Internet access - Knowledge

3120:(in kbit/s per capita). As shown in the Figure on the side, the digital divide in kbit/s is not monotonically decreasing, but re-opens up with each new innovation. For example, "the massive diffusion of narrow-band Internet and mobile phones during the late 1990s" increased digital inequality, as well as "the initial introduction of broadband DSL and cable modems during 2003–2004 increased levels of inequality". This is because a new kind of connectivity is never introduced instantaneously and uniformly to society as a whole at once, but diffuses slowly through social networks. As shown by the Figure, during the mid-2000s, communication capacity was more unequally distributed than during the late 1980s, when only fixed-line phones existed. The most recent increase in digital equality stems from the massive diffusion of the latest digital innovations (i.e. fixed and mobile broadband infrastructures, e.g. 3228:: A 30 July 2010 ruling by the Supreme Court of Costa Rica stated: "Without fear of equivocation, it can be said that these technologies have impacted the way humans communicate, facilitating the connection between people and institutions worldwide and eliminating barriers of space and time. At this time, access to these technologies becomes a basic tool to facilitate the exercise of fundamental rights and democratic participation (e-democracy) and citizen control, education, freedom of thought and expression, access to information and public services online, the right to communicate with the government electronically and administrative transparency, among others. This includes the fundamental right of access to these technologies, in particular, the right of access to the Internet or World Wide Web." 3657:(AWS) has been in the news for major network outages in April 2011 and June 2012. AWS, like other major cloud hosting companies, prepares for typical outages and large-scale natural disasters with backup power as well as backup data centers in other locations. AWS divides the globe into five regions and then splits each region into availability zones. A data center in one availability zone should be backed up by a data center in a different availability zone. Theoretically, a natural disaster would not affect more than one availability zone. This theory plays out as long as human error is not added to the mix. The June 2012 major storm only disabled the primary data center, but human error disabled the secondary and tertiary backups, affecting companies such as 85: 2787: 2766: 9366: 883: 478: 1213:(ONTs)) provide the additional functionality to host a LAN so most Internet access today is through a LAN such as that created by a WiFi router connected to a modem or a combo modem router, often a very small LAN with just one or two devices attached. And while LANs are an important form of Internet access, this raises the question of how and at what data rate the LAN itself is connected to the rest of the global Internet. The technologies described below are used to make these connections, or in other words, how customers' modems ( 11545: 2402:(where allowed by regulations), 802.11 can operate reliably over a distance of many km(miles), although the technology's line-of-sight requirements hamper connectivity in areas with hilly or heavily foliated terrain. In addition, compared to hard-wired connectivity, there are security risks (unless robust security protocols are enabled); data rates are usually slower (2 to 50 times slower); and the network can be less stable, due to interference from other wireless devices and networks, weather and line-of-sight problems. 1240: 2745: 2808: 2441:(LMDS) is a broadband wireless access technology that uses microwave signals operating between 26 GHz and 29 GHz. Originally designed for digital television transmission (DTV), it is conceived as a fixed wireless, point-to-multipoint technology for utilization in the last mile. Data rates range from 64 kbit/s to 155 Mbit/s. Distance is typically limited to about 1.5 miles (2.4 km), but links of up to 5 miles (8 km) from the base station are possible in some circumstances. 43: 1611:(ADSL), the most commonly installed variety of DSL. The data throughput of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to 20 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, (i.e., in the direction to the service provider) is lower than that in the downstream direction (i.e. to the customer), hence the designation of asymmetric. With a 1664:(FTTH) is one member of the Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) family that includes Fiber-to-the-building or basement (FTTB), Fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP), Fiber-to-the-desk (FTTD), Fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC), and Fiber-to-the-node (FTTN). These methods all bring data closer to the end user on optical fibers. The differences between the methods have mostly to do with just how close to the end user the delivery on fiber comes. All of these delivery methods are similar in function and architecture to 2602: 3372:; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organization. It is central to the Information Society. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the Information Society offers." 2391: 12616: 9927: 1039:

June 2016, internet connection speeds averaged about 6 Mbit/s globally. Physical link quality can vary with distance and for wireless access with terrain, weather, building construction, antenna placement, and interference from other radio sources. Network bottlenecks may exist at points anywhere on the path from the end-user to the remote server or service being used and not just on the first or last link providing Internet access to the end-user.

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and back. When other switching and routing delays are added and the delays are doubled to allow for a full round-trip transmission, the total delay can be 0.75 to 1.25 seconds. This latency is large when compared to other forms of Internet access with typical latencies that range from 0.015 to 0.2 seconds. Long latencies negatively affect some applications that require real-time response, particularly online games,

3107:, and the Middle East. Across Africa, an estimated 900 million people are still not connected to the internet; for those who are, connectivity fees remain generally expensive, and bandwidth is severely constrained in many locations. The number of mobile customers in Africa, however, is expanding faster than everywhere else. Mobile financial services also allow for immediate payment of products and services. 12636: 2823:(ICT), and those with very limited or no access". The gap between people with Internet access and those without is one of many aspects of the digital divide. Whether someone has access to the Internet can depend greatly on financial status, geographical location as well as government policies. "Low-income, rural, and minority populations have received special scrutiny as the technological 'have-nots'." 2369: 789:

and fewer than 20 million broadband subscriptions. By 2004, broadband had grown and dial-up had declined so that the number of subscriptions were roughly equal at 130 million each. In 2010, in the OECD countries, over 90% of the Internet access subscriptions used broadband, broadband had grown to more than 300 million subscriptions, and dial-up subscriptions had declined to fewer than 30 million.

