:
3627:Safar al-Hawali
3589:
3539:
3497:
3495:Salafi movement
3480:
3356:Muammar Gaddafi
3341:Hassan al-Banna
3309:
3298:
3272:
3203:Jamiat-e Islami
3149:
3123:Jamaat-e-Islami
3111:in Central Asia
3089:Socio-political
3077:
2965:
2954:Salafi jihadism
2914:
2909:
2862:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2804:
2802:Further reading
2788:
2786:
2784:
2764:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2689:
2681:Wright, Robin,
2680:
2676:
2664:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2615:
2608:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2527:
2515:Leonid Grinin,
2514:
2510:
2506:Lapidus, p. 829
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2471:
2467:
2459:Cook, Michael,
2458:
2454:
2419:
2415:
2410:Jamaat-e-Islami
2408:
2404:
2397:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2287:
2253:
2249:
2245:Lapidus, p. 828
2244:
2235:
2231:Lapidus, p. 823
2230:
2223:
2215:Kepel, Gilles,
2214:
2207:
2195:
2170:
2163:
2149:Lapidus, Ira M.
2146:
2119:
2112:
2096:
2077:
2064:
2057:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2007:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1920:needs expansion
1905:
1870:
1867:
1758:
1750:Main articles:
1748:
1725:
1603:
1554:Islamic liberal
1537:Islamic culture
1529:
1513:confessionalist
1461:1973 oil crisis
1417:
1389:Tablighi Jamaat
1385:Ilyas Kandhlawi
1380:Jamaat-e-Islami
1356:Syed Ahmad Khan
1331:Hassan al-Banna
1220:Islamic history
1218:. As a result,
1203:
1197:
1171:
1129:Hassan al-Banna
1049:preachers, and
1045:, influence of
1033:re-Islamization
955:Islamic revival
948:
910:
901:
899:
893:
892:
866:
856:
855:
782:
774:
773:
669:Hassan al-Banna
639:
631:
630:
581:Muammar Gaddafi
566:
558:
557:
544:
487:
479:
478:
422:Jamaat-e-Islami
345:
337:
336:
332:Islamic revival
307:
299:
298:
256:Political Islam
161:
153:
152:
146:
127:Salafi movement
105:
97:
96:
62:
50:
49:
41:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4195:Related topics
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4186:United Kingdom
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:Faith campaign
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:The Green Book
4040:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3998:(Iqbal, 1930s)
3996:Reconstruction
3991:
3989:
3981:
3980:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3956:Talibanization
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Akhtar Mansour
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3801:Southeast Asia
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Fatah al-Islam
3764:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3647:Salman al-Ouda
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3530:Sahwa movement
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Ata Abu Rashta
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Muhammad Iqbal
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Muhammad Abduh
3312:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Fatah Alliance
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3101:Hizb ut-Tahrir
3098:
3092:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2860:External links
2858:
2857:
2856:
2843:
2828:
2823:Roy, Olivier;
2821:
2812:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2782:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2741:
2714:(4): 718–719.
2698:
2687:
2674:
2643:
2629:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2568:
2525:
2508:
2499:
2485:
2465:
2452:
2433:(1): 173–181.
