Iron-deficiency anemia

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supplementation during the early stages of pregnancy, specifically the first trimester, is suggested to decrease the adverse effects of iron-deficiency anemia throughout pregnancy and to decrease the negative impact that iron deficiency has on fetal growth. Iron supplements may lead to a risk for gestational diabetes, so pregnant women with adequate hemoglobin levels are recommended not to take iron supplements. Iron deficiency can lead to premature labor and to problems with neural functioning, including delays in language and motor development in the infant.

1193: 356: 675: 885:. About 70% of the iron found in the body is bound to hemoglobin. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine, in particular the duodenum and jejunum. Certain factors increase or decrease absorption of iron. For example, taking Vitamin C with a source of iron is known to increase absorption. Some medications such as tetracyclines and antacids can decrease absorption of iron. After being absorbed in the 696:

for women ages 15–18, 18.0 for 19–50, and 8.0 thereafter; for men, 8.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. (Recommended Dietary Allowances are higher than Estimated Average Requirements so as to cover people with higher than average requirements.) The RDA for pregnancy is 27 mg/day, and during lactation, 9 mg/day. For children ages 1–3 years it is 7 mg/day, 10 for ages 4–8 and 8 for ages 9–13. The

926: 1362:, were also 224.84 μg/L higher in those receiving IV-iron. However there was also low-certainty evidence that allergic reactions were more likely following IV-iron therapy. It was unclear whether type of iron therapy administration affects the risk of death from any cause, including cardiovascular, nor whether it may alter the number of people who may require a blood transfusion or dialysis. 701:

premenopausal, and 11 mg/day postmenopausal; for pregnancy and lactation, 16 mg/day. For men the Population Reference Intake is 11 mg/day ages 15 and older. For children ages 1 to 14 the Population Reference Intake increases from 7 to 11 mg/day. The Population Reference Intakes are higher than the US RDAs, with the exception of pregnancy.

871:, which is responsible for exporting iron from cells and mobilizing it to the bloodstream. Conditions such as high levels of erythropoesis, iron deficiency and tissue hypoxia inhibit hepcidin expression. Whereas systemic infection or inflammation (especially involving the cytokine IL-6) or increased circulating iron levels stimulate hepcidin expression. 1134:

protoporphyrin, providing an indirect measurement of the zinc-protoporphyrin complex. The level of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin is expressed in either μg/dl of whole blood or μg/dl of red blood cells. An iron insufficiency in the bone marrow can be detected very early by a rise in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin.

754:, which is commonly performed for weight management and diabetes control, the stomach is made into a small pouch and this is connected directly to the small intestines further downstream (bypassing the duodenum as a site of digestion). About 17–45% of people develop iron deficiency after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. 1133:

Another finding that can be used is the level of red blood cell distribution width. During haemoglobin synthesis, trace amounts of zinc will be incorporated into protoporphyrin in the place of iron which is lacking. Protoporphyrin can be separated from its zinc moiety and measured as free erythrocyte

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A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia. Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another

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Treatment should take into account the cause and severity of the condition. If the iron-deficiency anemia is a result of blood loss or another underlying cause, treatment is geared toward addressing the underlying cause. Most cases of iron deficiency anemia are treated with oral iron supplements. In

1079:(variation in size). With more severe iron-deficiency anemia, the peripheral blood smear may show hypochromic, pencil-shaped cells and, occasionally, small numbers of nucleated red blood cells. The platelet count may be slightly above the high limit of normal in iron-deficiency anemia (termed a mild 695:

updated Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in 2001. The current EAR for iron for women ages 14–18 is 7.9 mg/day, 8.1 for ages 19–50, and 5.0 thereafter (post menopause). For men the EAR is 6.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. The RDA is 15.0 mg/day

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As iron-deficiency anemia becomes more severe, if the anemia does not respond to oral treatments, or if the treated person does not tolerate oral iron supplementation, then other measures may become necessary. Two options are intravenous iron injections and blood transfusion. Intravenous can be for

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A thorough medical history is important to the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. The history can help to differentiate common causes of the condition such as a menstruation in woman or the presence of blood in the stool. A travel history to areas in which hookworms and whipworms are endemic may

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Babies are at increased risk of developing iron deficiency anemia due to their rapid growth. Their need for iron is greater than they are getting in their diet. Babies are born with iron stores; however, these iron stores typically run out by 4–6 months of age. In addition, infants who are given

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Iron-deficiency anemia affected about 1.48 billion people in 2015. A lack of dietary iron is estimated to cause approximately half of all anemia cases globally. Women and young children are most commonly affected. In 2015, anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 54,000 deaths – down from

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A diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia requires further investigation into its cause. It can be caused by increased iron demand, increased iron loss, or decreased iron intake. Increased iron demand often occurs during periods of growth, such as in children and pregnant women. For example, during

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contain iron, so blood loss also leads to a loss of iron. There are several causes of blood loss, including menstrual bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, stomach ulcers, and bleeding disorders. The bleeding may occur quickly or slowly. Slow, chronic blood loss within the body – such as from a

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and iron-fortified foods. For proper growth and development, infants and children need dietary iron. For children, a high intake of cow's milk is associated with an increased risk of iron-deficiency anemia. Other risk factors include low meat intake and low intake of iron-fortified products.

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The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). Iron

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refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intakes instead of RDAs, and Average Requirements instead of EARs. For women the Population Reference Intake is 13 mg/day ages 15–17 years, 16 mg/day for women ages 18 and up who are

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Iron deficiency affects maternal well-being by increasing risks for infections and complications during pregnancy. Some of these complications include pre-eclampsia, bleeding problems, and perinatal infections. Iron deficiency can lead to improper development of fetal tissues. Oral iron

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is available in oral and IV preparations. When used as a treatment for IBD-related anemia, very low certainty evidence suggests a marked benefit with oral ferric maltol compared with placebo. However it was unclear whether the IV preparation was more effective than oral ferric maltol.

