1183:
1002:
1069:
Secrecy Order from 2000 to 2008, for an invention that could have allowed development of "anti-stealth" tracking systems. In 2002, inventor Robert Gold saw his idea for improvements in wireless communications restricted by a
Secrecy Order. Some inventors have resisted in public their Secrecy Orders: in 1978, the National Security Agency restricted an invention called the "Phasorphone", which allowed people to digitally alter and obfuscate their voices on telephone calls for privacy from government surveillance. The Phasorphone inventors took their opposition to the media, and months later the NSA ultimately rescinded the order.
948:
for 75% of its value as deemed by the agency restricting it, and the inventor must demonstrate they suffered damages. However, inventors find it difficult if not impossible to prove suffered harm under the
Invention Secrecy Act due to their inability to disclose the invention. Disclosure of inventions or ideas restricted by a Secrecy Order can lead to arrest and imprisonment for up to two years in Federal prison. If an inventor attempts to release the ideas in a foreign country without authorization, the invention and idea can be held as legally "abandoned." In the 1958 court case
346:
31:
1133:. Other studies have shown that being forced secret for a scale of months can cause an invention or idea to be 15% less likely to be cited by later research and development, demonstrating that even a limited restriction has negative impacts for inventors and the sciences. Inventions forced into Secrecy Orders even up to just five years will receive on average 45% less future citations. Once an invention has been made secret, it does not recover from this negative impact over time even when the Secrecy Orders are lifted.
695:
1424:
1107:
restrictions at best “err on the side of caution and impose secrecy orders on patents that present even the slightest threats,” and at worst, "bureaucrats mindlessly impose secrecy orders and then forget about them, because that’s simpler than carefully considering the implications of new technologies becoming public."
967:
Through 2012-2020, the United States Patent Office began investigations into expanding application of the
Invention Secret Act to have more consideration of economic impacts on American markets from new inventions, if those new ideas may be disruptive to existing industries. Attempts through 2020 to
959:
Each year, tens of thousands of inventions and patent applications are reviewed by hand to decide if they should be allowed to be published or should be hidden from the public. As of 1997, it was reported that five to ten percent of all patents that the
American military reviews under the ISA become
947:
A Secrecy Order bars the award of a patent, orders that the invention be kept secret, restricts the filing of foreign patents, and specifies procedures to prevent disclosure of ideas contained in the application. By law, the government is only required to compensate the inventor of a restricted idea
1140:
noted that from 2000 to 2004 alone, only 53% of patents issued by the USPTO were to
American residents. This disproportionally penalizes American companies and inventors, who are bound by stricter foreign licensing requirements under the Invention Secrecy Act, while non-resident inventors are not.
1114:
has criticized the
Invention Secrecy Act, saying, "The government’s legal basis for keeping private information secret is very vulnerable," and that the government carefully manages Secrecy Orders to avoid the possibility of Federal courts "creating precedent around the core constitutional issue".
