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The region is known for harsh winters and pleasant summers. The average year-round temperature is in the 30s °F (between about 2 °C and 4 °C). Temperatures below −40 °F/°C occur somewhere in the region during most winters. The
Midwestern Regional Climate Center climate summaries record
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The regional culture is strongly linked to former periods of steady, usually well-paid mining employment, although in recent decades, the region's outdoor recreation and relative remoteness has attracted new residents unconnected to the industry. There are tensions between supporters and detractors
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Immigrants from over 23 countries settled the area, drawn to the mining industry. By 1910 the Finns were the largest immigrant group, followed by
Slovenes and Croats from the Austrian Empire, and Italians and Swedes. Over time the area developed a strong "Ranger" culture and accent. This northern
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called the settled village Grand Marais ("Great Marsh"), referring to a marsh that in early fur-trading times was 20 acres (8.1 ha) or less in area, nearly at the level of Lake
Superior, and situated at the head of the little bay and harbor that led to the settlement of the village. The town
1411:
Lodge et al., 2013, New U–Pb geochronology from
Timiskaming-type assemblages in the Shebandowan and Vermilion greenstone belts, Wawa subprovince, Superior Craton: Implications for the Neoarchean development of the southwestern Superior Province, Precambrian Research 235, p.
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has a mean annual temperature of 38 °F, with an average
January low temperature of −6.2 °F (about −21 °C) and July high of 77.4 °F (25 °C). Precipitation there averages 27 in (690 mm) annually and snowfall 53.2 in (135 cm).
197:
Within
Minnesota, "The Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation is a State Department, established by the legislature of 1941 to render public service through research and the actual development of all the state's resources both natural and human." The
1182:. In the state legislature, Republicans picked up several seats on the Range despite losing both chambers overall. Nevertheless, the Range as a whole still votes slightly in favor of Democratic presidential nominees, thanks to
259:
in 1844. Iron ore was discovered on the
Menominee Range in 1867 and on the Gogebic Range in 1884. It was first discovered in Minnesota on the Vermilion Range in 1885, the Mesabi Range in 1890, and the Cuyuna Range in 1903.
267:, where steamshovels and other industrial machines could remove massive amounts of ore. "Large-scale commercial production of magnetite taconite ore on the Mesabi Range started in 1956 at the Peter Mitchell Mine near
122:, are not associated with iron ore mining, but deposits of copper, nickel, and cobalt at the northern boundary of the Duluth Complex, where it meets the iron formations, are being considered for mining.
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stronghold despite its predominantly white and rural population because of its history of a largely unionized workforce in the mining industry, the mainstay of the economy of the Iron Range. In 2004,
1390:
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outperformed McCain in 2008, carrying every county in the Range. The area was the largest rural
Democratic stronghold in Minnesota outside of the urban centers in Minneapolis and St. Paul.
1174:'s economic policies changed the Range's electoral profile. He won multiple counties, reduced past Democratic winning margins and received endorsements from local Democratic mayors. In the
213:, but these have received pushback from the federal government and environmentalists because of environmental concerns resulting from their proximity to national protected lands.
1738:
541:(pop. 3,745) is the county seat of Lake County, along the shore of Lake Superior. It was historically an important port for loading and shipping iron ore from the Range.
469:, which contained the University of Minnesota's Soudan Underground Laboratory, which housed detectors, including MINOS, over 700 meters below the Earth's surface.
1970:
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Underground mines were developed to remove the valuable ore of most ranges. But on the Mesabi and Cuyuna Ranges, iron mining operations evolved into enormous
495:(pop 172). Once several times larger than Ely, Winton sits just 3 miles north of Ely, and was once home to a very large lumber mill and a lumber boomtown.
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1178:, the Democratic-Farmer-Labor party lost more ground on the Iron Range, with Republican candidates running for lower-profile statewide offices flipping
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stuffed with a combination of beef, rutabaga, onion, carrots, and potatoes. Pasties were an easy lunch for those working deep in the iron mines.
1517:
Erik Kojola. 2020. Divergent memories and visions of the future in conflicts over mining development. Journal of
Political Ecology 27: 898-916.