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value is also characteristic of anemia. Further studies will be undertaken to determine the anemia's cause. If the anemia is due to iron deficiency, one of the first abnormal values to be noted on a complete blood count, as the body's iron stores begin to be depleted, will be a high

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Without iron supplementation, iron-deficiency anemia occurs in many pregnant women because their iron stores need to serve their own increased blood volume and be a source of hemoglobin for the growing baby and placental development. Other less common causes are intravascular

577:(heavy menstrual periods) are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because they are at higher-than-normal risk of losing more iron during menstruation than is replaced in their diet. Most women lose about 40 mL of blood per cycle. Some birth control methods, such as pills and 1300:

have decreased the likelihood of this adverse effect. In certain cases intravenous iron is both safer and more effective than the oral route. For patients with severe anemia such as from blood loss, or who have severe symptoms such as cardiovascular instability, a

581:, may decrease the amount of blood and therefore iron lost during a menstrual cycle. Intermittent iron supplementation may be as effective a treatment in these cases as daily supplements and reduce some of the adverse effects of long term daily supplements. 1125:

index or percent) can be measured by dividing the level of serum iron by total iron binding capacity and is a value that can help to confirm the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia; however, other conditions must also be considered, including other types of

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Iron-deficiency anemia may be present without a person experiencing symptoms. It tends to develop slowly; therefore the body has time to adapt, and the disease often goes unrecognized for some time. If symptoms present, patients may present with the sign of

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stages of rapid growth, babies and adolescents may outpace their dietary intake of iron which can result in deficiency in the absence of disease or a grossly abnormal diet. Iron loss is typically from blood loss. One example of blood loss is by chronic

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is a peptide hormone produced in the liver that is responsible for regulating iron levels in the body. Hepcidin decreases the amount of iron available for erythropoesis (red blood cell production). Hepcidin binds to and induces the degradation of

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Iron deficiency anemia can be prevented by eating a diet containing sufficient amounts of iron or by iron supplementation. Foods high in iron include meat, nuts, and foods made with iron-fortified flour. Treatment may include dietary changes,

1316:, with fewer people needing to stop treatment early due to adverse effects. The type of iron preparation may be an important determinant of clinical benefit. Moderate-certainty evidence suggests response to treatment may be higher when IV 1554:

A map provides a country-by-country listing of what nutrients are fortified into specified foods. Some of the Sub-Saharan countries shown in the deaths from iron-deficiency anemia map from 2012 are as of 2018 fortifying foods with iron.

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also be helpful in guiding certain stool tests for parasites or their eggs. Although symptoms can play a role in identifying iron-deficiency anemia, they are often vague, which may limit their contribution to determining the diagnosis.

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is donated, approximately 200 mg of iron is lost from the body. The blood bank screens people for anemia before drawing blood for donation. If the patient has anemia, blood is not drawn. Less iron is lost if the person is donating

1246:, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste to the oral iron and dark colored stools. Constipation is reported by 15–20% of patients taking oral iron therapy. Preparations of iron therapy that take longer to be absorbed by the small intestine ( 682:

The body normally gets the iron it requires from food. If a person consumes too little iron, or iron that is poorly absorbed (non-heme iron), they can become iron deficient over time. Examples of iron-rich foods include meat, eggs,

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Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poor neurological development, including decreased learning ability and altered motor functions. This is because iron deficiency impacts the development of the cells of the brain called

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It can take six months to one year to get blood levels of iron up to a normal range and provide the body with iron stores. Oral iron replacement may not be effective in cases of iron deficiency due to malabsorption, such as

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It is unclear if screening pregnant women for iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy improves outcomes in the United States. The same holds true for screening children who are 6 to 24 months old. Even so, screening is a

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Siu AL (October 2015). "Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women to Improve Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement".

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Some studies show that women pregnant during their teenage years can be at greater risk of iron-deficiency anemia due to an already increased need for iron and other nutrients during adolescent growth spurts.

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can be a source of blood loss causing iron-deficiency anemia. People who do not consume much iron in their diet, such as vegans or vegetarians, are also at increased risk of developing iron deficiency anemia.

1235:. The dosing of oral iron replacement therapy is as much as 100–200 mg per day in adults and 3–6 mg per kilogram in children. This is generally spread out as 3–4 pills taken throughout the day. 912:

continues normally. However, as these stores continue to be used, iron is eventually depleted to the point that red blood cell formation is abnormal. Ultimately, anemia ensues, which by definition is a

1826:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 334:, poor physical exertion, headaches, decreased ability to concentrate, cold hands and feet, cold sensitivity, increased thirst and confusion. None of these symptoms (or any of the others below) are 1774:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 3309:

Primack BA, Mahaniah KJ. Anemia. In: South-Paul JE, Matheny SC, Lewis EL. eds. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Family Medicine, 4e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . Accessed November 30, 2018.

2023:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 1109:. A low serum ferritin is most commonly found. However, serum ferritin can be elevated by any type of chronic inflammation and thus is not consistently decreased in iron-deficiency anemia. 1208:

For less severe cases, treatment of iron-deficiency anemia includes dietary changes to incorporate iron-rich foods into regular oral intake and oral iron supplementation. Foods rich in

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is a less common cause of iron-deficiency anemia, but many gastrointestinal disorders can reduce the body's ability to absorb iron. There are different mechanisms that may be present.

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therapy. Once iron deficiency anemia is confirmed, gastrointestinal blood loss is presumed to be the cause until proven otherwise since it can be caused by an otherwise asymptomatic

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Ivanova T, Klabukov I, Krikunova L, Poluektova MV, Sychenkova N, Khorokhorina V, Vorobyev N, Gaas M, Baranovskii D, Goryainova O, Sachko A, Shegay P, Kaprin A, Tillib S (2022).

3748: 3549:"Evidence that stainable bone marrow iron following parenteral iron therapy does not correlate with serum iron studies and may not represent readily available storage iron" 937:, with the marrow stained for iron. However, with the availability of reliable blood tests that can be more readily collected for iron-deficiency anemia diagnosis, a 728:

can also lead to malabsorption by altering the acidic environment needed for iron to be converted into its absorbable form. If there is insufficient production of

3690:"Prognostic Value of Serum Transferrin Analysis in Patients with Ovarian Cancer and Cancer-Related Functional Iron Deficiency: A Retrospective Case-Control Study" 4343:"The Proportion of Anemia Associated with Iron Deficiency in Low, Medium, and High Human Development Index Countries: A Systematic Analysis of National Surveys" 4294:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 1551:

Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of African-American and Mexican-American women.

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preparation is used, despite very-low certainty evidence of increased adverse effects, including bleeding, in those receiving ferric carboxymaltose treatment.

