Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan

390: 516: 572: 1147: 639: 564: 651: 694:, Ludovico went into exile. However, any satisfaction that Isabella could have gained from witnessing the downfall of her rival was minimised; the Dowager Duchess petitioned Louis XII to name her son Duke of Bari, a title that belonged to the Sforza family. The French King, after seeing the popularity of Isabella's son was growing among the inhabitants of Milan, responded by taking the young boy to France, assuring Isabella that he planned to marry him with his daughter. In reality, Louis XII deceived Isabella by placing Francesco Maria in a monastery. She refused to give up hope for her son's return and petitioned the 36: 273:, causing her to suffer personal and political difficulties. After a disastrous marriage and lack of support in Milan, she received the Duchy of Bari as her personal property. This change in circumstances gave Isabella the opportunity to form her own court as well as build up political support and security against the ongoing wars. These reforms along with her interest in arts and literature, resulted in Bari undergoing revival and refurbishment. During this period, she also concentrated on the education of her daughter 1188:", consequently interpreted Isabella's insistent gaze as envy, as a "trouble in seeing herself surpassed by Beatrice even in the mounts". However, the term is sometimes used metaphorically to indicate not the beast, but the one who rides it; moreover, Achille Dina strangely omits the final part of the letter, that is, the one from which it is understood to be a man, and not an animal, since otherwise it would not be possible to understand why Moroleto had to spend the rest of the evening conversing with a horse. 865:

consideration. Whilst Isabella may have avoided danger on account of her gender, it was a reminder that her hold on Bari was far from secure and her gender may not always excuse her. Aside from building up defences, the situation in Milan had taught the Duchess that political security was also essential; her will needed to be upheld at all times, never weakened or undermined. Therefore, she introduced more vigorous surveillance of public officials, ensuring that their notorious corruption was combated.

778: 950: 840: 836:, and her court there was one of splendour. She spent her spare time working on music and literature; the writer Amedeo Cornale was summoned to her court, which witnessed the printing of Bari's first book. Her administration greatly benefited the Duchy, which entered into a period of revival, refurbishment and cultural florescence, which it had not enjoyed under the earlier administration of Isabella's Aragonese relatives. 1128:

as to attribute to envy for her beauty the heated hostility of Beatrice d'Este towards her cousin: "Beatrice could not suffer that the beauty of Isabella was praised in her presence, imagining thus reproaching her for her ugliness". Indeed, if Beatrice was always described by her contemporaries as pretty, although not of exceptional beauty, contemporary sources agree in defining Isabella as unpleasant.

494:. This worried Ludovico, since the birth of the heir could made Gian Galeazzo and Isabella as potential figureheads for opposition to his position as Regent, which he was unwilling to relinquish. In order to weaken any coup attempts made by Isabella and her husband, Ludovico had her Neapolitan retinue returned home and restricted the young Duchess from appointing and rewarding followers. 1136:

her from Naples to Milan, even describes her as "ugly, black, cross-eyed, too much made up, and her breath stinks": probably exaggerates, but Isabella did indeed have a dark complexion, a thick and slightly hooked nose, the swollen cheeks typical of the Aragonese, and it is also possible that she had inherited a certain degree of strabismusfrom her father, since Alfonso II was called

1012:. On 11 December, representatives from the Duchy of Bari officially recognized Bona Maria as her mother's only heir and declared themselves the princess's vassals. Due to the cold winter, Isabella postponed her daughter's trip to Poland several times. Finally, on 3 February 1518, the Duchess said goodbye to her only surviving child, who was leaving Naples to go to 1162:

poison - to achieve her goals, but her biographers agree in attributing to her a certain will for justice and a certain capacity for good governance during the years of maturity in Bari, Although not separated from some abuse of power against citizens: some of these accused her of "terribilitate et potentia" because she used to use "violentie et fraude".

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the company of his mistress, Trogia Gazzela, by whom he had two illegitimate children during Isabella's childhood. Her grandfather was a courageous ruler, who did not hold back when it came to dealing with his enemies. Being raised at this ruthless court in Naples certainly would have had an effect on Isabella, affecting her character as an adult.

667:. Sforza then moved to La Roccheta with his family. During her stay in Milan, Isabella was under guard that prevented her from contacting the world. Despite her isolation, the Dowager Duchess lived a very lavish life. In February 1495 she gave birth to her youngest daughter, Bianca Maria (named after Isabella and Gian Galeazzo's grandmother 532:, informed on the matter, replied that it was impossible that Isabella had tried to poison Galeazzo, who was "loved by them as a son and always proved to be a good servant and relative"; as for Rozone, he justified the behavior of his granddaughter, saying indeed that he was surprised that "out of desperation" he had not done worse. 1195:, to whom "she gave herself in prey, enjoying and tickling lovingly almost every night". So, "having Isabella broken the brake on lasciviousness and, of modesty that she was before, became immodest", she also took as a lover the young Giosuè de Ruggiero, a man of the low nobility born in the farmhouse of Marigliano, who had been 329:(who would succeed their father to throne in 1495 but died one year later in October 1496) and the younger was Prince Piero (who was Lieutenant General of Apulia and Prince of Rossano, but died young of an infection following leg surgery on 17 February 1491). The siblings were raised alongside their cousins, the children of 981:, something that Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I was conscious of. In order to eliminate anti-Habsburg sentiments within Poland, Maximilian I requested that Sigismund I marry a bride selected by him. Bona Maria Sforza was on the list of selected candidates. Isabella then sent her daughter's tutor Crisostomo Colonna to 687:, and the presence of Isabella and her children began to irritate the ruler of Milan. The Dowager Duchess then moved to the former Sforza Palace near the Milan Cathedral, leaving her son Francesco at Ludovico's court. In 1497, Beatrice d'Este, Isabella's one-time friend and rival died in childbirth, aged twenty-one. 3534: 1084:(born 18 October 1523; later Queen regnant of Poland and Grand Duchess regnant of Lithuania, and by marriage Princess of Transylvania). Not giving up on uniting the rival branches of the Sforza family, Isabella sent envoys to Poland to propose marriage of her eldest granddaughter, the younger Isabella, to 1202:

For this event Isabella deprived Prospero Colonna of her favors and continued to entertain herself with Giosuè. Then, having retired to Bari, and having Giosuè remain in Naples, Isabella, although she was past forty, took as a lover the thirty-year-old Alessandro Pignatelli, lord of Toritto, who with

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Many historians, especially nineteenth-century, spoke of a phantom beauty of Isabella, facilitated in this by the scarcity of her certain portraits and by the undoubted beauty of those who, although traditionally attributed, clearly do not depict her. Among these there were those who even went so far

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was signed on the day, according to which Isabella was to pay King Sigismund I 100,000 pure gold ducats, 50,000 of which would be paid shortly after Bona Maria's arrival in Poland, and the other half within the next two years. It Was also stipulated that the Duchess could no longer sell her property,

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had been a part of his retinue. He had the following to say about her actions: "She had better have prayed for herself, who was still a young and fair lady". This quote has particular relevance when observing that the fall of Naples was not the only tragedy to befall her at this time: the sickly Gian

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to attack Naples and remove the threat of Isabella's father. When the French King arrived in the Duchy of Milan in October 1494, on his way to Naples, he was well received by Ludovico and Beatrice. Around this time, Isabella made a move and appealed to Charles VIII. She tearfully pleaded for the King

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Over time, the conflict between Isabella and Ludovico, fueled by Beatrice d'Este, intensified. The Regent gave Isabella a gloomy and insecure chamber intended to discourage her from staying in Milan. He also took on the responsibility of educating Francesco Maria, isolating him from his parents. When

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During her childhood, Isabella's parents had a rough relationship, which was characterised by rivalry and contempt. Alfonso, perhaps threatened by Ippolita Maria's high level of education or disdainful of her pedigree, treated his wife with a lack of respect throughout the marriage. Alfonso preferred

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in 1979. This presupposes that the painting took place in the 1490s, during da Vinci's Milanese period. However, the painting has officially been dated as later, likely ruling Isabella out as the subject. Additionally, Isabella was never recognised during her lifetime as the subject of the painting.

