Interrupt - Knowledge

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how to service, which may raise spurious interrupts, it will not interfere with interrupt signaling of other devices. However, it is easy for an edge-triggered interrupt to be missed - for example, when interrupts are masked for a period - and unless there is some type of hardware latch that records the event it is impossible to recover. This problem caused many "lockups" in early computer hardware because the processor did not know it was expected to do something. More modern hardware often has one or more interrupt status registers that latch interrupts requests; well-written edge-driven interrupt handling code can check these registers to ensure no events are missed.

155: 374: 745:, and identifies three types of exceptions: faults, traps, and aborts. (Hardware) interrupts are interrupts triggered asynchronously by an I/O device, and allow the program to be restarted with no loss of continuity. A fault is restartable as well but is tied to the synchronous execution of an instruction - the return address points to the faulting instruction. A trap is similar to a fault except that the return address points to the instruction to be executed after the trapping instruction; one prominent use is to implement 978: 879: 1499: 1169: 47: 1062:

Talking can be triggered in two ways: by accumulation latch or by logic gates. Logic gates expect a continual data flow that is monitored for key signals. Accumulators only trigger when the remote side excites the gate beyond a threshold, thus no negotiated speed is required. Each has its speed versus distance advantages. A trigger, generally, is the method in which excitation is detected: rising edge, falling edge, threshold (

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circuit to return to the quiescent state before the current instance of the ISR terminates. The result is the processor will think another interrupt is pending, since the voltage at its interrupt request input will be not high or low enough to establish an unambiguous internal logic 1 or logic 0. The apparent interrupt will have no identifiable source, hence the "spurious" moniker.

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may even be multiple doorbells serving different purposes in this region. It is this act of writing to the doorbell region of memory that "rings the bell" and notifies the hardware device that the data are ready and waiting. The hardware device would now know that the data are valid and can be acted upon. It would typically write the data to a

455:, all interrupts went to the same location, and the OS used a specialized instruction to determine the highest-priority outstanding unmasked interrupt. On contemporary systems, there is generally a distinct interrupt routine for each type of interrupt (or for each interrupt source), often implemented as one or more 771:, and exception-generating instructions. Aborts correspond to x86 exceptions and may be prefetch aborts (failed instruction fetches) or data aborts (failed data accesses), and may be synchronous or asynchronous. Asynchronous aborts may be precise or imprecise. MMU aborts (page faults) are synchronous. 1355:

associated to separate interrupts; by routing each of those interrupts to different cores, processing of the interrupt requests triggered by the network traffic received by a single NIC can be distributed among multiple cores. Distribution of the interrupts among cores can be performed automatically

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A common use of a hybrid interrupt is for the NMI (non-maskable interrupt) input. Because NMIs generally signal major – or even catastrophic – system events, a good implementation of this signal tries to ensure that the interrupt is valid by verifying that it remains active for a period of time. This

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on some buses and trolleys that any passenger can pull to signal the driver that they are requesting a stop.) However, interrupt pulses from different devices may merge if they occur close in time. To avoid losing interrupts the CPU must trigger on the trailing edge of the pulse (e.g. the rising edge

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There are several different architectures for handling interrupts. In some, there is a single interrupt handler that must scan for the highest priority enabled interrupt. In others, there are separate interrupt handlers for separate interrupt types, separate I/O channels or devices, or both. Several

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then special hardware may be required to detect it. The important part of edge triggering is that the signal must transition to trigger the interrupt; for example, if the signal was high-low-low, there would only be one falling edge interrupt triggered, and the continued low level would not trigger a

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Edge-triggered interrupts do not suffer the problems that level-triggered interrupts have with sharing. Service of a low-priority device can be postponed arbitrarily, while interrupts from high-priority devices continue to be received and get serviced. If there is a device that the CPU does not know

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charging/discharging through the interrupt line's bias resistor will cause a small delay before the processor recognizes that the interrupt source has been cleared. If the interrupting device is cleared too late in the interrupt service routine (ISR), there will not be enough time for the interrupt

520:(OS/360) relies on a not-ready to ready device-end interrupt when a tape has been mounted on a tape drive, and will not read the tape label until that interrupt occurs or is simulated. IBM added code in OS/360 so that the VARY ONLINE command will simulate a device end interrupt on the target device. 512:

One failure mode is when the hardware does not generate the expected interrupt for a change in state, causing the operating system to wait indefinitely. Depending on the details, the failure might affect only a single process or might have global impact. Some operating systems have code specifically

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The concept of an interrupt is something that has expanded in scope over the years. The 80x86 family has only added to the confusion surrounding interrupts by introducing the int (software interrupt) instruction. Indeed different manufacturers have used terms like exceptions faults aborts traps and

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A disk interrupt signals the completion of a data transfer from or to the disk peripheral; this may cause a process to run which is waiting to read or write. A power-off interrupt predicts imminent loss of power, allowing the computer to perform an orderly shut-down while there still remains enough

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Some devices with a poorly designed programming interface provide no way to determine whether they have requested service. They may lock up or otherwise misbehave if serviced when they do not want it. Such devices cannot tolerate spurious interrupts, and so also cannot tolerate sharing an interrupt

