396:" in the lyrics) is accused of "preventing a father from helping his daughter" (privar il padre di giovar la figlia) and Francis I is the "great king" (gran re), to whom all hopes for her own liberation were addressed, but they were shattered as the French monarch was finally defeated by his rival, making Isabella even more depressed. Her mother is portrayed as an old and miserable woman unable to control her children; her brothers are "extremely and disgustingly indolent" (in estrema ed orrida fiacchezza) blaming Fortune for depriving them of the kindly nature enjoyed by their ancestors and explaining their uncouth and despotic manners by saying: "by those who,through ignorance, do not understand me , I am, alas, reproached" (da chi non son per ignoranza intesa i' son, lassa, ripresa).
370:
388:) the river running in the valley below her castle, whose continuous murmur as it flowed downstream into the sea increases her sense of isolation and despair. She imagines throwing herself symbolically into her loved and hated river, perhaps alluding to suicide. This has led to the singular theory that her sister Porzia and Diego Sandoval were corresponding and then became victims of the murderers; accordingly Isabella, affected by the tragedy, threw herself into the river, since there is no clue as to where she might have been buried.
362:, in Isabella's work there is only space for existential pain, grudge and loneliness, making her a distinctive figure among Petrarchist poets of the time. Marriage is the only way to love, which would not only satisfy her social and feminine position, but would be the only way to escape the oppressive environment she lived in. Her poetry describes the grief she feels at being isolated, being separated from other literary people, and missing her father, with Nature as the primary interlocutor of her verses.
194:
491:" and he states: "no other poet prior to Isabella di Morra infused such personal depth into poetry, bringing new drama to the lyric precisely because it so closely addresses the tragic circumstances of her life", contributing "to the development of a new sensibility in poetic language, one grounded in a kind of life writing that raises the biographical, the political, the familial, and the personal to a genuinely lyric stature". She is cited as a precursor to
424:
1470:
113:. An unknown figure in her lifetime, she was forced by her brothers to live in isolation, which estranged her from courts and literary salons. While living in solitude in her castle, she produced a body of work which did not circulate in the literary milieu of the time. Her brothers eventually murdered her for her suspected secret romance.
415:, through whom she seems to have finally accepted her painful existence and tried to find peace of mind, apparently reconciling herself to the land she once despised. Her final hope is to see herself "totally freed from the stormy terrestrial cloud, and among the blessed souls" (sgombrata tutta dal terrestre nembo, e fra l’alme beate).
407:. She writes about her "pitiful end" (miserando fine) and "now that I feel my bitter end near" (or ch’io sento da presso il fine amaro), which leads one to think she was aware of her imminent murder, or perhaps waiting for the natural course of her sad existence. In the last compositions she finds consolation in
264:
of the 16th century, and Diego
Sandoval's murder was hardly investigated. Her year of death is not known with certainty but it was most likely 1545 or 1546, though other studies suggest she died in 1547 or 1548. It is believed that she was buried in the local church of San Fabiano but no grave and no
180:
Scipione followed his father shortly afterwards and the eldest sibling
Marcantonio then took over power in Favale. Isabella grew up in a hostile family environment, with a helpless mother and brothers who were uncouth, unruly and brutish. She was deeply affected by the sudden departure of her father,
252:
The first victim was her tutor, who carried the letters between them. Next they confronted
Isabella, and she was found with the letters in her hands according to the reports of the time. She was stabbed to death. Two of the brothers escaped to France but they soon returned with the evident intention
201:
From the beginning, animosity marked the relationship between
Isabella and her three younger brothers Cesare, Decio and Fabio, who perhaps envied their gifted sister and the attention lavished on her education. They forced her to live in strict isolation in the family castle of Favale, perched on a
365:
Isabella herself defined her style as "bitter, harsh and sorrowful" (amaro, aspro e dolente) or "unmannered and frail" (ruvido e frale). Fortune is the main antagonist of her work, blamed for depriving her of happiness and freedom. Fortune is her personification of mankind's cruelty towards "every
239:
Rumours about a hidden liaison began to emerge, although their relationship remains a mystery and it is unclear whether or not they were more than just friends. Except for a brief reference to marriage, the surviving work of
Isabella includes no love poem addressed to a man, while Diego's lyrics
475:
who released her first historically documented biography and provided a critical essay, re-evaluating her place in
Italian literature. Croce praised her poetry for its "passionate immediacy" and "immersion in emotion", very different from the prevailing style of that time, which he considered
240:
described his feelings towards his beloved, possibly referring to a specific woman, or simply conventional laments, following the poetic style of the era. However, Isabella's brothers, after being informed of the letters, suspected an extra-marital affair and, in order to redeem the
160:
As a child, Isabella was educated in literature and poetry by her father. She, her mother and her siblings (five brothers: Marcantonio, Scipione, Decio, Cesare, Fabio, and one sister: Porzia) were abandoned by
Giovanni Michele in 1528, when he was forced to seek refuge in
265:
trace leading to her have been found. While visiting
Valsinni, Croce tried to discover Isabella's tomb but renovations in the church had destroyed all traces of the di Morra family burials, and his exploration behind an underground wall revealed only heaps of bones.