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that "this new Duchess is dark-faced and not very beautiful" , but immediately states that, beyond the physical aspect, she is beautiful inside: "she has a kind and beautiful personality". Conversely, "el Duca is beautiful and delicious". Ambrogio da Corte, one of the courtiers charged with leading

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In 1510, Isabella's daughter, Bona Maria, fell seriously ill. The Duchess then asked the convent of Santa Maria della Nuova to pray for the health of the sick princess. After Bona Maria recovered, they both made a pilgrimage to the convent, where they offered thanksgiving gifts. In January 1512, the

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is of little surprise that she wrote to her father, asking him to intervene on her behalf. Ludovico used the Neapolitan connection to his advantage, portraying Isabella as working in the interests of her Neapolitan family or indeed in her own desire to dominate her husband and obtain power in Milan.

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Isabella didn't live long enough to see the resolution of her aunt's inheritance. At the beginning of October 1523 she fell seriously ill. In early February 1524, the disease worsened and the Duchess died a few days later, on 11 February, aged 53. Initially buried in Bari, her remains were returned

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was active in creating pageants and decorations in honour of Beatrice, and she was even given a political role, acting as ducal ambassador to Venice in 1493. In contrast, Isabella and her growing family were starved of household funds and she was forced to make petitions for allowance increases. It

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at the court of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I) in the hope of uniting their two rival branches of the family, and also with the purpose to give her daughter power in Milan. For this purpose, Isabella asked the city authorities of Bari in 1515 to enact a dowry for Bona Maria. On 5 January, it was

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Keeping in mind her previous life experiences, Isabella also made it her priority to enhance the defences of the Castello Normanno-Svevo, ensuring that it was up to date with the form of warfare that had harmed Milan and Naples. This emphasis on security turned out to be well placed. In July 1502,

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considered her of a very bad nature: proud, envious, malignant and ungrateful, capable of all sorts of evil and cruelty towards those she hated. No doubt Isabella inherited from her Aragonese relatives the indomitable pride and combativeness, and was not afraid to resort to unfair means - such as

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Isabella, who was pregnant at that time, was very much affected by her husband's demise and the takeover of power by Ludovico. For almost six weeks, she retired with her two children to the Castello Visconteo in Pavia, where she avoided visitors. On 6 December 1494, Ludovico persuaded Isabella to

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was the representation of the seven planets orbiting round. A man portrayed each of the planets and all would speak praise of Isabella. Therefore, the operetta depicted Isabella as being at the centre of the universe. In addition to the acknowledgment of her physical appearance, Isabella was also

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and other friends playing cards, Isabella found herself sitting in front of "a beautiful corsiero", in such a way that "she always looked at him" and "she had no mind in the game except that courser", so that Moroleto, moved with compassion, took "a little presumption" and "with honesty and good

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Relations with her husband, Gian Galeazzo, worsened. The Duke preferred the company of young men sent to him by his uncle over his wife and reprimanded her Milanese pastimes, and during the quarrel there were fights. In the fall of 1492, a scandal broke out when Isabella was accused of attempted

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distributed a small portion of his forces to Bari, under Isabella's protection. This led to the French considering an attack on Isabella's Duchy, some argued it would be an advantageous way of conducting war against the Spanish. However, this was avoided when ideas of chivalry were taken into

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Ludovico was now openly pursuing his ambition for absolute control over Milan. An important aspect of this was foreign policy, and his anti-Aragonese policy was far from favourable to Isabella or her Neapolitan family. In response to Ludovico's actions, Isabella's father had encouraged French

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on 8 April 1500 improved Isabella's financial situation. King Frederick of Naples ordered the Sforza vassals to pay tribute to his niece, the Dowager Duchess. Isabella then tried to fight for the restoration of his son's rights over the Duchy of Milan, with the help of her sister-in-law

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Although already at the time of the wedding, in 1492, there was talk of a certain understanding between Isabella and a beautiful young Milanese, there is no news of her lovers except during her widowhood. The story appears unclear: a courtier, Moroleto (or Morello) Ponzone, told the

876:, who was given to her for her upbringing. The Duchess was on friendly terms with her nephew's mother, who sent Isabella numerous gifts. After taking over Bari, the Duchess took up administrative matters and the fight for the lost property. There were many poets and artists of the 909:. In August of that year, Isabella's nephew and foster child, Rodrigo of Aragon, Duke of Bisceglie, died in Bari. After the death of her son, Isabella devoted herself entirely to raising her only surviving child, Bona Maria. Under her mother's direction, the princess received a 1183:

Achille Dina, Isabella's biographer, on the basis of the metaphors present, interpreted the letter in question as if Moroleto were talking about a horse (corsiero is in fact the term commonly used for battle horses) and commented: "it must have been a steed of great value of

829:, which Louis XII had denied to her son; ironically, Isabella now appeared as a usurper herself as Bari should have passed to Ercole Massimiliano, the son of Ludovico and Beatrice. Her acquisition of the Duchy appears to be a form of compensation for her previous struggles. 1048:, but this mission also ended in failure. The opportunity to clarify the matter came when Dantyszek was to go directly to see Charles I. On the way, the royal secretary stopped in Spain, where on 24 February 1523 he discussed the inheritance of Isabella with Chancellor 453:. Despite the reports of ambassador Trotti, others praised Isabella for her beauty, like the Ferrarese ambassador who commented: "she was so beautiful and radiant that she seemed like the sun". The operetta was written very much with this praise for Isabella in mind. 1023:

Like her mother, Bona Maria was known for her energetic personality; she was not afraid to openly disagree with her husband and acted as a patron to artists. However, unlike Isabella, she was able to build up her own political faction in her marital homeland.

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noted for having an energetic personality; Gian Galeazzo, on the other hand, was quite a contrast to his wife; he was pale, studious and melancholy. The differences of personality would certainly affect the marriage as well as in politics during the 1490s.

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on 11 November 1500. The French and Aragonese sovereigns agreed to attack Naples, conquer it and immediately divide it between themselves. Louis XII would receive Naples, Terra di Lavoro and Abruzzo and the titles of King of Jerusalem and King of Naples.

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attempts to talk with Ludovico did not help, Isabella made efforts to get closer to the Regent's wife, her cousin and childhood friend Beatrice, who in exchange for her help urged Isabella to remove from the court Ludovico's mistress, Cecilia Gallerani.