984:
Inventions which received any government funding toward their research and development will be reviewed, beyond any military departments or intelligence agencies, by the segment of the United States government that had a funding and research stake in them. The vast majority of patent applications,
980:
The law applies to all inventions created in the United States, regardless of their nature or nationality of the creators, despite that the "vast majority" of inventions have no legal or financial stake from the government. All patents filed within the United States are required to be screened for
888:
Through World War II alone, at least 11,000 inventions were reported for classification review by the United States
Government, and other analysis found that in the WWII era at least 8,475 inventions were forcibly classified, accounting for 75% of all new inventions in that time period, where over
1068:
James
Constant of California was restricted by Secrecy Order from 1969 to 1971 for his advancements in radar systems to track objects ranging from shipping containers to parts on an industrial assembly line, and later in 1982 was denied any damages by courts. James Greer of Alabama was bound by a
988:
Once the application and screening process begins, there are three possible outcomes. The first outcome is that the patent and an associated foreign patent filing license may simply be granted, and the
Invention Secrecy Act would not bind or restrict that given idea. The second option is that the
943:
has played this role. If government officials determine the idea and invention can pose a threat, it can be restricted from the public with a
Secrecy Order. Any Federal government agency, not just those associated with the military and intelligence community, may request any patent be restricted
1106:
The Invention Secrecy Act has been criticized for having no defined standards or regulatory framework of what sorts of ideas may be sealed under Secrecy Orders and the lack of any safeguards for privacy or intellectual property rights. The Federation of American Scientists stated that the
1080:
responded with visits to their home, to warn them against any disclosures of the technologies, per their attorney Hattem Beydoun and court filings. Their path through the Invention Secrecy Act appeals process took five years to unsuccessfully resolve the restrictions on them. In 2014, the
848:
has investigated the possibility of restricting new technologies if those new ideas may be disruptive to existing industries. The Invention Secrecy Act has been criticized for lack of oversight and impacts on future scientific research by inventors, industry, attorneys and academics.
910:
provide the patent office with a classified list of sensitive technologies in the form of the "Patent Security Category Review List" (PSCRL). The decision to classify new inventions under this act is made by "defense agencies" as defined by the President, These agencies include the
1017:"the subject matter or any material information relevant to this application, including unpublished details of the invention, shall not be published or disclosed to any person not aware of the invention prior to the date of this order, including any employee of the principals."
1029:, typically are used to restrict ideas or materials derived from government funding which may not be themselves secret or classified prior to receiving a Secrecy Order under the Invention Secrecy Act, but may be already under some manner of restrictions from either or both of
1059:
All "security review" files related to "the security review of patent applications, placing of applications under secrecy, modification of secrecy orders, and withdrawing of applications from secrecy" are required to be destroyed ten years after a Secrecy Order is rescinded.
985:
ideas and inventions have no government affiliation. For those ideas and inventions from the general public, the Commissioner for Patents of the United States Patent and Trademark Office makes any initial decision whether or not the idea will endanger national security.
989:
government may simply do nothing, which allows the creators of the idea and invention to pursue it fully in United States and foreign markets. In either of these first two scenarios, the government has a six-month window from the patent filing to take any or no action.
824:
All patents filed within the United States are required to be reviewed, and thousands of ideas and inventions are manually reviewed every year. Any Federal government agency with "classifying powers" may request any patent be restricted under the Invention Secrecy Act.
960:
subject to Secrecy Orders. In the four-year window of 2013 to 2017, an average of 117 new inventions per year were restricted with Secrecy Orders. In the same 2013-2017 period of time, an average of 25 Secrecy Orders were reportedly rescinded per year. In 2017, the
1055:, are used as a "catch-all" to restrict any ideas, technologies or inventions that would not be covered by the government affiliation involved with Type I and Type II Secrecy Orders. Type III Secrecy Orders would be used toward inventions by the general public.
1121:, argued as the law is written and from the limited legal challenges related to it, that any inventor who shared or disclosed their ideas with the government effectively loses almost all avenues of appeal if their ideas are placed under Secrecy Orders.
992:
The third and last option is that a Secrecy Order is compelled on the idea and invention. The creators are then forbidden from sharing, disclosing, discussing, developing, selling or marketing the ideas within the United States or in foreign nations.
896:...detrimental to the public safety or defense, or may assist the enemy or endanger the successful prosecution of the war, may order that the invention be kept secret and withhold the grant of a patent until the end of the war. (Pub. L. 65-80, 1917)
1172:, lists the categories of all inventions that the United States Patent Office would refer to the Armed Services Patent Advisory Board for consideration of becoming classified under the Invention Secrecy Act. A similar document,
905:
The Invention Secrecy Act of 1951 made such patent secrecy permanent, though the order to suppress any invention must be renewed each year, except during periods of declared war or national emergency. Under this Act,
1009:
There are three known types of Secrecy Orders which can be enforced, referred to as Types I, II and III. Violation of United States government Secrecy Orders to reveal your ideas may lead to arrest and imprisonment.