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Each interrupt signal input is designed to be triggered by either a logic signal level or a particular signal edge (level transition). Level-sensitive inputs continuously request processor service so long as a particular (high or low) logic level is applied to the input. Edge-sensitive inputs react

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device that there is some work to be done. Typically, the software system will place data in some well-known and mutually agreed upon memory locations, and "ring the doorbell" by writing to a different memory location. This different memory location is often called the doorbell region, and there

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Multiple devices sharing an interrupt line (of any triggering style) all act as spurious interrupt sources with respect to each other. With many devices on one line, the workload in servicing interrupts grows in proportion to the square of the number of devices. It is therefore preferred to spread

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Triggering for software interrupts must be built into the software (both in OS and app). A 'C' app has a trigger table (a table of functions) in its header, which both the app and OS know of and use appropriately that is not related to hardware. However do not confuse this with hardware interrupts

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A spurious interrupt may result in system deadlock or other undefined operation if the ISR does not account for the possibility of such an interrupt occurring. As spurious interrupts are mostly a problem with wired-OR interrupt circuits, good programming practice in such systems is for the ISR to

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instructions may be implemented in hardware on some systems and emulated on lower-cost systems. In the latter case, execution of an unimplemented floating point instruction will cause an "illegal instruction" exception interrupt. The interrupt handler will implement the floating point function in

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Multiple devices may share an edge-triggered interrupt line if they are designed to. The interrupt line must have a pull-down or pull-up resistor so that when not actively driven it settles to its inactive state, which is the default state of it. Devices signal an interrupt by briefly driving the

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Level-triggered inputs allow multiple devices to share a common interrupt signal via wired-OR connections. The processor polls to determine which devices are requesting service. After servicing a device, the processor may again poll and, if necessary, service other devices before exiting the ISR.

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Message-signalled interrupts behave very much like edge-triggered interrupts, in that the interrupt is a momentary signal rather than a continuous condition. Interrupt-handling software treats the two in much the same manner. Typically, multiple pending message-signaled interrupts with the same

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There are three ways multiple devices "sharing the same line" can be raised. First is by exclusive conduction (switching) or exclusive connection (to pins). Next is by bus (all connected to the same line listening): cards on a bus must know when they are to talk and not talk (i.e., the ISA bus).

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The processor samples the interrupt trigger signals or interrupt register during each instruction cycle, and will process the highest priority enabled interrupt found. Regardless of the triggering method, the processor will begin interrupt processing at the next instruction boundary following a

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register, which allows selective enabling (and disabling) of hardware interrupts. Each interrupt signal is associated with a bit in the mask register. On some systems, the interrupt is enabled when the bit is set, and disabled when the bit is clear. On others, the reverse is true, and a set bit

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devices evenly across the available interrupt lines. Shortage of interrupt lines is a problem in older system designs where the interrupt lines are distinct physical conductors. Message-signaled interrupts, where the interrupt line is virtual, are favored in new system architectures (such as

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Because the identity of the interrupt is indicated by a pattern of data bits, not requiring a separate physical conductor, many more distinct interrupts can be efficiently handled. This reduces the need for sharing. Interrupt messages can also be passed over a serial bus, not requiring any

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further interrupt. The signal must return to the high level and fall again in order to trigger a further interrupt. This contrasts with a level trigger where the low level would continue to create interrupts (if they are enabled) until the signal returns to its high level.

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at low load, but degrade significantly at high interrupt rate unless care is taken to prevent several pathologies. The phenomenon where the overall system performance is severely hindered by excessive amounts of processing time spent handling interrupts is called an

1400:), handle keyboard and mouse events, and to respond to any other time-sensitive events as required by the application system. Non-maskable interrupts are typically used to respond to high-priority requests such as watchdog timer timeouts, power-down signals and 1054:(ISA) bus uses edge-triggered interrupts, without mandating that devices be able to share IRQ lines, but all mainstream ISA motherboards include pull-up resistors on their IRQ lines, so well-behaved ISA devices sharing IRQ lines should just work fine. The 443:

with respect to the processor clock, and at any time during instruction execution. Consequently, all incoming hardware interrupt signals are conditioned by synchronizing them to the processor clock, and acted upon only at instruction execution boundaries.

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on the interrupt line, either a falling edge (high to low) or a rising edge (low to high). A device wishing to signal an interrupt drives a pulse onto the line and then releases the line to its inactive state. If the pulse is too short to be detected by

1336:, when the system spends all of its time processing interrupts to the exclusion of other required tasks. Under extreme conditions, a large number of interrupts (like very high network traffic) may completely stall the system. To avoid such problems, an 1285:, and sometimes the doorbell region is hardwired directly to physical device registers. When either writing through or directly to physical device registers, this may cause a real interrupt to occur at the device's central processor unit ( 1371:

functionality. Advantages of RPS over RSS include no requirements for specific hardware, more advanced traffic distribution filters, and reduced rate of interrupts produced by a NIC. As a downside, RPS increases the rate of

297:, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is often temporary, allowing the software to resume normal activities after the interrupt handler finishes, although the interrupt could instead indicate a fatal error. 802:. A device invokes a level-triggered interrupt by driving the signal to and holding it at the active level. It negates the signal when the processor commands it to do so, typically after the device has been serviced. 576:

A software interrupt is requested by the processor itself upon executing particular instructions or when certain conditions are met. Every software interrupt signal is associated with a particular interrupt handler.