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The ambassador Giacomo Trotti describes Isabella on the occasion of the wedding: "the aforementioned new Duchess is a little dark-faced and not very beautiful, but she has a kind and beautiful person". Conversely, "the Duke is beautiful and very good".

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Despite the initial good understanding between Isabella and Beatrice, soon arosed serious disputes over precedence: despite being the Duchess consort and thus the highest ranking woman at the Milanese court, Isabella was displaced by Ludovico's wife:

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Dell'istoria intorno alle militari imprese e alla vita di Gian-Jacopo Trivulzio detto il Magno, tratta in gran parte da' monumenti inediti che conferiscono eziandio ad illustrar le vicende di Milano e d'Italia di que' tempi, 2, Volumi 1-2, 1815, pp.

478:. Isabella's marriage was also unsuccessful at first. After the wedding, Gian Galeazzo did not intend to consummate the union. In April 1490, reports of Isabella's continuing virginity even reached the Hungarian court to her aunt, Queen consort 2220:

and designed dresses that they wished to have made. Beatrice was regarded as naughtier than Isabella, often persuading her cousin to participate in other activities, such as wandering around the market place dressed in disguise and without a

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Galeazzo experienced a relapse of his stomach ailments, which, after several days of agony, led to the death of the young Duke on 21 October 1494. The very next day, the nobility proclaimed Ludovico Sforza as the new ruler of Milan.

372:. In August 1488, the Sforza envoy Agostino Calco came to Naples to discuss the final details and the course of the ceremony. Calco's arrival coincided with the death of Isabella's mother, Ippolita Maria. Despite the mourning, King 1044:, to Spain. By helping Isabella, Sigismund I hoped that Bona Maria's dowry would be paid out sooner if the trial was won. When the matter was not settled, the Polish King sent to King Charles in April 1520 another ambassador, 3572:"Brani di "La Verità Svelata A' Principi o Vero Successi Diversi Tragici et Amorosi Occorsi in Napoli Dall'Anno 1442 Sin All'Anno 1688" Dedicati a Isabella D'Aragona, A Bona Sforzae Constanza di Capua. Dal Ms. Ital. Fol 145" 524:

murder. When the Duchess found out that Gian Galeazzo had a special affection for a lover called Rozone, she (perhaps out of jealousy towards her husband) urged the servants to poison not only the Duke's favorite but also

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to liberate him from France. However, this effort proved fruitless: she never saw her son again. This, along with the dethronement of her family in Naples, led to Isabella developing a deep hatred for the French.

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Ludovico used this incident to completely discredit Isabella, who since then lived in complete isolation —appearing only at official ceremonies. When on 26 January 1493, Isabella gave birth to a daughter,

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Vite e ritratti degli uomini memorandi per delitti ed errori di tutti i tempi e di tutte le nazioni opera di molti letterati italiani ampliata e corredata di note storiche e geografiche da Luigi Jaccarino

1119:, which was used (ineffectively) to treat syphilis, and had given a black color to the tooth enamel, most of which had been removed by abrading. They concluded that she was poisoned by her own medicine. 977:, died following complications after giving birth her second daughter. Without legitimate male offspring, it was expected that the Polish sovereign would remarry. The Zápolya family was opposed to the 749:

In the meanwhile, the situation in the Kingdom of Naples was not safe: Louis XII was determined to once again press the French claim on Naples. The representatives of the French King and those of King

482:. After almost thirteen months, Gian Galeazzo began sexual relations with his wife, and Isabella became pregnant in May 1490. On 30 January 1491, during the wedding celebrations of Ludovico Sforza and 1032:

At the end of 1518, Isabella planned to travel to Poland to visit her daughter, who was in the last stages of her first pregnancy. However, the Duchess did not arrive due to the death of her aunt,

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between her daughter and the Polish King, held at Castel Capuano near Naples (for which the Duchess had to raise extra taxes in Bari to pay the expenses), in which the groom was represented by the

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During the war between Spain and France, for security Isabella traveled for a time to Naples. She soon returned to Bari, taking with her the son of her half-brother Alfonso and Lucrezia Borgia,

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Like the other women in the family, Isabella also wore the coazzone, that is the long Spanish braid falling behind the shoulders, so the traditional identification with the female bust of

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wrote by certain Hieronymus Sforza, which called her a descendant of a hundred kings. The inscription alluded to the antiquity of the Duchess' family, which on the distaff side came from

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Istoria dell'antica repubblica d'Amalfi e di tutte le cofe appartenenti alla medefima, accadute nella cittá di Napoli, e fuo regno. Con lo registro di tutti gli archivj dell'istessa

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Ambassador Giacomo Trotti, always frank in his judgments, in describing Isabella on the occasion of her wedding, turns the concept around with a polite euphemism, writing to Duke

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to look after the princess's interests. As the other candidates were ruled out for various reasons, Sigismund I finally consented to marrying Bona Maria in the spring of 1517.

587:. The reason for this particular alliance was that the Emperor had the power to grant the Dukedom to Ludovico. Meanwhile, Isabella and her husband found themselves confined to 603:

to have mercy on her father; Charles VIII was embarrassed by Isabella's actions but he did have sympathy for her husband, who was dying. Isabella's pleading was in vain, the

811:. There, in 1501, her eight-year-old daughter Ippolita Maria died. After negotiations with the representatives of Spain, the Dowager Duchess of Milan obtained the titles of 702:

The Dowager Duchess received a modest income from Louis XII and went to Naples with her two daughters. On the way to her hometown, she visited relatives and relatives in

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who pretended to be his ally, King Frederick of Naples chose to deal with the French King, and in exchange for some monetary concesions (including the revenues of the

1040:. In order to take over her aunt's bequest, the Duchess had to apply to the highest Neapolitan court. She asked for help from her son-in-law, who sent his secretary, 925:; however, Ercole Massimiliano was reluctant to marry, so Isabella sent her confidant to Rome to seek help there. At the end, Ercole Massimiliano's control over the 892:, the third husband of Lucrezia Borgia. In 1513, she applied to the city council of Bari to raise salaries for public school teachers and to exempt them from taxes. 1199:

of the same Prospero Colonna. The latter, having learned of the tresca and jealous of his lover, had Giosuè seriously injured in an ambush by some of his soldiers.

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followed their father to the grave. Soon after, Isabella's eighteen-month-old daughter, Bianca Maria, also died. In 1496, Ludovico's two children also died:

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was born, and this event was greeted by great pomp and ceremony, befitting an heir, something that had been denied to Isabella's son. On 2 February 1494 in

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Patronage and Humanist Literature in the Age of the Jagiellons: Court and Career in the Writings of Rudolf Agricola Junior, Valentin Eck, and Leonard Cox

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prepared their seat. Isabella's relationship with her uncle was not going well. The Duchess, on the other hand, had a great liking for Ludovico's lover,

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ambitions over Milan. Understanding the weight of this threat, Ludovico severed diplomatic ties with the Neapolitan court and built an alliance with

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his wife Laura della Marra already had many children. Among these was the eldest son Ettore Pignatelli, who several years later became the lover of

515: 389: 418:, where Gian Galeazzo was waiting for her. The meeting of the future spouses took place on 24 January. On 1 February, Isabella traveled from 3556:

Paolo Negri, Studi sulla crisi italiana alla fine del secolo XV (in Archivio storico lombardo), Società storica lombarda, 1923, pp. 20-26.