1044:, apply to ideas and inventions that may already be in part composed of classified concepts and technologies, or that can be, and that were submitted for patent review by Americans who already hold some manner of
2131:
881:(PTO) to classify certain defense-related patents. This initial effort lasted only for the duration of that war but was reimposed in October 1941 in anticipation of the entry of the United States into
1668:
2074:
1428:
1179:
The high-level categories of inventions from each year which can be forcibly classified are listed in the following table, and each section includes an expansive spectrum of topics beneath each:
816:, which indefinitely restrict public knowledge of them. The law applies to all inventions in the United States regardless of what the idea or invention is, if a patent is applied for or granted.
2343:
2254:
1745:
956:
ruled inventors could not sue the government to appeal Secrecy Orders until the secrecy itself was rescinded, citing national security concerns; this standing held through at least 1963.
1165:
requests that had become declassified, detailing categories of topics of inventions and concepts which the United States government summarily classify via the Invention Secrecy Act.
1478:
981:
the Invention Secrecy Act. Each year, tens of thousands of new inventions and patent applications are manually reviewed to decide if they should be hidden from the public.
2060:
2172:
1829:
885:. Secrecy Orders were initially intended to remain effective for two years, beginning on July 1, 1940, but were later extended for the duration of the second World War.
2208:
1870:
1072:
Husband and wife inventors Budimir and Desanka Damnjanovic developed a method for "spraying liquid from the back of an airplane", intended to be a patent for an anti-
1536:
2039:
1704:
1994:
1182:
147:
2114:
1129:
Studies have concluded that the Invention Secrecy Act leads to an overall reduction in the number of new inventions being presented, due to the nature of how
953:
2334:"A Proactive Solution to the Inherent Dangers of Biotechnology: Using the Invention Secrecy Act to Restrict Disclosure of Threatening Biotechnology Patents"
2526:
1658:
723:
312:
1659:"The U.S. Government's Secret Inventions: Secrecy orders allow U.S. defense agencies to control patents, including those that are privately developed"
2581:
1086:
1082:
907:
2318:
1141:
There is no known data on the economic impacts of "compulsory secrecy" for new ideas under the Invention Secrecy Act. James W. Parrett Jr. of the
2244:
1795:
281:
1735:
1081:
Damnjanovics filed a lawsuit against the Air Force and the Department of Defense to lift two unique Secrecy Orders, claiming violations of the
1076:
technology system. In 2009, their concept was made classified under Secrecy Orders, and the Damnjanovics began the legal appeals process. The
1396:
2100:
2126:
1616:
1093:. The government ultimately settled and lifted the Secrecy Orders, before the case went to trial and legal precedent could be established.
2293:
1955:
1580:
2463:
77–239: AN ACT To amend the Act relating to preventing the publication of inventions in the national interest, and for other purposes
1391:
1048:
security agreements. Types I and II, therefore, typically apply to ideas and concepts already within the United States government domain.
841:
778:
245:
1468:
2426:
2586:
1905:
1411:
1401:
1034:
878:
845:
230:
58:
An Act to provide for the withholding of certain patents that might be detrimental to the national security, and for other purposes
2551:
716:
1910:
2122:
1531:
276:
2566:
2167:
790:
305:
286:
2383:
2162:
1818:
1473:
964:
reported that 5,784 patents were restricted under Secrecy Orders. 5,792 unique patents were under Secrecy Orders as of 2018.
2198:
1859:
McGovern, Geoffrey; McCollester, Maria; Ligor, Douglas C.; Tao Li, Sheng; Yeung, Douglas; Kupe, Laura (September 19, 2019).