2413:
2402:
2395:
2377:
2365:
2352:
2327:
2323:978-0878402243
2310:
2303:
2285:
2247:
2233:
2221:
2205:
2168:
2161:
2117:
2110:
2075:
2055:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1901:
1865:
1747:
1744:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1693:The return of
1691:
1685:
1670:
1663:
1636:
1633:Yom Kippur War
1602:
1599:
1528:
1527:Manifestations
1525:
1487:, it exported
1481:Saudi monarchy
1416:
1413:
1360:Muhammad Iqbal
1329:, his protege
1317:Muhammad Abduh
1282:Ahmad Sirhindi
1195:
1183:, narrated by
1170:
1167:
1121:Muhammad Ahmad
1109:Ahmad Sirhindi
1047:fundamentalist
950:
949:
947:
946:
939:
932:
924:
921:
920:
895:
894:
891:
890:
885:
880:
879:
878:
867:
864:Related topics
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
831:Maryam Namazie
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
796:
795:
794:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
734:Ata Abu Rashta
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
684:Muhammad Iqbal
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
644:Muhammad Abduh
640:
638:Key ideologues
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
623:
621:House of Thani
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
576:Omar al-Bashir
573:
567:
565:Heads of state
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
538:
531:("Milestones")
525:
513:
501:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
467:Southeast Asia
464:
459:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Hizb ut-Tahrir
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
385:
383:Sahwa movement
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Dawat-e-Islami
355:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
312:Anti-communism
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
289:
284:
277:
270:
265:
264:
263:
253:
248:
247:
246:
241:
229:
219:
218:
217:
212:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
176:
175:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
148:
147:
141:
140:
139:
134:
124:
123:
122:
112:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4277:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:War on terror
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3971:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:Major figures
3856:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Ali al-Tamimi
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3599:Major figures
3596:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:Islamist Bloc
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:Al-Nour Party
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Navvab Safavi
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3421:Tariq Ramadan
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Safwat Hegazi
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:Muhammad Asad
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Welfare Party
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Turkish model
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Post-Islamism
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:Islamic state
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2961:Shia Islamism
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2846:
2844:9780393066401
2840:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2796:
2785:
2783:9780674291409
2779:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2558:on 2017-08-09
2554:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2396:0-300-11306-4
2392:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2342:on 2007-05-02
2341:
2337:
2331:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2306:
2304:0-300-11306-4
2300:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:(4): 444–60.
2262:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2111:9780313247194
2107:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1951:
1944:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1918:This section
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:Our Economics
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1772:In 1971, the
1770:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:and also the
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:nation states
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:Muslim League
1369:
1366:promoted the
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:(1263–1328),
1291:
1290:Ibn Taymiyyah
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:(1042–1269),
1272:
1268:
1265:dynasties in
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:Ibn Taymiyyah
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1026:
1025:umbrella term
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
988:
984:
982:
971:
969:
960:
956:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
926:
925:
923:
922:
919:
914:
909:
908:
897:
896:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
860:
859:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Maajid Nawaaz
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
793:
790:
789:
788:
785:
784:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:Navvab Safavi
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Tariq Ramadan
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Safwat Hegazi