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check all interrupt sources for activity and take no action (other than possibly logging the event) if none of the sources is interrupting. They may even lead to crashing of the computer in adverse scenarios.

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In Cortex-M4 system, the interrupts and exceptions have the following properties: ... Generally, a single bit in a mask register is used to mask (disable) or unmask (enable) certain interrupt/exceptions to

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Some systems use a hybrid of level-triggered and edge-triggered signaling. The hardware not only looks for an edge, but it also verifies that the interrupt signal stays active for a certain period of time.

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Hardware timers are often used to generate periodic interrupts. In some applications, such interrupts are counted by the interrupt handler to keep track of absolute or elapsed time, or used by the OS task

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is a hardware interrupt for which no source can be found. The term "phantom interrupt" or "ghost interrupt" may also be used to describe this phenomenon. Spurious interrupts tend to be a problem with a

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In many systems, each device is associated with a particular IRQ signal. This makes it possible to quickly determine which hardware device is requesting service, and to expedite servicing of that device.

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interrupts to describe the phenomena this chapter discusses. Unfortunately there is no clear consensus as to the exact meaning of these terms. Different authors adopt different terms to their own use.

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disables the interrupt. When the interrupt is disabled, the associated interrupt signal may be ignored by the processor, or it may remain pending. Signals which are affected by the mask are called

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Then it's just a matter of cleaning up, running software interrupts, and getting back to regular work. The "regular work" may well have changed as a result of an interrupt (the handler could

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currently executing code (when permitted), so that the event can be processed in a timely manner. If the request is accepted, the processor will suspend its current activities, save its

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software and then return to the interrupted program as if the hardware-implemented instruction had been executed. This provides application software portability across the entire line.

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Interrupts are commonly used by hardware devices to indicate electronic or physical state changes that require time-sensitive attention. Interrupts are also commonly used to implement

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The processor samples the interrupt input signal during each instruction cycle. The processor will recognize the interrupt request if the signal is asserted when sampling occurs.

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to signal edges: a particular (rising or falling) edge will cause a service request to be latched; the processor resets the latch when the interrupt handler executes.

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does not use a physical interrupt line. Instead, a device signals its request for service by sending a short message over some communications medium, typically a

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line to its non-default state, and let the line float (do not actively drive it) when not signaling an interrupt. This type of connection is also referred to as

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Some operating systems can recover from severe errors, e.g., paging in a page from a paging file after an uncorrectable ECC error in an unaltered page.

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also uses edge-triggered interrupts. Many older devices assume that they have exclusive use of IRQ lines, making it electrically unsafe to share them.

1467:(IPC), mediated by the kernel (possibly via system calls) and handled by processes, while interrupts are mediated by the processor and handled by the 749:. An abort is used for severe errors, such as hardware errors and illegal values in system tables, and often does not allow a restart of the program. 2693: 1277:. It is similar to an interrupt, because it causes some work to be done by the device; however, the doorbell region is sometimes implemented as a 851:

The processor status is saved in a known manner. Typically the status is stored in a known location, but on some systems it is stored on a stack.

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Interrupts are commonly used to service hardware timers, transfer data to and from storage (e.g., disk I/O) and communication interfaces (e.g.,

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may refer to any interrupt, to any software interrupt, to any synchronous software interrupt, or only to interrupts caused by instructions with

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interrupt causes may have the same interrupt type and thus the same interrupt handler, requiring the interrupt handler to determine the cause.

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If an additional component is used, that component would be connected between the interrupting device and the processor's interrupt pin to

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will catch and handle such interrupts. Some interrupts are handled transparently to the program - for example, the normal resolution of a

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interrupt circuit attached to a level-sensitive processor input. Such interrupts may be difficult to identify when a system misbehaves.

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No instruction beyond the one pointed to by the PC has been executed, or any such instructions are undone before handling the interrupt.

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A hardware interrupt is a condition related to the state of the hardware that may be signaled by an external hardware device, e.g., an

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are used to distinguish types of interrupts, although "there is no clear consensus as to the exact meaning of these terms". The term

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if the line is pulled up and driven low). After detecting an interrupt the CPU must check all the devices for service requirements.

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Typically, interrupt events associated with I/O remain pending until the interrupt is enabled or explicitly cleared, e.g., by the

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Interrupts are sometimes used to emulate instructions which are unimplemented on some computers in a product family. For example

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that retains the status of pending interrupts. Systems with interrupt registers generally have interrupt mask registers as well.

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a process, for example), so the last thing that happens on return from an interrupt is a possible rescheduling of the processor.

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message (the same virtual interrupt line) are allowed to merge, just as closely spaced edge-triggered interrupts can merge.

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cards, due to often cheap design and construction, are notorious for this problem. Such devices are becoming much rarer, as

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Interrupts may be fully handled in hardware by the CPU, or may be handled by both the CPU and another component such as a

31: 649:, it is often the case that some types of software interrupts are not supposed to happen. If they occur nonetheless, an 592:(e.g., to read or write storage media). Software interrupts may also be triggered by program execution errors or by the 111: 1141:

can be shared, to the extent that the underlying communication medium can be shared. No additional effort is required.

