Gastrointestinal tract

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longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch. Whilst the muscularis externa is similar throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, an exception is the stomach which has an additional inner oblique muscular layer to aid with grinding and mixing of food. The muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of the inner oblique layer, middle circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer.

853:, the villi, and the microvilli increases the absorptive area of the mucosa about 600-fold, making a total area of about 250 m (2,700 sq ft) for the entire small intestine. Its main function is to absorb the products of digestion (including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) into the bloodstream. There are three major divisions: 2326:

dehydration and malnutrition. There is no cure for intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Different types of surgery and treatment managing life-threatening complications such as ileus and volvulus, intestinal stasis which lead to bacterial overgrowth, and resection of affected or dead parts of the gut may be needed. Many patients require parenteral nutrition.

1116:, develop as swellings or dilatations in the cells of the primitive gut. In contrast, gut-related derivatives — that is, those structures that derive from the primitive gut but are not part of the gut proper, in general, develop as out-pouchings of the primitive gut. The blood vessels supplying these structures remain constant throughout development. 2342:, affecting up to 1% of people of northern European descent. An autoimmune response is triggered in intestinal cells by digestion of gluten proteins. Ingestion of proteins found in wheat, barley and rye, causes villous atrophy in the small intestine. Lifelong dietary avoidance of these foodstuffs in a gluten-free diet is the only treatment. 1607:. It takes 2.5 to 3 hours for 50% of the contents to leave the stomach. The rate of digestion is also dependent of the material being digested, as food composition from the same meal may leave the stomach at different rates. Total emptying of the stomach takes around 4–5 hours, and transit through the colon takes 30 to 50 hours. 2285:

spiral bacterium. Over half the world's population is infected with it, mainly during childhood; it is not certain how the disease is transmitted. It colonizes the gastrointestinal system, predominantly the stomach. The bacterium has specific survival conditions that are specific to the human gastric

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Approximately 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 75% of these genes are expressed in at least one of the different parts of the digestive organ system. Over 600 of these genes are more specifically expressed in one or more parts of the GI tract and the corresponding proteins

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Yumiko; Lockett, Trevor; Clarke, Julie M.; Topping, David L.; Tomita, Masaru; Hori, Shohei; Ohara, Osamu; Morita, Tatsuya; Koseki, Haruhiko; Kikuchi, Jun; Honda, Kenya; Hase, Koji; Ohno, Hiroshi (2013). "Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells".

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Furusawa, Yukihiro; Obata, Yuuki; Fukuda, Shinji; Endo, Takaho A.; Nakato, Gaku; Takahashi, Daisuke; Nakanishi, Yumiko; Uetake, Chikako; Kato, Keiko; Kato, Tamotsu; Takahashi, Masumi; Fukuda, Noriko N.; Murakami, Shinnosuke; Miyauchi, Eiji; Hino, Shingo; Atarashi, Koji; Onawa, Satoshi; Fujimura,

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outer layer. The circular layer prevents food from traveling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular, rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches. The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer

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Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based

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is a syndrome caused by a malformation of the digestive system, characterized by a severe impairment in the ability of the intestines to push and assimilate. Symptoms include daily abdominal and stomach pain, nausea, severe distension, vomiting, heartburn, dysphagia, diarrhea, constipation,

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antibodies, a stool test, and a urease breath test (which is a by-product of the bacteria). If caught soon enough, it can be treated with three doses of different proton pump inhibitors as well as two antibiotics, taking about a week to cure. If not caught soon enough, surgery may be

2314:. Signs and symptoms of infection are gastritis, burning abdominal pain, weight loss, loss of appetite, bloating, burping, nausea, bloody vomit, and black tarry stools. Infection can be detected in a number of ways: GI X-rays, endoscopy, blood tests for anti- 2179:

can often be performed in the outpatient setting. In the United States in 2012, operations on the digestive system accounted for 3 of the 25 most common ambulatory surgery procedures and constituted 9.1 percent of all outpatient ambulatory surgeries.

1685:, one of the most predominant bacterial groups in the GI tract, play an important role in influencing the dynamics of the gut's immune system. It has been demonstrated that the intake of a high fiber diet could be responsible for the induction of 705:, the duodenum may appear to be a unified organ, but it is divided into four segments based on function, location, and internal anatomy. The four segments of the duodenum are as follows (starting at the stomach, and moving toward the jejunum): 716:

The suspensory muscle is an important anatomical landmark that shows the formal division between the duodenum and the jejunum, the first and second parts of the small intestine, respectively. This is a thin muscle which is derived from the

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The time taken for food to transit through the gastrointestinal tract varies on multiple factors, including age, ethnicity, and gender. Several techniques have been used to measure transit time, including radiography following a

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and propels the food through the tract. Food in the GI tract is called a bolus (ball of food) from the mouth down to the stomach. After the stomach, the food is partially digested and semi-liquid, and is referred to as

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The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy. The GI tract can be divided into four concentric layers in the following order:

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Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome".

2364:(or similarly, bowel strangulation) is a comparatively rare event (usually developing sometime after major bowel surgery). It is, however, hard to diagnose correctly, and if left uncorrected can lead to bowel 2711: 2744: 971:. Its length is about 1.5 m, and the area of the mucosa in an adult human is about 2 m (22 sq ft). Its main function is to absorb water and salts. The colon is further divided into: 1635:, which is composed of physical, biochemical, and immune elements elaborated by the intestinal mucosa. Microorganisms also are kept at bay by an extensive immune system comprising the 2813:

Raines, Daniel; Arbour, Adrienne; Thompson, Hilary W.; Figueroa-Bodine, Jazmin; Joseph, Saju (2014-05-26). "Variation in small bowel length: Factor in achieving total enteroscopy?".

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The surface area of the digestive tract is estimated to be about 32 square meters, or about half a badminton court. With such a large exposure (more than three times larger than the

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is a condition that is very common in older people in industrialized countries. It usually affects the large intestine but has been known to affect the small intestine as well.