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than other preparations. Oral iron supplements are best taken up by the body on an empty stomach because food can decrease the amount of iron absorbed from the

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Iron

434:(darkening of the skin around the eyes), the cause is unknown and assumed to be related to the iron-deficiency induced worse blood oxygenation and vitamin B12 1048:

also appears during the course of body iron depletion. It indicates a high number of abnormally small red blood cells. A low mean corpuscular volume, a low

222:. Children with iron deficiency anemia may have problems with growth and development. There may be additional symptoms depending on the underlying cause. 1772:

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

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people who do not tolerate oral iron, who are unlikely to respond to oral iron, or who require iron on a long-term basis. For example, people receiving

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Technical consultation on the assessment of iron status at the population level. Assessing the iron status of populations: including literature reviews

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are early indicators of iron deficiency. Hepcidin concentrations are also connected to the complex relationship between malaria and iron deficiency.

637:, which typically occurs in older individuals, is another potential cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition, some bleeding disorders, such as 4273: 4632: 1947: 4292:

Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (December 2012).

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enhances iron absorption. Oral iron supplements are available in multiple forms. Some are in the form of pills and some are drops for children.

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Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).

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Adamson JW (2014). Iron Deficiency and Other Hypoproliferative Anemias. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds.

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Rangarajan S, D'Souza GA (April 2007). "Restless legs syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital".

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levels. Overall, hemoglobin was 0.71g/dl higher than those treated with oral iron supplements. Iron stores in the liver, estimated by serum

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Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).

5013: 4607: 5164: 4666: 3217:"Hemoglobin concentration and iron supplement during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus" 2835:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 1667: 844:. When the body has sufficient iron to meet its needs (functional iron), the remainder is stored for later use in cells, mostly in the 3764: 1266:

infection; these cases would require treatment of the underlying disease to increase oral absorption or intravenous iron replacement.

5116: 4938: 1053: 5008: 2578:"Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult menstruating women" 4948: 4627: 2510: 462:

of the brain. Exact causation has not been established, but there is a possible long-term impact from these neurological issues.

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is usually not obtained. Furthermore, a study published April 2009 questions the value of stainable bone marrow iron following

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When the amount of iron needed by the body exceeds the amount of iron that is readily available, the body can use iron stores (

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Breastfed infants who have not received iron supplementation after age 6 months, or those receiving non-iron-fortified formulas

297:, and dealing with underlying causes, for example medical treatment for parasites or surgery for ulcers. Supplementation with 3953: 3812: 3787: 3758: 3672: 3632: 3531: 3279: 2938: 2910: 2864: 2796: 2560: 2490: 2386: 2344: 2316: 2205: 2173: 2118: 2005: 606: 4825: 2633: 4980: 4464: 1917: 4638: 1201:

severe acute cases, treatment measures are taken for immediate management in the interim, such as blood transfusions or

1376: 1354:, found low-certainty evidence that people receiving IV-iron treatment were 1.71 times as likely to reach their target 860:(and other animals) iron metabolism systems. Men store about 3.5 g of iron in their body, and women store about 2.5 g. 2834: 593:

women is gastrointestinal bleeding. There are many sources of gastrointestinal tract bleeding, including the stomach,

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Janz TG, Johnson RL, Rubenstein SD (November 2013). "Anemia in the emergency department: evaluation and treatment".

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levels may be measured, but serum iron concentration is not as reliable as the measurement of both serum iron and

210:, or having decreased ability to exercise. Anemia that comes on quickly often has more severe symptoms, including 4206: 4262: 4953: 4659: 697: 504:); specifically, hookworms. The hookworms most commonly responsible for causing iron-deficiency anemia include 4974: 4882: 4616: 5194: 5047: 4999: 2810: 1456: 1368:(Monoferric) was approved in the United States in January 2020, for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. 431: 5199: 4904: 4212: 807:

Children between the ages of 1 and 5 years old who receive more than 24 ounces (700 mL) of cow milk per day

771:. Iron deficiency in pregnancy appears to cause long-term and irreversible cognitive problems in the baby. 692: 3427:"Usefulness of the serum ferritin concentration in the detection of iron deficiency in a general hospital" 751: 5056: 4930: 4794: 4749: 1141:. It is very important not to treat people with thalassemia with an iron supplement, as this can lead to 1114: 1106: 1049: 1008: 998: 933:

Conventionally, a definitive diagnosis requires a demonstration of depleted body iron stores obtained by

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Menstrual bleeding is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in women of child-bearing age. Women with

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in pregnant women without symptoms and in infants considered high risk. Screening is done with either a

537:, and through their means of feeding and degradation, they can ultimately cause iron-deficiency anemia. 4994: 4820: 1939: 1297: 1259: 1146: 1137:

Further testing may be necessary to differentiate iron-deficiency anemia from other disorders, such as

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is associated with an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia due to malabsorption of iron. During a

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Petry N, Olofin I, Hurrell RF, Boy E, Wirth JP, Moursi M, Donahue Angel M, Rohner F (November 2016).

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Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Iqbal T, Allen P, Hoque S, Engineer J, Akobeng AK (2021).

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Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Iqbal T, Allen P, Hoque S, Engineer J, Akobeng AK (2021).

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World Health Organization Fact Sheet No. 366, Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections, updated June 2013

1911: 1452: 1343: 1309: 527: 523: 472: 3746: 3118: 5189: 4887: 4542: 2708: 1876: 724:, abnormal changes in the structure of the duodenum can decrease iron absorption. Abnormalities or 3216: 1608: 530:

worldwide. Parasitic worms cause both inflammation and chronic blood loss by binding to a human's

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Brady PG (October 2007). "Iron deficiency anemia: a call for aggressive diagnostic evaluation".

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Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Updated Edition

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https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2012/1/183/83845/How-to-approach-chronic-anemia

4582: 4506: 2462: 1995: 5063: 4830: 2137: 1659: 1317: 857: 741: 506: 2551:. In Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Prchal JT, Levi MM, Press OW, Burns LJ, Caligiuri M (eds.). 257:. Poor absorption of iron from food may occur as a result of an intestinal disorder such as 5073: 5068: 4876: 4762: 4401: 3381: 1365: 1149:

provides useful evidence for distinguishing these two conditions, along with iron studies.

654: 3865: 8: 5122: 4867: 4675: 4531: 4159:"Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease" 3866:"Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: USPSTF Recommendation Statement" 2679: 737: 709:

Iron from food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, primarily in the

578: 4405: 3385: 3370:"Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries" 1192: 218:

or increased thirst. Anemia is typically significant before a person becomes noticeably

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Si S, Shen Y, Xin X, Mo M, Shao B, Wang S, Luo W, Chen Z, Liu H, Chen D, Yu Y (2021).

