Ion Heliade Rădulescu

1110: 1332: 656: 2721: 1729:; he wrote: "Young people, preoccupy yourselves with the national language, speak and write in it; prepare yourselves for its study, for its cultivation, – and cultivating a language means to write in it about all sciences and arts, about all eras and peoples. The language alone unites, strengthens and defines a nation; preoccupy yourselves with it first and foremost, as, through this, you shall be carrying out the most fundamental of policies, you shall be laying the foundation of nationality". 193: 1693: 7729: 2733: 415: 828:, and dedicated to Ghica, whom Heliade depicted as an ideal prototype of a monarch. As young reformists came into conflict with the prince, he kept his neutrality, arguing that all sides involved represented a privileged minority, and that the disturbances were equivalent to "the quarrel of wolves and the noise made by those in higher positions over the torn-apart animal that is the peasant". He was notably critical of the 2316: 2219:'s works into Romanian, featured a series of counsels to younger writers: "This is not the time for criticism, children, it is the time for writing, so write as much and as good as you can, but without meanness; create, do not ruin; for the nation receives and blesses the maker and curses the destroyer. Write with a clear conscience". Paraphrased as "Write anything, boys, as long as you go on writing!" ( 1984:, with providing a passionate defense of spoken Romanian. He notably cited Russo's verdict: "The modern political hatred aimed at has thrown us into Italianism, into Frenchism, and into other -isms, that were not and are not Romanianism, but the political perils, in respect to the enslavement of the Romanian soul, have since passed; true Romanianism ought to hold its head up high". The literary critic 1543: 1028: 42: 2012:, who, during his youth, wrote several pieces in Heliade's Italian-sounding Romanian. Despite Heliade's thesis being largely rejected, some of its practical effects on everyday language were very enduring, especially in cases where Italian words were borrowed as a means to illustrate nuances and concepts for which Romanian had no equivalent. These include 2161:"national specificity", which he adopted in his later years. At the same time, he centered much of his own literary work on non-original material, either by compiling it from various translations or by translating from a single source – having his focus on creating the basis for further development by introducing samples of untapped 631:, to have been the writer's illegitimate son. Before the death of her first child, Maria Heliade welcomed into her house Grigore Alexandrescu, himself a celebrated writer, whom Ion suspected had become her lover. Consequently, the two authors became bitter rivals: Ion Heliade referred to Alexandrescu as "that ingrate", and, in an 1838 letter to 1357:, before moving into self-exile in France while his wife and children were sent to Ottoman lands. In 1850–1851, several of his memoirs of the revolution, written in both Romanian and French, were published in Paris, the city where he had taken residence. He shared his exile with Tell and Magheru, as well as with 2003:

Overall, Heliade's experiments had marginal appeal, and their critics (Eminescu included) contrasted them with Heliade's own tenets. Late in his life, Heliade seems to have acknowledged this, notably writing: "This language, as it is written today by people who can speak Romanian, is my work". One of

1429:

in general were "idle", "womanizing", as well as having "the petty and base envies of women", and argued that they required "supervision leadership". His fortune was declining, especially after pressures began for him to pay his many debts, and he often lacked the funds for basic necessities. At the

2335:

focus on history, which he initially applied to his poetry. In this instance as well, the goal was to educate his public; he wrote: "Nothing is worthy of derision as much as someone taking pride in his parents and ancestors and nothing more worthy of praise than when the ancestors' great deeds serve

2160:

viewpoint, which he believed to be indicative of their mission as "prophets, ... men who criticize, who point out their society's plagues and who look on to a happier future, waiting for a savior". Through the latter ideal of moral regeneration, Heliade also complimented the Romantic stress on

622:

In 1823, Heliade met Maria Alexandrescu, with whom he fell passionately in love, and whom he later married. By 1830, the Heliades' two children, a son named Virgiliu and a daughter named Virgilia, died in infancy; subsequently, their marriage entered a long period of crisis, marked by Maria's

2227:

and others, who argued that Ion Heliade Rădulescu's main goal was to encourage the rapid development of local literature to a European level. Although he recognized, among other things, Heliade's merits of having removed pretentious boyar discourse from poetry and having favored regular

2363:, of which only two sections, written in very different styles, were ever completed (in 1845 and 1859 respectively). Other historical poems also expanded on the ideal of a single Romanian state, while presenting the 1848 generation as a model for future Romanian politicians. 1255:. It too failed to reach a compromise over the amount of land to be allocated to peasants, and it was ultimately recalled by Heliade, who indicated that the matter was to be deliberated once a new Assembly had been voted into office. In time, the writer adopted a 2580:, he used it as a vehicle to criticize social customs of his day, as well as to publicize personal conflicts and resentments. As a maverick, he attacked political figures on both sides: conservatives who mimicked liberalism were the subject of his 1853:, who wrote: "Thinking of how people wrote back then, in thick, drawly, sleepy phrases, Heliade thus shows himself superior to all his contemporaries, and ... we can consider him the first prose writer who brings in the note of modernity". 1490:, had taken over administration of the country as a neutral force, asked for him to be expelled. Returning to Paris, Heliade continued to publish works on political and cultural issues, including an analysis of the European situation after the 1973:

While defending the role Moldavian politicians in the 1840s had in shaping modern Romanian culture, Ibrăileanu argued that practices such as those of Heliade and Laurian carried the risk of "suppressing the Romanian language", and credited

1534:(in a private letter, he stated: "let them elect whomever , for he would still have the heart of a man and some principles of a Romanian; only don't let that creature be elected, for he is capable of going to the dogs with this country"). 1679:

be with you!" His mental health declining, he died at his Bucharest residence on Polonă Street, nr. 20. Heliade Rădulescu's grandiose funeral ceremony attracted a large number of his admirers; the coffin was buried in the courtyard of the

2696:

A large portion of Heliade's satirical works rely on mockery of speech patterns and physical traits: notable portraits resulting from this style include mimicking the manner of Transylvanian educators (with their strict adherence to

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Heliade Rădulescu (auch Eliade Rădulescu), Ion, rumänischer Schriftsteller und Politiker, * Tîrgovişte 18.01.1802, † Bukarest 9.05.1872, Sohn des Gendarmeriehauptmanns (căpitan de poteră) Ilie Rădulescu und der Griechin Eufrosina

4801: 2490:("Biblical Writings"), was supposed to form the first of four sections in a Christian history of the world. Referring to this project, Călinescu defined Heliade's ideas as "interesting, no matter how naïve at times, in general 2223:), this quote became the topic of derision in later decades, and was hailed as an example of Heliade's failure to distinguish between quality and quantity. The latter verdict was considered unfair by the literary historian 1562:

to his surname. Until his death, he published influential volumes on a variety of issues, while concentrating on contributions to history and literary criticism, and editing a new collection of his own poems. In 1863,

1047:

opposition to Bibescu. The so-called "Trandafiloff affair" of early 1844 was essential in this process – it was provoked by Bibescu's decision to lease all Wallachian mines to a Russian engineer named

2155:

Like the Classicists, Heliade favored a literature highlighting "types" of characters, as the union of universal traits and particular characteristics, but, like the Romantics, he encouraged writers to write from a

1840:

These early theories exercised a lasting influence, and, when the work of unifying Romanian was accomplished in the late 19th century, they were used as a source of inspiration: Romania's major poet of the period,

2634:, the Author"), an attack on what Heliade viewed as writers whose pretensions contrasted with their actual mediocrity. In other short prose works, Ion Heliade Rădulescu commented on the caricature-like nature of 2259:, to the moment of his death, he was involved in virtually all major developments in local dramatic and operatic art. In August 1834, he was one of the intellectuals who organized the first show hosted by 2940:

for a large part of his life, Ion Luca Caragiale himself saw a precursor in Heliade, and even expressed some sympathy for his political ideals. During the 1890s, he republished a piece by Heliade in the

1836:

policies of removing widely used neologisms of foreign origin – arguing that these were "a fatality", he indicated that the gains of such a process would have been shadowed by the losses.

1996:

and the Russians, who had striven to underline , he said to himself that he was to serve his motherland by discarding all Slavic vestiges". Călinescu notably attributed Heliade's inconsistency to his "

2955:, shares many traits with his counterparts in Heliade's stories. Developing his own theory, he claimed that there was a clear difference between, on one hand, the generation of Heliade Rădulescu, 2240:

of "tastelessness" and "literary insecurity". He elaborated: "Rădulescu was arguably afflicted with this sin more than Asachi, given his unfortunate ambitions of fabricating a literary language".

471:

In 1822, after Gheorghe Lazăr had fallen ill, Heliade reopened Saint Sava and served as its main teacher (initially, without any form of remuneration). He was later joined in this effort by other

1221:). Four days after the Islaz events, the revolution succeeded in toppling Bibescu, whom it replaced with a Provisional Government which immediately attracted Russian hostility. Presided over by 389:

servants). He subsequently became an avid reader of popular novels, especially during his 1813 sojourn in Gârbovi (where he had been sent after other areas of the country came to be ravaged by

2138:

His poetic style, influenced from early on by Lamartine, was infused with Classicism during his middle age, before he again adopted Romantic tenets. Initially making use of guidelines set by

336:

ancestry; he was the son of Ilie Rădulescu, a wealthy proprietor who served as the leader of a patrol unit during the 1810s, and Eufrosina Danielopol, a Greek woman, who was also educated in

522:(the Romanian Literary Society), which, through its program (mapped out by Heliade himself), proposed Saint Sava's transformation into a college, the opening of another such institution in 1483:. According to Iorga, Heliade's attitudes reflected his hope of "recovering the power lost" in 1848; the historian also stressed that Omar never actually made use of Heliade's services. 1865:'s theory that a language could be developed from conventions, eventually brought about the rejection of his own earlier views. By the early 1840s, he postulated that Romanian and 1621: 1599:

as honorary member of the Academy. By then, like most other 1848 Romantics, he had become the target of criticism from the younger generation of intellectuals, represented by the

824:

came to the throne, Heliade became one of his close collaborators, styling himself "court poet". Several of the poems and discourses he authored during the period are written as

7778: 2103:

defined Heliade as "a devourer of books", noting that his favorites, who all played a part in shaping his style and were many times the subject of his translations, included:

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were not distinct languages, but rather dialects of Latin, which prompted him to declare the necessity of replacing Romanian words with "superior" Italian ones. One of his