968:
expand the scope of the Invention Secrecy Act in Congress were unsuccessful, attributed to lobbying from groups such as the
2516:
2203:
1699:
265:
2281:"Technology Outpacing The Law: The Invention Secrecy Act of 1951 And The Outsourcing of U.S. Patent Application Drafting"
1740:
1406:
1045:
940:
709:
271:
260:
152:
2576:
2531:
928:
817:
766:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
506:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
428:
422:
416:
240:
157:
1694:
2541:
2421:
2378:
2333:
2288:
1137:
1090:
1030:
961:
837:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
298:
132:
1984:
2467:
2199:"Patent Secrecy Orders: The Unconstitutionality of Interference in Civilian Cryptography under Present Procedures"
1001:
2022:
1077:
932:
833:
754:
99:
2521:
874:
235:
2556:
2338:
1142:
1985:"Patents-Procedure-Applicability of Invention Secrecy Act Where Government Use of Invention is Authorized"
2546:
2471:
2561:
2453:
1819:"The Consequences of Invention Secrecy: Evidence from the USPTO Patent Secrecy Program in World War II"
1162:
741:
86:
1775:
844:. Any appeals are limited to the United States Federal agency that itself restricted the ideas. The
774:
944:
under the Invention Secrecy Act if that agency itself has the power to classify data as restricted.
1432:
969:
924:
858:
118:
2096:
2069:
920:
808:
The Invention Secret Act allows the United States government to classify ideas and patents under
2496:
1606:
770:
2571:
2280:
1944:
1736:"The hidden costs of securing innovation: The manifold impacts of compulsory invention secrecy"
1570:
329:
173:
38:
2018:"Protecting the private inventor under the peacetime provisions of the Invention Secrecy Act"
178:
2413:
1073:
699:
1526:
1145:
has argued that the Invention Secrecy Act can have value for certain areas such as around
828:
Ideas restricted by the Invention Secrecy Act's Secrecy Orders can be prohibited from any
8:
2536:
1989:
1860:
1117:
204:
1247:
Explosive Actuating Methods & Means: Fuses, Igniters, Mine Sweeping & Torpedoes
2476:
1900:
916:
912:
866:
862:
794:
355:
337:
1244:
Explosive Actuating Methods & Means: Fuzes, igniton, Mine Sweeping & Torpedoes
2312:
1611:
1130:
829:
798:
345:
137:
30:
2371:"Armed Services Patent Advisory Board - Patent Security Category Review List (1971)"
2462:
2370:
2031:
1901:"United States Patent and Trademark Office, 120 Secrecy Orders [R-07.2022]"
1865:
1791:
1787:
1663:
1575:
1158:
1111:
861:
has long sought to control the release of new technologies that might threaten the
750:
183:
95:
892:
The final version of the 1917 WW1-era law ordered ideas should be restricted if:
821:
209:
188:
1945:"Patent Secrecy Orders: Fairness Issues In Application of Invention Secrecy Act"
2249:
1571:"Government Secrecy Orders on Patents Have Stifled More Than 5,000 Inventions"
2510:
2017:
1146:
802:
255:
250:
214:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1527:"The Invention Secrecy Act: The USPTO as a Gatekeeper of National Security"
1223:
Concealment, Communications, Countermeasures & Counter-Countermeasures
882:
786:
1220:
Concealment, Communications, Countermeasures & Counter-countermeasures
1888:
1774:
de Rassenfosse, Gaétan P.; Pellegrino, Gabriele; Raiteri, Emilio (2024).
1386:
870:
1462:
1776:"Do patents enable disclosure? Evidence from the invention secrecy act"
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
49:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
2035:
1359:
Unique Materials, Devices, or Performance Data & Characteristics
782:
758:
103:
1439:
1760:
1719:
1063:
2484:
Secret Science: Federal Control of American Science and Technology
2408:
2406:
2404:
2365:
2363:
2361:
1810:
1348:
Unique Materials, Devices, or Performance Data and Characteristics
1124:
1027:"Secrecy Order and Permit for Foreign Filing in Certain Countries"
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
1042:"Secrecy Order and Permit for Disclosing Classified Information"
2401:
2358:
2065:
1773:
1149:
patents, due to their novel and often still unexplored nature.