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506:(pop. 86,265) The fourth largest city in the state, is a destination for much of the ore shipped via the DM&IR railroad and loaded onto
3093:
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1293:
Geology of the Iron Ores of the Lake
Superior Region in the United States, in Volume 1 of Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933–1967
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have similar characteristics and are of similar age. Natural ores and concentrates were produced from 1848 until the mid-1950s, when
55:
in the United States and Canada. Much of the ore-bearing region lies alongside the range of granite hills formed by the Giants Range
3019:
2012:
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423:(pop. 1,888) is in the eastern Mesabi Range. Erie Mining Company previously mined ore and testing to mine new minerals is ongoing.
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296:(pop. 1,853) is on the Eastern Mesabi Range. The former St. James, Meadow, Miller and Stephens mines lie within the city limits.
202:(IRRRB), known as "the I-triple-R-B" or Iron Range Resources, is an economic development agency funded partly by state taxes on
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429:(pop. 1,068) is between Nashwauk and Hibbing. It is home to U.S. Steel's KeeTac taconite mining and processing plant.
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There have been attempts to expand mining for other metals to areas near the Iron Range, most notably with the
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is an unincorporated community in Breitung Township, Saint Louis County immediately east of the city of
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is still present in the area, especially among older people; hence the popular nickname "da Range".
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1295:. The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. pp. 490–492.
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648:, a documentary focusing on high school hockey in the Iron Range and Duluth area was released.
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1361:. Office of the Commissioner of the Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation. p. Foreword.
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475:(pop. 360), named after the taconite pellets from iron ore, was a town many miners lived in.
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368:(pop. 529) Mining engineer Cuyler Adams discovered the Cuyuna Range near Deerwood in 1895.
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520:(pop. 1,351) The area was a bustling fur trading station since the 1700s, and the French
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The Mineralogy and Geology of the Taconites and Iron Ores of the Mesabi Range, Minnesota
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413:(pop. 16,361) is the largest city by area in the state of Minnesota. It is home to the
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to the Iron Range; it is still served on Easter and Christmas in northern Minnesota.
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of mining, especially over the potential reuse of ironworks to exploit copper ores.
485:, which is nearly three miles long, half a mile wide and 450 feet deep. The state's
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1713:"'The Democratic party left us': how rural Minnesota is making the switch to Trump"
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455:(pop. 983) is a small town between Grand Rapids and Hibbing, 4 miles from Keewatin.
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23:. For the National Park and former USAF Bomber base in Queensland, Australia, see
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Geologically, the Mesabi, Gunflint, and Cuyuna Ranges in Minnesota belong to the
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449:(pop. 2,869) is home to Minntac, the world's largest taconite processing plant.
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Iron-ore mining districts around Lake Superior in the United States and Canada
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571:", a lament portraying hard times in the region. Presented in his 1964 album
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players as well as the three members of the "Iron Range line" from the 1980
374:(pop. 3,460), in the Vermillion Range, the most popular entry point for the
1640:"New Minnesota documentary looks to be the 'Friday Night Lights' of hockey"
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1239:
Allison, Ira S. (July 1925). "The Giants Range Batholith of Minnesota".
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625:
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407:, an artificial lake created by flooding three open-pit iron ore mines.
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along the shore of Lake Superior, and the far northern area, along the
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535:(pop 1,857) is home to the plant that processes taconite from Babbitt.
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1739:"Some Iron Range mayors surprised, disapproving of Trump endorsement"
1391:"Feds issue draft assessment that could doom northern Minnesota mine"
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179:, in the extreme northern portion of Cook County and extending into
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1486:
Class Action: The Landmark Case that Changed Sexual Harassment Law
525:
comprises much of the Gunflint Trail, which extends to the former
160:, Minnesota's Iron Range includes these four major iron deposits:
138:
628:
is a predominant sport in the region, which has produced several
352:(pop. 1,970) has been called the "start place of the Iron Range."
157:
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435:(pop. 169) is an old mining boomtown on the Iron Range, between
279:
Some of the more significant communities in the region include:
1771:"Iron Range, seething at the Twin Cities, continues right turn"
619:
180:
100:
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107:, and started to become the major source of iron production.