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Each segment of the gut is further specified and gives rise to specific gut and gut-related structures in later development. Components derived from the gut proper, including the

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Marchesi, J. R; Adams, D. H; Fava, F; Hermes, G. D; Hirschfield, G. M; Hold, G; Quraishi, M. N; Kinross, J; Smidt, H; Tuohy, K. M; Thomas, L. V; Zoetendal, E. G; Hart, A (2015).

1926:) stretched antero-posteriorly, before the middle part of the stretch would get narrower and closed fully, leaving an anterior orifice (mouth) and a posterior orifice (anus plus 4166:"Fossil Reveals Earth's Oldest Known Animal Guts - The find in a Nevada desert revealed an intestine inside a creature that looks like a worm made of a stack of ice cream cones" 1631:), these immune components function to prevent pathogens from entering the blood and lymph circulatory systems. Fundamental components of this protection are provided by the 2306:

for gastric epithelial lining and the gastric mucosal layer about it. Gastric colonization of this bacterium triggers a robust immune response leading to moderate to severe

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for space and "food", as the intestinal tract has limited resources. A ratio of 80–85% beneficial to 15–20% potentially harmful bacteria is proposed for maintaining

1105:. Although these terms are often used in reference to segments of the primitive gut, they are also used regularly to describe regions of the definitive gut as well. 1341:

The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions. The most variation is seen in the epithelium.

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are other functional disorders of the intestine that have physiological causes but do not have identifiable structural, chemical, or infectious pathologies.

2102:. While Crohn's can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract, ulcerative colitis is limited to the large intestine. Crohn's disease is widely regarded as an 710: 1501:. They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position. For example, the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the 4573: 3619:

Wilson, Malcom J.; Dickson, W.H.; Singleton, A.C. (1929), "Rate of evacuation of various foods from the normal stomach: a preliminary communication",

2493:. Some instrumentalists, however, still use gut strings in order to evoke the older tone quality. Although such strings were commonly referred to as " 1355:

The submucosa consists of a dense irregular layer of connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves branching into the mucosa and

3953:"Gut epithelial barrier dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus-hepatitis C virus coinfected patients: Influence on innate and acquired immunity" 1066:) in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold toward one another. The result is that a piece of the 5812: 2632: 906:: This is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m (8.2 ft) long and contains the 3688:"Colonic Transit Study Technique and Interpretation: Can These be Uniform Globally in Different Populations with Non-uniform Colon Transit Time?" 2017:

diversity of the gastrointestinal tract, and further enable inflammatory mediators. Gastroenteritis is the most common disease of the GI tract.

460:, stomach, and intestines, and is divided into the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. The GI tract includes all structures between the 697:. This differentiates the embryonic borders between the foregut and midgut, and is also the division commonly used by clinicians to describe 1334:

that aids the passing of material and enhances the interaction between the epithelial layer and the contents of the lumen by agitation and

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located at the caecum. This is a potentially fatal condition if left untreated; most cases of appendicitis require surgical intervention.

1935: 2106:. Although ulcerative colitis is often treated as though it were an autoimmune disease, there is no consensus that it actually is such. 2762:

G., Hounnou; C., Destrieux; J., Desmé; P., Bertrand; S., Velut (2002-12-01). "Anatomical study of the length of the human intestine".

1487:. In these sections of the gut, there is a clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue. These parts of the tract have a 914:

that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.

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aspect of the embryo, begins to be pinched off to become the primitive gut. The yolk sac remains connected to the gut tube via the

5398: 4546: 1846:(all mammals that do not lay eggs, including humans) possess separate anal and uro-genital openings. The females of the subgroup 332: 4566: 3570:

Keendjele, Tuwilika P. T.; Eelu, Hilja H.; Nashihanga, Tunelago E.; Rennie, Timothy W.; Hunter, Christian John (1 March 2021).

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have functions related to digestion of food and uptake of nutrients. Examples of specific proteins with such functions are

900:. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in the chyme. 1854: 1045: 4252:

Nielsen, C., Brunet, T. & Arendt, D. Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nat Ecol Evol 2, 1358–1376 (2018).

5970: 2397: 5975: 2523:'s characteristic buzzing timbre. While the modern snare drum almost always uses metal wire rather than gut cord, the 6480: 4559: 4073: 3330: 3250: 2117: 694: 1938:

development (when both mouth and anus develop from the gut stretch in the embryo) present in some nephrozoans (e.g.

1740:. However, the primary function of the large intestine is water absorption from digested material (regulated by the 1661:) neutralizes many pathogenic microorganisms. Other factors in the GI tract contribution to immune function include 17: 1950:

This section discusses related diseases, medical associations with the gastrointestinal tract, and use in surgery.

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Madsen, MD, Jan Lysgard (1992), "Effects of gender, age, and body mass index on gastrointestinal transit times",

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Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2015).

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Mowat, Allan M.; Agace, William W. (2014-10-01). "Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system".

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Clarke, Gerard; Stilling, Roman M; Kennedy, Paul J; Stanton, Catherine; Cryan, John F; Dinan, Timothy G (2014).

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Degen, L.P.; Phillips, S.F. (August 1996), "Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men",

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Beneficial bacteria also can contribute to the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal immune system. For example,

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Sánchez de Medina, Fermín; Romero-Calvo, Isabel; Mascaraque, Cristina; Martínez-Augustin, Olga (2014-12-01).

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Esophagus, stomach, duodenum (1st and 2nd parts), liver, gallbladder, pancreas, superior portion of pancreas

4594: 2322: 1930:). A stretched gut without the middle part closed is present in another branch of bilaterians, the extinct 1566:

of the stomach mucosa. Specific proteins expressed in the stomach and duodenum involved in defence include

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Márquez, Mercedes; Fernández Gutiérrez Del Álamo, Clotilde; Girón-González, José Antonio (2016-01-28).

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Helander, Herbert F.; Fändriks, Lars (2014-06-01). "Surface area of the digestive tract - revisited".

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mechanisms, indicating that the cells releasing these hormones are conserved structures throughout

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occurs when pouches form on the intestinal wall. Once the pouches become inflamed it is known as

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De Robertis, E. M., & Tejeda-Muñoz, N. (2022). Evo-Devo of urbilateria and its larval forms.