300:
Meanwhile, the remaining brothers were taken to trial. Marcantonio, who did not take part in the conspiracy, was imprisoned for some months and then released. The youngest brother, Camillo, who also had nothing to do with the murders, was absolved of complicity.
377:
She expresses repugnance towards her homeland, described as an "infernal valley" (valle inferna) and "cursed place" (denigrato sito), surrounded by "lonely and dark woods" (selve erme ed oscure), inhabited by "irrational people, without intelligence"
458:
Despite her work being later included in other anthologies, Isabella was almost forgotten and ignored by critics over the centuries. After a long period of silence, which lasted until the beginning of the 20th century, she was rediscovered by
290:. Scipione, although shocked and disgusted by the murders, resigned himself to helping his brothers. Decio became a priest and Cesare married a French noblewoman but there is no certain information about Fabio. Scipione, who was secretary to
253:
of concluding their revenge against Diego who, fearing for his life, hired a bodyguard. The three assassins, with the help of two uncles and probably fuelled by hatred against
Spaniards, killed him in the woods near Noja (today known as
33:
391:
She scans the sea waiting for a ship to bring good news about her exiled father (who lived comfortably in France, ignoring her fate), in the vain hope that her condition would improve with his return. Charles V (known as
236:. Perhaps encouraged and helped by her tutor, Isabella and Diego began a secret correspondence, when he began to send her letters in the name of his wife with some poems enclosed, to which Isabella might have answered.
284:, who ordered that the whole province be scoured. They joined their father in France, who allegedly died shortly after the tragedy as he was still living and receiving a pension in 1549. They were judged guilty
351:. Her poetry is very personal, influenced by her own family condition and forced isolation; she wrote on impulse in order to vent her frustration, without any literary adornment or formal elegance.
331:. Although her form, vocabulary and phrases follow the Petrarchist fashion of the period, she is distinguished by her gloomy and distressing tone, possibly influenced by medieval poets such as
718:
1117:
173:. He could have returned to Favale as his crime against the Spanish crown was pardoned, but he remained in France serving in the army and as a counsellor of
1386:
281:
233:
1959:
451:( Verses by some most noble and virtuous women) in 1559. In 1629, her nephew Marcantonio, son of Camillo, published a family biography entitled
1920:
1354:
471:(Isabella Morra. The Verses), including annotations and an introductory biography of Isabella drawn from her nephew's monograph. But it was
538:
A literary site named after her was established in her hometown of
Valsinni in 1993, where theatrical and musical performances take place.
2015:
1995:
1454:
443:(Verses of several esteemed Neapolitan gentlemen and other most noble intellects) in 1552. The entire production was later included in
209:
Nonetheless, she had the opportunity to befriend her learned neighbours: Diego Sandoval de Castro, baron of Bollita (the present-day
116:
Thirteen poems by her have survived to this day. This work is considered among the most powerful and original poetic expressions of
2025:
1497:
651:
1612:
1446:
455:(History of the most noble di Morra family), giving details regarding her life and death which were unknown until its release.
431:
A few years after her death, the verses began to circulate in Naples and were read with pity and admiration, and then sent to
1630:
2005:
2000:
369:
366:
good-natured heart" (ogni ben nato core), implicitly condemning a world in which tyranny and violence prevail over virtue.
1990:
1666:
561:
217:, and his wife Antonia Caracciolo. Of Spanish heritage, Diego, described as a handsome and brave soldier who fought for
149:. She was the daughter of Giovanni Michele di Morra, baron of Favale, and Luisa Brancaccio, a noblewoman belonging to a
1838:
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484:
309:
The poems of Isabella were discovered when the authorities entered her estate to investigate the murder. There are ten
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from the 16th century, employing topics and techniques which make her, according to some scholars, a forerunner of
32:
206:. In the castle Isabella dedicated herself to writing poems, finding in poetry the only solace for her solitude.