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on Minn.Highway 169 / Minn.Highway 1. It is the home of the
173:, northeast of the Mesabi, in Saint Louis and Lake counties;
629:
510:. A large part of the Iron Range is also included in the
1483:
Clara Bingham; Laura Leedy Gansler (October 14, 2003).
1423:"Timeline of Michigan Copper Mining Prehistory to 1850"
1377:
Department of Iron Range Resources & Rehabilitation
243:
Before the 19th century, Native American groups mined
47:
is collectively or individually a number of elongated
592:
When the sad, silent song made the hour twice as long
346:(pop. 4,976) is the Mesabi Range's geographic center.
206:-producing companies and charged with creating jobs.
67:
in the Vermilion Range and middle Precambrian in the
1489:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 29–34.
658:
Presidential election results (seven core counties)
393:(pop. 10,869) is named for the local rapids in the
1476:
1307:"Nonferrous Metallic Minerals - Exploration Areas"
582:So the mining gates locked and the red iron rotted
1444:Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS)
417:, one of the world's largest open pit iron mines.
125:
3050:
1757:"Changing political landscape on the Iron Range"
567:, memorialized the Iron Range in the 1963 song "
499:Nearby communities important to the Iron Range:
255:discovered iron ore in the Marquette Range near
114:. The region's far eastern area, containing the
1594:
1575:
332:(pop. 1,000) is along U.S. Highway 169 between
19:For the locality in Queensland, Australia, see
1816:Minnesota's Iron Country: Rich Ore, Rich Lives
1533:. Hibbing, Minnesota: EDLIS Café Press. 2019.
1886:
1865:Iron Range Research Center Digital Collection
1736:
200:Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board
1849:Mining Communities in Northeastern Minnesota
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1329:"2 Billion Years Ago: Iron Range Beginnings"
1291:Marsden, Ralph (1968). John D. Ridge (ed.).
634:United States men's national ice hockey team
1449:
1309:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
1159:in the region by a comfortable margin over
3089:Geography of Koochiching County, Minnesota
1893:
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1578:"Appetites: Preserving Iron Range recipes"
1458:"Immigration to the Iron Range, 1880–1930"
1232:
189:, southwest of the Mesabi, largely within
1260:
3099:Geography of St. Louis County, Minnesota
1555:"Bob Dylan - North Country Blues Lyrics"
587:And the room smelled heavy from drinking
145:
137:
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110:The mining districts are in Minnesota's
31:
25:Kutini-Payamu (Iron Range) National Park
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618:immigrants brought the honey-nut bread
3074:Geography of Carlton County, Minnesota
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1900:
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362:on the Iron Range's southwestern edge.
3084:Geography of Itasca County, Minnesota
3069:Geography of Aitkin County, Minnesota
1874:
1595:Ostman, Eleanor (February 21, 2007).
1523:
1425:. National Park Service. May 28, 2022
1348:
597:As I waited for the sun to go sinking
415:Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine
376:Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness
1785:"Midwest Climate: Climate Summaries"
1777:
1576:Pease, Krystyna (December 2, 2015).
1456:LaVigne, David (November 10, 2020).
1277:
3094:Geography of Lake County, Minnesota
3079:Geography of Cook County, Minnesota
1737:Slater, Brady (September 4, 2020).
1711:McGreal, Chris (October 16, 2020).
1665:"Inside the making of 'Hockeyland'"
1519:https://doi.org/10.2458/v27i1.23210
274:
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1789:Midwestern Regional Climate Center
467:Soudan Underground Mine State Park
151:Soudan Underground Mine State Park
14:
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403:(pop. 1,799) is the location of
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1446:, Soudan Underground Laboratory
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236:containing iron are typical of
228:, while the Vermilion Range is
1464:. Minnesota Historical Society
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358:(pop. 2,386) is an old mining
232:. The geologic history of the
126:The Iron Range and its economy
1:
2310:Twin Cities metropolitan area
1819:. Lake Superior Port Cities.
1373:"IRRR Advisory Board Members"
1225:
1149:Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party
577:, it includes such lines as:
574:The Times They Are a-Changin'
1860:Minnesota Historical Society
1615:"The 1980 U.S. Olympic Team"
1334:Minnesota Historical Society
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481:(pop. 8,712) is next to the
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1813:Lamppa, Marvin G. (2004).