2038: 1841: 1789: 605:). Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some medications, such as 5159: 5149: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5039: 4871: 4860: 4850: 4784: 4767: 4758: 4740: 4702: 4553: 4456: 4417: 4374: 4323: 4188: 4130: 4081: 4029: 3949: 3887: 3846: 3808: 3783: 3754: 3729: 3711: 3668: 3628: 3605: 3570: 3527: 3501: 3487: 3448: 3407: 3350: 3285: 3275: 3256: 3244: 3236: 3197: 3148: 3119:"The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia on child's health" 3080: 3037: 3016:"Review article: the nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery" 2988: 2934: 2906: 2895: 2860: 2802: 2792: 2754: 2659: 2615: 2597: 2556: 2486: 2436: 2382: 2340: 2312: 2289: 2254: 2201: 2169: 2114: 2052: 2001: 1855: 1803: 1590: 1302: 1138: 1061: 747: 729: 642: 634: 629:; however, these are required in some patients, especially those with states causing 493: 400: 355: 323: 203: 155: 122: 80: 63: 4536: 3426: 3092: 3049: 3000: 2766: 2657:

Adamson JW, Jameson J, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (2005).

1223:; however, there are certain preparations of iron supplements that are designed for 4855: 4840: 4779: 4593: 4429: 4409: 4364: 4354: 4313: 4305: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4019: 4015: 4011: 3877: 3838: 3719: 3701: 3597: 3560: 3491: 3483: 3438: 3397: 3389: 3340: 3332: 3228: 3187: 3179: 3138: 3130: 3072: 3027: 2980: 2746: 2605: 2593: 2589: 2426: 2418: 2281: 2244: 2234: 2042: 2034: 1969: 1845: 1837: 1793: 1785: 1289: 1247: 1224: 1202: 1084: 744:

therapy), inhibiting the conversion of ferric iron to the absorbable ferrous iron.

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Frequent blood donors are also at risk for developing iron deficiency anemia. When

270: 147: 104: 4101:"Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease" 4052:"Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease" 2779: 901:. When red blood cells are degraded, the iron is recycled by the body and stored. 5034: 4620: 4547: 3601: 2422: 1544:

375 million. Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide.

1347: 1271: 1239: 1232: 1228: 1220: 1187: 1183: 1142: 1118: 1056:, and the corresponding appearance of red blood cells on visual examination of a 942: 886: 841: 602: 598: 590: 534: 531: 342: 331: 294: 242: 187: 115: 37: 3472:"Detecting iron deficiency in anemic patients with concomitant medical problems" 3183: 2737:

Decsi T, Lohner S (2014). "Gaps in meeting nutrient needs in healthy toddlers".

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World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007).

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The various forms of treatment are not without possible adverse side effects.

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Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015). "126".

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cow's milk too early can develop anemia due to gastrointestinal blood loss.

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NPS News 70: Iron deficiency anaemia: NPS – Better choices, Better health

4577: 4263:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" 3452: 1293: 1102: 1012: 954: 894: 890: 868: 845: 725: 618: 574: 480: 406: 349:, has been suggested to be the most specific for iron deficiency anemia. 286: 127: 3970:"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease" 3706: 4814: 3393: 3274:(2nd ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 2463:

M. Tarek Elghetany, Katherine I. Schexneider and Katalin Banki (2017).

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Low-certainty evidence suggests that IBD-related anemia treatment with

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increase the risk of iron deficiency anemia. Diagnosis is confirmed by

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by mouth commonly causes negative gastrointestinal effects, including

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Anemia is often discovered by routine blood tests. A sufficiently low

929:

Blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia at 40X enhancement

4588: 3842: 1313: 1263: 1219:

Most forms of oral iron replacement therapy are absorbed well by the

764: 594: 501: 417: 394: 352:

Other possible symptoms and signs of iron-deficiency anemia include:

298: 254: 151: 4613: 4098: 4049: 3063:

Lozoff B (December 2007). "Iron deficiency and child development".

1380:

Deaths due to iron-deficiency anaemia per million persons in 2012:

1359: 1094: 1067:

The blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia shows many

986: 905: 863: 853: 829: 710: 659: 626: 388: 282: 4000:"Single-dose intravenous iron for iron deficiency: a new paradigm" 3687: 957:

to evaluate for cancer or bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract.

526:

estimates that approximately two billion people are infected with

16:

Reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen due to a lack of iron

3321:"Role of hepcidin in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of anemia" 674: 610: 327: 278: 207: 84: 2971:

Longo DL, Camaschella C (7 May 2015). "Iron-Deficiency Anemia".

1459:

for iron-deficiency anemia per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:

48: 4723: 4516: 4501: 4157:, Craig JC (2019). Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group (ed.). 4152: 2465:

Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

2198:

Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods

2113:. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1052–1059, 1068–1073, 2159–2164. 1282:

are given parenteral iron, which helps the body respond to the

1127: 476: 459: 451: 370: 319: 219: 183: 88: 925: 4004:

Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program

849: 791:

Children who are at risk for iron-deficiency anemia include:

199: 2931:

Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease

1609:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Iron-Deficiency Anemia?" 2780:

Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001).

2306: 874: 589:

The most common cause of iron deficiency anemia in men and

492:

The leading cause of iron-deficiency anemia worldwide is a

233:

of iron from food. Sources of blood loss can include heavy

3425:

Mazza J, Barr RM, McDonald JW, Valberg LS (October 1978).

2220: 1292:

can induce an allergic response that can be as serious as

1090:

Iron-deficiency anemia is confirmed by tests that include

3272:

American Academy of Pediatrics textbook of pediatric care

2656: 2575: 4392:

Sifakis S, Pharmakides G (2000). "Anemia in pregnancy".

3665:

Lanzkowsky's Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology

3424: 379:(feeling that the heart is skipping beats or fluttering) 345:

may also develop; of which consumption of ice, known as

4291: 1028:

by definition makes the diagnosis of anemia, and a low

202:. When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as 3943: 3168:"Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease" 2020: 1823: 1250:

iron therapy) are less likely to cause constipation.

678:

In many countries, wheat flour is fortified with iron.

458:

get priority on iron, and it is shifted away from the

4442: 4340: 3014:

Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R (September 2014).

2928: 2892: 2576:

Fernández-Gaxiola AC, De-Regil LM (31 January 2019).

2271: 2221:

Mendiratta V, Rana S, Jassi R, Chander R (Jun 2019).