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1823:
1660:
1322:
528:
1588:
1437:
218:
166:
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due to similar themes, feelings and life experiences. Her poetry is also considered a possible influence on
2010:
1314:
The Gendering of Melancholia: Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and the Symbolics of Loss in Renaissance Literature
1600:
1792:
1714:
1534:
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1828:
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317:, which were published posthumously. She has been associated with the 1500s literary movement known as
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which tormented her for the rest of her life. She was given a tutor who guided her in the study of
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Publishing Women: Salons, the Presses, and the Counter-Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Italy
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and Latin poets, and was probably the only person with whom she could talk about literature.
177:
as well as attending court festivities. The youngest child, Camillo, was born after he left.
2020:
1844:
1594:
1546:
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Scrissi con stile amaro, aspro e dolente (I wrote with a bitter, harsh and sorrowful style)
460:
226:
590:
Non solo il ciel vi fu largo e cortese (Not only was heaven generous and courteous to you)
260:
The death of Isabella went almost unnoticed and even approved by society according to the
157:
which puts it around 1520, although she could have been born earlier, about 1515 or 1516.
8:
2050:
1896:
1786:
532:
403:, who took refuge in France after a conspiracy against Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, later
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1952:
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117:
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Poscia ch'al bel desir troncate hai l'ale (Since you clipped the wings of fine desire)
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52:
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1209:
Shining Eyes, Cruel Fortune: The Lives and Loves of Italian Renaissance Women Poets
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Signore, che insino a qui, tua gran mercede (Lord, who up to now, your great mercy)
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Se alla propinqua speme nuovo impaccio (If to the approaching hope a new obstacle)
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family. Her birthdate is uncertain: generally, reference is made to the study by
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1756:
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Ecco ch'una altra volta, o valle inferna (Yet one more time, O infernal valley)
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D'un alto monte onde si scorge il mare (From a high mountain revealing the sea)
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436:
400:
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261:
1984:
1912:
1904:
1880:
1506:
546:
385:
297:, was later fatally poisoned by other court members who were envious of him.
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193:
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Fortuna che sollevi in alto stato (Fortune, you who raise to high condition)
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Rime di diversi illustri signori napoletani e d'altri nobilissimi intelletti
165:
after having supported the invading French army against the Spanish monarch
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1582:
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Quanto pregiar ti puoi, Siri mio amato (Take, my beloved Siri, great pride)
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408:
328:
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412:
355:
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110:
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I fieri assalti di crudel fortuna (The fierce assaults of cruel Fortune)
1720:
1475:
646:
229:
and well connected to the power structure in Naples being a protégé of
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1732:
210:
1460:
1230:
Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England
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636:
550:
324:
182:
138:
106:
94:
64:
48:
384:), and crossed by the "turbid Siri" (torbido Siri, today known as
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Torbido Siri, del mio mal superbo (Turbid Siri, proud of my ills)
581:
Sacra Giunone, se i volgari cuori (Sacred Juno, if vulgar hearts)
504:
464:
343:
310:
254:
214:
1409:
Italian Playwrights from the Twentieth Century: A Companion Text
1388:
The flight of Ulysses: studies in memory of Emmanuel Hatzantonis
545:(The story of Isabella di Morra as told by Benedetto Croce) by
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Isabella di Morra was born into a noble family in Favale (now
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in 1901, while attending a conference about literature in
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Encyclopedia of the Renaissance: Machiavelli-Petrarchism.
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867:
543:
Storia di Isabella di Morra raccontata da Benedetto Croce
449:
Rime diverse d’alcune nobilissime, et virtuosissime donne
1367:
The Disperata, from Medieval Italy to Renaissance France
1163:
Encyclopedia of the Renaissance: Machiavelli-Petrarchism
854:
852:
1293:
Italian Women Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook
864:
1227:
Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; Levin, Carole (2007).
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671:
669:
667:
1356:
Images of America and Columbus in Italian Literature
197:
Castle of Isabella di Morra in Favale (now Valsinni)
1385:Hatzantonis, Emmanuel; Mastri, Augustus A. (1997).