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was staged on the occasion of the wedding of Isabella with Gian Galeazzo. The scenography and costumes for the operetta were designed by

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took place. On 26 December, Isabella and her numerous entourage set off to meet her future husband. On 18 January 1489 she arrived in

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is not credible, which moreover has a small and straight nose, very different from that present in the certain portraits of Isabella.

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Black, Jane (2016). "The Duchy of Milan in Contemporary Historical Writing, ca 1400–1540". In Callisen, Christian Thorsten (ed.).

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The apparent friendship with Cecilia Gallerani was probably aimed by Isabella with the intention to winning over Ludovico's favor.

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Bona's date of birth is known from the Queen's handwritten note in her Prayer Book; however, italian biographer and journalist

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at the Duchess's court. Isabella took care of the education of her remaining daughter Bona Maria, whose upbringing was led by

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Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, p. 292.

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Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, p. 330.

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Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, p. 331.

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Archivio Storico Lombardo, serie quinta, anno XLVIII, Achille Dina, Isabella d'Aragona Duchessa di Milano e di Bari, p. 292.

4715: 889: 360:(Isabella's mother and Gian Galeazzo's father were siblings), so a dispensation was needed, which was easily obtained from 765:

Reflecting upon the tragedies that had befallen her, the Dowager Duchess of Milan began signing herself off in letters as

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For Ludovico, the death of his wife was only the beginning of his misfortunes: in 1499, after an armed expedition of King

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Chronique et généalogie des Guillem, seigneurs de Clermont, diocèse de Lodève, et des diverses branches de leur famille

1016:. To commemorate her farewell to her daughter, Isabella had Bona Maria's foot carved in the stone and the inscription: 832:

The ceremonial takeover of the lands took place in April 1502. Isabella then lived with her daughter Bona Maria in the

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Duchess learned of the tragic death of her son Francesco Maria, who died after falling from a horse while hunting in

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The Tigress of Forli: Renaissance Italy's Most Courageous and Notorious Countess, Caterina Riario Sforza de' Medici

1033: 695: 584: 675:(who already abdicated in favor of his son on 23 January), died, and on 7 September 1496 her brother and new King 4660: 1146: 356:, and the preparations were concluded with the contract prepared on 26 September 1472. The bride and groom were 833: 781: 528:, probably another lover, who was accused by Isabella of persuading the Duke to led a life of debauchery. King 487: 183: 4690: 2207:

In Isabella's retinue, apart from a large entourage, there were also three Arab and ten black African slaves.

1037: 341:. Isabella had a particularly close relationship with the latter, developing into something of a sisterhood. 3981:

Capasso, Bartolomeo (1876). "Le 'Cronache de li antique ri del regno di Napoli' di D. Gaspare Fuscolillo.".

3571: 3768: 3471: 1036:, on 27 August of that year. Joanna bequeathed a large fortune to Isabella, which in part also belonged to 888:. She supported the development of education, music and literature in Bari. In 1506 she hosted her cousin 4705: 4670: 4148: 3936: 1196: 1008:

which Bona Maria was to inherit after her death. Isabella also covered her daughter's travel expenses to

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were underway and her father would be ousted from his throne by the French in 1495. In his infamous work

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Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Volumes 1–3, A–Z

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Initially, Isabella desired for Bona Maria to wed her cousin Ercole Massimiliano Sforza (who stayed in

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words" took him away, keeping him engaged in chatter until the game ended and everyone went to sleep.

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Here the Polish Queen stood, when she said goodbye to Donna Isabella, her mother, the Duchess of Milan

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La corte di Lodovico il Moro: la vita privata e l'arte a Milano nella seconda metà del Quattrocento

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The Deadly Sisterhood: A Story of Women, Power and Intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427–1527

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After her uncle's defeat, Isabella and her family found themselves imprisoned on the island of

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During her last years, Isabella saw her daughter become a mother to four of her six children:

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proved too weak at this point and the French took it over once again in the aftermath of the

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blamed Ludovico for the devastation, claiming that he invited the French to attack Naples.

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Reading and Writing History from Bruni to Windschuttle: Essays in Honour of Gary Ianziti

1247:, depicted during her time as Duchess of Bari with mention of her difficult early life. 1045: 4580: 4411: 4027: 4002: 2253: 1840: 1227: 1185: 1176: 1065: 1041: 660: 491: 483: 479: 365: 338: 334: 325:

The only daughter from her parents' marriage, Isabella had two brothers: the elder was

322:. She was interested in music and poetry, and in her spare time she wrote some poems. 4210:

La dama con l'ermellino. Vita e passioni di Cecilia Gallerani nella Milano di Ludovico

966: 4509: 4490: 4467: 4445: 4397: 4377: 4356: 4333: 4310: 4287: 4264: 4241: 4213: 4194: 4175: 4152: 4131: 4093: 4080:[The Aragonese mummies of the Basilica of Saint Domenico Maggiore in Naples] 4077: 4062: 4035: 3990: 3967: 3940: 3913: 3891: 3135: 2047: 1231: 1151: 1027: 989: 978: 953:

Princess Bona Maria, depicted here in the year that she married (1517). Extract from

869: 789: 723: 545: 499: 475: 450: 405: 295: 266: 178: 113: 1111:

In 2012, anthropologists excavated the body of Isabella, and concluded that she had

933:

on 13 September 1515. In Rome, plans were also made to marry Bona Maria with Prince

519:

Marble medal of Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan, by Benedetto Briosco, ca. 1490.

4554: 4306: 4123: 2216:

The cousins often socialised regularly: they went hunting, played endless games of

2132: 1243: 1192: 319: 241: 4127: 4371: 4352: 4254: 4231: 3932: 3484: 3125: 1694: 1158: 1116: 801: 719: 471: 427: 65: 804:), he ceded his rights to the Neapolitan throne to Louis XII on 1 August 1501. 3905: 1191:

Retired to live in the kingdom of Naples, Isabella had as her lover the leader

1081: 926: 361: 353: 315: 270: 4433:

A Trusting Partnership: Sentiment and Politics in Quattrocento Dynastic Unions

3760: 544:), the event passed without publicity, because the day before Ludovico's son, 4624: 4563: 4381: 4369: 4329: 3994: 3986: 3959: 3883: 3026: 1089: 793: 557: 357: 4245: 3139: 2335:"TRASTAMARA (Aragonesi) CASE SOVRANE DI ARAGONA, NAPOLI, SARDEGNA E SICILIA" 4135: 4097: 1785: 1238: 1013: 848: 604: 426:, where the next day (2 February) the wedding ceremony was finally held in 262: 2252:

Bona Maria's eldest child, born on 18 January 1519, was a daughter, named

902: 4612: 4212:. Translated by P. Drzymała (in Polish). Poznań: REBIS Publishing House. 1204: 1105: 877: 553: 274: 191: 78: 1175:

that, meeting one evening the Dukes of Bari and those of Milan with the

746:

as wife of Maximilian I), which, however, ultimately ended in failure.