1580: 1037:, reflecting an increased variability in the size of 881:

in the body, particularly as a critical component of

301:

may be recommended. Severe cases may be treated with

4479: 4229: 3662: 3013: 2680:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards" 2404: 2483:

Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine

2481:Broaddus VC, Mason R, Ernst J, et al. (2016). 1771: 877:is a mineral that is important in the formation of 190:. Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of 4391: 3997: 3622: 2894: 2658: 2480: 2307:Kliegman R, Stanton B, St Geme J, Schor N (2016). 801:Infants fed with cow's milk under 12 months of age 561:, a colon polyp or gastrointestinal cancer (e.g., 326:in skin or mucous membranes), and the symptoms of 1342:A Cochrane review of controlled trials comparing 5181: 4443:Killip S, Bennett JM, Chambers MD (March 2007). 4287: 4285: 4283: 2970: 2311:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2323–2326. 341:In severe cases, shortness of breath can occur. 4674: 3647: 3546: 3367: 2195: 970:Change in lab values in iron deficiency anemia 3805:Stoelting's Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease 3802: 3782:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 23–31. 3780:Instant Work-ups: A Clinical Guide to Medicine 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2376: 2108: 1940:"How Can Iron-Deficiency Anemia Be Prevented?" 1660:"What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia? – NHLBI, NIH" 409:(spoon-shaped nails) or nails that are brittle 4660: 4280: 4207:"Drug Approval Package: Monoferric Injection" 4153:O'Lone EL, Hodson EM, Nistor I, Bolignano D, 3777: 3521: 2857:Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2703: 2701: 2080: 1687: 1685: 1654: 403:(inflammatory lesions at the mouth's corners) 4809:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 3318: 2791:. National Academy Press. pp. 290–393. 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2405:Baird-Gunning J, Bromley J (December 2016). 2265: 1767: 1765: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1064:(literally, a small red blood cell anemia). 584: 500:caused by infestation with parasitic worms ( 420:(difficulty swallowing) due to formation of 4693: 4237:"Monoferric- ferric derisomaltose solution" 3214: 3172:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2947: 2736: 2665:(20th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2582:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2555:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. 2334: 2085:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 403–405. 1871: 1869: 1819: 1817: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 5165:Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin 4667: 4653: 4394:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3998:Auerbach M, Deloughery T (December 2016). 3974:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 3946:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 3925:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 3374:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3116: 3020:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2732: 2730: 2698: 2661:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 2400: 2398: 1693:"How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Diagnosed?" 1682: 1212:(vitamin C) can also be beneficial, since 47: 5117:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 4939:Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia 4635:– From the National Anemia Action Council 4368: 4358: 4317: 4182: 4124: 4075: 4023: 3881: 3723: 3705: 3627:. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 3196–3198. 3564: 3495: 3469: 3442: 3401: 3344: 3191: 3142: 3031: 2609: 2525: 2430: 2248: 2238: 2046: 1849: 1797: 1762: 1631: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1054:mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 397:(inflammation or infection of the tongue) 3269: 2929:Feldman M, Friedman L, Brandt L (2016). 2893:Porwit A, McCullough J, Erber W (2011). 1866: 1814: 1740:"How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Treated?" 1715: 1548:deficiency is common in pregnant women. 1451: 1375: 1191: 924: 673: 354: 4641:– From the National Prescribing Service 4614:Interactive material on Iron Metabolism 4163:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4105:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4056:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3663:Lanzkowsky P, Lipton J, Fish J (2016). 3650:Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 3368:Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS (August 2019). 2933:. Elsevier Saunders. pp. 297–335. 2727: 2485:. Elsevier Saunders. pp. 682–698. 2395: 2379:Haematology: An Illustrated Colour Text 889:, iron travels through blood, bound to 813:Children with special health care needs 645:, can cause gastrointestinal bleeding. 5182: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4045: 4043: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3553:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 3547:Thomason RW, Almiski MS (April 2009). 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3165: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3062: 2715:from the original on November 27, 2012 2674: 2672: 2507:"Soil-transmitted helminth infections" 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2200:. Elsevier. pp. 84–101, 559–605. 2168:. Elsevier. pp. 87–88, e1–e3713. 2132: 2130: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 1565: 810:Children with low socioeconomic status 565:) – can cause iron-deficiency anemia. 475:, which could be linked to a possible 4722: 4648: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3623:Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M (2015). 3587: 3517: 3515: 2924: 2922: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2476: 2474: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2330: 2328: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2163: 2159: 2157: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 1993: 1877:"What Causes Iron-Deficiency Anemia?" 1083:), but severe cases can present with 704: 607:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 568: 312: 216:feeling like one is going to pass out 137:Dietary changes, medications, surgery 4826:triosephosphate isomerase deficiency 3667:. Elsevier Science. pp. 69–83. 3476:Journal of General Internal Medicine 3431:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3117:Abu-Ouf NM, Jan MM (February 2015). 2739:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2634:"Colon cancer – Symptoms and causes" 2546: 828:Decreased levels of serum and urine 487: 454:. When the body is low on iron, the 444: 225:Iron-deficiency anemia is caused by 4981:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 4949:Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia 4929: 4467:from the original on 11 March 2016. 4141: 4092: 4040: 3898: 3863: 3827: 3296: 3099: 2854: 2669: 2447: 2127: 2063: 1286:agents to produce red blood cells. 1164:US Preventative Services Task Force 840:Anemia can result from significant 13: 4626:Approach to chronic anemia : 4414:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06223.x 3930: 3512: 2919: 2901:. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 2873: 2471: 2353: 2325: 2182: 2154: 2089: 949:. Initial evaluation must include 229:, insufficient dietary intake, or 14: 5211: 4990:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 4961:Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia 4475: 2138:"What Is Iron Deficiency Anemia?" 1950:from the original on 28 July 2017 1920:from the original on 13 July 2017 1887:from the original on 14 July 2017 1750:from the original on 28 July 2017 1703:from the original on 15 July 2017 1670:from the original on 16 July 2017 1115:serum iron-binding protein levels 1035:red blood cell distribution width 1017:red blood cell distribution width 757: 648: 5021:Hemolytic disease of the newborn 4276:from the original on 2013-01-16. 3927:, 19e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 3648:McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA (2009). 3488:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00134.x 3459:from the original on 8 May 2009. 1619:from the original on 5 July 2017 1280:erythropoiesis-stimulating agent 893:, and eventually ends up in the 736:can occur (often due to chronic 732:in the stomach, hypochlorhydria/ 479:. In women of childbearing age, 359:Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) 4633:Handout: Iron Deficiency Anemia 4436: 4385: 4334: 4255: 4199: 3991: 3962: 3857: 3821: 3796: 3771: 3740: 3681: 3656: 3641: 3616: 3581: 3540: 3463: 3418: 3361: 3312: 3263: 3208: 3159: 3056: 3007: 2973:New England Journal of Medicine 2897:Blood and Bone Marrow Pathology 2848: 2827: 2773: 2650: 2626: 2569: 2513:from the original on 2014-02-21 2499: 2300: 2214: 2014: 2000:. Academic Press. p. 477. 1987: 1962: 1932: 1371: 1274:treatment who are also getting 917:lab value below normal limits. 726:surgical removal of the stomach 4954:Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria 4175:10.1002/14651858.CD007857.pub3 4117:10.1002/14651858.CD013529.pub2 4068:10.1002/14651858.CD013529.pub2 4016:10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.57 3807:. Elsevier. pp. 477–506. 3526:. Elsevier. pp. 403–405. 3470:Kis AM, Carnes M (July 1998). 2842:European Food Safety Authority 2711:. Mayo Clinic. March 4, 2011. 2594:10.1002/14651858.CD009218.pub3 2549:"Iron Deficiency and Overload" 2339:. Elsevier. pp. 296–340. 2196:McPherson R, Pincus M (2017). 2081:Bope ET, Kellerman RD (2018). 1899: 1601: 1310:Intravenous (IV) iron infusion 964: 856:complexes and are part of the 816:Children of Hispanic ethnicity 698:European Food Safety Authority 631:a tendency to form blood clots 1: 4310:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 3976:. August 2012. Archived from 3803:Hines R, Marschall K (2018). 2684:Food Fortification Initiative 2467:. Elsevier. pp. 559–605. 2377:Howard M, Hamilton P (2013). 2309:Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 2166:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018 2109:Goldman L, Schafer A (2016). 2039:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 1974:Office of Dietary Supplements 1842:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 1790:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1558: 1457:Disability-adjusted life year 1344:intravenous (IV) iron therapy 540: 432:Periorbital hyperpigmentation 4905:Southeast Asian ovalocytosis 4893:Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome 4213:Food and Drug Administration 3694:Journal of Clinical Medicine 3602:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181520699 3522:Kellerman R, Bope E (2018). 2423:10.18773/austprescr.2016.069 2407:"Correcting iron deficiency" 2381:. Elsevier. pp. 24–25. 1907:"Micronutrient deficiencies" 1177: 1152: 920: 908:) for a period of time, and 835: 693:National Academy of Medicine 7: 3831:Annals of Internal Medicine 3524:Conn's Current Therapy 2018 3184:10.1101/cshperspect.a011866 3065:Food and Nutrition Bulletin 2286:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.10.004 1583:Emergency Medicine Practice 1350:supplements in people with 1312:may be more effective than 1107:total iron binding capacity 1050:mean corpuscular hemoglobin 1009:total iron-binding capacity 999:mean corpuscular hemoglobin 823: 819:Children who are overweight 782: 601:, and the large intestine ( 473:gastrointestinal blood loss 10: 5216: 5014:Drug-induced nonautoimmune 4995:Thrombotic microangiopathy 4821:pyruvate kinase deficiency 3077:10.1177/15648265070284S409 2335:Polin R, Ditmar M (2016). 1260:inflammatory bowel disease 1181: 1147:hemoglobin electrophoresis 951:esophagogastroduodenoscopy 897:, where it is involved in 852:. These stores are called 559:inflammatory bowel disease 528:soil-transmitted helminths 259:inflammatory bowel disease 5142: 5082: 5033: 5000:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome 4920: 4912:Hereditary stomatocytosis 4900:Hereditary elliptocytosis 4793: 4778: 4731: 4715: 4686: 4568: 4483: 4449:American Family Physician 4270:World Health Organization 3319:D'Angelo G (March 2013). 3135:10.15537/smj.2015.2.10289 1912:World Health Organization 1075:(variation in shape) and 1060:narrows the problem to a 585:Gastrointestinal bleeding 524:World Health Organization 169: 161: 141: 133: 121: 111: 94: 74: 62: 55: 46: 35:Iron-deficiency anaemia, 31: 26: 4888:Hereditary spherocytosis 4445:"Iron deficiency anemia" 3590:Southern Medical Journal 3566:10.1309/AJCPBAY9KRZF8NUC 2709:"Iron deficiency anemia" 2240:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_158_18 2227:Indian Dermatol Online J 910:red blood cell formation 899:red blood cell formation 798:Low birth weight infants 740:infections or long-term 465: 309:213,000 deaths in 1990. 5093:Mean corpuscular volume 5057:Diamond–Blackfan anemia 5009:Drug-induced autoimmune 4944:Cold agglutinin disease 4750:Plummer–Vinson syndrome 3864:Siu AL (October 2015). 3337:10.5045/br.2013.48.1.10 3233:10.1111/1753-0407.13101 3166:Miller JL (July 2013). 1589:(11): 1–15, quiz 15–6. 1046:mean corpuscular volume 995:mean corpuscular volume 669: 481:heavy menstrual periods 426:Plummer–Vinson syndrome 391:, or burning sensations 265:, or surgery such as a 4745:Iron-deficiency anemia 4610:– From IronTherapy.Org 4608:The Importance of Iron 3883:10.1542/peds.2015-2567 2111:Goldman-Cecil Medicine 2083:Conn's Current Therapy 1540: 1449: 1352:chronic kidney disease 1197: 1160:Level B recommendation 1123:transferrin saturation 1087:(low platelet count). 1058:peripheral blood smear 939:bone marrow aspiration 935:bone marrow aspiration 930: 685:leafy green vegetables 679: 639:von Willebrand disease 513:Ancylostoma ceylanicum 438:Restless legs syndrome 360: 255:urinary tract bleeding 180:Iron-deficiency anemia 27:Iron-deficiency anemia 5064:Pure red cell aplasia 4831:hexokinase deficiency 3123:Saudi Medical Journal 2985:10.1056/NEJMra1401038 2411:Australian Prescriber 1455: 1379: 1318:ferric carboxymaltose 1296:, although different 1195: 928: 752:Roux-en-Y anastamosis 742:proton-pump inhibitor 677: 507:Ancylostoma duodenale 358: 336:sensitive or specific 107:, frequent infections 5195:Mineral deficiencies 5069:Sideroblastic anemia 4877:Hemoglobin C disease 4763:Megaloblastic anemia 4623:– From IronAtlas.com 3778:O'Connell T (2017). 3270:McInerny TK (2017). 3071:(4 Suppl): S560-71. 2859:. pp. 821–838. 1836:(10053): 1459–1544. 1784:(10053): 1545–1602. 1537: More than 1000 1366:Ferric derisomaltose 1240:Iron supplementation 1117:. The percentage of 5200:Nutritional anemias 4868:Sickle cell disease 4406:2000NYASA.900..125S 3753:(second ed.). 