575:. This was the most successful of several attempts to create a local newspaper, something Golescu first attempted in 1828. Publishing articles in both Romanian and French, 5266: 344:

before 1829. Throughout his early youth, Ion was the focus of his parents' affectionate supervision: early on, Ilie Rădulescu purchased a house once owned by the scholar

3316: 2952: 1072:(lit. "a rose ending in -of", but also "a rose with grief for a stem"). Making additional covert reference to Trandafiloff as "the eglantine", it featured the lyrics: 1068:"), which was heavily critical of Russian influence and reportedly sold over 30,000 copies. It was centered on the pun alluding to Trandafiloff's name – 900:

on drawing and architecture in 1837, and, during the same year, opened the first permanent exhibit in Wallachia (featuring copies of Western paintings, portraits, and

595:

was edited as a weekly, and later as a bimonthly, until 1839, when it began to be issued three or four times a week. Its best-known contributors were Heliade himself,

2388:

through the means of a narrative which was later proven to be entirely fictional, Heliade made use of its theses to draw similar conclusions regarding Wallachia. His

1289:

was dispatched to Bucharest, where he advised the revolutionaries to carry on with their diplomatic efforts, and ordered the Provisional Government to be replaced by

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language of his time". Ibrăileanu also noted that Asachi had come to admire Heliade's attempts, and had praised them as an attempt to revive the language "spoken by

1358: 1248: 969:). By 1846, he was planning to begin work on a "universal library", which was to include, among other books, the major the philosophical writings of, among others, 7993: 1305:. Nonetheless, the Ottomans were pressured by Russia into joining a clampdown on revolutionary forces, which resulted, during September, in the reestablishment of 1049: 4839: 2079:. His work, written in a special cultural context (where Classiciasm and Romanticism coexisted), took the middle path between two opposing camps: the Romantics ( 3028: 647:

dressed in foreign feathers"). Despite these household conflicts, Maria Heliade gave birth to five other children, four daughters and one son (Ion, born 1846).

276:. Over the following decades, he had a major role in shaping the modern Romanian language, but caused controversy when he advocated the massive introduction of 5224: 855: 7783: 5281: 5004: 581: 832: 667:

In October 1830, together with his uncle Nicolae Rădulescu, he opened the first privately owned printing press in his country, operating on his property at

2244: 2666:: "Who has made man create himself unfair laws and customs, in order for him to cultivate his spirit and forsake into ignorance...?". In 1859, after the 2000:", which, he contended, was responsible for " casual implication in all issues, the unexpected move from common sense ideas to the most insane theories". 400: 7768: 5734: 4832: 4427: 1401: 483: 7863: 4665: 4508: 787: 299:, after which he was forced to spend several years in exile. Adopting an original form of conservatism, which emphasized the role of the aristocratic 7978: 5724: 2947: 1400:, where he also helped publicize political issues pertaining to his native land. Heliade was credited with having exercised influence over historian 1237: 1211: 1191: 1053: 2291:

and other foreign pieces, while encouraging Romanian-language dramatists, an effort which was to become successful during and after the 1840s (when

1109: 7773: 1783: 1339: 1486:

Later in the same year, he decided to return to Bucharest, but his stay was cut short when the Austrian authorities, who, under the leadership of

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guidelines in respect to the standard shape of Romanian, stressing three basic principles in selecting words: "proper wording", which called for

1153:, who was ultimately expelled after his activities were brought to the attention of authorities. On 19 April 1848, following financial setbacks, 91: 4854:

Sub semnul românismului de la domnitorul Gheorghe Bibescu la scriitorul Simeon Marcovici. Domnitorul Gheorghe Bibescu: A. Privire asupra domniei

3018: 2174: 587: 4794: 938:("Parallelism between the Romanian and Italian Dialects or the Form or Grammar of These Two Dialects", 1841). The two books were followed by a 2172:

While several of Heliade's contributions to literature have been considered to be of low importance, many others, above all his Romantic poem

679: – "Eliad's Field", and housed several other large buildings). Among the first works he published was a collection of poems by 5245: 2921: 4886: 4825: 4359: 2604:

also made the latter two the target of irony, most likely based on Heliade's belief that they intended to downplay his contributions to the

2447:, with its stress on making political needs coincide with social ones through the means of counterweights, evidenced strong influences from 1824:

origin to be prioritized; "harmony", which meant that words of Latin origin were to be used in their most popular form, even in cases where

946:("Summary of the Grammar of the Romanian-Italian Language"), and, in 1847, by a comprehensive list of Romanian words that had originated in 5237: 3323: 1388: 2192:-like being who visits nubile girls at night) also serves to depict the atmosphere of a Wallachian village from that period. According to 7998: 7973: 7813: 2942: 2689:, nor do they do so wherever humans have become humans. Where else are they accused of such an inhumane deed? Wherever peoples are still 1312: 7908: 6078: 1412:(a concept which Heliade had come to resent), as well amending his earlier account of the 1848 events, after being exposed to "Eliad's 1225: 774:, the writer and his family were made prosperous by the sales. Nevertheless, Heliade maintained contacts with the faction of reformist 8008: 7933: 7923: 7838: 4997: 4372: 1759:, which he wanted to adapt to Romanian spelling. By that time, Romanians in various regions had grown aware of the need to unify the 1550:

Later in 1859, Heliade returned to Bucharest, which had become the capital of the United Principalities after the common election of

501:

who had assumed public office in previous decades. Thus, Prince Ghica had endorsed education in Romanian and, in one of his official

4958: 3083:

H. Rădulescu, Costache Ion Bălăceanu, C. A. Rosetti, Vasile and Ion Alecsandri and C. Boliac, and A. I. Cuza trace a Greek ancestry.

1828:

had been altered by prolonged usage; and "energy", through which Heliade favored the primacy of the shortest and most expressive of

7928: 7823: 2538:

and Spirit-Matter-the Universe. A portion of Heliade Rădulescu's poems also draw on religious themes and discourse. According to

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Throughout the 1860s, one of Heliade's main interests was an investigation into the issues involving Romanian history during the

1584:(under the name of "Academic Society"), he was elected its first President (1867), serving until his death. In 1869, Heliade and 892:

from a French source. The first collection of his own prose and poetry works saw print in 1836. Interested in the development of

241:

poet, essayist, memoirist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician. A prolific translator of foreign literature into

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as a model and an impulse for competition among descendants". The main historical figure in his poetry is the late 16th century

7828: 2781: 1039:, his relations with Heliade had soured. In contrast with his earlier call for moderation, the writer decided to side with the 7674: 5327: 1425:, Heliade had by then grown disappointed with the political developments, and, in his private correspondence, commented that 4852: 7903: 7793: 7763: 7345: 5363: 4990: 1040: 743: 292: 4686: 1446:

camp. His friendship with Tell also soured, after Heliade began speculating that the revolutionary general was committing

1331: 7968: 7943: 7898: 7893: 5767: 2708:

Rosetti (with eyes "more bulged than those of a giant frog"). Without sharing Heliade's views on literature, the younger

2516: – with emphasis placed on the numbers 3, 7, and 10 – , as well as ample references to the 2132: 1271:, this movement that added liberal institutions to the old society that had been almost completely maintained in place". 1166:

Heliade progressively distanced himself from the more radical groups, especially after discussions began on the issue of

683:, translated by Heliade from French, and grouped together with some of his own poems. Later, he translated a textbook on 41: 6172: 8003: 7913: 7888: 7848: 7187: 3105: 3076: 4690: 4402: 1632:. As Cuza had been ousted from power by a coalition of political groupings, he was the only Wallachian deputy to join 1434:, and the Golescus, who resented his ambiguous stance in respect to reforms, and especially his willingness to accept 1190:

and equality, universal taxation, a larger Assembly, five-year terms of office for Princes (and their election by the

530:

attempted to encourage the establishment of Romanian-language newspapers, calling for an end to the state monopoly on

7953: 7883: 7788: 5556: 5398: 4877: 4753: 4718: 4710: 2712:

drew comparisons with his predecessor for launching into similar attacks, and usually in respect to the same rivals.

759: 6152: 7948: 7853: 7833: 2371: 1530:, Heliade opted not to endorse any particular candidate, while rejecting outright the candidature of former prince 1286: 1222: 6147: 5444: 1178:

just before rebellion broke out, he issued a resolution acknowledging this (the document was probably inspired by

356:), as a gift for his son. At the time, the Rădulescus were owners of a large garden in the Bucharest area, nearby 7878: 7843: 7689: 5853: 4926: 1721:

ideals of the 1848 generation. At a time when Romanian was being discarded by the educated in favor of French or

1274:

Like most other revolutionaries, Heliade favored maintaining good relations with the Ottoman Empire, Wallachia's

806:(the Philharmonic Society), which advanced a cultural agenda (and was especially active in raising funds for the 6208: 5858: 5632: 7958: 7818: 5948: 5378: 5355: 4646: 4601: 2667: 1625: 7212: 2658:

In various of his articles, he showed himself a critic of social trends. During the 1830s, he reacted against

1862: 7918: 7808: 7713: 7697: 7614: 7132: 6244: 6198: 2605: 2467: 2452: 1056:

and ultimately ending in Bibescu's decision to dissolve his legislative. These events made Heliade publish a

1022: 1010: 859: 5158: 7988: 7873: 7798: 7237: 6607: 5388: 550:; around that time, Heliade is known to have become a Freemason, as did a large section of his generation. 493:, who had just been assigned by the Ottoman Empire to the throne of Wallachia upon the disestablishment of 5684: 2139: 1376:

and socialism). Heliade used this opportunity to make the Romanian cause known to the staff of Proudhon's

627:

officer named Zalic, who became known during the 1840s, is thought by some, including the literary critic

7983: 7868: 7858: 7485: 7300: 7142: 5454: 5403: 4638: 2576: – "They forgive the evil committed against them, but never the good"). A noted author of 2337: 2196:, the poem's value partly relies on its depiction of lust through the girls' eyes: "lacking the rages of 911: 818: 487: 426: 7420: 5749: 2572:, he expanded on the contrast between creation and social setting (in reference to mankind, it stressed 7963: 7122: 6351: 5863: 4745: 2256: 1737: 1596: 807: 660: 624: 376: 296: 268:

from the first half of the 19th century, having first risen to prominence through his association with

7430: 6096: 5873: 3022:, making use of an antiquated variant of the name (a form favored by Heliade). During the same years, 2124: 1214:, he read out these goals to a cheering crowd, in what was to be the effective start of the uprising ( 1115:

Mémoire sur l'histoire de la Regéneration Roumaine ou sur les événements de 1848 accomplis en Valachie

710: 7669: 7069: 7020: 5320: 2834: 719: 7350: 6507: 6229: 4817: 1778:, whose proposal was to unite Romanians around the issue of the choice of liturgical language, both 543: 7568: 7390: 7280: 7270: 7207: 6973: 6658: 5719: 5449: 4477: 2929:; by 1885, this rivalry ended in defeat for Macedonski, and contributed to the disestablishment of 2765: 2682: 2568:

Heliade was aware of the often negative response to his work: in a poem dedicated to the memory of

1934:

The target of criticism and ridicule, these principles were dismissed by Eminescu as "errors" and "

1779: 1656:

period. The opposition was nevertheless weak, and the resolution was passed with a large majority.