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There are additional factors contributing to protection from pathogen invasion. For example, low

1403:) due to its self-contained enteric nervous system. The rate can be modulated by the rest of the 1400: 4194:"Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period" 6165: 6160: 6155: 5906: 5901: 5721: 5654: 5384: 5189: 5094: 4946: 3027: 2604: 2512:. Today, synthetic strings are much more common, but the best gut strings are now made out of 2474: 1690: 1364: 617: 481: 313: 308: 134: 3062: 2429:

Intestines from animals other than humans are used in a number of ways. From each species of

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There are many diseases and conditions that can affect the gastrointestinal system, including

6402: 5864: 5769: 5749: 5627: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5434: 4996: 4198: 1964: 1705: 1315: 1245: 303: 3788:"Intestinal Antigen-Presenting Cells: Key Regulators of Immune Homeostasis and Inflammation" 6255: 6122: 5869: 5859: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5225: 5171: 4961: 4207: 4020: 2462: 2266: 2077: 2014: 767:) is the segment of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the pyloric sphincter of the 733: 525: 524:. It is considerably shorter in the living body because the intestines, which are tubes of 2683: 1303:

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. The mucosa surrounds the

556: 468:, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organs of digestion, namely, the 8: 6170: 5874: 5716: 5610: 5548: 5518: 4974: 4743: 3632: 3112: 2689: 2277: 1892:

In 2020, the oldest known fossil digestive tract, of an extinct wormlike organism in the

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Many birds and other animals have a specialised stomach in the digestive tract called a

1307:, or open space within the tube. This layer comes in direct contact with digested food ( 849:

area in an adult human is about 30 m (320 sq ft). The combination of the

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origin of each segment. The whole human GI tract is about nine meters (30 feet) long at

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have a "through-gut" or complete digestive tract. Exceptions are more primitive ones:

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Flannigan, Kyle L.; Geem, Duke; Harusato, Akihito; Denning, Timothy L. (2015-07-01).

3760: 3752: 3717: 3668: 3605: 3593: 3572:"Corn? When did I eat corn? Gastrointestinal transit time in health science students" 3535: 3501: 3448: 3440: 3396: 3388: 3326: 3296: 3271: 3246: 3215: 3207: 3165: 3068: 2995: 2946: 2897: 2866:"Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases" 2838: 2830: 2787: 2779: 2692: 2481:

gut. With the advent of the modern era, musicians have tended to use strings made of

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meaning intestinal), but their symptoms are not mainly associated with the intestine.

2222: 2041: 1998: 1686: 1442: 1360: 1324:– a layer of connective tissue. Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue 921: 911: 869: 484:

is made up of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the

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is where a capsule containing a camera is swallowed in order to examine the tract.

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Several symptoms can indicate problems with the gastrointestinal tract, including:

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A through-gut (one with both mouth and anus) is thought to have evolved within the

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that can break down molecules the human body cannot process alone, demonstrating a

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is an inflammatory condition affecting the bowel walls, and includes the subtypes

1701:. Basically, the butyrate induces the differentiation of Treg cells by enhancing 532:

in a halfway-tense state but can relax in spots to allow for local distention and

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The outermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract consists of several layers of

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Gut cord has also been used to produce strings for the snares that provide a

2450: 2355: 2345: 2339: 2282: 2218: 2161: 2029: 1931: 1647: 1616: 1596: 1563: 1480: 1331: 1150:, it is derived from dorsal mesentery and therefore not a foregut derivative) 1147: 1022: 748: 706: 624: 560: 552: 273: 4303: 4253: 3969: 3384: 6364: 6354: 6040: 6020: 5997: 5992: 5879: 5603: 5558: 5345: 4668: 4616: 4551: 4398: 4330: 4239: 4102: 4040: 3996: 3929: 3878: 3829: 3764: 3721: 3597: 3452: 3400: 3219: 3164:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 312. 2999: 2950: 2901: 2842: 2791: 2565: 2524: 2381: 2369: 2307: 2271: 2261: 2151: 2140: 2103: 2066: 2025: 2006: 1979: 1741: 1600: 1575: 877: 442: 65: 5987: 4150: 3672: 3663: 3646: 3539: 3505: 140: 6359: 6296: 6132: 6127: 6105: 5826: 5644: 5490: 5485: 5408: 5273: 5122: 5102: 4917: 4912: 4852: 3487: 2981: 2549: 2361: 2214: 2200: 1893: 1847: 1807: 1760: 1716:, resulting in the reduction of the inflammatory response and allergies. 1530: 1420: 1411: 1335: 1294: 925: 897: 674: 533: 529: 501: 461: 4466:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 32, 64, 294, 133–4, 208, 303–4, 502. 4032: 3347:"The human proteome in gastrointestinal tract - The Human Protein Atlas" 2442: 423:

is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines.

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Your Digestive System and How It Works at National Institutes of Health

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last third of the transverse colon, to the upper part of the anal canal

1033: 1009:(flexed portion of the transverse and descending colon apparent to the 960: 929: 808: 772: 702: 588: 517: 465: 446: 400: 2826: 993:(flexed portion of the ascending and transverse colon apparent to the 6429: 6419: 5921: 5676: 5144: 4939: 4720: 4380: 4285:

Nitzan, Orna; Elias, Mazen; Peretz, Avi; Saliba, Walid (2016-01-21).

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life, the primitive gut is gradually patterned into three segments:

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of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the

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Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). "Introduction to Bilateria".