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uses interrupt as the overall term as well as for the external subset; internal interrupts are called exceptions.

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Some interrupt signals are not affected by the interrupt mask and therefore cannot be disabled; these are called

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With multi-core processors, additional performance improvements in interrupt handling can be achieved through

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several sources of interrupt onto the one or two CPU lines typically available. If implemented as part of the

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which signal the CPU (the CPU enacts software from a table of functions, similarly to software interrupts).

396:, respectively. For any particular processor, the number of interrupt types is limited by the architecture. 2729: 2714: 2673: 2612: 2124:"Intel® 64 and IA-32 architectures software developer's manual volume 3A: System programming guide, part 1" 344: 238: 97: 1632:

are 0 (disabled), the corresponding overflow and significance events do not result in a pending interrupt.

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and are used for a variety of purposes, such as requesting operating system services and interacting with

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This article is about computer interrupts conceptually. For interrupts on the PC architecture, see

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Hardware interrupts were introduced as an optimization, eliminating unproductive waiting time in

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triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position.

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which, by design, invokes an interrupt when executed. Such instructions function similarly to

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computer is generally credited with the earliest use of interrupts in 1953. Earlier, on the

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must schedule network interrupt handling as carefully as it schedules process execution.

715:. It may also refer to a synchronous interrupt caused by an exceptional condition (e.g., 646: 642:

with an exception code such as STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION or STATUS_INTEGER_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO.

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is to make the required page accessible in physical memory. But in other cases such as a

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A purely software-based implementation of the receiving traffic distribution, known as

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an interrupt is to disable it, so it is deferred or ignored by the processor, while to

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program running on the CPU. Such external devices may be part of the computer (e.g.,

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The mask register may be a single register or multiple registers, e.g., bits in the

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is requested by holding the interrupt signal at its particular (high or low) active

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Bryant, Randal E.; O’Hallaron, David R. (2016). "8.1.2 Classes of exceptions".

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2-step approach helps to eliminate false interrupts from affecting the system.

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system (1957) was the first to provide multiple levels of priority interrupts.

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by the operating system, or the routing of interrupts (usually referred to as

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systems, a processor may send an interrupt request to another processor via

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to refer to all types of interrupts, and divides exceptions into (hardware)

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becomes cheaper and new system architectures mandate shareable interrupts.

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All instructions before the one pointed to by the PC have fully executed.

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region, sometimes the doorbell region writes through to physical device

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A software interrupt may be intentionally caused by executing a special

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University of Alberta CMPUT 296 Concrete Computing Notes on Interrupts

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Microcontroller Engineering with MSP432: Fundamentals and Applications

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The execution state of the instruction pointed to by the PC is known.

612: 557: 433: 355: 2618: 1168: 251: 46: 3112: 2476: 2450: 1498: 1397: 1333: 1274: 1246: 712: 534: 452: 385: 343:(1954) incorporated the first occurrence of interrupt masking. The 336: 1953: 1380:(RFS) takes the software-based approach further by accounting for 3107: 2806: 2480: 2454: 1472: 1263: 623: 351: 340: 1744:

Jonathan Corbet; Alessandro Rubini; Greg Kroah-Hartman (2005).

1484: 1480: 1476: 774: 635: 631: 627: 549: 347: 325: 2039:"Chapter Seventeen: Interrupts, Traps and Exceptions (Part 1)" 1921:. Control Data Corporation. July 1964. pp. 4–6. 60021300. 27:

Signal to a computer processor emitted by hardware or software

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Control Data 6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual

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IBM System/360 Operating System - Guide to Model 91 Support

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The Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3 (Second Edition)

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A spurious interrupt may also be the result of electrical

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Computers with edge-triggered interrupts may include an

2516:. Systems Reference Library. pp. 11–12. C28-6666-0 1066:

can trigger a wide variety of shapes and conditions).

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Known as shoulder taps on some IBM operating systems.

1083:) and relieve this problem to a considerable extent. 611:

the operating system executes a process callback. On

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power to do so. Keyboard interrupts typically cause