1487: 1408:

argued that Regnault's discarded his own arguments in favor of a unified Romanian state to include

1335: 1316: 1207: 955: 770:. When Kiselyov placed an order with Heliade for the printing of official documents, including the 688: 396: 7147: 4786: 2925:

attempted to preserve Heliade's status and his theories when these were faced with criticism from

2841:, in the immediate vicinity of a fir tree planted by Heliade and his fellow 1848 revolutionaries. 1149:, and sat on its leadership committee. He also collaborated with the reform-minded French teacher 7803: 7340: 7197: 7102: 6958: 6387: 6003: 5393: 5043: 5033: 4869: 4858: 4380: 4356: 2856:

paid tribute to early Romanian-language writers and their contributions to literature. An entire

2753: 2737: 2375: 2367: 1943: 1732:

Heliade inaugurated his series of proposals for reforming the language in 1828, when his work on

1585: 1458: 1320: 1150: 829: 312: 6213: 5913: 4979:(page dedicated to the memory of Ion Heliade Rădulescu, upon the 200th anniversary of his death) 4803:

Evoluţia spiritului critic – Deosebirile dintre vechea şcoală critică moldovenească şi "Junimea"

3320: 2990:

Comments about Heliade and his Bucharest statue feature prominently in Macedonski's short story

2588:

of the Beasts"), while many other of his post-1848 prose and poetry pieces mocked people on the

2303:

in drama (defining it as "the preservation of social health"), and supported professionalism in

1243:

Disputes regarding the shape of land reform continued, and in late July, the Government created

878: 429:

led to the School ceasing its activities, he was kept as Lazăr's assistant teacher, tutoring in

7679: 7634: 7629: 7325: 7217: 7117: 6628: 6402: 6341: 5958: 5729: 4758: 2987:, while arguing that the former could have found itself best represented by the Conservatives. 2720: 2448: 1989: 1671:-like figure, and the redeemer of his motherland, notably blessing his friends with the words " 1515: 1491: 1365: 1252: 1183: 1044: 1006: 7004: 6877: 6663: 6587: 6472: 5898: 5211: 5063: 2776:. Ten years after, the prize was the center of a scandal, involving on one side the dramatist 2084: 1709:

Heliade's most influential contributions are related to his interest in developing the modern

7684: 7649: 7639: 7573: 7400: 7375: 7335: 7285: 7182: 7035: 6882: 6694: 6551: 6492: 6326: 6321: 6275: 6203: 6142: 6028: 5787: 5434: 5383: 5360: 5261: 2652: 2631: 2479: 2166: 2128: 2104: 1649: 1477:'s staff. Again expressing sympathy for the Ottoman cause, he was rewarded with the title of 1372:

philosopher who had come to advance a moderate small-scale property project (to counter both

1217: 714: 680: 623:

frequent outbursts of jealousy. Ion Heliade probably had a number of extramarital affairs: a

604: 165: 6239: 5714: 5699: 5088: 5038: 4782: 1955: 7758: 7753: 7732: 7305: 6867: 6754: 6679: 6392: 6356: 6058: 6038: 5792: 5479: 5419: 5313: 2984: 2916: 2686: 2620: 2332: 2092: 2076: 2009: 1935: 1789: 1718: 1714: 1637: 1614: 1307: 1195: 1146: 783: 754: 696: 616: 596: 288: 7405: 7222: 6457: 6234: 6091: 5812: 5777: 4500: 4367: 3051:, had adopted the new name as a tribute to Heliade Rădulescu, whom they probably admired. 2224: 1155: 935:

Paralelism între dialectele român şi italian sau forma ori gramatica acestor două dialecte

571: 8: 7664: 7523: 7227: 7112: 6953: 6336: 6331: 6167: 5908: 5843: 5459: 4966: 2685:

accusations: "Jews do not eat children in England, nor do they in France, nor do they in

2413: 2201: 1849:, gave praise to Heliade for "writing just as is spoken". This assessment was shared by 1551: 1373: 1122: 883: 538:, benefited from Golescu's experience abroad, and was soon joined by two future Princes, 391: 357: 7315: 6831: 6648: 6188: 6126: 5973: 5802: 5191: 5173: 4943:

The Humanities and The Social Sciences in The Academy. Literature, Folklore and the Arts

4723: 3033: 2960: 2539: 2193: 2100: 1985: 1179: 1134: 655: 628: 404: 7720: 7440: 7202: 7192: 7077: 6968: 6862: 6704: 6653: 6566: 6462: 6432: 6422: 6270: 6068: 5757: 5649: 5590: 5368: 5201: 5163: 5153: 5138: 5118: 4941: 2818: 2777: 2589: 2569: 2553: 2296: 2292: 2209: 2183: 1648:

and a proclamation stressing the perpetuity of the Moldo-Wallachian union. Speaking in

1641: 1555: 1531: 1382: 1260: 1247:(the Commission on Property), representing both peasants and landlords and overseen by 959: 821: 791: 408: 304: 250: 161: 6602: 6482: 5679: 4395: 1805:, which had formed the basis of religious texts published by the 16th century printer 1771: 7654: 7624: 7588: 7533: 7455: 7385: 7310: 7247: 7152: 7137: 7107: 6948: 6923: 6897: 6836: 6826: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6377: 6346: 6290: 6285: 6101: 6086: 6008: 5893: 5838: 5762: 5674: 5627: 5530: 5520: 5484: 5350: 5098: 4982: 4910: 4873: 4770: 4749: 4714: 4669: 4642: 4597: 4512: 4439: 4066: 4054: 4032: 3252: 3248: 3101: 3072: 2788:. The latter disapproved of Caragiale's anti-Liberal stance and his association with 2725: 2663: 2616: 2544: 2483: 2409: 2380: 2340: 2288: 1874: 1846: 1833: 1794: 1760: 1753: 1741: 1710: 1681: 1430:

time, he continuously clashed with other former revolutionaries, including Bălcescu,

994: 915: 738: 600: 514:

During the late 1820s, Heliade became involved in cultural policies. In 1827, he and

498: 381: 242: 221: 6994: 6989: 6872: 5709: 5659: 2956: 1725:, he and his supporters argued in favor of adapting Romanian to the requirements of 1457:, where they stayed until 1854. Following the evacuation of Russian troops from the 1229: 1203: 1174:

class. Initially, he accepted the reforms, and, after the matter was debated within

982: 795: 779: 612: 345: 269: 192: 7260: 7157: 7082: 6999: 6963: 6841: 6816: 6811: 6512: 6502: 6497: 6487: 6477: 6452: 6382: 6305: 6280: 5848: 5797: 5694: 5535: 5525: 5508: 5469: 5464: 5439: 5219: 5053: 5014: 4947: 2838: 2795: 2785: 2757: 2756:

building in central Bucharest. In addition to naming a lecture room after him, the

2268: 2112: 2005: 1993: 1866: 1798: 1733: 1581: 1233: 1199: 1036: 947: 923: 864: 554: 539: 526:, and the creation of schools in virtually all Wallachian localities. In addition, 490: 277: 265: 258: 7435: 7425: 6643: 6417: 6254: 5918: 5596: 4961:În amintirea lui Ion Heliade Rădulescu. Aniversarea a 200 de ani de la naşterea sa 2951:. One of Caragiale's most significant characters, the Transylvanian schoolteacher 1263:

from a consideration of property and rank in Wallachia. In the words of historian

7659: 7644: 7619: 7543: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7380: 7365: 7320: 7255: 7127: 7097: 6943: 6938: 6821: 6744: 6734: 6684: 6592: 6467: 6361: 6300: 6295: 6162: 6106: 6023: 6013: 5833: 5817: 5772: 5739: 5612: 5562: 5500: 5489: 5206: 5128: 4906: 4891: 4731: 4696: 4485: 4406: 4376: 4363: 3759: 3332: 3327: 3095: 3013: 3009: 2810: 2803: 2549: 2352: 2324: 2287:. In subsequent years, members of the association carried out the translation of 2237: 2188: 2148: 2088: 1997: 1951: 1850: 1633: 1629: 1494:

and an 1858 essay on the Bible. In 1859, he published his own translation of the

1350: 1302: 1279: 1065: 799: 566: 535: 503: 476: 419: 329: 67: 7040: 5978: 5373: 5073: 4543: 2849: 2826: 1861:

A second period in Heliade's linguistic researches, inaugurated when he adopted

1282: 839:("The Demons' Fall"), and later defined his own position with the words "I hate 632: 585:; in print until 1847, it notably published one of Heliade's most famous poems, 361: 7583: 7553: 7518: 7508: 7490: 7395: 7355: 7290: 7162: 7092: 6933: 6918: 6846: 6790: 6780: 6749: 6729: 6638: 6561: 6541: 6526: 6447: 6407: 6111: 6063: 5993: 5888: 5868: 5807: 5704: 5568: 5494: 5294: 5232: 5168: 5148: 5133: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5078: 4922: 4562: 4399: 3023: 2968: 2853: 2749: 2709: 2612: 2523: 2401: 2393: 2283: 2233: 2162: 2116: 2108: 2096: 1842: 1825: 1764: 1745: 1722: 1676: 1311:

and its system of government. Together with Tell, Heliade sought refuge at the

1142: 1130: 986: 965: 951: 910:

By the early 1840s, Heliade began expanding on his notion that modern Romanian

893: 872:(official voice of the National Theater, published until 1836), and translated 767: 763: 705: 684: 531: 515: 341: 337: 308: 284: 273: 7598: 7167: 6193: 6157: 5968: 569:

at the time), and, on 20 April 1829, began printing the Bucharest-based paper

257:, which he helped reopen. He was a founding member and first president of the 7747: 7593: 7558: 7548: 7528: 7460: 7410: 7275: 7265: 7050: 7025: 6913: 6887: 6775: 6556: 6427: 6033: 5963: 5938: 5928: 5883: 5583: 4813: 4737: 4630: 3757:

Gabriel Ştrempel, "Pagini de istorie academică. Alexandru Papiu-Ilarian", in

3044: 2964: 2597: 2593: 2436: 2320: 1726: 1507: 1503: 1466: 1431: 1405: 1264: 1031:

Heliade in 1848, detail of a group portrait of Provisional Government members

1002: 727: 6785: 3047:

indicated that it was likely that his ancestors, whose original surname was

3000: 1228:, it included Heliade, who was also Minister of Education, as well as Tell, 7563: 7538: 7513: 7480: 7450: 7370: 7330: 7232: 7177: 7087: 7055: 7045: 7030: 6770: 6633: 6623: 6597: 6442: 6397: 6121: 6053: 6043: 5983: 5933: 5878: 5689: 5607: 5578: 5429: 5276: 5271: 2830: 2780:

and, on the other, the cultural establishment formed around members of the

2773: 2705: 2679: 2389: 2385: 2344: 2157: 1947: 1832:

used throughout Romanian-speaking areas. In parallel, Heliade frowned upon

1768: 1749: 1574: 1524: 1409: 1256: 1187: 558: 472: 139: 6928: 1692: 1395: 47: 7578: 7445: 7295: 6892: 6795: 6739: 6546: 6412: 6116: 6048: 5782: 5643: 5602: 5551: 5424: 5336: 4898: 4702: 4673: 2995: 2799: 2557: 2495: 2456: 2440: 2300: 2143: 2080: 2068: 1975: 1967: 1939: 1775: 1664: 1653: 1462: 1421: 1294: 1182:). The compromise also set other goals, including national independence, 1167: 978: 888: 644: 640: 608: 547: 494: 430: 246: 234: 175: 157: 143: 4914: 4774: 4516: 4443: 4357:"Condiţia femeii în secolul XIX – începutul secolului XX" 3256: 2215:

An 1837 essay of his, centered on a debate regarding the translation of

1278:

power, hoping that this policy could help counter Russian pressures. As

6699: 6018: 5998: 5988: 5637: 5474: 5143: 5123: 5093: 4763:

Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre

4400:"Acuzaţia de omor ritual (O sută de ani de la pogromul de la Chişinău)" 2732: 2615:

education, and, in this respect, similar to the writings of his friend

2472: 2432: 2405: 2072: 1817: 1813: 1801:), expanded on this legacy, while stressing that the dialect spoken in 1495: 1474: 1413: 1275: 998: 990: 939: 579:

had, starting in 1836, its own literary supplement, under the title of

454: 414: 238: 179: 2963:, and, on the other, the National Liberal establishment formed around 873: 365: 249:

and history. For much of his life, Heliade Rădulescu was a teacher at

7360: 6689: 6571: 5903: 5622: 5083: 5068: 5058: 5048: 3005: 2976: 2701: 2690: 2640: 2601: 2585: 2421: 2417: 2356: 2273: 1756: 1697: 1593: 1426: 1369: 1343: 1259:

outlook in respect to boyar tradition, developing a singular view of

1138: 974: 919: 825: 732: 635:, downplayed his poetry and character (believing that, in one of his 349: 280: 254: 226: 117: 87: 71: 2671: 1659:

Among Ion Heliade Rădulescu's last printed works were a textbook on

932:("Parallelism between the Romanian language and Italian", 1840) and 7500: 4742:Între Orient şi Occident. Ţările române la începutul epocii moderne 4589: 2980: 2659: 2624: 2596:

and his supporters. During and after his exile, his conflicts with

2518: 2513: 2491: 2408:, had adopted humane laws that announced and welcomed those of the 2278: 2264: 2248: 2120: 1802: 1565: 1520: 1447: 1442:

condemning young radicals, contributing to factionalism inside the

1439: 1438:

as an instrument of power; Heliade issued the first in a series of

1268: 1057: 897: 700: 434: 4544:"Take Ionescu – un mare democrat, un mare european" 2724:

2022 stamp sheet of Romania dedicated to the 190th anniversary of

7172: 5923: 5514: 4202:

Ion Massoff, in "Aprecieri critice", pp. 209–210; Măciucă, p. xiv

2790: 2636: 2522:. One of his original thoughts on the matter was a reference to " 2465:

and existence, it considered the three states of human progress (

2315: 2205: 1992:, in turn reflecting his experiences as a revolutionary: "Hating 1980: 1829: 1668: 1660: 1605: 1570: 904: 523: 486:. This re-establishment came as a result of ordinances issued by 386: 264:

Heliade Rădulescu is considered one of the foremost champions of

230: 121: 4678:

Constantin Măciucă, "Prefaţă", "Tabel cronologic", pp. v–xi

2299:

entered their most creative periods). Heliade himself advocated

1600: 1542: 1163:, "The Bear's Song", a piece ridiculing his political enemies). 1027: 375:

known as Alexe, Ion Heliade Rădulescu taught himself reading in

272:

and his support of Lazăr's drive for discontinuing education in

5617: 4596:, Vol. II, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1998, pp. 202–204, 228. 4277:

Călinescu, p. 67; Măciucă, p. viii; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 261–272

2904: 2894: 2857: 2822: 2675: 2623:, as well as his quarrel with Bolliac, formed the basis of his 2619:, also display a dose of self-irony. The enduring polemic with 2577: 2535: 2531: 2503: 2443:'s view, partly based on earlier assessments by other critics, 2397: 2304: 2197: 1963: 1870: 1806: 1672: 1470: 1298: 901: 844: 840: 748: 480: 459: 333: 147: 19: 5305: 3069:

Hungarian Exiles and the Romanian National Movement, 1849–1867

2901:

He still stands today, before the world, as an unsolved enigma

2243:

Heliade's name is closely connected with the establishment of

109:

poet, essayist, journalist, translator, historian, philosopher

2745: 2698: 2527: 2508: 2461: 2229: 2216: 1959: 1821: 1589: 1454: 1380:. Major French publications to which he contributed included 1354: 1171: 970: 775: 636: 562: 372: 300: 1946:'s adoption of strong Latin mannerisms and the inconsistent 1926:

Covers, and whose legs are superficially tied to humankind.

479:, and, eventually, also opened an art class overseen by the 5573: 2478:

In parallel, Heliade worked on a vast synthesis of his own

2142:

in respect to poetry, he came to oppose them after reading

1911:

Acoperă, şi cărora de uman puţin picioarele le sunt legate.

1752:). Soon after, he began a campaign in favor of introducing 1453:

In 1851, Heliade reunited with his family on the island of

1349:

Leaving his family behind, he was allowed to pass into the

672: 353: 2404:

and permeable class, which, from as early as the times of

1519:

faction, advanced the idea of union between Wallachia and

1419:

While claiming to represent the entire body of Wallachian

507:, defined teaching in Greek as "the foundation of evils" ( 425:

Between his 1820 graduation and 1821, when effects of the

2975: – he identified the latter grouping with 2899:

A mountain with its head of stone misplaced by the storm,

1479: 1125:

had erupted, Heliade was attracted into cooperation with

453:), which, he later explained, was a Greek version of his 395:). After 1813, the teenaged Rădulescu was a pupil of the 3951:

Eminescu, in "Aprecieri critice", p. 207; Măciucă, p. xx

2611:

His autobiographical pieces, marked by acid comments on

2208:

crisis is explained through mythology and cured through

1895:

Approximated into modern Romanian and English, this is:

437:. It was during those years that he adopted the surname 2004:

the few authors to be influenced by the theory was the

1954:, which, according to the 20th century literary critic 850:

It was also in 1834 that Heliade began teaching at the

553:

In 1828, Heliade published his first work, an essay on

411:, where he studied under Gheorghe Lazăr's supervision. 5012: 4819:

Histoire des relations entre la France et les Roumains

4566: 2542:, the poet had attempted to create a parallel to both 7779:

Government ministers of the Principality of Wallachia

4841:

La guerre de Crimée et la fondation de l'Etat roumain

4454:

Călinescu, p. 69; in "Aprecieri critice", pp. 211–212

4114:

Călinescu, pp. 68–69; Măciucă, pp. xxx–xxi; Zarifopol

2903:

And watches over a burnt rock from between clouds of

2744:

A monument to Ion Heliade Rădulescu, sculpted by the

534:. The grouping, headquartered on central Bucharest's 3170:

Măciucă, pp. vi, xxxvii; Stănescu-Stanciu, pp. 67–68

2310: 1687: 1609:; in 1865, during one of its early public sessions, 752:. This rise coincided with the establishment of the 2891:

The delta of Biblical saints, of bitter prophecies,

2889:

Out of dreams and secular tales, Eliad was building

2647:, was "an ennobled hoodlum", while the female one, 1942:". During their existence, they competed with both 1889:

Copere, şi quâror puţin d'uman picioarele împlumbă.