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may occur at any point in the gastrointestinal tract, and includes

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relationship. These bacteria are responsible for gas production at

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Various methods of imaging the gastrointestinal tract include the

693:. The exact demarcation between the upper and lower tracts is the 6180: 6002: 5959: 5843: 5573: 5350: 5268: 5245: 5149: 5139: 5134: 5072: 5008: 4713: 4663: 4638: 4517: 4352:(188). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 4287:"Role of antibiotics for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease" 2534: 2505: 2504:

Sheep gut was the original source for natural gut string used in

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Parts of the tract may be visualised by camera. This is known as

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in the promoter and conserved non-coding sequence regions of the

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and is a tubular structure, usually between 6 and 7 m long. Its

783:. In humans, the small intestine is further subdivided into the 437:) throughout their body for digestion and a larger dorsal pore ( 6318: 5665: 5477: 5305: 5300: 5235: 5230: 5176: 5112: 5060: 4979: 4869: 4857: 4812: 4771: 4766: 4708: 4633: 3421: 3369: 3325:. San Rafael, California: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. 3141: 2591: 2559: 2527: 2509: 2494: 2438: 2226: 1983: 1843: 1831: 1779: 1775: 1745: 1666: 1662: 1588: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1484: 1468: 1452: 1221: 1163:

lower duodenum, to the first two-thirds of the transverse colon

1158: 1098: 1055: 1028: 1010: 956: 804: 718: 509: 485: 450: 430: 412: 278: 3647:"Small intestine transit time in the normal small bowel study" 6237: 6196: 5759: 5459: 5315: 5310: 5195: 4922: 4829: 4730: 4688: 4627: 3569: 2917:"The gut microbiota and host health: A new clinical frontier" 2490: 2486: 2348:

are named by their transmission-route through the intestine (

2329: 2052: 1889:. In birds this is found as a pouch alongside the esophagus. 1786:

activities, are also instrumental in the intestine's role of

1709: 1651: 1604: 1567: 1416: 1308: 1179: 1175: 1090: 994: 975: 968: 952: 917: 861: 860:: A short structure (about 20–25 cm long) that receives 832: 796: 792: 652: 497: 416: 380: 246: 234: 184: 89: 82: 52: 3785: 2963: 2675: 1693:

during the fermentation of plant-derived nutrients such as

5510: 5082: 4817: 4693: 4611: 2966:"Minireview: Gut Microbiota: The Neglected Endocrine Organ" 2562:

is traditionally boiled in, and served in, a sheep stomach.

2482: 2434: 1835: 1819: 1811: 1670: 1391:

Between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers is the

873: 384: 285: 93: 3111:

Kapoor, Vinay Kumar (13 Jul 2011). Gest, Thomas R. (ed.).

2154:, which refers to the passage of fewer and hardened stools 1615:

The gastrointestinal tract forms an important part of the

5416: 5117: 4934: 4698: 4346:"Surgeries in Hospital-Owned Outpatient Facilities, 2012" 3900:

Schubert, Mitchell L. (2014-11-01). "Gastric secretion".

2569: 2541:, are made of animal gut, especially hog, beef, and lamb. 2513: 2498: 2446: 1655: 896:

which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing

3293:

Histology and cell biology: an introduction to pathology

2358:

can affect the intestines, with similar symptoms to IBS.

2236:

may be used to examine the lower gastrointestinal tract.

4489:"Violin strings were never made out of actual cat guts" 4284: 4009: 3685: 3290: 2914: 1914:, after their ancestral ventral orifice (single, as in 1646:(ranging from 1 to 4) of the stomach is fatal for many 1643: 1410:

The coordinated contractions of these layers is called

951:, also called the colon, forms an arch starting at the 775:

and as in other mammals, consists of two segments: the

445:

have both a ventral mouth and dorsal anal pores, while

4542:

The gastro intestinal tract in the Human Protein Atlas

4192:

Svhiffbauer, James D.; et al. (10 January 2020).

3845:"Intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier function" 3618: 2755: 880:. The digestive enzymes break down proteins, and bile 739:

The lower gastrointestinal tract includes most of the

4191: 2453:

intestines are eaten, and pig intestines are used as

1770: 453:

have a single pore for both digestion and excretion.

51:

Diagram of the gastrointestinal tract in the average

3245:(Twelfth ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. p. 794. 2013:

to treat such bacterial infections can decrease the

623:

The structure and function can be described both as

3686:Ghoshal, U. C.; Sengar, V.; Srivastava, D. (2012). 3110: 1885:Another feature found in a range of animals is the 701:as being of either "upper" or "lower" origin. Upon 4089:Azzouz, Laura L.; Sharma, Sandeep (31 July 2023). 3557:"Gastrointestinal Transit: How Long Does It Take?" 3130: 2213:if examining the upper gastrointestinal tract and 2148:, or the passage of liquid or more frequent stools 6076: 5834: 1850:have even separate urinary and genital openings. 799:, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid 795:while the large intestine is subdivided into the 673:The upper gastrointestinal tract consists of the 456:The human gastrointestinal tract consists of the 6457: 4343: 3265: 3189: 3060: 2681: 2594:, from 1640 AD, were made from animal intestine. 4455: 4405: 4362: 4344:Wier LM, Steiner CA, Owens PL (February 2015). 2568:, a kind of food, consist of thoroughly washed 2477:. In the recent past, strings were made out of 2221:if examining the lower gastrointestinal tract. 1724:The large intestine contains multiple types of 1399:). The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity ( 727: 646: 602: 3243:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 2575:Animal gut was used to make the cord lines in 1536: 1019:(descending down the left side of the abdomen) 567:to help regulate the digestive process. These 30:"Enteric" redirects here. For other uses, see 5806: 5392: 4567: 4122: 4065:Science of Everyday Things: Real-life biology 3692:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 3473: 3185: 3183: 3181: 2957: 1942:) are considered to support this hypothesis. 1141:esophagus to first 2 sections of the duodenum 340: 4581: 4185: 4157: 4088: 3323:Colonic Motility: From Bench Side to Bedside 3155: 3153: 2501:were never used as a source for gut strings. 2441:is obtained from the intestines of milk-fed 2420:usually a complication of ulcerative colitis 1867:show many specializations for digesting and 1676: 1062:(with the embryo's ventral surface becoming 27:Organ system within humans and other animals 4365:"Inflammation, Atrophy, and Gastric Cancer" 4274:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.003 4123:Jakoby, WB; Ziegler, DM (5 December 1990). 3136: 3064:Oxford textbook of medicine: Sections 18-33 3054: 2530:frame drum still uses gut for this purpose. 1603:meal, and simple ingestion and spotting of 1025:(a loop of the colon closest to the rectum) 987:(ascending in the back wall of the abdomen) 932:, as well as any other remaining nutrients. 732:"Guts" redirects here. For other uses, see 551:having diverse roles in the maintenance of 5813: 5799: 5399: 5385: 4574: 4560: 4055: 3734: 3517: 3268:Human Embryology and Developmental Biology 3178: 3104: 3067:. Oxford University Press. pp. 511–. 3016:. Sinauer Associates: Massachusetts. p 57. 1689:(Tregs). This is due to the production of 1383:consists of an inner circular layer and a 924:similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly 347: 333: 4388: 4363:Fox, James; Timothy Wang (January 2007). 4320: 4302: 4254:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0 4229: 4219: 4140: 3986: 3968: 3860: 3819: 3711: 3662: 3587: 3495: 3150: 3097:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 3047:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 3025: 2989: 2940: 2891: 2881: 2731:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 2688:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. p. 197 2240: 1896:was discovered; it lived during the late 5406: 4430: 3899: 3550: 3548: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3192:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2863: 2761: 1945: 1719: 1426: 1249: 611: 539:The gastrointestinal tract contains the 415:, and the waste expelled at the anus as 4461: 2473:by musicians can be traced back to the 1830:, the gastrointestinal tract ends in a 1451:parts of the GI tract are covered with 1367:, situated on the inner surface of the 14: 6458: 4486: 4436: 4411: 4061: 2424: 2372:is understood to have died from this.) 1146:(Though the spleen is supplied by the 504:). The tract may also be divided into 387:. The GI tract contains all the major 5794: 5380: 4555: 4356: 3545: 3320: 3309: 2623:All pages with titles beginning with 2110:Functional gastrointestinal disorders 1074:-lined structure in contact with the 403:. Food taken in through the mouth is 4163: 3633:10.1001/archinte.1929.00140060002001 3321:Sarna, S.K. (2010). "Introduction". 3270:(3rd ed.). Saint Louis: Mosby. 3240: 3234: 2587:, but may be replaced by metal wire. 2459:calf-intestinal alkaline phosphatase 2009:of the stomach and small intestine. 1871:tough plant material, consisting of 1842:is fused with the genito-anal pore. 910:also known as plicae circulares and 375:) is the tract or passageway of the 4129:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 3902:Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 3644: 2649: 2203:dyes may be swallowed to produce a 1046:Development of the digestive system 24: 4487:Hiskey, Daven (12 November 2010). 3146:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. 1771:Detoxification and drug metabolism 1610: 936: 814: 25: 6492: 4535: 4369:Journal of Clinical Investigation 4291:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3957:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3792:The American Journal of Pathology 3651:American Journal of Roentgenology 3554: 3012:Nelson RJ. 2005. Introduction to 2633:All pages with titles containing 2485:, or synthetic materials such as 2118:chronic functional abdominal pain 1922:; re-evolved in nephrozoans like 1763:. An imbalanced ratio results in 1755:compete with potentially harmful 1622: 1374: 1254:General structure of the gut wall 978:(first portion of the colon) and 695:suspensory muscle of the duodenum 4462:Goering, Richard (20 May 2014). 3576:Advances in Physiology Education 3291:Abraham L. Kierszenbaum (2002). 2457:casings. Calf intestines supply 2332:is a blockage of the intestines. 2229:may also be taken when examined. 1801: 864:from the stomach, together with 563:. Cells of the GI tract release 154: 45: 5755:Plica semilunaris of the fauces 4506: 4480: 4412:Murphy, Kenneth (20 May 2014). 4337: 4278: 4258: 4246: 4164:Joel, Lucas (10 January 2020). 4116: 4082: 4003: 3944: 3893: 3836: 3779: 3728: 3679: 3638: 3612: 3563: 3520:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 3511: 3467: 3415: 3363: 3339: 3284: 3259: 3088: 3038: 3019: 3006: 2764:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy 1873:additional stomach compartments 1581: 3026:Thomasino, Anne Marie (2001). 2908: 2857: 2738: 2722: 2705: 2556:is made of lamb (or goat) gut. 2116:. Functional constipation and 1637:gut-associated lymphoid tissue 1190:, and first two-thirds of the 1039: 587:, are mediated through either 13: 1: 4437:Parham, Peter (20 May 2014). 4142:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45272-0 4125:"The enzymes of detoxication" 4091:"Physiology, Large Intestine" 3028:"Length of a Human Intestine" 2642: 2323:Intestinal pseudo-obstruction 2194:lower gastrointestinal series 2164:, maroon-coloured blood, and 1903:about 550 million years ago. 1311:). The mucosa is made up of: 1003:(passing below the diaphragm) 4095:National Library of Medicine 3914:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000125 3862:10.1097/MIB.0000000000000204 3804:10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.024 3559:. Colorado State University. 