609: 4026:(in Lithuanian). Translated by Mikalonienė, Birutė; Jarutis, Vyturys. 949: 944: 839: 4588: 4260: 3963: 3247: 3245: 1217: 955:

Decius I. L. De vetustatibus Polonorum liber I. De Jagellonum familia

917: 873: 437:

Great celebrations followed the marriage. On 13 January 1490, in the

400:

In December 1488 the Milanese legation headed by the groom's brother

261:, her life was characterised by the political crises surrounding the 3496:

La chimera di Carlo VIII, 1492-1495, Silvio Biancardi · 2009, p. 54.

1009: 958: 777: 1112: 1101: 1080:(born 13 July 1522; by marriage Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg) and 910: 813: 549: 419: 246: 3472:"SIFILIDE E DENTI AL MERCURIO: LE PATOLOGIE DI ISABELLA D'ARAGONA" 3428: 3404: 3392: 3242: 3092: 3090: 1068:(born 18 January 1519; by marriage Queen of Hungary and Croatia), 1028:

Conflict over the inheritance of Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples

40:

Lunette of Isabella of Aragon in the house of the Atellani, Milan.

822: 758: 707: 415: 200: 3170: 3044: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 466:

Soon after the wedding, the spouses moved against their will to

4054: 3344: 3332: 3087: 2996: 1000: 982: 974: 906: 852: 826: 808: 703: 567:

Gian Galeazzo Sforza with his uncle and regent Ludovico Sforza.

109: 3380: 2789: 2787: 1056:, to Isabella, to help her in resolving the ongoing conflict. 441:

of the Castello di Porta Giova, a masque or operetta entitled

3368: 3320: 3308: 3284: 3257: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3182: 2977: 2941: 2917: 2878: 2854: 2799: 2772: 2458: 941:. Ultimately, none of these marriage plans came to fruition. 922: 671:); ten months later, on 18 December, Isabella's father, King 664: 633: 592: 467: 423: 411: 369: 4233:

History of The Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic

3127:

History of The Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic

3356: 3296: 3158: 2784: 2710: 2636: 2475: 2473: 2446: 2339:

genmarenostrum.com (Libro d'Oro della Nobiltà Mediterranea)

818: 784:, Isabella's residence during her tenure as Duchess of Bari 711: 376:

and Isabella's father decided not to postpone the wedding.

251: 129: 47: 4256:

Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1–2, A to Z, Index

3623: 3056: 3032: 2434: 1215:

Isabella was first suggested as the subject of da Vinci's

192:

Bona Maria, Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania

4191:

I terribili Sforza: Trionfo e fine di una grande dinastia

3927:

Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas B., eds. (2003).

3589:"La seconda vita di isabella d'Aragona, duchessa di Bari" 3274: 3272: 2890: 2866: 2842: 2576: 2552: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 620:

When Isabella appealed to the French King, the historian

4440:

Vezzosi, Alessandro; Asmus, John; Cotte, Pascal (2012).

4193:. Translated by A. Wasilewska (in Polish). Warsaw: PIW. 4078:"Le mummie aragonesi in San Domenico Maggiore di Napoli" 3440: 2907: 2905: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2698: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2612: 2588: 2564: 2540: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2470: 4349:

Old Puglia: A Cultural Companion to South-Eastern Italy

3194: 3146: 3102: 2830: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2422: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2243:

incorrectly states that Bona was born in February 1495.

265:. Isabella often found herself torn between her native 4370:

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1843).

3989:: Detken & Rocholl e F. Giannini. pp. 35–43. 3416: 3269: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2521: 957:, liber II. De Sigismundi regis temporibus liber III. 913:

education, which included the teaching of statecraft.

4396:. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Ossolineum. pp. 389–410. 3008: 2965: 2953: 2929: 2902: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2648: 2624: 2600: 2485: 2376: 895: 654:

Beatrice d'Este, miniature by Giovanni Pietro Birago.

4106:

Gibbons, Ann (2013). "The Thousand-Year Graveyard".

3710: 3708: 3664: 3662: 3660: 2665: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2305: 2288: 490:

in honor of both hers and her husband's grandfather

318:, and one of her teachers was the poet and humanist 298:, during the reign of her paternal grandfather King 3926: 3640: 3638: 3452: 3251: 2811: 945:

Daughter's marriage with King Sigismund I of Poland

404:went to Naples, where on 23 December, the marriage 236:(2 October 1470 – 11 February 1524), also known as 3027:Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge 1843 2386: 2332: 510: 4439: 4346: 3754: 3752: 3732: 3730: 3705: 3657: 3096: 2990: 2398: 2353: 1259:Ancestors of Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan 4622: 4508:. Warsaw: Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza (LSW). 3912:. Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy (PIW) . 3850: 3848: 3846: 3635: 2410: 1052:. In July 1523, Sigismund I sent his secretary, 988:On 6 December 1517 Isabella participated in the 4681:Burials at the Basilica of San Domenico, Naples 4503: 4376:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 4168:The Scarlet City: A Novel of 16th Century Italy 3688: 3686: 3684: 3434: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3326: 3314: 3290: 3263: 3236: 3224: 3212: 3188: 3176: 3050: 3002: 2947: 2923: 2860: 2686: 16:For other people named Isabella of Aragon, see 4435:(Unpublished thesis). University of Edinburgh. 3826: 3824: 3780: 3778: 3749: 3727: 552:, the Duchess gave birth to another daughter, 3843: 3804: 3802: 1122: 4464:Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce 4458: 4347:Seward, Desmond; Mountgarret, Susan (2016). 3681: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3302: 2793: 1637:Raimondo Orsini del Balzo, Prince of Taranto 1100:. On the sarcophagus of Isabella there is a 4300: 3983:Archivio sotrico per le province napoletane 3910:Lucrezia Borgia. La sua vita e i suoi tempi 3877: 3821: 3808: 3775: 3695:"BIANCA MARIA Visconti, duchessa di Milano" 3062: 2836: 4326:Leonardo Da Vinci: The Flights of the Mind 4207: 4075: 3799: 2884: 2848: 2805: 2778: 2716: 2704: 2642: 2618: 2594: 2570: 2546: 2506: 2479: 2452: 2428: 1226:and were acquainted with Isabella such as 634:Difficult times after her husbands's death 540:(named after her maternal grandmother the 34: 4388: 4252: 3854: 3446: 3108: 2275: 595:, where they were essentially prisoners. 470:, where Gian Galeazzo's uncle and Regent 348:From 1471, Isabella was planned to marry 257:A member of the Neapolitan branch of the 4226: 4032:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras 3904: 3857:"FILIPPO MARIA Visconti, duca di Milano" 3791:(in French). pp. 34–35 – via 3739:"ISABELLA Chiaramonte, regina di Napoli" 3692: 3668: 3200: 3164: 3152: 3120: 2278:"ISABELLA d'Aragona, duchessa di Milano" 1145: 948: 838: 776: 649: 637: 576:Isabella pleads before King Charles VIII 570: 562: 514: 388: 306:(who became King in 1494) and his wife, 302:. She was the second child of his heir, 4430: 4323: 4142: 4105: 4021: 3980: 3736: 3644: 3513:Moro! Moro! Storie del Ducato Sforzesco 3510: 3458: 3422: 3278: 3074: 2824: 2534: 2464: 2392: 461: 384: 289: 170: 1489; died 1494) 4623: 4483:Art and Authority in Renaissance Milan 4373:The Biographical Directory: Volume III 4236:. Vol. 3 (7th ed.). Boston: 4188: 4165: 4048: 3784: 3717:"FERDINANDO I d'Aragona, re di Napoli" 3629: 3603: 3601: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3130:. Vol. 3 (7th ed.). Boston: 3038: 3014: 2971: 2959: 2935: 2911: 2896: 2872: 2757: 2740: 2728: 2659: 2630: 2606: 2582: 2558: 2494: 2440: 2380: 2320: 2299: 1969: 1965: 1953: 1856: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1616: 1502: 1498: 1486: 1387: 1277: 1273: 1269: 788:Attacked by Louis XII and his allies ( 710:. In mid-February 1500, she stayed in 556:(named after her paternal grandmother 486:, Isabella gave birth to a son, named 414:—there she rested before traveling to 4480: 4442:Mona Lisa: Leonardo's Earlier Version 3953: 3830: 3758: 3714: 3506: 3504: 3502: 2680: 2416: 2136: 2130: 2120: 2107: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2077: 2071: 2061: 2045: 2035: 2031: 2019: 2013: 2003: 1987: 1977: 1973: 1947: 1937: 1925: 1915: 1911: 1899: 1896: 1886: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1844: 1838: 1828: 1815: 1805: 1801: 1789: 1783: 1773: 1760: 1750: 1746: 1718: 1708: 1692: 1682: 1678: 1666: 1660: 1650: 1634: 1624: 1620: 1604: 1598: 1588: 1575: 1565: 1561: 1549: 1543: 1533: 1520: 1510: 1506: 1480: 1470: 1457: 1447: 1443: 1431: 1428: 1418: 1405: 1395: 1391: 1375: 1369: 1359: 1343: 1333: 1329: 1317: 1311: 1301: 1285: 1281: 4305:. Translated by Parks, Tim. London: 4253:Kleinhenz, Christopher, ed. (2004). 3861:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3837:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3815:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3811:"MARIA d'Enghien, regina di Sicilia" 3743:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3721:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3699:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3675:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3671:"FRANCESCO I Sforza, duca di Milano" 3651:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 3647:"ALFONSO II d'Aragona, re di Napoli" 3607:Malaguzzi Valeri, Francesco (1913). 3081:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 2282:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 733:The final defeat of Ludovico at the 716:Alfonso of Aragon, Duke of Bisceglie 4277: 3598: 3581: 3559: 3540: 2692: 2404: 714:with her illegitimate half-brother 642:Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, by 18:Isabella of Aragon (disambiguation) 13: 3855:Rondinini, Gigliola Soldi (1997). 3669:Ippolito, Antonio Menniti (1998). 3515:. p. 109 – via Camunia. 3499: 3077:"FEDERICO d'Aragona, re di Napoli" 921:decided to pay the Duchess 18,000 896:Daughter's illness and son's death 772: 14: 4727: 4238:Charles C. Little and James Brown 3878:Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1994). 3611:, vol. 1, Milano, Hoepli, p. 577. 3132:Charles C. Little and James Brown 890:Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara 95:2 February 1489 - 21 October 1494 4504:Wójcik-Góralska, Danuta (1987). 4444:. Zurich: Mona Lisa Foundation. 4024:Jogailaiciai: Biografiju Zinynas 3833:"ATTENDOLO, Muzio, detto Sforza" 3793:Bibliothèque nationale de France 3614: 3550: 2276:Vaglienti, Francesca M. (2004). 1521:20. Dèodat II of Clermont-Lodève 1207:, daughter of Isabella herself. 1115:. Her teeth had a high level of 585:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 3870: 3759:Rodríguez, Salvador Claramunt. 3528: 3519: 3490: 3478: 3464: 3252:Bietenholz & Deutscher 2003 3114: 3097:Vezzosi, Asmus & Cotte 2012 3068: 2763: 2512: 2246: 2233: 2224: 2210: 2201: 796:), betrayed by his cousin King 511:Isolation at the Milanese court 184:Francesco Maria, Count of Pavia 167: 4696:16th-century Neapolitan people 4676:15th-century Neapolitan people 2326: 2269: 1034:Dowager Queen Joanna of Naples 767:Isabella, unique in misfortune 659:move with her children to the 396:, medal of Isabella of Aragon. 1: 4651:16th-century Italian nobility 4646:15th-century Italian nobility 4392:(2003). Antoni Mączak (ed.). 4301:Machiavelli, Nicollo (2011). 4128:10.1126/science.342.6164.1306 3985:(in Italian). Vol. A.1. 3809:Kiesewetter, Andreas (2008). 3765:Diccionario biográfico España 2991:Seward & Mountgarret 2016 2189: 1234:, did not make a connection. 4208:Pizzagalli, Daniela (2006). 4143:Glomski, Jacqueline (2007). 4022:Duczmal, Malgorzata (2012). 3769:Real Academia de la Historia 2263: 862:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 628: 269:and her marital home of the 7: 4716:16th-century women monarchs 4149:University of Toronto Press 3937:University of Toronto Press 3863:(in Italian). Vol. 47. 3817:(in Italian). Vol. 70. 3745:(in Italian). Vol. 62. 3723:(in Italian). Vol. 46. 3701:(in Italian). Vol. 10. 3677:(in Italian). Vol. 50. 3083:(in Italian). Vol. 45. 2284:(in Italian). Vol. 62. 1546:Tristan, Count of Copertino 1250: 744:Queen consort of the Romans 696:King of Romans Maximilian I 644:Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis 379: 10: 4732: 4701:16th-century Italian women 4686:16th-century women regents 4641:15th-century Italian women 4228:Prescott, William Hickling 4172:Academy Chicago Publishers 3839:(in Italian). Vol. 4. 