1845:, himself celebrated for having created the modern 643:, he commented that, in reality, he was "a piteous 4069:and Ion Gheţa, in "Aprecieri critice", pp. 212–213 4035:and Ion Gheţa, in "Aprecieri critice", pp. 212–213 2459:in that, instead of seeking a balance between the 2378:. At a time when, in Moldavia, the newly surfaced 2347:under a single rule: celebrated in Heliade's poem 1797:(an idea which was to be employed in creating the 1667:. By that time, he had come to consider himself a 1500:Biblia sacră ce cuprinde Noul şi Vechiul Testament 1315:consulate in Bucharest, where they were hosted by 862:(in 1847, he completed the translation of Byron's 4096:Călinescu, p. 65; Măciucă, pp. xiv–xxv; Zarifopol 2874:Adevăr scăldat în mite, sfinx pătrunsă de-nţeles; 2384:traced a political lineage of the country to the 2355:"), he was to be the main character of a lengthy 2343:, the first one to rally Wallachia, Moldavia and 1744:(for this rule, Heliade cited the example of the 1652:, he likened the adoption of foreign rule to the 1364:It was during his time in Paris that he met with 1236:, and, for a short while, the Bucharest merchant 7745: 4413:, 2 (100), February 2003 (retrieved 9 June 2007) 3560: 3558: 3556: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3066: 2651:, always wished to be the first in line for the 2451:'s thought, as well as vaguer ones from that of 2427:The ideal he expressed in a work of the period, 2331:Ion Heliade Rădulescu made extensive use of the 1988:also connected Heliade's experimentation to his 1558:. It was during that period that he again added 1554:and later that of an internationally recognized 1159:ceased printing (this prompted Heliade to write 882:into Romanian. In 1839, Heliade also translated 802:, as well as others, he founded the short-lived 457:, in turn stemming from the Romanian version of 7994:Organizers of the Wallachian Revolution of 1848 4928:Poezia românească în epoca lui Asachi şi Eliade 3712: 3710: 2833:, an influential political figure and one-time 944:Prescurtare de gramatica limbei româno-italiene 713:. They were followed, in 1839, by a version of 4526: 4524: 4496: 4494: 4105:Călinescu, pp. 67–69; Măciucă, pp. xv, xxx–xxi 3344: 3342: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3100:(in German). Vol. 75. 1976. p. 144. 2880:Şi vegheaz-o stâncă arsă dintre nouri de eres. 2876:Munte cu capul de piatră de furtune deturnată, 2868: 2021: 1903: 1881: 1080: 933: 927: 418:Site of Ion Heliade Rădulescu's birthplace in 403:; in 1815, he moved on to the Greek school at 5321: 4998: 4321: 4319: 4057:and Ion Gheţa, in "Aprecieri critice", p. 212 3935: 3933: 3931: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3553: 3378: 3157: 2837:who was Heliade's descendant, is situated in 2764: – in 1880, it was awarded to 1920:The first ones to hear that subterranean echo 858:), and published his first translations from 854:s school (alongside Aristia and the musician 225:; 6 January 1802 – 27 April 1872) was a 7784:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania) 4796:Amestec de curente contradictorii: G. Asachi 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3834: 3832: 3707: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3495: 3493: 3239: 3237: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 2878:Stă şi azi în faţa lumii o enigmă nesplicată 2870:Eliad zidea din visuri şi din basme seculare 2806:. They thus refused to grant him the prize. 2736:Monument to Heliade Rădulescu, opposite the 2502:partly evidenced Heliade's interests in the 2439:, with the preservation of social peace. In 1393: 4521: 4491: 4423: 4421: 4419: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3474: 3366:Giurescu, pp. 125, 126; Măciucă, pp. xi–xii 3339: 3245:Scurtă istorie a artelor plastice în R.P.R. 3203: 2728:and its first editor, Ion Heliade Rădulescu 2574:Te iartă să faci răul, iar binele nici mort 2556:, with a style influenced by Lamartine and 2152:(without ever discarding them altogether). 360:, as well as of estates in the vicinity of 7769:Writers from the Principality of Wallachia 5328: 5314: 5005: 4991: 4707:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness 4316: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3928: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3588: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3435: 3433: 2872:Delta biblicelor sânte, profeţiilor amare, 2420:one, and that it had been copied from the 1924:The sacred Poets whom only too light earth 1922:And first to jump out of their pit will be 1513:As former revolutionaries, grouped in the 40: 25:Romanian writer and politician (1802–1872) 7864:19th-century Romanian short story writers 4511:, Bucharest, 1974, pp. 124–125, 128–132. 4005: 3959: 3957: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3829: 3650: 3490: 3234: 3134: 3118: 3071:. Social Science Monographs. p. 51. 3067:Borsi-Kálmán, Béla; Bíró, Sándor (1991). 2392:views were thus expanded to the level of 1966:'s men" – in reference to 1767:: this notion was first supported by the 1613:explicitly rejected works by Heliade and 1035:Before Alexandru Ghica was replaced with 929:Paralelism între limba română şi italiană 810:). Aside from its stated cultural goals, 758:regime, inaugurated, upon the end of the 650: 639:, Alexandrescu had depicted himself as a 497:rule, encouraging the marginalization of 7979:Founding members of the Romanian Academy 4416: 3822: 3820: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3502: 2731: 2719: 2715: 2314: 2247:, mirroring the activities of Asachi in 2067:Celebrated as the founder of Wallachian 1740:to be reduced to 27 letters, reflecting 1691: 1546:Photograph of an aging Heliade Rădulescu 1541: 1330: 1108: 1026: 654: 413: 7774:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church 5185:People's/Socialist Republic (1948-1990) 4827:La Monarchie de juillet et les Roumains 4255: 4253: 3978: 3947: 3945: 3900: 3789: 3787: 3540:La Monarchie de juillet et les Roumains 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3451: 3430: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3026:made reference to Heliade in his novel 2178:, are hailed as major accomplishments. 1696:A typical open-air religious school in 814:continued a covert political activity. 295:, Heliade was among the leaders of the 7939:Translators of the Bible into Romanian 7746: 4369:Despre femei şi istoria lor în România 4153: 4151: 4031:Djuvara, p. 315; Măciucă, pp. xx–xxi; 3954: 3877: 3638:Djuvara, p. 331; Giurescu, pp. 135–137 2994:, whose main character, a daydreaming 2563: 2455:. Nonetheless, his system parted with 2221:Scrieţi, băieţi, orice, numai scrieţi! 1883:Primi auḑi-vor quel sutteranu resunetu 1624:, Heliade Rădulescu won a seat in the 1052:, a measure considered illegal by the 466: 371:After basic education in Greek with a 18:For the village of the same name, see 7675:Romanticism and the French Revolution 5309: 4986: 4788:Spiritul critic în cultura românească 4728:Istoria literaturii române. Compendiu 4681:"Aprecieri critice", pp. 207–218 3817: 3733: 3613: 3415:; Măciucă, pp. vii, xii–xiii, xxxviii 1905:Primii auzi-vor acel subteran răsunet 407:, in Bucharest, and, in 1818, to the 307:, he was rewarded for supporting the 245:, he was also the author of books on 220: 4834:La Révolution de 1848 et les émigrés 4250: 3942: 3784: 3516: 3270: 2862: 2251:. Ever since he partook in creating 2071:, Heliade was equally influenced by 1909:Sacrii Poeţi ce prea uşoară ţărână-i 1907:Şi primii sălta-vor afară din groapă 1897: 1856: 1469:to represent the Romanian nation in 1074: 868:). The next year, he began printing 4692:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 4148: 3803:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 3717:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 3574:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 3427:; Giurescu, p. 131; Măciucă, p. xii 3425:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 3413:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 3301:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 3180:Encyclopedia of Revolutions of 1848 1580:One year after the creation of the 13: 7999:Romanian people of the Crimean War 7974:Presidents of the Romanian Academy 7814:19th-century Romanian philosophers 2998:, idolizes the Wallachian writer. 2186:its main character (the eponymous 1887:Sacri Poeţi que prea uşorâ ţêrinâi 1885:Şi primi salta-vor afara din grôpa 1809:, serve as the standard language. 1704: 1016: 926:, and, to this goal, he published 315:wing of the 1848 revolutionaries. 14: 8020: 7909:Romanian male short story writers 4935: 4866:The Road to Romanian Independence 4711:Central European University Press 3321:"1848: Revoluţia intelectualilor" 2482:, based on his interpretation of 2424:model as depicted in the Bible). 2311:Historical and religious subjects 2087:and others) and the Classicists ( 1793:). Heliade, who first proposed a 1688:Heliade and the Romanian language 1502:("The Holy Bible, Comprising the 1101:Get the hell out of the country. 222:[ˈi.onheliˈaderəduˈlesku] 8009:19th-century Romanian memoirists 7839:19th-century Romanian historians 7728: 7727: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4583: 4574: 4553: 4533: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4386: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4286:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 264–272, 311 1950:system developed in Moldavia by 1663:(1868) and a volume on Romanian 1267:: "Eliad had wanted to lead, as 1170:and the disestablishment of the 835:, whom he satirized in the poem 742:, and later climbed through the 340:. Three of his siblings died of 191: 5335: 4895:, December 2000, pp. 67–70 4887:"Şi Heliade a fost îndrăgostit" 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4060: 4047: 4038: 4025: 4002:Vianu, Vol.II, pp. 346, 365–366 3996: 3969: 3919: 3891: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3808: 3796: 3775: 3766: 3751: 3721: 3698: 3689: 3676: 3641: 3632: 3604: 3579: 3567: 3544: 3532: 3481: 3442: 3418: 3406: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3306: 3294: 3261: 3231:Măciucă, pp. viii, ix–x, xxxvii 3225: 2349:O noapte pe ruinele Târgoviştii 1640:in opposing the appointment of 1465:, Heliade was appointed by the 1338:and his troops in front of the 1121:In spring 1848, when the first 291:landowner siding with moderate 7824:Romanian educational theorists 4438:, Bucharest, 1967, pp. 84–86. 3194: 3185: 3173: 3164: 3088: 3060: 2396:thesis: according to Heliade, 2263:, which featured, alongside a 2133:François-René de Chateaubriand 1978:, more than his successors at 1537: 1301:comprising Heliade, Tell, and 1202:. On 21 June 1848, present in 1099:Leave us in peace and go away, 907:of various known sculptures). 760:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 736:commissioned him to print the 675:(the land went by the name of 520:Soțietatea literară românească 385:with the help of his father's 328:Heliade Rădulescu was born in 1: 7829:Eastern Orthodox philosophers 7698:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 4654: 3965:Evoluţia spiritului critic... 2606:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 2468:Thesis, antithesis, synthesis 2453:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2412:(he notably claimed that the 2057: 1319:in exchange for a deposit of 1285:was assessing the situation, 1023:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 1011:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 808:National Theater of Wallachia 546:. Its character was based on 323: 7934:Spanish–Romanian translators 7924:English–Romanian translators 5022:Romanian Academy (1876-1948) 4580:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 362, 376 4482:Etymologicum magnum Romaniae 4383:site (retrieved 9 June 2007) 4313:Măciucă, pp. xxix–xxx, xxxiv 3032:, which depicts events from 2809:A high school in his native 2592:of liberalism, most notably 2475:favored throughout history. 2416:-based administration was a 1628:as a deputy for the city of 726:Heliade began a career as a 379:(reportedly by studying the 318: 7: 7929:French–Romanian translators 7904:Romanian newspaper founders 7794:19th-century Romanian poets 4639:University of Chicago Press 4612:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 429–430 4463:Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 333, 399 3267:Măciucă, pp. vii, x, xxxvii 3191:Măciucă, pp. vi–vii; xxxvii 3043:, the Romanian philosopher 2817:, as does a village in the 2762:Ion Heliade Rădulescu Award 2704:), and his critique of the 2277:, Heliade's translation of 2046:("perverse" or "pervert"), 1873:, using his version of the 1569:Cuza awarded him an annual 914:its connections with other 10: 8025: 7969:National Theatre Bucharest 7944:Romanian writers in French 7899:Romanian newspaper editors 7894:Romanian magazine founders 7615:Coleridge's theory of life 4432:Caragiale: universul comic 3695:Vianu, Vol.II, pp. 268–269 3357:Măciucă, pp. x–xi, xxxviii 3251:, Bucharest, 1958, p. 31. 3097:Südosteuropäische Arbeiten 2351:("A Night on the Ruins of 1812:In addition, he advocated 1713:, in which he synthesized 1597:Giovenale Vegezzi Ruscalla 1588:successfully proposed the 1020: 661:National Theatre Bucharest 297:1848 Wallachian revolution 46:Portrait of Rădulescu, by 17: 8004:19th-century male writers 7914:Romanian textbook writers 7889:Romanian magazine editors 7849:Romanian literary critics 7707: 7670:Romanticism and economics 7607: 7499: 7246: 7068: 7013: 6982: 6906: 6855: 6804: 6763: 6672: 6616: 6580: 6534: 6525: 6370: 6314: 6263: 6222: 6181: 6135: 6077: 5947: 5826: 5748: 5685:Manuel Antônio de Almeida 5667: 5658: 5544: 5412: 5343: 5254: 5182: 5021: 4767:Editura Pentru Literatură 4488:, Bucharest, 1970, p. vii 4436:Editura pentru Literatură 4334:Măciucă, pp. xxxii–xxxiii 3487:Măciucă, pp. xii, xxxviii 3182:; Măciucă, pp. vi, xxxvii 3008:literary magazine of the 2860:is dedicated to Heliade: 2835:Prime Minister of Romania 2752:, stands in front of the 2429:Equilibru între antithesi 2245:Romanian-language theater 2140:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux 2062: 870:Gazeta Teatrului Național 778:: in 1833, together with 720:Julie, or the New Heloise 699:authors – 190: 185: 171: 153: 135: 127: 113: 105: 97: 77: 54: 39: 32: 7954:Grammarians from Romania 7884:19th-century journalists 7789:19th-century translators 5450:German historical school 5255:Romanian Academy (1990-) 4909:, Bucharest, 1970–1971. 4885:Stănescu-Stanciu, Theo, 4872:, West Lafayette, 1995. 4861:(retrieved 12 June 2007) 4687:"Heliade Rădulescu, Ion" 4660:Rădulescu, Ion Heliade, 4211:Măciucă, pp. xxvi–xxviii 3897:Măciucă, pp. xxxi–xxxii 3684:La Révolution de 1848... 3628:La Révolution de 1848... 3054: 2915:During the early 1880s, 2893:Truth bathed in myth, a 2766:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 1603:-based literary society 1488:Johann Coronini-Cronberg 1336:Johann Coronini-Cronberg 1326: 1317:Robert Gilmour Colquhoun 1087:Du-te dracului din țară. 1070:trandafir cu of în coadă 746:, eventually serving as 706:Mahomet, ou le fanatisme 689:Louis-Benjamin Francoeur 659:The old building of the 7949:Romanian schoolteachers 7854:Romanian male essayists 7834:Conservatism in Romania 6097:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski 5183:Academy of the Romanian 4870:Purdue University Press 4859:University of Bucharest 4759:Giurescu, Constantin C. 4699:(retrieved 9 June 2007) 4641:, Chicago, 1990, p. 4. 4621:Vianu, Vol. III, p. 317 4550:(retrieved 5 June 2007) 4381:University of Bucharest 4087:Măciucă, pp. xxii–xxiii 3865:Măciucă, pp. xvii–xviii 3673:Stănescu-Stanciu, p. 70 3403:Stănescu-Stanciu, p. 69 3161:Stănescu-Stanciu, p. 68 3131:Stănescu-Stanciu, p. 67 2784:, including Hasdeu and 2772:, and worth 5,000 gold 2738:University of Bucharest 2678:, he spoke out against 2628:Domnul Sarsailă autorul 2376:Danubian Principalities 2368:origin of the Romanians 2146:'s Romantic preface to 2125:Jean-François Marmontel 1944:August Treboniu Laurian 1875:Romanian Latin alphabet 1636:and other disciples of 1586:Alexandru Papiu-Ilarian 1556:Principality of Romania 1459:Danubian Principalities 1359:Nicolae Rusu Locusteanu 1206:alongside Tell and the 1151:Jean Alexandre Vaillant 1096:Eglantine, o eglantine, 1082:Măi măceșe, măi măceșe, 852:Soţietatea Filarmonică' 711:Jean-François Marmontel 565:(which was part of the 218:Romanian pronunciation: 7879:Linguists from Romania 7844:19th-century essayists 7764:People from Târgoviște 7680:Romanticism in science 7635:Middle Ages in history 7630:List of Romantic poets 6342:Josiah Gilbert Holland 4530:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 182 4405:6 October 2006 at the 4304:Măciucă, pp. xxix–xxxi 3805:; Călinescu, pp. 66–67 3729:La guerre de Crimée... 3704:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 268 3243:George Oprescu (ed.), 2953:Marius Chicoş Rostogan 2887: 2869: 2866: 2782:National Liberal Party 2741: 2729: 2662:, arguing in favor of 2471:) the reflection of a 2449:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 2372:early medieval history 2328: 2261:Soţietatea Filarmonică 2253:Soţietatea Filarmonică 2022: 1918: 1904: 1901: 1882: 1763:and create a standard 1701: 1547: 1394: 1366:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 1346: 1253:Ion Ionescu de la Brad 1184:responsible government 1118: 1094: 1085:Dă-ne pace și te cară, 1081: 1078: 1050:Alexander Trandafiloff 1032: 1007:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 934: 928: 812:Soţietatea Filarmonică 804:Soţietatea Filarmonică 695:, as well as works by 691:'s standard manual of 664: 651:Printer and court poet 544:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei 422: 7959:Linguists of Romanian 7819:Romanian philosophers 7650:Romantic epistemology 7640:Opium and Romanticism 6209:Stojadinović-Srpkinja 5435:Counter-Enlightenment 4594:Junimea şi junimismul 4193:Măciucă, pp. xiii–xiv 4143:Amestec de curente... 4078:Măciucă, pp. xxi–xxii 3915:Amestec de curente... 3847:Măciucă, pp. xvi–xvii 3772:vianu, Vol. II, p. 44 3550:Măciucă, pp. xi, xxix 3249:Editura Academiei RPR 2815:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 2735: 2723: 2716:In cultural reference 2643:(the male prototype, 2480:philosophy of history 2318: 2129:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2105:Alphonse de Lamartine 1761:varieties of Romanian 1695: 1642:Carol of Hohenzollern 1545: 1334: 1291:Locotenenţa domnească 1218:Proclamation of Islaz 1112: 1030: 766:administration under 715:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 681:Alphonse de Lamartine 658: 605:Dimitrie Bolintineanu 417: 311:and clashed with the 202:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 166:philosophy of history 34:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 7919:Romanian translators 7809:Neoclassical writers 7714:Age of Enlightenment 5356:England (literature) 4864:Kellogg, Frederick, 4375:22 June 2007 at the 4362:22 June 2007 at the 4295:Călinescu, pp. 67–68 3975:Călinescu, pp. 64–65 3317:Dan Amedeo Lăzărescu 2985:political corruption 2917:Alexandru Macedonski 2897:imbued with meaning; 2794:, as well as to his 2621:Grigore Alexandrescu 2582:Areopagiul bestielor 2548:and the Bible, from 2431:("A Balance between 2333:Romantic nationalist 2093:Grigore Alexandrescu 2077:Age of Enlightenment 2010:Alexandru Macedonski 1790:Transylvanian School 1719:Romantic nationalist 1523:in election for the 1492:Peace Treaty of 1856 1436:Regulamentul Organic 1308:Regulamentul Organic 1245:Comisia proprietăţii 1196:freedom of the press 1147:Alexandru G. Golescu 1123:European revolutions 856:Ioan Andrei Wachmann 755:Regulamentul Organic 597:Grigore Alexandrescu 475:of the day, such as 348:on the outskirts of 289:Romantic nationalist 7989:Romanian Freemasons 7874:Romanian memoirists 7799:Romanian male poets 7665:Romantic psychology 5460:Hudson River School 5404:Sweden (literature) 5389:Russia (literature) 4783:Ibrăileanu, Garabet 4769:, Bucharest, 1966. 4748:, Bucharest, 1995. 4668:, Bucharest, 1978. 4366:, in Alin Ciupală, 4175:Măciucă, pp. xii–xv 4145:; Măciucă, p. xxIII 3925:Măciucă, pp. xix–xx 3686:; Măciucă, p. xxxix 3610:Boia, pp. 43, 48–49 3326:21 May 2007 at the 3291:Măciucă, p. xxxviii 3016:, owed its name to 2973:Mihail Pătârlăgeanu 2770:Cuvinte den bătrâni 2760:has instituted the 2693:or semi-Barbaric". 2564:Satire and polemics 2167:Romanian literature 2085:Mihail Kogălniceanu 1958:, constituted "the 1552:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 1374:economic liberalism 912:needed to emphasize 896:, he contributed a 884:Miguel de Cervantes 669:Cișmeaua Mavrogheni 582:Curier de Ambe Sexe 467:Under Grigore Ghica 427:Wallachian uprising 332:, into a family of 7984:Romanian diplomats 7869:Romanian humorists 7859:Romanian essayists 5650:White Mountain art 5591:Historical fiction 5399:Spain (literature) 5013:Presidents of the 4969:on 27 October 2009 4713:, Budapest, 2001. 