3204:10.3109/00365521.2014.898326 3095:Lower+Gastrointestinal+Tract 3045:Upper+Gastrointestinal+Tract 2750:Dorland's Medical Dictionary 2717:Dorland's Medical Dictionary 2461:(CIP), and are used to make 2171: 2112:the most common of which is 1560:gastric intrinsic factor GIF 1455:. These include most of the 1344: 1239: 728:Lower gastrointestinal tract 647:Upper gastrointestinal tract 607: 603:Human gastrointestinal tract 543:, with some 1,000 different 218:Lower gastrointestinal tract 178:Upper gastrointestinal tract 7: 6061:Enterochromaffin-like cells 3849:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 3425:Journal of Gastroenterology 3162:Gray's anatomy for students 2657:"Overview of Invertebrates" 2612:Gastrointestinal physiology 2598: 2123: 1969: 1882:used for grinding up food. 1712:locus, thus regulating the 1629:exposed surface of the skin 1537:Gene and protein expression 1397:interstitial cells of Cajal 967:, which is attached to the 108:canalis gastrointestinales 10: 6497: 5440:Labial commissure of mouth 4221:10.1038/s41467-019-13882-z 3737:Nature Reviews. Immunology 2933:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309990 2602: 2183: 2092:Inflammatory bowel disease 2059:is an inflammation of the 2051:is an inflammation of the 1962: 1952: 1949: 1744:) and the reabsorption of 1650:that enter it. Similarly, 1633:intestinal mucosal barrier 1430: 1348: 1292: 1243: 1232:inferior mesenteric artery 1198:superior mesenteric artery 1043: 940: 818: 731: 650: 29: 6401: 6340: 6317: 6254: 6236: 6227: 6195: 6179: 6141: 6093: 6084: 6075: 5958: 5920: 5842: 5833: 5737: 5664: 5643: 5589: 5509: 5476: 5458: 5415: 5331: 5254: 5216: 5093: 5036: 4995: 4960: 4901: 4838: 4798: 4789: 4757: 4729: 4602: 4593: 4464:MIMS Medical Microbiology 4097:. StatPearls Publishing. 3704:10.5056/jnm.2012.18.2.227 3437:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7 3266:Bruce M. Carlson (2004). 3113:"Large Intestine Anatomy" 3061:David A. Warrell (2005). 2883:10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3 2864:Lin, L; Zhang, J (2017). 2776:10.1007/s00276-002-0057-y 2047:Inflammatory conditions. 1790:in the detoxification of 1677:Immune system homeostasis 1288: 699:gastrointestinal bleeding 133: 121: 81: 76: 64: 59: 44: 39: 6481:Routes of administration 3589:10.1152/advan.00192.2020 3099:Medical Subject Headings 3049:Medical Subject Headings 3014:Behavioral Endocrinology 2733:Medical Subject Headings 2712:"gastrointestinal tract" 2413:Pseudomembranous colitis 2252:Enteric duplication cyst 2177:Gastrointestinal surgery 2114:irritable bowel syndrome 1955:Gastrointestinal disease 1405:autonomic nervous system 1224:, and upper part of the 32:Enteric (disambiguation) 6385:External anal sphincter 6380:Intersphincteric groove 6375:Internal anal sphincter 5892:Pterygomandibular raphe 5635:Tubarial salivary gland 4514:"World's oldest condom" 4414:Janeway's Immunobiology 4304:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1078 4062:Knight, Judson (2002). 3970:10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1433 3385:10.1126/science.1260419 2970:Molecular Endocrinology 2368:and death. (The singer 2069:is inflammation of the 2022:Gastrointestinal cancer 1736:, which is released as 1734:host–pathogen interface 1691:short-chain fatty acids 1513:of the stomach, distal 1497:parts are covered with 1401:basal electrical rhythm 963:. It also includes the 6166:Duodenojejunal flexure 6161:Minor duodenal papilla 6156:Major duodenal papilla 5907:Pharyngobasilar fascia 5902:Buccopharyngeal fascia 5823:gastrointestinal tract 5722:Glossoepiglottic folds 5026:Lymphoid immune system 4595:Musculoskeletal system 4350:HCUP Statistical Brief 2729:Gastrointestinal+tract 2605:anatomical terminology 2475:third dynasty of Egypt 2469:The use of animal gut 2392:Hirschsprung's disease 2241:Other related diseases 1591:-labeled meal, breath 1365:enteric nervous plexus 1255: 620: 482:human digestive system 361:gastrointestinal tract 314:Anatomical terminology 309:Human digestive system 169:Gastrointestinal tract 135:Anatomical terminology 98:canalis alimentarius ( 40:Gastrointestinal tract 6123:Enteroendocrine cells 5770:Palatopharyngeal arch 5544:Mucogingival junction 5539:Junctional epithelium 5435:Frenulum of lower lip 5014:Myeloid immune system 4800:Cardiovascular system 4266:Developmental Biology 4199:Nature Communications 4068:. Vol. 4. Gale. 3664:10.2214/ajr.104.3.522 1965:Clinical significance 1963:Further information: 1946:Clinical significance 1838:. In the cloaca, the 1720:Intestinal microbiota 1599:analysis following a 1427:Adventitia and serosa 1253: 1246:Gastrointestinal wall 1084:Meckel's diverticulum 615: 304:Gastrointestinal wall 88:tractus digestorius ( 5579:Periodontal ligament 5366:Islets of Langerhans 5226:Genitourinary system 4962:Integumentary system 3488:10.1136/gut.39.2.299 3351:www.proteinatlas.org 3295:. St. Louis: Mosby. 3032:The Physics Factbook 2982:10.1210/me.2014-1108 2685:Invertebrate Zoology 2433:that is a source of 2338:is a common form of 2267:Peptic ulcer disease 2166:tarry-coloured blood 2135:, which may include 2078:Diverticular disease 1505:. These include the 1459:, first part of the 734:Gut (disambiguation) 528:, maintain constant 526:smooth muscle tissue 379:that leads from the 6056:Gastric chief cells 5717:Sublingual caruncle 5611:Submandibular gland 5549:Sulcular epithelium 5519:Interdental papilla 5256:Reproductive system 4975:Subcutaneous tissue 4744:Cartilaginous joint 4212:2020NatCo..11..205S 4033:10.1038/nature12721 4025:2013Natur.504..446F 3241:Hall, John (2011). 2815:Digestive Endoscopy 2425:Uses of animal guts 2278:Helicobacter pylori 2005:which results from 1999:foodborne illnesses 1753:intestinal bacteria 1529:. In addition, the 991:Right colic flexure 629:microscopic anatomy 5765:Palatoglossal arch 5038:Respiratory system 4791:Circulatory system 4493:TodayIFoundOut.com 4171:The New York Times 3532:10.1007/BF01296501 2745:"digestive system" 2603:This article uses 2465:. Other uses are: 2437:, a corresponding 2104:autoimmune disease 2100:ulcerative colitis 2034:oesophageal cancer 1859:axial twist theory 1828:egg-laying mammals 1687:T-regulatory cells 1570:proteins, such as 1503:transpyloric plane 1369:muscularis externa 1359:. It contains the 1357:muscularis externa 1330:– a thin layer of 1328:Muscularis mucosae 1256: 1212:last third of the 1007:Left colic flexure 955:and ending at the 621: 569:digestive hormones 433:have small pores ( 319:Outline of anatomy 163:Major parts of the 6453: 6452: 6445:Muscularis mucosa 6397: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6307:epiploic appendix 6223: 6222: 6151:Suspensory muscle 6113:Intestinal glands 6071: 6070: 5788: 5787: 5374: 5373: 4897: 4896: 4887:Glymphatic system 4785: 4784: 4473:978-0-3230-4475-2 4448:978-0-8153-4146-8 4439:The Immune System 4423:978-0-8153-4243-4 4019:(7480): 446–450. 3855:(12): 2394–2404. 3526:(10): 1548–1553, 3379:(6220): 1260419. 