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
664:Muhammad Asad
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:House of Saud
614:
612:
611:Mohammed Omar
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
596:Mohamed Morsi
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
562:
561:
553:
552:Khomeini 1970
549:
548:
546:
539:
536:
532:
530:
526:
523:
519:
518:
514:
511:
507:
506:
502:
499:
495:
494:
490:
489:
483:
482:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
452:
451:
450:
449:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
408:
407:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
341:
340:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
303:
302:
295:
294:
290:
288:
285:
283:
282:
278:
276:
275:
271:
269:
268:Post-Islamism
266:
262:
259:
258:
257:
254:
252:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:
230:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:Islamic state
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:Shia Islamism
142:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
58:
57:
53:
45:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4239:North Africa
4154:
4140:Anti-Zionism
4043:
4035:
4027:
4022:(Qutb, 1964)
4019:
4014:(Asad, 1961)
4011:
4004:Forty Hadith
4003:
3995:
3978:Other topics
3580:People Party
3520:Ahl-i Hadith
3466:Ahmed Yassin
3446:Ali Shariati
3381:Ali Khamenei
3055:
3041:Pan-Islamism
3034:of knowledge
3029:Islamization
2848:. Retrieved
2833:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2794:
2787:. Retrieved
2771:
2750:
2744:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2634:. Retrieved
2619:
2601:
2596:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2553:the original
2520:
2511:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2475:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2405:
2386:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2330:
2313:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2216:
2203:: pp. 126–27
2198:
2152:
2100:
2065:
2048:
2019:Gilles Kepel
2013:
1961:Islam portal
1941:
1928:
1924:adding to it
1919:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1872:
1861:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1813:Nawaz Sharif
1802:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1729:
1726:
1652:Saudi Aramco
1648:Gilles Kepel
1616:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1477:Saudi Arabia
1456:sectarianism
1448:Muslim world
1418:
1401:Muslim world
1397:Michael Cook
1394:
1349:
1334:
1325:
1313:pan-Islamism
1302:
1286:Ahl-i Hadith
1256:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1207:
1205:
1191:
1190:
1185:Abu Hurairah
1174:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1092:
1090:
1059:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1004:
1003:
1001:
994:
978:
965:
954:
953:
898:
888:Islamophobia
764:Ahmed Yassin
749:Ali Shariati
689:Ali Khamenei
571:Ali Khamenei
542:
540:
528:
515:
503:
491:
447:
446:
405:
404:
363:Ahl-i Hadith
347:
331:
322:Anti-Zionism
291:
279:
272:
251:Pan-Islamism
231:
226:of knowledge
222:Islamization
170:
61:Fundamentals
4119:Arab Winter
4114:Arab Spring
3895:Mullah Omar
3757:MENA region
3683:Petro-Islam
3657:Al-Uthaymin
3431:Rashid Rida
3416:Sayyid Qutb
3406:Mullah Omar
3284:Ansar Allah
3128:Millî Görüş
2850:23 December
2672:: pp. 92–93
2589:Sacred Rage
2492:17 December
2023:Olivier Roy
1974:Petro-Islam
1881:criticized
1678:Petro-Islam
1660:Petro-Islam
1628:pan-Arabism
1624:Six-Day War
1612:Petro-Islam
1570:Olivier Roy
1489:neo-Wahhabi
1469:Petro-Islam
1444:Westernized
1440:Middle East
1429:Six-Day War
1341:nationalism
1300:(d. 1792).
1280:revivalist
1252:Middle East
1248:Ibn Khaldun
1133:Sayyid Qutb
1093:mujaddideen
1074:Six-Day War
1066:Westernized
851:Bassam Tibi
846:Olivier Roy
739:Rashid Rida
724:Sayyid Qutb
510:Iqbal 1930s
457:MENA region
427:Millî Görüş
4254:Categories
4234:South Asia
4176:Gaza Strip
4128:Influences
4055:Historical
4020:Milestones
4012:Principles
3946:Mujahideen
3823:al-Shabaab
3818:Boko Haram
3806:Abu Sayyaf
3784:South Asia
3642:Zakir Naik
3525:Madkhalism
3513:Scholastic
3471:Zia-ul-Haq
3441:Omar Bongo
3106:in Britain
3024:Islamistan
2942:Khomeinism
2630:0521570778
2562:2018-08-20
2486:0313247196
2346:2007-05-10
1989:Islamistan
1888:Iqtisaduna
1688:Zia-ul-Haq
1674:Mujahideen
1471:" and the
1405:irreligion
1352:South Asia
1278:Naqshbandi
1181:Abu Dawood
1157:neo-Sufism
1062:secularism
841:Sam Harris
821:Farag Foda
601:Zia ul-Haq
462:South Asia
373:Madkhalism
348:Scholastic
306:Influences
120:Khomeinism
104:Ideologies
92:Secularism
4232:Islam in
4202:Criticism
4164:by region
3747:Movements
3612:Al-Albani
3553:Al Asalah
3545:Political
3535:Wahhabism
3506:Movements
3461:Malcolm X
3183:Hezbollah
3082:Movements
2736:161657254
2447:143034327
2032:Citations
1979:Ahmadiyya
1903:Criticism
1817:madrassas
1784:blasphemy
1695:Ayatollah
1656:Wahhabism
1259:Almoravid
1240:mujaddids
1078:civil war
1051:terrorist
1041:, use of
876:Modernism
804:in Europe
535:Qutb 1965
522:Asad 1961
486:Key texts
406:Political
388:Wahhabism
344:Movements
185:Caliphate
82:Economics
4260:Islamism
3832:al-Qaeda
3726:Ideology
3715:Jihadism
3563:Al-Islah
3243:Al Wefaq
3143:in Syria
3138:in Egypt
3096:Deobandi
2970:Concepts
2949:Salafism
2932:Islamism
2912:Islamism
2587:Wright,
2151:(2014).