3737:Moscone, Marcello (2004). 3653:(in Italian). Vol. 2. 3645:Mormone, Raffaele (1960). 3122:Prescott, William Hickling 1967: 1959: 1850: 1740: 1736: 1610: 1576:21. Isabelle de Roquefeuil 1500: 1492: 1381: 1275: 1271: 1123:Appearance and personality 937:, younger brother of Duke 757:signed a secret treaty in 15: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4587: 4577: 4568: 4560: 4553: 4526: 4481:Welch, Evelyn S. (1995). 4324:Nicholl, Charles (2005). 4284:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 4170:(1st ed.). Chicago: 4166:Haasse, Hella S. (1990). 4076:Fornaciari, Gino (2006). 4059:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 3693:Catalano, Franco (1968). 2114: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2055: 2033: 2025: 1997: 1975: 1971: 1931: 1913: 1905: 1880: 1862: 1858: 1822: 1803: 1795: 1767: 1748: 1744: 1702: 1680: 1672: 1663:Caterina del Balzo Orsini 1644: 1622: 1618: 1582: 1563: 1555: 1527: 1508: 1504: 1464: 1445: 1437: 1412: 1393: 1389: 1353: 1331: 1323: 1295: 1279: 1210: 845:Austrian National Library 402:Ermes, Marquis of Tortona 304:Alfonso, Duke of Calabria 294:Isabella was born in the 221: 211: 199: 177: 149: 136: 119: 103: 99: 91: 84: 74: 61: 53: 45: 33: 28: 4571:Duchess consort of Milan 4189:Perria, Antonio (1985). 3487:, Volume 1, 1840, p. 83. 2333:Lupis Macedonio, Marco. 2194: 1816:25. Elisa de' Petraccini 1165: 1096:to Naples and buried in 1059: 312:her paternal grandmother 86:Duchess consort of Milan 4431:Tribble, Colin (2012). 4278:Lev, Elizabeth (2011). 4049:Frieda, Leonie (2012). 3785:Martin, Ernest (1892). 1346:Eleanor of Alburquerque 1038:King Charles I of Spain 843:Engraving of Isabella. 834:Castello Normanno-Svevo 782:Castello Normanno-Svevo 578:, by Giovanni Bilivert. 366:Castello di Porta Giova 284: 23:Duchess regnant of Bari 4598:Ferdinand II of Naples 3075:Benzoni, Gino (1995). 2256:after her grandmother. 2108:30. Ambrogio del Maino 2016:Filippo Maria Visconti 1990:Gian Galeazzo Visconti 1786:Muzio Attendolo Sforza 1761:24. Giovanni Attendolo 1155: 962: 856: 798:Ferdinand II of Aragon 785: 751:Ferdinand II of Aragon 677:Ferdinand II of Naples 655: 647: 600:Charles VIII of France 579: 568: 520: 397: 394:Gian Cristoforo Romano 374:Ferdinand II of Aragon 4487:Yale University Press 4460:Wdowiszewski, Zygmunt 3831:Pieri, Piero (1962). 2467:, p. 57, vol. I. 2074:Bianca Maria Visconti 1950:Ippolita Maria Sforza 1372:Ferdinand I of Naples 1288:Ferdinand I of Aragon 1222:Those who viewed the 1149: 1098:San Domenico Maggiore 952: 842: 780: 669:Bianca Maria Visconti 653: 641: 574: 566: 530:Ferdinand I of Naples 518: 445:, with a libretto by 392: 308:Ippolita Maria Sforza 300:Ferdinand I of Naples 226:Ippolita Maria Sforza 142:San Domenico Maggiore 4691:16th-century regents 4506:Niedoceniana królowa 3715:Ryder, Alan (1996). 3435:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3411:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3399:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3387:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3375:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3327:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3315:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3291:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3264:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3237:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3225:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3213:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3189:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3177:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3051:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 3003:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 2948:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 2924:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 2861:Wójcik-Góralska 1987 2443:, pp. 129, 134. 1601:Isabella of Clermont 1483:Alfonso II of Naples 1429:9. Giraldona Carlino 1074:Jagiellonian dynasty 673:Alfonso II of Naples 622:Philippe de Commines 598:Ludovico encouraged 526:Galeazzo Sanseverino 462:First years in Milan 447:Bernardo Bellincioni 385:Wedding celebrations 350:Gian Galeazzo Sforza 290:Childhood and Family 216:Alfonso II of Naples 156:Gian Galeazzo Sforza 57:10 April 1500 – 1524 4661:House of Trastámara 4533:House of Trastámara 4390:Tygielski, Wojciech 4120:2013Sci...342.1306G 4114:(6164): 1306–1310. 3632:, pp. 104–119. 3537:, Volume 1, p. 247. 3437:, pp. 107–108. 3413:, pp. 104–106. 3401:, pp. 102–103. 3353:, pp. 122–123. 3341:, pp. 121–122. 3167:, pp. 650–651. 2899:, pp. 184–185. 2887:, pp. 130–131. 2875:, pp. 182–183. 2808:, pp. 132–133. 2781:, pp. 120–121. 2585:, pp. 145–146. 2561:, pp. 143–145. 1406:18. Enrique Carlino 1314:Alfonso V of Aragon 1230:and his secretary, 1086:Francesco II Sforza 971:Sigismund I the Old 965:On 5 October 1515, 931:Battle of Marignano 755:Isabella of Castile 692:Louis XII of France 615:Niccolò Machiavelli 546:Ercole Massimiliano 542:Duchess of Calabria 259:House of Trastamara 132:, Kingdom of Naples 46:Duchess regnant of 4706:Daughters of kings 4671:Duchesses of Milan 4589:Titles in pretence 4528:Isabella of Aragon 4466:. Kraków: Avalon. 3888:St. Martin's Press 2241:Daniela Pizzagalli 1841:Francesco I Sforza 1721:Isabella of Aragon 1177:Marquise of Mantua 1173:Duchess of Ferrara 1156: 1088:, newly installed 1070:Sigismund Augustus 963: 882:Crisostomo Colonna 857: 786: 661:Castello Sforzesco 656: 648: 589:Castello Visconteo 580: 569: 521: 492:Francesco I Sforza 480:Beatrice of Aragon 398: 240:, was by marriage 238:Isabella of Naples 234:Isabella of Aragon 29:Isabella of Aragon 4711:Duchesses regnant 4619: 4618: 4610:Succeeded by 4578:Succeeded by 4496:978-0-300-06351-6 4451:978-3-03-303144-9 4362:978-1-909961-20-3 4339:978-0-14-029681-5 4316:978-0-14-144225-9 4293:978-0-15-101299-2 4270:978-1-135-94880-1 4181:978-0-89733-349-8 4158:978-0-8020-9300-4 4068:978-0-297-85208-7 3973:978-1-4094-5705-3 3946:978-0-8020-8577-1 3897:978-0-312-12072-6 3474:. 14 August 2011. 3363:Wdowiszewski 2005 3351:Wdowiszewski 2005 3339:Wdowiszewski 2005 3303:Wdowiszewski 2005 3179:, pp. 23–24. 3053:, pp. 21–22. 2794:Wdowiszewski 2005 2719:, pp. 97–98. 2645:, pp. 91–92. 2455:, pp. 56–57. 2186: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2048:Caterina Visconti 1897:13. Lucia Terzani 1232:Antonio de Beatis 1152:Francesco Laurana 870:Rodrigo of Aragon 790:Pope Alexander VI 724:Pope Alexander VI 500:Leonardo da Vinci 476:Cecilia Gallerani 451:Leonardo da Vinci 331:Eleanor of Naples 296:Kingdom of Naples 267:Kingdom of Naples 231: 230: 114:Kingdom of Naples 4723: 4595:Preceded by 4561:Preceded by 4555:Italian nobility 4549: 4548:11 February 1524 4542: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4500: 4477: 4455: 4436: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4407: 4385: 4366: 4343: 4320: 4307:Penguin Classics 4297: 4274: 4249: 4223: 4204: 4185: 4162: 4139: 4101: 4083: 4072: 4045: 4018: 4012: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3977: 3950: 3923: 3901: 3865: 3864: 3852: 3841: 3840: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3734: 3725: 3724: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3690: 3679: 3678: 3666: 3655: 3654: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3568: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3085: 3084: 3072: 3066: 3063:Baumgartner 1994 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3005:, pp. 2021. 