350:(1954) was the first to use interrupts for I/O. The 71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2560: 1915:Control Data 3600 Computer System Reference Manual 1594:The operating system might resume the interrupted 2380: 2341: 1463:, the difference being that signals are used for 953:, interrupts are mapped into the system's memory 3147: 2256:PDP-11 Processor Handbook PDP11/04//34a/44/60/70 2094: 1750:, Third Edition, Chapter 10. Interrupt Handling" 1245:is often used to describe a mechanism whereby a 2448: 2342:Mogul, Jeffrey C.; Ramakrishnan, K. K. (1997). 380:Interrupt signals may be issued in response to 157: 2609:, archived from the original on March 13, 2012 1428:inputs, and to program output devices such as 1351:are used. Such NICs provide multiple receive 2634: 2390:Tom Herbert; Willem de Bruijn (May 9, 2014). 2300:Yiu, Joseph (2010-01-01), Yiu, Joseph (ed.), 1714: 1712: 232: 2597:Interrupts for Microchip PIC Microcontroller 2097:Computer systems: a programmer's perspective 2032: 2030: 1865: 1863: 2279:PDP-11 Peripherals and Interfacing Handbook 2099:(Third, Global ed.). Harlow: Pearson. 1984: 1197:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2641: 2627: 1836:Computer structures: readings and examples 1832: 1709: 1514:Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller 1001:. Please do not remove this message until 902:. Please do not remove this message until 239: 225: 2474: 2243:. September 1968. p. 77. A22-6821-7. 2118: 2116: 2090: 2088: 2065: 2063: 2027: 1860: 1784: 1565:Interrupts on IBM System/360 architecture 1320:Interrupts provide low overhead and good 1217:Learn how and when to remove this message 1021:Learn how and when to remove this message 922:Learn how and when to remove this message 695:in their names. In some usages, the term 131:Learn how and when to remove this message 2043:The Art Of Assembly Language Programming 997:Relevant discussion may be found on the 898:Relevant discussion may be found on the 868: 451:On some older systems, such as the 1964 372: 255:Interrupt sources and processor handling 250: 2302:"CHAPTER 2 - Overview of the Cortex-M3" 2226: 2224: 1993:Real-Time Concepts for Embedded Systems 1833:Bell, C. Gordon; Newell, Allen (1971). 1598:or might switch to a different process. 1292:Doorbell interrupts can be compared to 1074:Difficulty with sharing interrupt lines 14: 3148: 2392:"Documentation/networking/scaling.txt" 2233:IBM System/360 Principles of Operation 2113: 2085: 2060: 1869: 571: 523: 478:Processors typically have an internal 399: 2648: 2622: 2449:Jonathan Corbet (November 17, 2009). 1990: 1299: 841: 780: 507: 412:(OS) or, if there is no OS, from the 2348:ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2221: 2036: 1739: 1737: 1628:E.g., when program mask bits on the 1195:adding citations to reliable sources 1162: 971: 872: 663:Exception handling § Definition 354:was the first to use interrupts for 69:adding citations to reliable sources 40: 2299: 2164: 1931: 1111: 737:divides interrupts into (hardware) 552:due to faulty circuit design, high 32:Interrupt request (PC architecture) 24: 2534: 2314:10.1016/b978-1-85617-963-8.00005-3 2308:, Oxford: Newnes, pp. 11–24, 1444:to be buffered so as to implement 1296:, as they have some similarities. 789: 153: 25: 3167: 2585: 1734: 936:programmable interrupt controller 847:detected trigger, thus ensuring: 812: 560:, timing issues, or more rarely, 2745:Object-oriented operating system 1991:Li, Qing; Yao, Caroline (2003). 1810: 1720:"The Jargon File, version 4.4.7" 1497: 1167: 976: 877: 599:Typically, the operating system 388:events. These are classified as 45: 2615:- Article by Adityapratap Singh 2554: 2528: 2494: 2468: 2442: 2413: 2335: 2293: 2270: 2247: 2190: 2138: 2009: 1964: 1925: 1690: 1673: 1664: 1652: 1635: 1622: 1601: 1575:Autonomous peripheral operation 1412:to manage execution of running 1387: 439:Hardware interrupts can arrive 56:needs additional citations for 2755:Supercomputer operating system 1905: 1885: 1826: 1804: 1778: 1588: 1422:incremental encoder interfaces 1360:) can be manually configured. 1315: 1249:system can signal or notify a 1151:, a serial computer bus, uses 1052:Industry Standard Architecture 967: 821:is an interrupt signaled by a 656: 475:an interrupt is to enable it. 13: 1: 2613:Arduino Pin change Interrupts 2535:Thusoo, Shalesh; et al. 2287:Digital Equipment Corporation 2264:Digital Equipment Corporation 2209:. October 11, 1966. 60021300K 1785:Rosenthal, Scott (May 1995). 1703: 1555:Interrupts in 65xx processors 640:Structured Exception Handling 2730:Just enough operating system 2715:Distributed operating system 1430:digital-to-analog converters 1418:analog-to-digital converters 345:National Bureau of Standards 267:(sometimes referred to as a 7: 2843:User space and kernel space 2564:Nios II Processor Reference 2561:Altera Corporation (2009). 2475:Jake Edge (April 7, 2010). 1839:. McGraw-Hill. p. 46. 1560:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 1490: 1465:inter-process communication 1332:There are various forms of 1294:Message Signaled Interrupts 1158: 1153:message-signaled interrupts 1118:Message Signaled Interrupts 1003:conditions to do so are met 904:conditions to do so are met 10: 3172: 2750:Real-time operating system 2396:Linux kernel documentation 1995:. CRC Press. p. 163. 