1101:
2009:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1850:
889:
20,000 total patents were reviewed for possible restrictions.
2501:
2497:
https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/2010/10/invention_secrecy_2010/
2245:"Government secrecy orders on patents keep lid on inventions"
2223:
2163:"Government secrecy orders on patents keep lid on inventions"
2061:"Do National Security Secrets Hold Back National Innovation?"
1861:"The Role of Intellectual Property in U.S. Homeland Security"
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
2192:
2190:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2097:"U.S. Patent Activity / Calendar Years 1790 to the Present"
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1847:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
936:
2325:
975:
2468:
Title 35, Chapter 17 of the US Code--full text of the Act
1688:
1686:
1551:
762:
107:
2274:
2272:
2187:
2149:
2107:
2089:
1925:
1631:
1607:"Data Privacy: What Washington Doesn't Want You to Know"
1978:
1976:
1207:
Amplifiers, Recorders, Sensors, & Electronic Tubes
1013:
The Secrecy Order notices will command inventors that:
1683:
2269:
1600:
1598:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1469:"Patently Absurd: The Invention Secrecy Order System"
1152:
954:
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
1973:
1695:"WWII Policy Kept Patents Secret, Slowed Innovation"
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1131:
inventions and sciences build upon prior discoveries
383:- Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States
2054:
2052:
1204:
Amplifiers, Recorders, Sensors and Electronic Tubes
2454:
1595:
1191:Declassified Category Review Lists, 1971 and 2009
742:
87:
2125:, formerly Defense Mapping Agency, hosted at the
1493:
2508:
2099:. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). 2021.
2049:
1780:International Journal of Industrial Organization
1064:Known public examples of restricted technologies
900:
852:
1255:Explosive Device Detection Methods & Means
1125:Impacts on economics and creation of inventions
581:- Pay and Allowances of the Uniformed Services
1252:Explosive Device Detection Methods & Means
1397:Export of cryptography from the United States
1335:Propulsion Systems, Propellants, & Fuels
1021:The three known types of Secrecy Orders are:
717:
683:- National Park Service and Related Programs
306:
2486:. Westport: Praeger, 1993, pp. 165–172.
2479:, from the Federation of American Scientists
2317:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2127:National Archives and Records Administration
1374:Weapons, Counter-weapons & Fire Control
1324:Propulsion Systems, Propellants, & Fuels
1186:Derivative classification activity 1996–2011
1102:Handling and evaluation of ideas and patents
811:
2527:Classified information in the United States
2414:"DoD PATENT SECURITY REVIEW LIST, May 2009"
2331:
2292:. Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal.
1392:Classified information in the United States
1364:Weapons, Counter-weapons & Fire control
1174:"DoD PATENT SECURITY REVIEW LIST, May 2009"
1168:A declassified document from January 1971,
1982:
1303:Missiles, Munitions and Explosive Devices
1157:The Federation of American Scientists and
1005:Timeline of patents issued year over year.
996:
724:
710:
599:- Public Buildings, Properties, and Works
313:
299:
29:
1983:Dignan Jr., Thomas G. (January 1, 1963).
1906:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1412:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
1402:Free energy suppression conspiracy theory
1292:Missiles, Munitions and Explosive Devices
1096:
1035:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
879:United States Patent and Trademark Office
846:United States Patent and Trademark Office
665:- National and Commercial Space Programs
231:United States Patent and Trademark Office
2582:United States federal patent legislation
2489:"Invention Secrecy Still Going Strong,"
2242:
2045:from the original on September 10, 2015.