3302:978-0-323-01639-1 3277:978-0-323-03649-8 3171:978-0-8089-2306-0 3074:978-0-19-856978-7 2827:10.1111/den.12309 2698:978-0-03-025982-1 2590:The oldest known 2463:goldbeater's skin 2223:Capsule endoscopy 2160:, which includes 2141:vomiting of blood 2042:colorectal cancer 1855:early development 1782:, along with the 1443:connective tissue 1361:submucosal plexus 1237: 1236: 870:digestive enzymes 559:, and many other 516:, reflecting the 441:) for excretion, 357: 356: 149: 148: 144: 16:(Redirected from 6488: 6476:Endocrine system 6471:Digestive system 6327:Transverse folds 6284:Descending colon 6274:Transverse colon 6234: 6233: 6188:No substructures 6171:Brunner's glands 6101:Intestinal villi 6091: 6090: 6082: 6081: 5981:Angular incisure 5897:Pharyngeal raphe 5865:retropharyngeal 5840: 5839: 5825:, excluding the 5815: 5808: 5801: 5792: 5791: 5623:Sublingual gland 5501:Incisive papilla 5425:Vermilion border 5401: 5394: 5387: 5378: 5377: 5333:Endocrine system 5095:Digestive system 4840:Lymphatic system 4823:Lymphatic vessel 4796: 4795: 4600: 4599: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4553: 4552: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4392: 4381:10.1172/JCI30111 4360: 4354: 4353: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4306: 4297:(3): 1078–1087. 4282: 4276: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4223: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4144: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3972: 3963:(4): 1433–1448. 3948: 3942: 3941: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3864: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3823: 3798:(7): 1809–1819. 3783: 3777: 3776: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3715: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3666: 3645:Kim, SK (1968). 3642: 3636: 3635: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3591: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3555:Bowen, Richard. 3552: 3543: 3542: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3499: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3318: 3307: 3306: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3187: 3176: 3175: 3157: 3148: 3147: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3108: 3102: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3058: 3052: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2944: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2895: 2885: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2759: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2726: 2720: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2663:. 6 October 2015 2653: 2638: 2635:Gastrointestinal 2628: 2625:Gastrointestinal 2544:The wrapping of 2407:colorectal polyp 2403:Polyp (medicine) 2302:also exhibits a 2288:microenvironment 1959:Gastroenterology 1665:secreted in the 1533:has adventitia. 1523:descending colon 1477:transverse colon 1393:myenteric plexus 1230:branches of the 1218:descending colon 1214:transverse colon 1196:branches of the 1192:transverse colon 1131:Arterial supply 1119: 1118: 1017:Descending colon 1001:Transverse colon 894:Brunner's glands 866:pancreatic juice 618:digestive system 616:Illustration of 421:Gastrointestinal 377:digestive system 373:alimentary canal 349: 342: 335: 269:Descending colon 264:Transverse colon 158: 151: 150: 141:edit on Wikidata 138: 71:Digestive system 49: 37: 36: 21: 18:Intestinal tract 6496: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6389: 6336: 6313: 6279:Splenic flexure 6269:Hepatic flexure 6264:Ascending colon 6250: 6229:Large intestine 6219: 6215:Microfold cells 6210:Peyer's patches 6205:Ileocecal valve 6191: 6175: 6137: 6086:Small intestine 6067: 5954: 5916: 5870:parapharyngeal 5860:peripharyngeal 5829: 5821:Anatomy of the 5819: 5789: 5784: 5780:Palatine tonsil 5775:Tonsillar fossa 5733: 5712:Fimbriated fold 5697:Lingual tonsils 5687:Terminal sulcus 5660: 5639: 5585: 5534:Gingival fibers 5529:Gingival margin 5524:Gingival sulcus 5505: 5472: 5454: 5411: 5407:Anatomy of the 5405: 5375: 5370: 5327: 5289:Seminal vesicle 5250: 5212: 5162:Small intestine 5089: 5032: 4991: 4956: 4893: 4834: 4781: 4759:Muscular system 4753: 4725: 4604:Skeletal system 4589: 4580: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4410: 4406: 4361: 4357: 4342: 4338: 4283: 4279: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4162: 4158: 4135:(34): 20715–8. 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4060: 4056: 4008: 4004: 3949: 3945: 3898: 3894: 3841: 3837: 3784: 3780: 3749:10.1038/nri3738 3743:(10): 667–685. 3733: 3729: 3684: 3680: 3643: 3639: 3621:Arch Intern Med 3617: 3613: 3568: 3564: 3553: 3546: 3516: 3512: 3472: 3468: 3420: 3416: 3368: 3364: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3319: 3310: 3303: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3239: 3235: 3188: 3179: 3172: 3158: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3059: 3055: 3043: 3039: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3007: 2962: 2958: 2913: 2909: 2862: 2858: 2811: 2807: 2760: 2756: 2743: 2739: 2727: 2723: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2631: 2621: 2608: 2601: 2577:longcase clocks 2427: 2418:Toxic megacolon 2398:Intussusception 2394:(aganglionosis) 2336:Coeliac disease 2296:microaerophilic 2243: 2234:abdominal x-ray 2186: 2174: 2162:fresh red blood 2139:of food or the 2126: 2096:Crohn's disease 2061:large intestine 2003:gastroenteritis 1972: 1967: 1961: 1953:Main articles: 1951: 1948: 1934:. This and the 1928:genital opening 1804: 1788:drug metabolism 1773: 1748:and nutrients. 1722: 1679: 1625: 1613: 1611:Immune function 1584: 1562:, expressed in 1550:, expressed in 1539: 1519:ascending colon 1495:Retroperitoneal 1465:small intestine 1449:Intraperitoneal 1439: 1433:Serous membrane 1431:Main articles: 1429: 1377: 1353: 1347: 1301: 1291: 1248: 1242: 1188:ascending colon 1145: 1058:begins to fold 1048: 1042: 985:Ascending colon 949:large intestine 945: 943:Large intestine 939: 937:Large intestine 839:small intestine 835: 821:Small intestine 819:Main articles: 817: 815:Small intestine 781:large intestine 777:small intestine 745:large intestine 743:and all of the 741:small intestine 737: 730: 671: 651:Main articles: 649: 610: 605: 581:cholecystokinin 490:salivary glands 480:. The complete 478:large intestine 474:small intestine 369:digestive tract 353: 324: 323: 299: 291: 290: 259:Ascending colon 242:Large intestine 225:Small intestine 220: 210: 209: 180: 145: 114:large intestine 107: 104:large intestine 97: 55: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6494: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6435:Circular folds 6432: 6427: 6425:Muscular layer 6422: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6370:Pectinate line 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6097: 6095: 6088: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6051:Parietal cells 6048: 6046:Foveolar cells 6043: 6041:Pyloric glands 6038: 6033: 6031:Cardiac glands 6028: 6026:Gastric glands 6023: 6015: 6010: 6008:Gastric mucosa 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5912:Pyriform sinus 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5875:retrovisceral 5872: 