1912:"Interrupt Instructions". 1459:Interrupts are similar to 1374:inter-processor interrupts 1310:inter-processor interrupts 1124:message-signaled interrupt 1115: 660: 462: 424:. For example, pressing a 420:) or they may be external 315: 29: 3085: 3022: 2968: 2946:Multilevel feedback queue 2941:Fixed-priority preemptive 2929: 2864: 2855: 2825: 2772: 2763: 2725:Hobbyist operating system 2720:Embedded operating system 2702: 2656: 2451:"Receive packet steering" 2266:. 1979. pp. 128–131. 1938:. CRC Press. p. 21. 1609:Test Pending Interruption 1098: 796:level-triggered interrupt 731:is more common for this. 699:refers specifically to a 295:interrupt service routine 2989:General protection fault 2740:Network operating system 2694:User features comparison 2207:Control Data Corporation 1581: 1525:Event-driven programming 819:edge-triggered interrupt 618:this involves sending a 368: 2735:Mobile operating system 2477:"Receive flow steering" 1679:This might be just the 1365:receive packet steering 703:intended to initiate a 540:In a wired-OR circuit, 493:non-maskable interrupts 457:interrupt vector tables 271:) is a request for the 2838:Loadable kernel module 2602:IBM PC Interrupt Table 2430:. June 2014. p. 1 2073:. pp. 6–12 Vol. 1 2037:Hyde, Randall (1996). 1787:"Basics of Interrupts" 1687:or multiple registers. 1258:, or send them over a 651:operating system crash 377: 256: 164: 34:. For other uses, see 2906:Process control block 2872:Computer multitasking 2710:Disk operating system 2537:"Patent US 5632028 A" 2360:10.1145/263326.263335 2126:. p. 6-5 Vol. 3A 2017:"Hardware exceptions" 1893:"Hardware interrupts" 1816:Advances in Computers 1660:INT (x86 instruction) 1570:Time-triggered system 1535:INT (x86 instruction) 1378:Receive flow steering 869:System implementation 727:), although the term 721:invalid memory access 661:Further information: 542:parasitic capacitance 376: 302:computer multitasking 254: 163: 3077:Virtual tape library 2669:Forensic engineering 2592:Interrupts Made Easy 2172:"Types of exception" 2146:"Exception Handling" 1814:"Multiprogramming". 1748:Linux Device Drivers 1681:Program Counter (PC) 1540:Interrupt coalescing 1436:, and GPIO outputs. 1382:application locality 1345:receive-side scaling 1191:improve this section 518:Operating System/360 65:improve this article 3086:Supporting concepts 3072:Virtual file system 2502:"DECIMAL SIMULATOR" 2239:(Eighth ed.). 1520:BIOS interrupt call 1233:analogy applied to 990:of this section is 891:of this section is 572:Software interrupts 524:Spurious interrupts 516:As an example, IBM 513:to deal with this. 485:maskable interrupts 400:Hardware interrupts 394:software interrupts 390:hardware interrupts 310:real-time computing 3009:Segmentation fault 2857:Process management 2021:docs.microsoft.com 1972:"Interrupt Levels" 1932:Bai, Ying (2017). 1870:Smotherman, Mark. 1645:and other bits in 1530:Exception handling 1505:Electronics portal 1300:Multiprocessor IPI 1289:), if it has one. 1271:doorbell interrupt 1243:doorbell interrupt 1145:additional lines. 1137:Message-signalled 842:Processor response 836:interrupt register 781:Triggering methods 609:segmentation fault 530:spurious interrupt 508:Missing interrupts 378: 360:Lincoln Laboratory 257: 178:Process management 165: 3143: 3142: 2999:Memory protection 2970:Memory management 2964: 2963: 2956:Shortest job next 2851: 2850: 2650:Operating systems 2323:978-1-85617-963-8 2176:developer.arm.com 2150:developer.arm.com 2106:978-1-292-10176-7 1945:978-1-4987-7298-3 1647:control registers 1617:IBM System/370-XA 1615:) instruction of 1550:Interrupt latency 1545:Interrupt handler 1434:motor controllers 1369:interrupt handler 1251:computer hardware 1227: 1226: 1219: 1139:interrupt vectors 1031: 1030: 1023: 962:systems on a chip 951:memory controller 932: 931: 924: 616:operating systems 500:. With regard to 406:interrupt request 290:interrupt handler 261:digital computers 249: 248: 188:Memory management 147:Operating systems 141: 140: 133: 115: 16:(Redirected from 3163: 3098:Computer network 2862: 2861: 2770: 2769: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2569: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2515: 2506: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2238: 2228: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2204: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2034: 2025: 2024: 2023:. 3 August 2021. 