3000: 2994: 2988: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2837:Machiavelli 2011 2834: 2828: 2822: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2663: 2657: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2483: 2477: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2303: 2297: 2286: 2285: 2273: 2257: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2133:Agnese del Maino 1265: 1264: 1256: 1255: 1244:The Scarlet City 1193:Prospero Colonna 1046:Hieronymus Łaski 735:Battle of Novara 327:Prince Ferdinand 320:Giovanni Pontano 242:Duchess of Milan 171: 169: 126: 123:11 February 1524 38: 26: 25: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4656:House of Sforza 4621: 4620: 4615: 4606: 4600: 4583: 4581:Beatrice d'Este 4574: 4566: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4497: 4474: 4452: 4419: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4363: 4353:Haus Publishing 4340: 4317: 4294: 4271: 4220: 4201: 4182: 4159: 4081: 4069: 4042: 4010: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3974: 3947: 3920: 3906:Bellonci, Maria 3898: 3873: 3868: 3853: 3844: 3829: 3822: 3807: 3800: 3783: 3776: 3757: 3750: 3735: 3728: 3713: 3706: 3691: 3682: 3667: 3658: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3509: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3088: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2885:Pizzagalli 2006 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2849:Pizzagalli 2006 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2812: 2806:Pizzagalli 2006 2804: 2800: 2792: 2785: 2779:Pizzagalli 2006 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2723: 2717:Pizzagalli 2006 2715: 2711: 2705:Pizzagalli 2006 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2666: 2658: 2649: 2643:Pizzagalli 2006 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2619:Pizzagalli 2006 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2595:Pizzagalli 2006 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2571:Pizzagalli 2006 2569: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2547:Pizzagalli 2006 2545: 2541: 2533: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2507:Pizzagalli 2006 2505: 2501: 2493: 2486: 2480:Pizzagalli 2006 2478: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2453:Pizzagalli 2006 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2429:Pizzagalli 2006 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2331: 2327: 2319: 2306: 2298: 2289: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 1695:Mary of Enghien 1253: 1237:She appears in 1228:Luigi d'Aragona 1213: 1168: 1159:Ludovico Sforza 1125: 1062: 1030: 969:, wife of King 967:Barbara Zápolya 947: 935:Philip of Savoy 898: 886:Antonio Galateo 802:County of Maine 775: 773:Duchess of Bari 720:Lucrezia Borgia 685:Bianca Giovanna 636: 631: 513: 488:Francesco Maria 484:Beatrice d'Este 472:Ludovico Sforza 464: 428:Milan Cathedral 387: 382: 339:Beatrice d'Este 333:, who included 292: 287: 279:Queen of Poland 194: 190: 186: 173: 165: 161: 158: 145: 128: 124: 108: 41: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4604:Brienne claim 4601: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4541:2 October 1470 4530: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4501: 4495: 4478: 4472: 4456: 4450: 4437: 4428: 4402: 4386: 4367: 4361: 4344: 4338: 4321: 4315: 4298: 4292: 4275: 4269: 4250: 4224: 4218: 4205: 4199: 4186: 4180: 4163: 4157: 4140: 4103: 4092:(3): 843–864. 4088:(in Italian). 4073: 4067: 4046: 4040: 4019: 4011:|journal= 3978: 3972: 3951: 3945: 3924: 3918: 3902: 3896: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3842: 3820: 3798: 3774: 3767:(in Spanish). 3748: 3726: 3704: 3680: 3656: 3634: 3622: 3613: 3597: 3580: 3558: 3549: 3539: 3527: 3518: 3498: 3489: 3477: 3463: 3451: 3449:, p. 405. 3447:Tygielski 2003 3439: 3427: 3425:, p. 206. 3415: 3403: 3391: 3389:, p. 102. 3379: 3367: 3365:, p. 123. 3355: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3305:, p. 122. 3295: 3283: 3281:, p. 186. 3268: 3256: 3254:, p. 165. 3241: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3203:, p. 541. 3193: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3155:, p. 486. 3145: 3134:. p. 43. 3113: 3109:Kleinhenz 2004 3101: 3086: 3067: 3065:, p. 122. 3055: 3043: 3031: 3029:, p. 397. 3019: 3017:, p. 216. 3007: 2995: 2976: 2974:, p. 198. 2964: 2962:, p. 197. 2952: 2940: 2938:, p. 187. 2928: 2916: 2914:, p. 186. 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2851:, p. 130. 2841: 2829: 2810: 2798: 2796:, p. 121. 2783: 2771: 2762: 2760:, p. 164. 2745: 2743:, p. 156. 2733: 2731:, p. 155. 2721: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2683:, p. 219. 2664: 2662:, p. 153. 2647: 2635: 2633:, p. 147. 2623: 2611: 2609:, p. 146. 2599: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2537:, p. 275. 2520: 2511: 2499: 2497:, p. 138. 2484: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2407:, p. 172. 2397: 2385: 2352: 2325: 2323:, p. 135. 2304: 2302:, p. 126. 2287: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2245: 2232: 2223: 2209: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1241:'s 1952 novel 1212: 1209: 1167: 1164: 1124: 1121: 1061: 1058: 1054:Ludwik Decjusz 1029: 1026: 946: 943: 927:Duchy of Milan 897: 894: 821:, Princess of 774: 771: 722:, daughter of 635: 632: 630: 627: 538:Ippolita Maria 512: 509: 463: 460: 386: 383: 381: 378: 362:Pope Sixtus IV 354:Duchy of Milan 352:, heir of the 316:Castel Capuano 310:. Named after 291: 288: 286: 283: 271:Duchy of Milan 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 197: 196: 188:Ippolita Maria 181: 175: 174: 163: 159: 154: 153: 151: 147: 146: 140: 138: 134: 133: 127:(aged 53) 121: 117: 116: 107:2 October 1470 105: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 63: 59: 58: 55: 51: 50: 43: 42: 39: 31: 30: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4728: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4666:Dukes of Bari 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4614: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4565: 4564:Bona of Savoy 4559: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4525: 4517: 4515:83-205-3903-X 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4485:. New Haven: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4473:83-918497-2-4 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4413: 4405: 4403:83-04-04509-5 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4330:Penguin Books 4327: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4219:83-7301-825-5 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4200:83-06-01269-0 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4041:9785420017036 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3919:83-06-01556-8 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3779: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3639: 3631: 3626: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3602: 3590: 3584: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3522: 3514: 3511:Guido Lopez. 3507: 3505: 3503: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3377:, p. 64. 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3329:, p. 62. 3328: 3323: 3317:, p. 58. 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3293:, p. 53. 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3266:, p. 30. 3265: 3260: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3239:, p. 28. 3238: 3233: 3227:, p. 27. 3226: 3221: 3215:, p. 26. 3214: 3209: 3202: 3201:Bellonci 1988 3197: 3191:, p. 25. 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3165:Bellonci 1988 3161: 3154: 3153:Bellonci 1988 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3117: 3111:, p. 96. 3110: 3105: 3099:, p. 55. 3098: 3093: 3091: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2950:, p. 19. 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2926:, p. 18. 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2863:, p. 17. 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2713: 2707:, p. 96. 2706: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2621:, p. 72. 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2597:, p. 73. 2596: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2573:, p. 70. 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2549:, p. 60. 2548: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2515: 2509:, p. 59. 2508: 2503: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2482:, p. 57. 2481: 2476: 2474: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2431:, p. 43. 2430: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 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