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1961:Colleges and universities
1921:
1909:
1584:. Minnesota Public Radio.
384:(pop. 3,718) Home of the
1619:U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame
1393:. KARE-TV. June 24, 2022
1147:The area has remained a
386:U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame
142:Croft Mine Historic Park
51:mining districts around
1966:Congressional districts
286:(pop. 2,165) is on the
91:and Menominee Range in
2270:Minnesota River Valley
1241:The Journal of Geology
1176:2022 midterm elections
238:banded iron formations
158:geological perspective
153:
143:
135:
103:were concentrated and
63:iron ore deposits are
40:
21:Iron Range, Queensland
2255:Dissected Till Plains
1867:Minnesota Reflections
1355:Gruner, John (1946).
149:
141:
133:
35:
3059:Regions of Minnesota
3007:Minnesota portal
2003:Historical Landmarks
1773:. November 11, 2022.
1759:. November 10, 2022.
1671:. September 14, 2022
1597:"Memories of potica"
1210:Geology of Minnesota
1155:carried most of the
314:(pop. 804) is along
89:Marquette Iron Range
3031: /
2420:Inver Grove Heights
2250:Coteau des Prairies
2097:Tourist attractions
2013:Indian reservations
1743:Duluth News Tribune
1531:Bob Dylan's Hibbing
660:
569:North Country Blues
253:William Austin Burt
1565:on August 2, 2016.
1344:on August 9, 2011.
656:
636:that defeated the
604:Iron Range cuisine
483:Rouchleau mine pit
269:Babbitt, Minnesota
257:Negaunee, Michigan
249:Keweenaw Peninsula
154:
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136:
120:Canada–U.S. border
41:
3035:47.450°N 92.933°W
3014:
3013:
2748:Lake of the Woods
2045:Political parties
1826:978-0-942235-56-2
1496:978-0-385-49613-1
1262:2027/uc1.$ b30134
1145:
1144:
644:" game. In 2022,
638:Soviet Union team
563:, who grew up in
395:Mississippi River
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2322:pop. over 25,000
2295:Red River Valley
2055:School districts
2028:Local government
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1561:. Archived from
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512:Duluth MN-WI MSA
489:crosses the pit.
405:Lake Ore-be-gone
316:U.S. Highway 169
290:'s eastern edge.
275:Cities and towns
223:Paleoproterozoic
211:Twin Metals mine
191:Crow Wing County
112:Arrowhead region
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3040:47.450; -92.933
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2988:Yellow Medicine
2544:
2355:Brooklyn Center
2321:
2314:
2280:Northwest Angle
2235:Boundary Waters
2216:
2113:
2102:Mall of America
1917:
1905:
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1845:
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1807:Further reading
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1691:"Our Campaigns"
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1601:Chicago Tribune
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608:Cornish pasties
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171:Vermilion Range
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75:ranges, all in
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53:Lake Superior
50:
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37:Lake Superior
34:
30:
26:
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3016:
2998:
2400:Eden Prairie
2335:Apple Valley
2264:
2155:Homelessness
2140:Demographics
2060:High schools
1911:
1815:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1765:
1751:
1742:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1717:the Guardian
1716:
1706:
1696:February 20,
1694:. Retrieved
1685:
1675:December 10,
1673:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1649:December 10,
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1600:
1590:
1581:
1571:
1563:the original
1559:Metro Lyrics
1558:
1549:
1530:
1525:
1513:
1485:
1478:
1468:December 19,
1466:. Retrieved
1461:
1451:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1417:
1407:
1397:December 10,
1395:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1350:
1342:(Timepieces)
1339:the original
1332:
1323:
1313:December 14,
1311:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1220:Stromatolite
1193:
1172:Donald Trump
1169:
1165:Barack Obama
1146:
1139:
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527:Paulson Mine
518:Grand Marais
498:
391:Grand Rapids
302:(pop. 1,475)
288:Cuyuna Range
278:
262:
242:
220:
208:
196:
187:Cuyuna Range
165:Mesabi Range
155:
109:
44:
42:
29:
3038: /
2898:Saint Louis
2733:Koochiching
2445:Minneapolis
2435:Maple Grove
2380:Coon Rapids
2350:Bloomington
2285:North Woods
2275:North Shore
2082:State parks
2023:Legislature
1971:Delegations
1794:November 1,
1722:October 16,
1624:January 16,
1429:October 26,
539:Two Harbors
240:worldwide.