4474:Studiu introductiv 4343:Măciucă, p. xxxiii 4229:Măciucă, p. xxviii 3781:Kellogg, pp. 22–23 3763:, June 1995, p. 46 3029:Un om între oameni 2943:Conservative Party 2778:Ion Luca Caragiale 2742: 2730: 2570:Friedrich Schiller 2530: – 2329: 2297:Costache Caragiale 2293:Constantin Aristia 2184:Romanian mythology 1956:Garabet Ibrăileanu 1795:language regulator 1702: 1548: 1532:Alexandru II Ghica 1347: 1249:Alexandru Racoviţă 1119: 1033: 822:Alexandru II Ghica 792:Constantin Aristia 744:official hierarchy 665: 625:Wallachian Militia 509:temelia răutăţilor 423: 251:Saint Sava College 101:Ion Heliade, Eliad 7964:Romanian printers 7741: 7740: 7655:Romantic medicine 7625:List of romantics 7064: 7063: 6715:Felix Mendelssohn 6710:Fanny Mendelssohn 6521: 6520: 6235:Rosalía de Castro 6173:Soares dos Passos 5521:Transcendentalism 5485:Nazarene movement 5445:Düsseldorf School 5303: 5302: 5029:Heliade Rădulescu 4956:Răzvan Pârâianu, 4734:, Bucharest, 1983 4724:Călinescu, George 4501:Şerban Cioculescu 4355:Liliana Popescu, 4325:Măciucă, p. xxxIV 4220:Măciucă, p. xxvii 4132:Măciucă, p. xxIII 4067:Alexandru Rosetti 4055:Alexandru Rosetti 4053:Măciucă, p. xxv; 4033:Alexandru Rosetti 3874:Măciucă, p. xviii 3576:; Djuvara, p. 331 3478:Măciucă, p. xxxix 3312:Djuvara, p. 317; 3303:; Djuvara, p. 317 2945:'s main journal, 2913: 2912: 2844:In his 1870 poem 2726:Monitorul Oficial 2674:fell victim to a 2617:Costache Negruzzi 2545:The Divine Comedy 2526:" (triangles) of 2486:. His 1858 work, 2484:Biblical theology 2410:French Revolution 2381:Chronicle of Huru 2341:Michael the Brave 2338:Wallachian Prince 2257:Bucharest Theater 2225:Şerban Cioculescu 2182:, borrowing from 1932: 1931: 1863:Étienne Condillac 1857:Italian influence 1847:literary language 1742:phonetic spelling 1711:Romanian language 1682:Mavrogheni Church 1622:elections of 1866 1516:Partida Naţională 1498:, under the name 1378:La Voix de Peuple 1192:National Assembly 1156:Curierul Românesc 1107: 1106: 995:Gottfried Leibniz 916:Romance languages 739:Official Bulletin 709:, and stories by 601:Costache Negruzzi 593:Curierul Românesc 577:Curierul Românesc 572:Curierul Românesc 409:Saint Sava School 382:Alexander Romance 377:Romanian Cyrillic 199: 198: 172:Literary movement 146:, autobiography, 8016: 7731: 7730: 7690:Evolution theory 6532: 6531: 5665: 5664: 5526:Ukrainian school 5330: 5323: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5015:Romanian Academy 5007: 5000: 4993: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4965:. Archived from 4955: 4948:Romanian Academy 4921: 4903:Scriitori români 4884: 4850: 4812: 4781: 4666:Editura Albatros 4649: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4519: 4509:Editura Eminescu 4498: 4489: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4425: 4414: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4268:Măciucă, p. viii 4266: 4260: 4259:Boia, pp. 43, 49 4257: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4238:Măciucă, p. xxix 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4184:Măciucă, p. xiii 4182: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4123:Călinescu, p. 68 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4022:Călinescu, p. 66 4020: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3993:Măciucă, p. xxiv 3991: 3976: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3949: 3940: 3939:Călinescu, p. 65 3937: 3926: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3856:Măciucă, p. xvii 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3827: 3824: 3815: 3814:Călinescu, p. 67 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3714: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3648: 3647:Giurescu, p. 137 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3601:Giurescu, p. 135 3599: 3586: 3585:Giurescu, p. 134 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3564:Giurescu, p. 133 3562: 3551: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3513:Giurescu, p. 132 3511: 3500: 3499:Călinescu, p. 64 3497: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3348:Giurescu, p. 125 3346: 3337: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3268: 3265: 3259: 3241: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3222:Giurescu, p. 120 3220: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3132: 3129: 3116: 3115: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3064: 3034:Nicolae Bălcescu 2961:Nicolae Bălcescu 2882: 2863: 2839:Sinaia Monastery 2796:anti-nationalism 2786:Dimitrie Sturdza 2758:Romanian Academy 2668:Jewish community 2649:Coconiţa Drăgana 2540:George Călinescu 2435:") was moderate 2269:Vincenzo Bellini 2236:accused him and 2194:George Călinescu 2113:Ludovico Ariosto 2101:George Călinescu 2030:("implacable"), 2025: 1986:George Călinescu 1936:a priori systems 1913: 1898: 1891: 1799:Romanian Academy 1734:Romanian grammar 1700:during the 1840s 1582:Romanian Academy 1399: 1321:Austrian florins 1261:Romanian history 1234:Gheorghe Magheru 1210:priest known as 1200:decentralization 1180:Nicolae Bălcescu 1161:Cântecul ursului 1135:Nicolae Bălcescu 1089: 1075: 1037:Gheorghe Bibescu 937: 931: 837:Căderea dracilor 833:Mitică Filipescu 788:Ioan Voinescu II 764:Imperial Russian 677:Câmpul lui Eliad 629:George Călinescu 555:Romanian grammar 540:Gheorghe Bibescu 536:Podul Mogoșoaiei 532:printing presses 491:Grigore IV Ghica 405:Schitu Măgureanu 392:Caragea's plague 305:Romanian history 266:Romanian culture 259:Romanian Academy 224: 219: 214:Eliade Rădulescu 195: 162:Romanian history 84: 64: 62: 44: 30: 29: 8024: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8013: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7725: 7717: 7703: 7660:Romantic poetry 7645:Romantic ballet 7620:German idealism 7603: 7569:Lacoue-Labarthe 7495: 7242: 7060: 7009: 6978: 6959:Rimsky-Korsakov 6902: 6851: 6800: 6759: 6668: 6612: 6576: 6517: 6366: 6310: 6259: 6218: 6177: 6131: 6073: 6014:Maria Edgeworth 5950: 5943: 5822: 5744: 5654: 5633:Romantic genius 5563:Gesamtkunstwerk 5540: 5501:Sturm und Drang 5408: 5339: 5334: 5304: 5299: 5250: 5184: 5178: 5159:Rădulescu-Motru 5017: 5011: 4972: 4970: 4957: 4953: 4938: 4923:Zarifopol, Paul 4919: 4907:Editura Minerva 4905:, Vols. I–III, 4892:Magazin Istoric 4882: 4851:Isar, Nicolae, 4848: 4810: 4779: 4732:Editura Minerva 4697:Ohio University 4657: 4652: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4542:Marius Dobrin, 4539: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4499: 4492: 4486:Editura Minerva 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4426: 4417: 4407:Wayback Machine 4396:Andrei Oişteanu 4392: 4391: 4387: 4377:Wayback Machine 4364:Wayback Machine 4352: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4247:Boia, pp. 48–49 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4170: 4166:Măciucă, p. xii 4165: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4052: 4048: 4044:Măciucă, p. xxi 4043: 4039: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888:Măciucă, p. xix 3887: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838:Măciucă, p. xvi 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3760:Magazin Istoric 3756: 3752: 3747: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3517: 3512: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439:Măciucă, p. vii 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3333:Magazin Istoric 3328:Wayback Machine 3313: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3204: 3200:Djuvara, p. 183 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3135: 3130: 3119: 3108: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3014:Eugen Lovinescu 3010:interwar period 2909: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2829:. The grave of 2813:bears the name 2804:cosmopolitanism 2718: 2566: 2473:mystical number 2394:historiographic 2313: 2238:Gheorghe Asachi 2163:literary genres 2089:Gheorghe Asachi 2065: 2060: 2054:("venerable"). 2050:("suave"), and 2034:("ineffable"), 1998:autodidacticism 1952:Gheorghe Asachi 1928: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1859: 1851:Ovid Densusianu 1772:Gheorghe Şincai 1738:Cyrillic script 1736:called for the 1707: 1705:Early proposals 1690: 1638:Simion Bărnuţiu 1634:Nicolae Ionescu 1615:Iancu Văcărescu 1540: 1329: 1303:Nicolae Golescu 1238:Gheorghe Scurti 1103: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1041:liberal current 1025: 1019: 1017:1848 Revolution 956:Ottoman Turkish 800:Nicolae Golescu 784:Iancu Văcărescu 653: 617:Iancu Văcărescu 567:Austrian Empire 477:Eufrosin Poteca 469: 441:(also rendered 401:Naum Râmniceanu 326: 321: 217: 208:(also known as 178: 86: 82: 66: 60: 58: 50: 35: 26: 23: 12: 11: 5: 8022: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7804:Romantic poets 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7739: 7738: 7718: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7608:Related topics 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7505: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7336:Gallen-Kallela 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7311:David d'Angers 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7248:Visual artists 7244: 7243: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7208:Schleiermacher 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6473:Oehlenschläger 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6143:Castelo Branco 6139: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5869:Brothers Grimm 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5669: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5571: 5569:Gothic fiction 5566: 5559: 5557:British Marine 5554: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5455:Gothic revival 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5267:Constantinescu 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5235: 5230: 5222: 5217: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5010: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4951: 4937: 4936:External links 4934: 4933: 4932: 4917: 4896: 4880: 4862: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4814:Iorga, Nicolae 4808: 4807: 4806: 4799: 4777: 4756: 4738:Djuvara, Neagu 4735: 4721: 4700: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4582: 4573: 4563:Mihai Eminescu 4552: 4532: 4520: 4490: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4428:Ştefan Cazimir 4415: 4385: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4159: 4147: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4059: 4046: 4037: 4024: 4004: 3995: 3977: 3968: 3953: 3941: 3927: 3918: 3899: 3890: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3828: 3826:Măciucă, p. xv 3816: 3807: 3795: 3793:Kellogg, p. 23 3783: 3774: 3765: 3750: 3732: 3720: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3675: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3612: 3603: 3587: 3578: 3566: 3552: 3543: 3531: 3515: 3501: 3489: 3480: 3450: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3377: 3375:Măciucă, p. xi 3368: 3359: 3350: 3338: 3305: 3293: 3269: 3260: 3233: 3224: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3172: 3163: 3133: 3117: 3107:978-3486492415 3106: 3087: 3078:978-0880332286 3077: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3024:Camil Petrescu 2969:Nicolae Misail 2957:Ion Câmpineanu 2911: 2910: 2885: 2854:Mihai Eminescu 2802:, and alleged 2750:Ettore Ferrari 2717: 2714: 2710:Titu Maiorescu 2664:women's rights 2645:Coconul Drăgan 2613:Greek-language 2565: 2562: 2323:, part of the 2312: 