3707:10.3390/jcm11247377 3386:2019NYASA1450...15C 3221:Journal of Diabetes 2553:Williams Hematology 1305:may be considered. 971: 330:, weak, dizziness, 305:or iron infusions. 165:1.48 billion (2015) 85:shortness of breath 5155:Sulfhemoglobinemia 4619:2016-05-29 at the 4569:External resources 3767:on March 19, 2014. 3394:10.1111/nyas.14092 1541: 1471: Less than 50 1450: 1198: 969: 931: 705:Iron malabsorption 680: 569:Menstrual bleeding 519:Necator americanus 361: 313:Signs and symptoms 303:blood transfusions 156:blood transfusions 42:Sideropenic Anemia 5177: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5160:Reticulocytopenia 5150:Methemoglobinemia 5138: 5137: 5029: 5028: 4969: 4968: 4768:Pernicious anemia 4711: 4710: 4703:Polycythemia vera 4603: 4602: 4360:10.3390/nu8110693 4304:(9859): 2163–96. 4243:. 24 January 2020 3955:978-0-07-180215-4 3948:(19th ed.). 3814:978-0-323-40137-1 3789:978-0-323-37641-9 3760:978-92-4-159610-7 3674:978-0-12-801368-7 3634:978-0-323-40161-6 3533:978-0-323-52769-9 3281:978-1-61002-047-3 3033:10.1111/apt.12872 2979:(19): 1832–1843. 2940:978-1-4557-4692-7 2912:978-0-7020-3147-2 2866:978-1-4377-2206-2 2798:978-0-309-07279-3 2751:10.1159/000365795 2686:. 29 October 2018 2562:978-0-07-183301-1 2492:978-1-4557-3383-5 2388:978-0-7020-5139-5 2346:978-0-323-31030-7 2337:Pediatric Secrets 2318:978-1-4557-7566-8 2207:978-0-323-29568-0 2175:978-0-323-28049-5 2120:978-1-4557-5017-7 2007:978-0-12-381980-2 1994:Combs GF (2012). 1946:. 26 March 2014. 1883:. 26 March 2014. 1746:. 26 March 2014. 1699:. 26 March 2014. 1666:. 26 March 2014. 1664:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 1615:. 26 March 2014. 1320:, rather than IV 1314:oral iron therapy 1303:blood transfusion 1162:suggested by the 1139:thalassemia minor 1062:microcytic anemia 1022: 1021: 748:Bariatric surgery 730:hydrochloric acid 664:white blood cells 643:polycythemia vera 494:parasitic disease 488:Parasitic disease 445:Child development 401:Angular cheilitis 194:or the amount of 177: 176: 123:Diagnostic method 21:Medical condition 5207: 4927: 4926: 4841:hemoglobinopathy 4791: 4790: 4729: 4728: 4720: 4719: 4691: 4690: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4646: 4645: 4481: 4480: 4469: 4468: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4362: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4321: 4289: 4278: 4277: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4186: 4150: 4139: 4138: 4128: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4027: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3941: 3928: 3921: 3896: 3895: 3885: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3843:10.7326/m15-1707 3825: 3819: 3818: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3763:. Archived from 3744: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3709: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3568: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3446: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3195: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3146: 3114: 3097: 3096: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3035: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2968: 2945: 2944: 2926: 2917: 2916: 2900: 2890: 2871: 2870: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2809:. Archived from 2786: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2705: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2544: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2445: 2444: 2434: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2374: 2351: 2350: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2252: 2242: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2193: 2180: 2179: 2164:Ferri F (2018). 2161: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2106: 2087: 2086: 2078: 2061: 2060: 2050: 2033:(9963): 117–71. 2018: 2012: 2011: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1853: 1821: 1812: 1811: 1801: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1736: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1689: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1656: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1578: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1290:Intravenous iron 1248:extended release 1203:intravenous iron 1085:thrombocytopenia 972: 968: 532:small-intestinal 295:iron supplements 271:developing world 243:uterine fibroids 148:Iron supplements 51: 24: 23: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5190:Iron metabolism 5180: 5179: 5178: 5169: 5134: 5078: 5037: 5025: 4965: 4916: 4782: 4774: 4707: 4682: 4680:red blood cells 4673: 4621:Wayback Machine 4604: 4599: 4598: 4564: 4563: 4492: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4441: 4437: 4390: 4386: 4339: 4335: 4290: 4281: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4169:(2): CD007857. 4151: 4142: 4111:(1): CD013529. 4097: 4093: 4062:(1): CD013529. 4048: 4041: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3942: 3931: 3922: 3899: 3862: 3858: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3776: 3772: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3661: 3657: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3621: 3617: 3586: 3582: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3520: 3513: 3468: 3464: 3423: 3419: 3366: 3362: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3297: 3282: 3268: 3264: 3213: 3209: 3164: 3160: 3115: 3100: 3061: 3057: 3012: 3008: 2969: 2948: 2941: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2891: 2874: 2867: 2853: 2849: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2799: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2735: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2588:(5): CD009218. 2574: 2570: 2563: 2547:Ganz T (2016). 2545: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2479: 2472: 2461: 2448: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2375: 2354: 2347: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2305: 2301: 2270: 2266: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2194: 2183: 2176: 2162: 2155: 2146: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2107: 2090: 2079: 2064: 2019: 2015: 2008: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1822: 1815: 1770: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1738: 1737: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1673: 1671: 1658: 1657: 1632: 1622: 1620: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1579: 1566: 1561: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1233:small intestine 1229:small intestine 1221:small intestine 1190: 1188:Lucky iron fish 1184:Iron deficiency 1180: 1155: 1143:hemochromatosis 1119:iron saturation 1039:red blood cells 967: 943:parenteral iron 923: 887:small intestine 879:red blood cells 842:iron deficiency 838: 826: 795:Preterm infants 785: 760: 707: 672: 651: 599:small intestine 591:post-menopausal 587: 571: 546:Red blood cells 543: 490: 468: 456:red blood cells 447: 442: 422:esophageal webs 332:lightheadedness 315: 275:parasitic worms 231:poor absorption 208:short of breath 192:red blood cells 116:Iron deficiency 57:Red blood cells 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5213: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5088: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5059: 5054: 5052:Fanconi anemia 5045: 5043: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5004: 5003: 5002: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4879: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4611: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4550: 4539: 4524: 4509: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484:Classification 4477: 4476:External links 4474: 4471: 4470: 4435: 4384: 4333: 4279: 4254: 4228: 4198: 4140: 4091: 4039: 3990: 3961: 3954: 3929: 3897: 3856: 3820: 3813: 3795: 3788: 3770: 3759: 3739: 3680: 3673: 3655: 3652:. p. 428. 