2013: 2007: 2006: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1789:. Archived from 1782: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1754: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1716: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1639: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1605: 1599: 1592: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1338:operating system 1235:computer systems 1222: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1171: 1163: 1112:Message-signaled 1026: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1006: 980: 979: 972: 927: 920: 916: 913: 907: 881: 880: 873: 823:level transition 717:division by zero 586:subroutine calls 428:key or moving a 410:operating system 308:, especially in 283:, and execute a 241: 234: 227: 156: 143: 142: 136: 129: 125: 122: 116: 114: 73: 49: 41: 21: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3081: 3042:Defragmentation 3027: 3018: 3004:Protection ring 2973: 2960: 2932: 2925: 2847: 2821: 2759: 2698: 2652: 2647: 2588: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2388: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2298: 2294: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2212: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2093: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2047: 2045: 2035: 2028: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1946: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1876: 1874: 1868: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1831: 1827: 1809: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1762: 1760: 1752: 1742: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1640: 1636: 1627: 1623: 1606: 1602: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1390: 1349:multiqueue NICs 1327:interrupt storm 1318: 1302: 1256:hard disk drive 1223: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1188: 1172: 1161: 1120: 1114: 1101: 1076: 1027: 1016: 1010: 1007: 996: 981: 977: 970: 928: 917: 911: 908: 897: 882: 878: 871: 844: 815: 792: 790:Level-triggered 783: 709:monitor program 665: 659: 574: 526: 510: 465: 432:plugged into a 418:disk controller 402: 371: 318: 245: 170:Common features 162: 154: 137: 126: 120: 117: 74: 72: 62: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3169: 3159: 3158: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3128:User interface 3125: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3052:File attribute 3049: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3014:Virtual memory 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2886:Context switch 2883: 2868: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2586:External links 2584: 2582: 2581: 2553: 2541:Google Patents 2527: 2493: 2467: 2441: 2412: 2379: 2354:(3): 217–252. 2334: 2322: 2292: 2269: 2246: 2220: 2205:. Revision K. 2189: 2163: 2137: 2112: 2105: 2084: 2059: 2026: 2008: 2001: 1983: 1963: 1944: 1924: 1904: 1884: 1859: 1845: 1825: 1812:Codd, Edgar F. 1803: 1777: 1757:O'Reilly Media 1733: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1672: 1663: 1651: 1634: 1630:IBM System/360 1621: 1600: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1492: 1489: 1453:floating point 1389: 1386: 1317: 1314: 1306:multiprocessor 1301: 1298: 1225: 1224: 1175: 1173: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1116:Main article: 1113: 1110: 1100: 1097: 1093:hardware logic 1075: 1072: 1036:open collector 1029: 1028: 984: 982: 975: 969: 966: 930: 929: 885: 883: 876: 870: 867: 862: 861: 858: 855: 852: 843: 840: 814: 813:Edge-triggered 811: 791: 788: 782: 779: 755:uses the term 725:illegal opcode 705:context switch 658: 655: 594:virtual memory 590:device drivers 573: 570: 525: 522: 509: 506: 498:watchdog timer 480:interrupt mask 464: 461: 441:asynchronously 401: 398: 370: 367: 317: 314: 247: 246: 244: 243: 236: 229: 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 210: 205: 200: 198:Device drivers 195: 190: 185: 180: 172: 171: 167: 166: 150: 149: 139: 138: 53: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3168: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994:Memory paging 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2833:Device driver 2831: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 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1185: 1181: 1176:This section 1174: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1155:exclusively. 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1071: 1067: 1065: 1059: 1057: 1056:parallel port 1053: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1025: 1022: 1014: 1011:December 2021 1004: 1000: 994: 993: 989: 983: 974: 973: 965: 963: 958: 956: 955:address space 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 926: 923: 915: 905: 901: 895: 894: 890: 884: 875: 874: 866: 859: 856: 853: 850: 849: 848: 839: 837: 832: 829: 824: 820: 810: 806: 803: 801: 797: 787: 778: 776: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 748: 744: 741:and software 740: 736: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 664: 654: 652: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 569: 565: 563: 562:device errata 559: 555: 551: 546: 543: 538: 536: 531: 521: 519: 514: 505: 503: 499: 495: 494: 488: 486: 481: 476: 474: 470: 460: 458: 454: 449: 445: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 375: 366: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 322:polling loops 313: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 291: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 253: 242: 237: 235: 230: 228: 223: 222: 220: 219: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173: 169: 168: 152: 151: 148: 145: 144: 135: 132: 124: 121:February 2014 113: 110: 106: 103: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: – 81: 77: 76:Find sources: 70: 66: 60: 59: 54:This article 52: 48: 43: 42: 37: 33: 19: 3029:file systems 2921:Time-sharing 2890: 2572:. Retrieved 2563: 2556: 2544:. Retrieved 2540: 2530: 2520:September 2, 2518:. Retrieved 2509: 2496: 2486:November 16, 2484:. Retrieved 2470: 2460:November 16, 2458:. Retrieved 2444: 2434:November 16, 2432:. Retrieved 2415: 2405:November 16, 2403:. Retrieved 2395: 2371:. Retrieved 2351: 2347: 2337: 2327:, retrieved 2305: 2295: 2289:. p. 4. 