65:Precambrian
39:Iron Ranges
3053:Categories
2963:Washington
2838:Pennington
2833:Otter Tail
2793:Mille Lacs
2638:Cottonwood
2628:Clearwater
2588:Blue Earth
2515:Saint Paul
2475:Prior Lake
2450:Minnetonka
2370:Chanhassen
2365:Burnsville
2265:Iron Range
2192:Newspapers
2072:State fair
1913:Saint Paul
1851:with a map
1505:1005478412
1226:References
1153:John Kerry
673:Republican
668:Democratic
646:Hockeyland
626:Ice hockey
551:Minnesota
533:Silver Bay
421:Hoyt Lakes
308:(pop. 969)
234:formations
230:Neoarchean
105:pelletized
45:Iron Range
2908:Sherburne
2848:Pipestone
2723:Kandiyohi
2663:Faribault
2643:Crow Wing
2583:Big Stone
2530:Shoreview
2505:St. Cloud
2500:Roseville
2495:Rosemount
2490:Rochester
2485:Richfield
2440:Maplewood
2425:Lakeville
2410:Elk River
2305:Southeast
2300:Siouxland
2290:Pipestone
2230:Arrowhead
2150:Education
2092:Territory
2033:Townships
1983:Geography
1916:(capital)
1903:Minnesota
1901:State of
1271:140669590
1170:In 2016,
612:Slovenian
561:Bob Dylan
522:voyageurs
350:Coleraine
320:Coleraine
97:taconites
85:Wisconsin
77:Minnesota
57:batholith
2968:Watonwan
2943:Traverse
2878:Renville
2868:Red Lake
2813:Nicollet
2798:Morrison
2773:Marshall
2768:Mahnomen
2753:Le Sueur
2688:Hennepin
2673:Freeborn
2668:Fillmore
2613:Chippewa
2573:Beltrami
2550:Counties
2540:Woodbury
2525:Shakopee
2470:Plymouth
2465:Owatonna
2455:Moorhead
2202:Religion
2197:Politics
2165:Cannabis
2125:Abortion
2077:Statutes
2067:Scouting
1993:Governor
1835:54826192
1669:ESPN.com
1644:MPR News
1204:See also
1197:Virginia
1157:counties
652:Politics
640:in the "
616:Croatian
479:Virginia
473:Taconite
453:Nashwauk
427:Keewatin
366:Deerwood
360:boomtown
344:Chisholm
338:Virginia
334:Chisholm
324:Taconite
318:between
204:taconite
134:Iron ore
93:Michigan
87:and the
59:. These
49:iron-ore
3026:92°56′W
3023:47°27′N
2948:Wabasha
2928:Stevens
2918:Stearns
2873:Redwood
2828:Olmsted
2758:Lincoln
2728:Kittson
2718:Kanabec
2713:Jackson
2698:Hubbard
2693:Houston
2678:Goodhue
2658:Douglas
2618:Chisago
2598:Carlton
2460:Oakdale
2430:Mankato
2415:Fridley
2330:Andover
2245:Central
2222:Regions
2212:Theater
2145:Economy
2130:Culture
2118:Society
2087:Symbols
2008:History
1988:Geology
1978:Ecology
1951:Climate
1936:Outline
1582:MPRNews
1462:MNpedia
1412:264-277
1190:Climate
1099:116,567
1070:104,151
1012:110,411
983:102,952
954:112,105
925:102,348
809:116,856
780:116,749
751:111,518
693:100,997
677:Others
565:Hibbing
546:Culture
411:Hibbing
401:Gilbert
382:Eveleth
306:Biwabik
300:Babbitt
247:on the
217:History
156:From a
101:jaspers
2983:Wright
2978:Winona
2973:Wilkin
2958:Waseca
2953:Wadena
2923:Steele
2913:Sibley
2893:Roseau
2863:Ramsey
2823:Norman
2818:Nobles
2808:Murray