1181:
1000:
389:- Government Organization and Employees
2196:
2175:from the original on September 18, 2015
2123:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1952:Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal
1876:from the original on September 19, 2019
1748:from the original on September 26, 2022
1656:
1604:
1532:Indiana University Maurer School of Law
1199:2009 declassified Category Review List
976:Invention Secrecy Act screening process
2509:
2389:from the original on September 4, 2021
2332:Parrett Jr., James W. (June 8, 2016).
2168:The Center for Investigative Reporting
2160:
1942:
1474:Texas A&M University School of Law
1196:1971 declassified Category Review List
1170:"PATENT SECURITY CATEGORY REVIEW LIST"
1040:Type II Secrecy Orders, also known as
1025:Type I Secrecy Orders, referred to as
647:- Territories and Insular Possessions
575:- Patriotic Societies and Observances
2299:from the original on January 30, 2024
2077:from the original on January 13, 2020
1997:from the original on October 25, 2020
1913:from the original on January 30, 2024
1816:
1798:from the original on January 31, 2024
1692:
1619:from the original on October 20, 2020
1568:
1524:
1466:
2432:from the original on August 27, 2021
2278:
2204:Santa Clara University School of Law
2103:from the original on April 29, 2023.
2058:
1961:from the original on August 19, 2016
1700:National Bureau of Economic Research
1467:Saltz, Gregory (February 16, 2022).
1319:Object Locating Methods & Means
842:sealed from the public as classified
563:- Crime Control and Law Enforcement
491:- Foreign Relations and Intercourse
266:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure
2346:from the original on March 19, 2020
2211:from the original on March 18, 2020
2197:Sanders, Sylvia (January 1, 1982).
2015:
1817:Gross, Daniel P. (March 13, 2019).
1741:Centre for Economic Policy Research
1605:Sanders, Sylvia (January 1, 1981).
1583:from the original on April 21, 2014
1539:from the original on August 2, 2019
1407:History of United States patent law
1308:Object Locating Methods & Means
1161:obtained Category Review lists via
1046:United States Department of Defense
840:can be prohibited; and can even be
793:, present an alleged threat to the
527:- Judiciary and Judicial Procedure
16:United States national security law
13:
2459:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2137:from the original on July 20, 2017
2059:Senz, Kristen (January 13, 2020).
1835:from the original on June 28, 2023
1431:from websites or documents of the
1153:Declassified Category Review Lists
1115:Thomas G. Dignan Jr., writing for
1051:Type III Secrecy Orders, called a
747:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
557:- Navigation and Navigable Waters
158:Title 35 of the United States Code
92:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
2598:
2491:Secrecy & Government Bulletin
2447:
2422:Federation of American Scientists
2379:Federation of American Scientists
2289:University of Texas School of Law
2257:from the original on June 9, 2016
2243:Brustein, Joshua (June 8, 2016).
1707:from the original on June 6, 2023
1693:Gross, Daniel P. (July 1, 2019).
1481:from the original on May 19, 2022
1138:University of Texas School of Law
1091:Constitution of the United States
1031:Export Administration Regulations
962:Federation of American Scientists
789:that, in the opinion of selected
133:American Inventors Protection Act
2587:United States government secrecy
2279:Chen, Eric, B. (March 1, 2005).
2115:"DMA RECORDS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM"
1671:from the original on May 9, 2018
1427: This article incorporates
1422:
1263:Mapping, Charting & Geodesy
832:; sales to any party except the
693:
623:- Public Printing and Documents
611:- The Public Health and Welfare
467:- Crimes and Criminal Procedure
344:
2161:Schulz, G.W. (April 13, 2013).
2023:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
1657:Dilawar, Arvind (May 9, 2018).
1525:Locke, Scott (April 15, 2019).
1260:Mapping, Charting & Geodesy
1176:, details the list as of 2009.
1078:Federal Bureau of Investigation
933:Department of Homeland Security
834:United States military industry
153:Leahy–Smith America Invents Act
1943:Maunea, Jaime (June 1, 2012).