1960:The Sensational Life & Death of Qandeel Baloch
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712:
710:
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358:, which are principally based on a celebration of
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435:, where some of her poetry appeared in Book 3 of
1982:
1457:at The Mezzo Cammin Women Poets Timeline Project
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621:Quel che gli giorni a dietro (What in days past)
1335:The Feminist Encyclopedia of Italian Literature
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1455:Isabella di Morra and the Roots of Romanticism
1096:"Isabella Morra d'André Pieyre de Mandiargues"
822:
487:, her work is an "impressive prefigurement of
1921:A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness
1491:
1206:Jaffe, Irma B.; Colombardo, Gernando (2002).
1188:Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies: A-J
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1118:"Valsinni - Literary Park 'Isabella Morra'"
1098:. lesarchivesduspectacle.net. 23 April 1974
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519:in the eponymous drama performed at the
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1185:Marrone, Gaetana; Puppa, Paolo (2007).
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453:Familiae nobilissimae de Morra historia
427:Statue of Isabella di Morra in Valsinni
244:, prepared a cruel plan of punishment.
1983:
527:, on 23 April 1974. It was written by
273:The murderers were forced to flee the
225:, was a published poet, member of the
1479:
1268:
804:
564:festival is dedicated to her memory.
510:
37:Alleged portrait of Isabella di Morra
1733:Gelareh Bagherzadeh and Coty Beavers
1405:
1142:
1447:Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
1248:Musillo Mitchell, Isabella (1998).
562:Io Isabella International Film Week
499:as it is eerily echoed in his poem
467:. In 1907, De Gubernatis published
105:(c. 1520 – 1545/1546) was an
13:
2016:People from the Province of Matera
1996:16th-century Italian women writers
1839:Honor killing in the United States
1120:. aptbasilicata.it. Archived from
721:. aptbasilicata.it. Archived from
485:The Renaissance Society of America
399:She also paid tribute to the poet
14:
2062:
1427:
381:gente irrazional, priva d'ingegno
1834:Honor-related violence in Sweden
1468:
479:According to Paul F. Grendler's
2026:Violence against women in Italy
1275:. University of Chicago Press.
1251:Canzoniere: A Bilingual Edition
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515:Isabella has been portrayed by
481:Encyclopedia of the Renaissance
18:Italian poet of the Renaissance
1824:List of honor killings in Iran
1516:chronological, incomplete list
1338:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1296:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
922:Robin, Larsen & Levin 2007
783:
771:
766:Robin, Larsen & Levin 2007
693:
681:
1:
1438:University of Chicago Library
1364:Scarlatta, Gabriella (2017).
1054:Hatzantonis & Mastri 1997
970:Hatzantonis & Mastri 1997
132:
1317:. Cornell University Press.
1212:. Fordham University Press.
268:
127:
7:
2006:Italian Renaissance writers
2001:Deaths by stabbing in Italy
1467:(public domain audiobooks)
1332:Russell, Rinaldina (1997).
1311:Schiesari, Juliana (1992).
1290:Russell, Rinaldina (1994).
982:Jaffe & Colombardo 2002
832:Jaffe & Colombardo 2002
817:Jaffe & Colombardo 2002
778:Jaffe & Colombardo 2002
749:Jaffe & Colombardo 2002
700:Jaffe & Colombardo 2002
688:Jaffe & Colombardo 2002
625:
529:André Pieyre de Mandiargues
476:"precious and artificial".
277:to escape the wrath of the
145:), at the time part of the
10:
2067:
1991:16th-century Italian poets
1829:Honour killing in Pakistan
1461:Works by Isabella di Morra
1391:. Annali d'Italianistica.
1353:Cervigni, Dino S. (1992).
1159:Grendler, Paul F. (1999).
572:
1873:In the Name of the Family
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1521:
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1359:. Annali d'Italianistica.
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373:The Sinni river at sunset
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1739:Kohistan honour killings
1553:Nurkhon Yuldashkhojayeva
1191:. Taylor & Francis.
676:Marrone & Puppa 2007
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609:
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257:) several months later.
247:
188:
169:for the conquest of the
2046:Honor killing in Europe
1541:Ernesto Balmaceda Bello
1535:Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy
1412:. Xlibris Corporation.
469:Isabella Morra. Le rime
1406:Vena, Michael (2013).
428:
380:
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202:steep cliff above the
198:
2031:Honor killing victims
1937:Murdered by My Father
1751:Farzana Parveen Iqbal
1703:Shafia family murders
1269:Robin, Diana (2007).