3640: 3633: 3615: 3580: 3539: 3532: 3511: 3462: 3417: 3360: 3325:Blood Research 3311: 3295: 3280: 3262: 3227:(3): 211–221. 3207: 3178:(7): a011866. 3158: 3098: 3055: 3026:(6): 582–609. 3006: 2946: 2939: 2918: 2911: 2872: 2865: 2855:Yeo C (2013). 2847: 2826: 2797: 2772: 2726: 2697: 2668: 2649: 2625: 2568: 2561: 2524: 2498: 2491: 2470: 2446: 2417:(6): 193–199. 2394: 2387: 2352: 2345: 2324: 2317: 2299: 2274:Sleep Medicine 2264: 2233:(3): 293–295. 2213: 2206: 2181: 2174: 2153: 2126: 2119: 2088: 2062: 2013: 2006: 1986: 1961: 1931: 1898: 1865: 1813: 1761: 1714: 1681: 1630: 1600: 1563: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1533: 1531: 500–1000 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1373: 1370: 1330:, marketed as 1284:erythropoietin 1276:erythropoietin 1256:celiac disease 1225:longer release 1179: 1176: 1154: 1151: 1081:thrombocytosis 1073:poikilocytosis 1020: 1019: 1006: 1002: 1001: 984: 980: 979: 976: 966: 963: 922: 919: 837: 834: 825: 822: 821: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 784: 781: 769:hemoglobinuria 759: 758:Pregnant women 756: 722:celiac disease 706: 703: 671: 668: 650: 649:Blood donation 647: 623:anticoagulants 613:), as well as 586: 583: 570: 567: 555:angiodysplasia 542: 539: 489: 486: 467: 464: 446: 443: 441: 440: 435: 429: 415: 410: 404: 398: 392: 385: 383:Breathlessness 380: 374: 368: 362: 314: 311: 267:gastric bypass 263:celiac disease 247:stomach ulcers 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 145: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 98: 92: 91: 78: 72: 71: 66: 60: 59: 53: 52: 44: 43: 33: 29: 28: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5212: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5074:Myelophthisic 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400:(1): 125–36. 4399: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3980:on 2017-12-07 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3876:(4): 746–52. 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3837:(7): 529–36. 3836: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596:(10): 966–7. 3595: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482:(7): 455–61. 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2836: 2830: 2816:on 2017-09-09 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2702: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2663: 2662: 2653: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2329: 2320: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280:(3): 247–51. 2279: 2275: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2177: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2009: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1990: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1818: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1766: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1525: 450–500 1519: 400–450 1513: 350–400 1507: 300–350 1501: 250–300 1495: 200–250 1489: 150–200 1483: 100–150 1465: No data 1458: 1454: 1386: No data 1378: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:Ferric maltol 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1214:ascorbic acid 1211: 1210:ascorbic acid 1206: 1204: 1196:Ascorbic acid 1194: 1189: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101:level, serum 1100: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 985: 982: 981: 977: 974: 973: 962: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 927: 918: 916: 911: 907: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 870: 865: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 833: 831: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 793: 792: 789: 780: 776: 772: 770: 766: 755: 753: 749: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 715:malabsorption 712: 702: 699: 694: 689: 686: 676: 667: 665: 661: 656: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 615:antiplatelets 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 582: 580: 576: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 538: 536: 533: 529: 525: 521: 520: 515: 514: 509: 508: 503: 499: 498:helminthiasis 495: 485: 482: 478: 474: 463: 461: 457: 453: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 423: 419: 416: 414: 413:Poor appetite 411: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 386: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 357: 353: 350: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 328:feeling tired 325: 324:oxyhemoglobin 321: 310: 306: 304: 300: 296: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 204:feeling tired 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 173:54,200 (2015) 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 126: 124: 120: 117: 114: 110: 106: 102: 101:Heart failure 99: 97: 96:Complications 93: 90: 87:, confusion, 86: 82: 81:Feeling tired 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 65: 61: 58: 54: 50: 45: 41: 39: 34: 30: 25: 19: 5123:normochromic 5115: 5091: 4973: 4881: 4839: 4813: 4802: 4744: 4695:Polycythemia 4587: 4576: 4552: 4541: 4526: 4511: 4496: 4455:(5): 671–8. 4452: 4448: 4438: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4301: 4297: 4269: 4257: 4245:. Retrieved 4240: 4231: 4219:. Retrieved 4217:. 7 May 2020 4210: 4201: 4166: 4162: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4059: 4055: 4010:(1): 57–66. 4007: 4003: 3993: 3982:. Retrieved 3978:the original 3973: 3964: 3945: 3924: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3804: 3798: 3779: 3773: 3765:the original 3749: 3742: 3700:(24): 7377. 3697: 3693: 3683: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3624: 3618: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3559:(4): 580–5. 3556: 3552: 3542: 3523: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3437:(8): 884–6. 3434: 3430: 3420: 3380:(1): 15–31. 3377: 3373: 3363: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3271: 3265: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3129:(2): 146–9. 3126: 3122: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3023: 3019: 3009: 2976: 2972: 2930: 2896: 2856: 2850: 2841: 2829: 2818:. Retrieved 2811:the original 2788: 2775: 2742: 2738: 2719:December 11, 2717:. Retrieved 2688:. Retrieved 2683: 2660: 2652: 2641:. Retrieved 2637: 2628: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2552: 2515:. Retrieved 2501: 2482: 2464: 2414: 2410: 2378: 2336: 2308: 2302: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2197: 2165: 2145:. Retrieved 2141: 2110: 2082: 2030: 2026: 2016: 1997:The Vitamins 1996: 1989: 1977:. Retrieved 1973: 1964: 1952:. Retrieved 1943: 1934: 1922:. Retrieved 1910: 1901: 1889:. Retrieved 1880: 1833: 1829: 1781: 1777: 1752:. Retrieved 1743: 1705:. Retrieved 1696: 1672:. Retrieved 1663: 1621:. 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