1792:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2023.103044
1569:Shulz, G.W. (April 13, 2013).
1239:Explosives & Inflammables
1:
2567:Privacy of telecommunications
2339:William & Mary Law School
1417:
1236:Explosives & Inflammables
1143:William & Mary Law School
901:Invention Secrecy Act of 1951
853:World War I and II background
738:Invention Secrecy Act of 1951
236:Patent Trial and Appeal Board
24:Invention Secrecy Act of 1951
7:
2552:Military–industrial complex
2517:82nd United States Congress
2472:Legal Information Institute
1380:
659:- War and National Defense
539:- Mineral Lands and Mining
10:
2603:
2502:http://www.freethetech.org
1163:Freedom of Information Act
2577:United States federal law
2532:Export and import control
950:Robinson vs United States
775:United States federal law
407:- Aliens and Nationality
82:
74:
66:
44:
37:
28:
23:
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859:United States government
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515:- Internal Revenue Code
503:- Hospitals and Asylums
328:This article is part of
287:List of patent law cases
119:United States patent law
2070:Harvard Business School
2016:Lee, Sabing H. (1997).
1053:"General Secrecy Order"
997:Types of Secrecy Orders
869:of the country. During
671:- Voting and Elections
521:- Intoxicating Liquors
2493:, May 1993, p. 2.
2482:Foerstel, Herbert N.,
1429:public domain material
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166:Types of patent claims
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1909:. February 16, 2023.
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587:- Veterans' Benefits
449:- Commerce and Trade
365:- General Provisions
179:Composition of matter
143:Invention Secrecy Act
2522:1951 in American law
1343:Protective Measures
1300:Navigation Equipment
1284:Military Photography
1136:Eric B. Chen of the
1074:heat-seeking missile
929:Department of Energy
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431:- Banks and Banking
395:- Domestic Security
2557:Military technology
1990:Michigan Law Review
1332:Protective Measures
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1118:Michigan Law Review
605:- Public Contracts
205:Inter partes review
2547:Military economics
2130:. April 21, 1982.
1744:. April 19, 2022.
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779:prevent disclosure
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1999:. Retrieved
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1621:. Retrieved
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1279:Meteorology
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629:- Railroads
479:- Education
246:Infringement
223:Other topics
142:
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2393:January 30,
2141:February 8,
1965:February 6,
1917:January 31,
1880:February 5,
1839:January 31,
1802:January 31,
1752:January 31,
1711:January 30,
1675:January 31,
1587:January 30,
1543:February 7,
1485:January 31,
1387:Born secret
1276:Meteorology
871:World War I
635:- Shipping
497:- Highways
125:Legislation
2537:Inventions
2511:Categories
2436:August 30,
2303:August 27,
1418:References
1351:Radiology
1271:Materials
1231:Contracts
1215:Computers
1110:Historian
822:§ 181
783:inventions
761:, enacted
753:, 66
569:- Patents
509:- Indians
241:Exhaustion
197:Procedures
106:, enacted
98:, 66
70:66 Stat. 3
50:Long title
2470:from the
1367:Vehicles
1340:Radiology
1268:Materials
1228:Contracts
1212:Computers
921:Air Force
767:35 U.S.C.
437:- Census
2427:Archived
2384:Archived
2344:Archived
2313:cite web
2294:Archived
2255:Archived
2209:Archived
2173:Archived
2132:Archived
2101:Archived
2075:Archived
2040:Archived
1995:Archived
1956:Archived
1911:Archived
1871:Archived
1830:Archived
1796:Archived
1746:Archived
1705:Archived
1669:Archived
1617:Archived
1581:Archived
1537:Archived
1479:Archived
1381:See also
1356:Vehicles
1085:and the
875:Congress
681:Title 54
675:Title 53
669:Title 52
663:Title 51
657:Title 50
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