2788:Meeker
2783:McLeod
2778:Martin
2708:Itasca
2703:Isanti
2648:Dakota
2603:Carver
2578:Benton
2568:Becker
2558:Aitkin
2535:Winona
2520:Savage
2480:Ramsey
2390:Duluth
2375:Chaska
2345:Blaine
2340:Austin
2207:Sports
2050:Rivers
2040:People
1998:Hiking
1946:Cities
1923:Topics
1855:Mn DNR
1833:
1823:
1537:
1503:
1493:
1269:
1184:Duluth
1134:60,283
1132:37.5%
1128:99,703
1105:37,734
1103:24.4%
1076:40,457
1074:26.9%
1047:64,982
1045:42.0%
1041:87,367
1018:55,064
1016:32.2%
995:16,975
989:56,925
987:32.2%
960:58,455
958:34.0%
931:53,552
929:34.0%
908:37,034
906:22.0%
902:40,901
900:24.3%
896:90,464
879:22,749
877:14.5%
873:43,194
871:27.5%
867:91,333
850:12,277
844:61,581
842:36.5%
838:94,923
815:70,024
813:37.0%
786:67,027
784:35.6%
757:67,422
755:36.7%
734:15,465
728:78,884
726:43.8%
722:85,673
699:89,032
697:45.8%
620:potica
553:accent
504:Duluth
493:Winton
459:Soudan
433:Kinney
356:Crosby
294:Aurora
284:Aitkin
181:Canada
79:. The
73:Cuyuna
69:Mesabi
61:cherty
2933:Swift
2903:Scott
2803:Mower
2683:Grant
2653:Dodge
2593:Brown
2563:Anoka
2405:Edina
2395:Eagan
2187:Music
2135:Crime
2018:Lakes
1931:Index
1267:S2CID
1195:that
1138:0.5%
1125:62.0%
1109:0.3%
1096:75.3%
1082:5,806
1080:3.9%
1067:69.2%
1053:2,550
1051:1.6%
1038:56.4%
1024:5,518
1022:3.2%
1009:64.6%
993:9.6%
980:58.2%
966:1,497
964:0.9%
951:65.2%
937:1,631
935:1.0%
922:65.0%
893:53.7%
864:58.1%
848:7.3%
835:56.2%
821:2,521
819:1.3%
806:61.7%
792:4,411
790:2.3%
777:62.0%
763:4,747
761:2.6%
748:60.7%
732:8.6%
719:47.6%
705:4,387
703:2.3%
690:51.9%
664:Year
529:site.
463:Tower
312:Bovey
183:; and
3064:Iron
2938:Todd
2888:Rock
2883:Rice
2858:Pope
2853:Polk
2843:Pine
2763:Lyon
2743:Lake
2633:Cook
2623:Clay
2608:Cass
2177:LGBT
2170:Guns
1831:OCLC
1821:ISBN
1796:2020
1724:2020
1698:2021
1677:2022
1651:2022
1626:2024
1535:ISBN
1501:OCLC
1491:ISBN
1470:2022
1431:2022
1399:2022
1315:2022
1119:1960
1090:1964
1061:1968
1032:1972
1003:1976
974:1980
945:1984
916:1988
887:1992
858:1996
829:2000
800:2004
771:2008
742:2012
713:2016
684:2020
614:and
602:The
439:and
437:Buhl
336:and
330:Buhl
322:and
99:and
71:and
43:The
2160:Law
1257:hdl
1249:doi
1140:801
1111:520
630:NHL
372:Ely
271:."
83:in
3055::
1829:.
1787:.
1741:.
1715:.
1667:.
1642:.
1617:.
1599:.
1580:.
1557:.
1499:.
1460:.
1375:.
1331:.
1279:^
1265:.
1255:.
1245:33
1243:.
1186:.
1163:.
251:.
1957:)
1953:(
1894:e
1887:t
1880:v
1837:.
1798:.
1745:.
1726:.
1700:.
1679:.
1653:.
1628:.
1603:.
1543:.
1507:.
1472:.
1433:.
1401:.
1379:.
1317:.
1273:.
1259::
1251::
514:.
443:.
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340:.
326:.
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27:.
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