2309: 2289:French theater 2234:Paul Zarifopol 2165:and styles to 2117:Torquato Tasso 2109:Dante Aligheri 2097:George Baronzi 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2042:("mystical"), 2026:("colossal"), 2020:("adorable"), 1930: 1929: 1916: 1879: 1858: 1855: 1843:Mihai Eminescu 1784:Greek-Catholic 1769:Transylvanians 1765:Romanian lexis 1746:Latin alphabet 1706: 1703: 1689: 1686: 1539: 1536: 1402:Élias Regnault 1328: 1325: 1230:Ştefan Golescu 1143:Christian Tell 1131:secret society 1113:Title page of 1105: 1104: 1092: 1045:conspiratorial 1021:Main article: 1018: 1015: 987:Baruch Spinoza 983:René Descartes 966:Romanian lexis 962:, and German ( 817:In 1834, when 780:Ion Câmpineanu 768:Pavel Kiselyov 652: 649: 613:Vasile Cârlova 516:Dinicu Golescu 484:Carol Valştain 468: 465: 346:Gheorghe Lazăr 342:bubonic plague 325: 322: 320: 317: 309:Ottoman Empire 285:Romanian lexis 270:Gheorghe Lazăr 197: 196: 188: 187: 183: 182: 173: 169: 168: 155: 151: 150: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 85:(aged 70) 79: 75: 74: 65:6 January 1802 56: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 33: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8021: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 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6627: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6428:Nikolai Gogol 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 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B. Shelley 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039:Mary Robinson 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5768:Chateaubriand 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5597:Mal du siècle 5594: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225:C. Simionescu 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5164:I. Simionescu 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5003: 5001: 4996: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4985: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4954:(in Romanian) 4952: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4920:(in Romanian) 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883:(in Romanian) 4881: 4879: 4878:1-55753-065-3 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4849:(in Romanian) 4847: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4822:(wikisource) 4821: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4791:(wikisource) 4790: 4789: 4784: 4780:(in Romanian) 4778: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754:973-28-0523-4 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719:963-9116-96-3 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662:Scrieri alese 4659: 4658: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635:Autobiography 4632: 4631:Mircea Eliade 4627: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4577: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4560:(in Romanian) 4556: 4549: 4545: 4540:(in Romanian) 4536: 4527: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4472:Paul Cornea, 4469: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4393:(in Romanian) 4389: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4353:(in Romanian) 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4254: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4152: 4144: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3999: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3790: 3788: 3778: 3769: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3748:Măciucă p. xi 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3644: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3607: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3484: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3448:Măciucă, p. x 3445: 3436: 3434: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3343: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3314:(in Romanian) 3309: 3302: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3264: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3228: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3197: 3188: 3181: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3114: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045:Mircea Eliade 3042: 3041:Autobiography 3037: 3036:'s lifetime. 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965:Pantazi Ghica 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2896: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2798:, dislike of 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2598:Cezar Bolliac 2595: 2594:C. A. Rosetti 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437:progressivism 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2321:Chindia Tower 2317: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2016:("affable"), 2015: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1727:modernization 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:Enlightenment 1712: 1699: 1694: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592:diplomat and 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1508:Old Testament 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1473:, as part of 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432:C. 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Rosetti 1428: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:Nicolae Iorga 1403: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:Süleyman Paşa 1284: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1265:Nicolae Iorga 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1111: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1029: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:Immanuel Kant 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 930: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890: 885: 881: 880: 875: 871: 867: 866: 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 831: 827: 823: 820: 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 756: 751: 750: 745: 741: 740: 735: 734: 729: 728:civil servant 724: 722: 721: 716: 712: 708: 707: 702: 698: 697:Enlightenment 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 662: 657: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589: 584: 583: 578: 574: 573: 568: 564: 560: 559:Transylvanian 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 505: 500: 499:ethnic Greeks 496: 492: 489: 485: 482: 478: 474: 473:intellectuals 464: 462: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 421: 416: 412: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 393: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 215: 211: 207: 203: 194: 189: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 167: 163: 159: 156: 152: 149: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 81:27 April 1872 80: 76: 73: 69: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 31: 28: 21: 16: 7726: 7719: 7712: 7696: 7416:Porto-Alegre 7070:Philosophers 6954:Rachmaninoff 6437: 6403:Chavchavadze 6393:Baratashvili 6153:João de Deus 6122:Wincenty Pol 5914:Küchelbecker 5642: 5608:Noble savage 5595: 5561: 5536:Wallenrodism 5513: 5499: 5430:Coppet group 5364:(literature) 5289: 5240: 5227: 5214: 5064:Kogălniceanu 5028: 4971:. 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Shelley 6009:de Quincey 5874:Günderrode 5758:Baudelaire 5638:Wanderlust 5475:Lake Poets 5262:Drăgănescu 5202:Murgulescu 5089:Crețulescu 5039:Crețulescu 4655:References 4647:0226204073 4602:9732105623 4484:, Vol. I, 4411:Contrafort 3019:Zburătorul 3001:Sburătorul 2811:Târgovişte 2768:, for his 2754:University 2554:Revelation 2492:Voltairian 2433:Antitheses 2418:democratic 2406:Radu Negru 2353:Târgovişte 2325:Târgovişte 2180:Zburătorul 2175:Zburătorul 2158:subjective 2073:Classicism 2058:Literature 2028:implacabil 1818:vernacular 1757:neologisms 1654:Phanariote 1650:Parliament 1630:Târgovişte 1496:Septuagint 1475:Omar Pasha 1414:propaganda 1389:La Semaine 1212:Popa Şapcă 999:David Hume 991:John Locke 940:compendium 920:neologisms 879:Amphitryon 860:Lord Byron 826:panegyrics 772:Regulament 730:after the 588:Zburătorul 528:Soţietatea 495:Phanariote 455:patronymic 420:Târgoviște 330:Târgoviște 324:Early life 281:neologisms 239:Classicist 233:academic, 227:Wallachian 180:Classicism 118:Wallachian 106:Occupation 68:Târgoviște 61:1802-01-06 7721:Modernism 7381:Kiprensky 7341:Géricault 7326:Friedrich 7316:Delacroix 7291:Constable 7271:Bonington 7261:Bierstadt 7213:Senancour 7188:Schelling 7143:Lamennais 7138:Khomyakov 7103:Coleridge 7098:Chaadayev 7005:Stanković 7000:Mokranjac 6919:Balakirev 6878:Moniuszko 6827:Donizetti 6822:Cherubini 6720:Meyerbeer 6705:Marschner 6680:Beethoven 6593:Moscheles 6527:Musicians 6513:Wergeland 6478:Orbeliani 6433:Grundtvig 6337:Hawthorne 6306:Zhukovsky 6301:Vyazemsky 6286:Lermontov 6245:Gutiérrez 6204:Radičević 6168:Herculano 6092:Krasiński 6034:Radcliffe 6004:Coleridge 5979:E. Brontë 5974:C. Brontë 5904:Jean Paul 5899:Hölderlin 5788:Lamartine 5725:Magalhães 5715:Guimarães 5623:Pantheism 5613:Nostalgia 5465:Indianism 5413:Movements 5344:Countries 5207:Nicolescu 5192:Săvulescu 5174:Rădulescu 5104:Kalinderu 4946:, at the 4857:, at the 4746:Humanitas 4689:, in the 4379:, at the 4157:Zarifopol 3006:modernist 2977:hypocrisy 2602:Ion Ghica 2590:left wing 2586:Areopagus 2500:Biblicele 2496:Freemason 2445:Equilibru 2422:Israelite 2357:epic poem 2274:Il pirata 2052:venerabil 2006:Symbolist 1948:Francized 1820:words of 1698:Bucharest 1677:Magdalene 1573:of 2,000 1560:Rădulescu 1440:pamphlets 1427:Romanians 1396:Le Siècle 1383:La Presse 1370:anarchist 1344:Bucharest 1342:House in 1139:Ion Ghica 1066:Eglantine 975:Aristotle 960:Hungarian 894:local art 843:. I fear 557:, in the 358:Herăstrău 350:Bucharest 319:Biography 283:into the 255:Bucharest 186:Signature 131:1828–1870 88:Bucharest 72:Wallachia 48:Mișu Popp 7733:Category 7549:Dahlhaus 7534:Blanning 7501:Scholars 7471:Tropinin 7466:Tidemand 7456:Stattler 7451:Scheffer 7351:Głowacki 7321:Edelfelt 7276:Bryullov 7218:Snellman 7193:Schiller 7183:Rousseau 7163:Michelet 7108:Constant 7078:Belinsky 7051:Sibelius 6995:Konjović 6969:Scriabin 6939:Lyapunov 6873:Lipiński 6842:Spontini 6832:Paganini 6776:Goldmark 6567:Thalberg 6562:Schubert 6542:Bruckner 6503:Topelius 6493:Runeberg 6483:Prešeren 6453:Leopardi 6418:Frashëri 6408:Eminescu 6388:Andersen 6296:Tyutchev 6281:Karamzin 6255:Zorrilla 6250:Saavedra 6148:Castilho 6136:Portugal 6127:Słowacki 6029:Polidori 5959:Barbauld 5894:Hoffmann 5849:Brentano 5763:Bertrand 5584:Romantic 5420:Ancients 5394:Scotland 5290:(acting) 5241:(acting) 5228:(acting) 5220:Burghele 5215:(acting) 5154:Lapedatu 5139:Racoviță 5134:Negruzzi 5114:Negruzzi 5099:Aurelian 5079:Negruzzi 4674:16207716 4590:Z. 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Ion Heliade Rădulescu

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