2278: 2272: 2255: 2249: 2232: 2211:. Retrieved 2198: 2192: 2180:. Retrieved 2175: 2166: 2154:. Retrieved 2149: 2140: 2128:. Retrieved 2096: 2075:. Retrieved 2053: 2046:. Retrieved 2042: 2020: 2011: 1992: 1986: 1975:. Retrieved 1966: 1957: 1934: 1927: 1914: 1907: 1896:. Retrieved 1887: 1875:. Retrieved 1872:"Interrupts" 1850:. Retrieved 1835: 1828: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1795:. Retrieved 1791:the original 1780: 1768: 1763:December 25, 1761:. Retrieved 1747: 1724:. Retrieved 1722:. 2003-10-27 1692: 1675: 1666: 1654: 1637: 1624: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1590: 1458: 1450: 1438: 1406: 1391: 1388:Typical uses 1377: 1364: 1362: 1358:IRQ affinity 1357: 1342: 1331: 1319: 1303: 1291: 1270: 1268: 1242: 1238: 1228: 1213: 1204: 1189:Please help 1177: 1147: 1143: 1136: 1132: 1128:computer bus 1123: 1121: 1106: 1102: 1085: 1077: 1068: 1064:oscilloscope 1060: 1049: 1045: 1032: 1017: 1008: 986: 959: 944: 933: 918: 912:January 2022 909: 887: 863: 845: 835: 833: 818: 816: 807: 804: 795: 793: 784: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 747:system calls 742: 738: 733: 728: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 666: 653:may result. 645:In a kernel 644: 598: 579: 575: 566: 547: 539: 529: 527: 515: 511: 491: 489: 484: 479: 477: 472: 468: 466: 450: 446: 438: 403: 393: 389: 379: 333:UNIVAC 1103A 330: 319: 306:system calls 299: 294: 288: 276: 268: 264: 258: 213:Input/output 182: 127: 118: 108: 101: 94: 87: 75: 63:Please help 58:verification 55: 36:Interruption 3047:Device file 3037:Boot loader 2951:Round-robin 2876:Cooperative 2812:Rump kernel 2802:Multikernel 2792:Microkernel 2689:Usage share 2570:. p. 4 2182:22 December 2130:22 December 2077:22 December 2048:22 December 1877:22 December 1347:(RSS) when 1316:Performance 1266:them, etc. 1237:, the term 1231:push button 1149:PCI Express 1081:PCI Express 968:Shared IRQs 940:southbridge 800:logic level 657:Terminology 582:instruction 422:peripherals 193:File system 80:"Interrupt" 3156:Interrupts 2977:protection 2933:algorithms 2931:Scheduling 2880:Preemptive 2826:Components 2797:Monolithic 2664:Comparison 2400:kernel.org 2373:2010-11-11 2329:2023-10-11 2156:21 January 2002:1482280825 1977:2023-11-17 1954:2016020120 1898:2014-02-09 1797:2010-11-11 1726:20 January 1704:References 1619:and later. 1442:keystrokes 988:neutrality 889:neutrality 828:polled I/O 761:interrupts 743:exceptions 739:interrupts 701:breakpoint 667:The terms 605:page fault 414:bare metal 287:called an 203:Networking 183:Interrupts 91:newspapers 18:Interrupts 3067:Partition 2984:Bus error 2911:Real-time 2891:Interrupt 2817:Unikernel 2782:Exokernel 2368:215749380 1446:typeahead 1414:processes 1410:scheduler 1376:(IPIs). 1334:livelocks 1283:registers 1269:The term 1178:does not 1040:pull cord 999:talk page 947:multiplex 900:talk page 757:exception 729:exception 677:exception 669:interrupt 613:Unix-like 558:crosstalk 550:anomalies 434:PS/2 port 356:debugging 277:interrupt 273:processor 265:interrupt 3150:Category 3113:Live USB 2975:resource 2865:Concepts 2703:Variants 2684:Timeline 1491:See also 1398:Ethernet 1275:misnomer 1247:software 1239:doorbell 1159:Doorbell 992:disputed 893:disputed 713:debugger 622:such as 596:system. 556:levels, 535:wired-OR 453:CDC 3600 426:keyboard 386:software 382:hardware 337:UNIVAC I 285:function 208:Security 3108:Live CD 3062:Journal 3026:access, 3024:Storage 2901:Process 2807:vkernel 2674:History 2657:General 2574:Aug 13, 2546:Aug 13, 2481:LWN.net 2455:LWN.net 2213:May 17, 1852:Feb 18, 1771:wake_up 1596:process 1473:SIGSEGV 1461:signals 1322:latency 1312:(IPI). 1264:encrypt 1260:network 1199:removed 1184:sources 647:process 624:SIGSEGV 463:Masking 352:IBM 704 341:IBM 650 316:History 293:(or an 105:scholar 2916:Thread 2787:Hybrid 2765:Kernel 2366: 2320: 2103: 1999: 1952: 1942: 1843: 1516:(APIC) 1485:SIGFPE 1481:SIGILL 1477:SIGBUS 1469:kernel 1424:, and 1353:queues 1279:polled 1099:Hybrid 1087:line. 775:RISC-V 765:aborts 683:, and 636:SIGFPE 632:SIGILL 628:SIGBUS 620:signal 601:kernel 473:unmask 348:DYSEAC 326:DYSEAC 107: 100: 93: 86: 78: 3118:Shell 3057:Inode 2568:(PDF) 2514:(PDF) 2505:(PDF) 2428:Intel 2424:(PDF) 2364:S2CID 2283:(PDF) 2260:(PDF) 2237:(PDF) 2203:(PDF) 1959:occur 1919:(PDF) 1822:: 82. 1753:(PDF) 1582:Notes 1402:traps 1262:, or 1229:In a 938:or a 769:reset 707:to a 685:abort 681:fault 554:noise 502:SPARC 430:mouse 369:Types 281:state 263:, an 112:JSTOR 98:books 2679:List 2576:2017 2548:2017 2522:2024 2488:2014 2462:2014 2436:2014 2407:2014 2318:ISBN 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