5867: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5818: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5795: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5727:Lingual septum 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5670: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5595: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5496:Palatine raphe 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5468:Buccal fat pad 5464: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5260: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5218:Urinary system 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5140:Laryngopharynx 5137: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5108:Salivary gland 5099: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5005: 5003: 5001:immune systems 4997:Haematopoietic 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4947:Somatic system 4944: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4930:Sensory system 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4907: 4905: 4903:Nervous system 4899: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4882:CNS equivalent 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4844: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4749:Synovial joint 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4608: 4606: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4579: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4536:External links 4534: 4531: 4530: 4505: 4479: 4472: 4454: 4447: 4429: 4422: 4404: 4355: 4336: 4277: 4257: 4245: 4184: 4156: 4115: 4081: 4074: 4054: 4002: 3943: 3908:(6): 578–582. 3892: 3835: 3778: 3727: 3698:(2): 227–228. 3678: 3657:(3): 522–524. 3637: 3611: 3582:(1): 103–108. 3562: 3544: 3510: 3482:(2): 299–305, 3466: 3414: 3362: 3338: 3331: 3308: 3301: 3283: 3276: 3258: 3251: 3233: 3198:(6): 681–689. 3177: 3170: 3149: 3143:Gray's Anatomy 3129: 3103: 3087: 3073: 3053: 3037: 3018: 3005: 2976:(8): 1221–38. 2956: 2927:(2): 330–339. 2907: 2870:BMC Immunology 2856: 2805: 2770:(5): 290–294. 2754: 2737: 2721: 2704: 2697: 2674: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2619: 2614: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2585:bracket clocks 2573: 2563: 2557: 2542: 2531: 2517: 2508:, such as for 2502: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2410: 2400: 2395: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2376:Angiodysplasia 2373: 2359: 2353: 2343: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2230: 2207: 2205:barium swallow 2185: 2182: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2158:Blood in stool 2155: 2149: 2143: 2125: 2122: 2086:diverticulitis 2082:Diverticulosis 2075: 2074: 2064: 2045: 2038:stomach cancer 1971: 1968: 1947: 1944: 1932:proarticulates 1840:urinary system 1803: 1800: 1772: 1769: 1721: 1718: 1678: 1675: 1648:microorganisms 1624: 1623:Immune barrier 1621: 1612: 1609: 1583: 1580: 1564:parietal cells 1554:, and gastric 1544:pepsinogen PGC 1538: 1535: 1428: 1425: 1381:muscular layer 1376: 1375:Muscular layer 1373: 1349:Main article: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1325: 1322:Lamina propria 1319: 1299:Gastric mucosa 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1276: 1274:Muscular layer 1271: 1266: 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1210: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1194: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1142: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1080:vitelline duct 1050:The gut is an 1044:Main article: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1004: 998: 988: 982: 941:Main article: 938: 935: 934: 933: 915: 908:circular folds 901: 851:circular folds 841:begins at the 816: 813: 729: 726: 648: 645: 609: 606: 604: 601: 561:microorganisms 541:gut microbiota 355: 354: 352: 351: 344: 337: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 282: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 255: 254: 239: 238: 237: 232: 221: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 181: 176: 175: 172: 171: 165: 164: 160: 159: 147: 146: 137: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 85: 79: 78: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 57: 56: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6493: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6289:Sigmoid colon 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036:Fundic glands 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017:Microanatomy 6016: 6014: 6013:Gastric folds 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738:Back of mouth 5736: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692:Foramen cecum 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5682:Median sulcus 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5655:tooth anatomy 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5599:Parotid gland 5597: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5201:Biliary tract 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4985:Mammary gland 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4739:Fibrous joint 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4583:Human systems 4577: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4075:9780787656348 4071: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3332:9781615041503 3328: 3324: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3252:9781416045748 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2637: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2617:Gut-on-a-chip 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2583:movements in 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525:North African 2522: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356:Endometriosis 2354: 2351: 2347: 2346:Enteroviruses 2344: 2341: 2340:malabsorption 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2290:: it is both 2289: 2284: 2283:gram-negative 2280: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:sigmoidoscopy 2216: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2178: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2137:regurgitation 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:tongue cancer 2027: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2001:, can induce 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802:Other animals 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1617:immune system 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597:scintigraphic 1594: 1590: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:sigmoid colon 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1463:, all of the 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1332:smooth muscle 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1252: 1247: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1153:celiac trunk 1152: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1128:Gives rise to 1127: 1125:Part in adult 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1023:Sigmoid colon 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 992: 989: 986: 983: 981: 977: 974: 973: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 944: 931: 927: 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