1042:Musillo Mitchell 1998
1030:Musillo Mitchell 1998
1018:Musillo Mitchell 1998
1006:Musillo Mitchell 1998
958:Musillo Mitchell 1998
946:Musillo Mitchell 1998
874:Musillo Mitchell 1998
859:Musillo Mitchell 1998
844:Musillo Mitchell 1998
790:Musillo Mitchell 1998
426:
372:
354:Unlike other women's
327:'s model launched by
196:
1845:Guarding the Secrets
1685:Amina and Sarah Said
1613:Anooshe Sediq Ghulam
1595:Jaswinder Kaur Sidhu
1547:Tursunoy Saidazimova
541:The theatrical work
483:in association with
461:Angelo De Gubernatis
295:Catherine de' Medici
2011:Italian women poets
1897:Banaz: A Love Story
1787:Ali Fazeli Monfared
1124:on 1 September 2016
888:, pp. 254, 275
533:Jean-Louis Barrault
213:) and castellan of
725:on 7 November 2019
717:Giovanni Caserta.
511:In popular culture
501:Canzone al Metauro
445:Lodovico Domenichi
429:
375:
227:Florentine Academy
223:Algiers expedition
199:
143:province of Matera
118:Italian literature
86:Sorrow, loneliness
1978:
1977:
1697:Shailendra Prasad
1661:Du'a Khalil Aswad
1529:Isabella di Morra
1443:Isabella di Morra
1434:Isabella di Morra
275:Kingdom of Naples
171:Kingdom of Naples
147:Kingdom of Naples
103:Isabella di Morra
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91:Literary movement
69:Kingdom of Naples
53:Kingdom of Naples
25:Isabella di Morra
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719:"Isabella Morra"
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531:and directed by
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405:Pope Clement VII
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349:Jacopone da Todi
335:(especially the
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1968:A Regular Woman
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1769:Pranay Kumar
1763:Samia Shahid
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1715:Ahmet Yıldız
1673:Sadia Sheikh
1649:Banaz Mahmod
1631:Hatun Sürücü
1589:Pela Atroshi
1583:Samia Sarwar
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1122:the original
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727:. Retrieved
723:the original
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517:Anny Duperey
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503:(A Poem for
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409:Jesus Christ
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2021:Sororicides
1971:(2019 film)
1963:(2018 book)
1948:(2016 film)
1940:(2016 film)
1932:(2015 film)
1924:(2015 film)
1916:(2014 film)
1908:(2013 film)
1900:(2012 film)
1892:(2011 film)
1884:(2010 film)
1876:(2010 film)
1868:(2007 film)
1848:(1995 book)
1805:Tiba al-Ali
1679:Aqsa Parvez
1655:Hina Saleem
1643:Gazala Khan
1619:Heshu Yones
1577:Tulay Goren
1531:(1545/1546)
1370:. ISD LLC.
553:(1999) and
489:Romanticism
413:Virgin Mary
320:Petrarchism
287:in absentia
111:Renaissance
95:Petrarchism
2051:Sonneteers
1985:Categories
1858:Honor Lost
1721:Ayman Udas
1324:0801499712
805:Robin 2007
729:1 February
647:Sororicide
313:and three
204:Ionian Sea
151:Neapolitan
133:Early life
75:Occupation
1945:A Wedding
1143:Vena 2013
507:, 1578).
269:Aftermath
219:Charles V
211:Nova Siri
175:Francis I
167:Charles V
141:, in the
128:Biography
62:1545/1546
1559:Tina Isa
1465:LibriVox
637:Petrarch
626:See also
557:(2000).
551:Valsinni
411:and the
325:Petrarch
183:Petrarch
139:Valsinni
1815:Related
1445:at the
1436:at the
1128:12 July
1102:12 July
573:Sonnets
505:Metauro
465:Bologna
338:Inferno
311:sonnets
279:Viceroy
255:Noepoli
231:Viceroy
215:Cosenza
107:Italian
83:Subject
46:c. 1520
1953:Baaghi
1913:Honour
1817:topics
1807:(2023)
1801:(2022)
1795:(2021)
1789:(2021)
1783:(2020)
1777:(2019)
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1567:(1998)
1561:(1989)
1555:(1929)
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1543:(1906)
1537:(1825)
1522:Events
1509:events
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419:Legacy
394:Caesar
305:Poetry
163:France
65:Favale
49:Favale
658:Notes
610:Songs
568:Works
525:Paris
386:Sinni
356:poems
315:poems
292:Queen
248:Death
189:Youth
1414:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1130:2016
1104:2016
731:2017
560:The
555:Rome
78:Poet
59:Died
43:Born
1463:at
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1987::
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