1947:See also
1931:May 2017
1866:—
1832:de facto
1793:Al-Ahram
1752:Islamism
1711:of 1979.
1698:Khomeini
1682:Al-Qaeda
1587:customs.
1370:and the
1236:mujaddid
1228:Muhammad
1216:religion
1196:—
1153:Jihadism
1145:Islamist
1014:Muhammad
996:mujaddid
448:Militant
368:Deobandi
244:Jihadism
160:Concepts
110:Islamism
87:Politics
52:Islamism
44:a series
42:Part of
4171:Balkans
3951:Slavery
3919:Related
3842:in Iraq
3789:Taliban
3733:Qutbism
3666:Related
3617:Ibn Baz
3289:Taliban
3277:Related
3173:Ennahda
2977:Emirate
2937:Qutbism
2924:Outline
2789:2 April
2762:Sources
2755:: p. 26
2591:, p. 66
2277:3632403
2072:37:4278
1883:Marxism
1762:Taliban
1509:Lebanon
1493:mosques
1438:in the
1433:secular
1347:, etc.
1267:Maghreb
1263:Almohad
1147:" and "
987:Islamic
353:Barelvi
261:aspects
224: (
115:Qutbism
77:Culture
72:History
4057:events
3051:Sharia
2841:
2827:, 1994
2780:
2753:, 1994
2734:
2728:164565
2726:
2670:, 1994
2636:10 May
2627:
2483:
2445:
2393:
2321:
2301:
2275:
2201:, 1994
2159:
2108:
2053:: p. 4
2051:, 1994
1805:sharia
1779:sharia
1740:Sunnah
1731:taqlid
1716:Turkey
1601:Causes
1558:Sufism
1275:Indian
1232:hadith
1208:tajdid
1176:hadith
1162:Sharia
1139:, and
1119:, and
1084:; and
1018:sharia
1010:hadith
1005:tajdid
991:sharia
968:tajdīd
959:Arabic
274:Sharia
172:Takfir
4181:Sudan
3988:Texts
3941:Jihad
3772:Hamas
3178:Hadas
3073:Ummah
3057:Shura
2749:Roy,
2732:S2CID
2724:JSTOR
2666:Roy,
2556:(PDF)
2549:(PDF)
2443:S2CID
2273:JSTOR
2197:Roy,
2047:Roy,
2005:Notes
1736:Quran
1667:Dubai
1547:Mecca
1517:Egypt
1271:Spain
1224:Quran
1043:hijab
963:تجديد
378:Nurcu
293:Ummah
281:Shura
233:Jihad
67:Islam
2852:2015
2839:ISBN
2791:2015
2778:ISBN
2638:2018
2625:ISBN
2494:2014
2481:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2021:and
1754:and
1738:and
1707:The
1638:The
1542:Hajj
1497:Iran
1442:and
1311:and
1269:and
1261:and
1038:Hajj
2716:doi
2435:doi
2265:doi
1926:.
1827:FLN
1350:In
4256::
2793:.
2730:.
2722:.
2712:25
2710:.
2646:^
2609:^
2528:^
2519:,
2441:.
2431:23
2429:.
2425:.
2279:.
2271:.
2261:40
2259:.
2236:^
2224:^
2208:^
2171:^
2120:^
2078:^
2070:,
2058:^
2039:^
1899:.
1858:,
1742:.
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1572:,
1362:,
1358:,
1343:,
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1155:;
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1127:,
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1103:,
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2437::
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2267::
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1891:(
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