3149:, such as to farmers, ranchers, and small towns. In cities where the population density is high, it is easier for a service provider to recover equipment costs, but each rural customer may require expensive equipment to get connected. While 66% of Americans had an Internet connection in 2010, that figure was only 50% in rural areas, according to the Pew Internet & American Life Project. 1064:. This is fair in the sense that all users who experience congestion receive less bandwidth, but it can be frustrating for customers and a major problem for ISPs. In some cases, the amount of bandwidth actually available may fall below the threshold required to support a particular service such as video conferencing or streaming live video–effectively making the service unavailable. 6968: 1362:(ISDN) is a switched telephone service capable of transporting voice and digital data, and is one of the oldest Internet access methods. ISDN has been used for voice, video conferencing, and broadband data applications. ISDN was very popular in Europe, but less common in North America. Its use peaked in the late 1990s before the availability of DSL and cable modem technologies. 1621:(VDSL or VHDSL, ITU G.993.1) is a digital subscriber line (DSL) standard approved in 2001 that provides data rates up to 52 Mbit/s downstream and 16 Mbit/s upstream over copper wires and up to 85 Mbit/s down- and upstream on coaxial cable. VDSL is capable of supporting applications such as high-definition television, as well as telephone services ( 1366:

Primary rate ISDN, known as ISDN-PRI, has 23 bearer channels (64 kbit/s each) for a combined data rate of 1.5 Mbit/s (US standard). An ISDN E1 (European standard) line has 30 bearer channels and a combined data rate of 1.9 Mbit/s. ISDN has been replaced by DSL technology, and it required special telephone switches at the service provider.

1566:, all nodes for cable subscribers in a neighborhood connect to a cable company's central office, known as the "head end." The cable company then connects to the Internet using a variety of means – usually fiber optic cable or digital satellite and microwave transmissions. Like DSL, broadband cable provides a continuous connection with an ISP. 1638:) is a second-generation version and an enhancement of VDSL. Approved in February 2006, it is able to provide data rates exceeding 100 Mbit/s simultaneously in both the upstream and downstream directions. However, the maximum data rate is achieved at a range of about 300 meters and performance degrades as distance and loop 3401:

an "enabler" of other human rights, the Internet boosts economic, social and political development, and contributes to the progress of humankind as a whole. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur encourages other Special Procedures mandate holders to engage on the issue of the Internet with respect to their particular mandates.

1877: 1723:. Because of the extensive power line infrastructure already in place, this technology can provide people in rural and low population areas access to the Internet with little cost in terms of new transmission equipment, cables, or wires. Data rates are asymmetric and generally range from 256 kbit/s to 2.7 Mbit/s. 1099:. Less-developed countries are more vulnerable due to a small number of high-capacity links. Land cables are also vulnerable, as in 2011 when a woman digging for scrap metal severed most connectivity for the nation of Armenia. Internet blackouts affecting almost entire countries can be achieved by governments as a form of 2360:

stations. WiMax offers a metropolitan area network with a signal radius of about 50 km (30 miles), far surpassing the 30-metre (100-foot) wireless range of a conventional Wi-Fi LAN. WiMAX signals also penetrate building walls much more effectively than Wi-Fi. WiMAX is most often used as a fixed wireless standard.

3167:(WISPs) are rapidly becoming a popular broadband option for rural areas. The technology's line-of-sight requirements may hamper connectivity in some areas with hilly and heavily foliated terrain. However, the Tegola project, a successful pilot in remote Scotland, demonstrates that wireless can be a viable option. 1600:(DSL) service provides a connection to the Internet through the telephone network. Unlike dial-up, DSL can operate using a single phone line without preventing normal use of the telephone line for voice phone calls. DSL uses the high frequencies, while the low (audible) frequencies of the line are left free for 3622:

disaster response lose their connection. Knowledge gained from studying past internet disruptions by natural disasters could be put to use in planning or recovery. Additionally, because of both natural and man-made disasters, studies in network resiliency are now being conducted to prevent large-scale outages.

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majority of people in developing countries do not have Internet access. About 4 billion people do not have Internet access. When buying computers was legalized in Cuba in 2007, the private ownership of computers soared (there were 630,000 computers available on the island in 2008, a 23% increase over 2007).

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found that 26% of subnets within the storm coverage were unreachable. At Hurricane Katrina's peak intensity, almost 35% of networks in Mississippi were without power, while around 14% of Louisiana's networks were disrupted. Of those unreachable subnets, 73% were disrupted for four weeks or longer and

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Natural disasters disrupt internet access in profound ways. This is important—not only for telecommunication companies who own the networks and the businesses who use them, but for emergency crew and displaced citizens as well. The situation is worsened when hospitals or other buildings necessary for

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infrastructure to block Internet applications and content (e.g. websites, services, and protocols), and even to block out competitors. Opponents claim net neutrality regulations would deter investment into improving broadband infrastructure and try to fix something that isn't broken. In April 2017, a

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Sneakernets may also be used in tandem with computer network data transfer to increase data security or overall throughput for big data use cases. Innovation continues in the area to this day; for example, AWS has recently announced Snowball, and bulk data processing is also done in a similar fashion

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Satellites in geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) operate in a fixed position 35,786 km (22,236 mi) above the Earth's equator. At the speed of light (about 300,000 km/s or 186,000 miles per second), it takes a quarter of a second for a radio signal to travel from the Earth to the satellite

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upstream, however this technology is yet to have been implemented in real-world usage. Broadband cable access tends to service fewer business customers because existing television cable networks tend to service residential buildings; commercial buildings do not always include wiring for coaxial cable

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Operating on a single channel, a dial-up connection monopolizes the phone line and is one of the slowest methods of accessing the Internet. Dial-up is often the only form of Internet access available in rural areas as it requires no new infrastructure beyond the already existing telephone network, to

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and high-quality streaming video can require high data-rates for extended periods, which violates these assumptions and can cause a service to become oversubscribed, resulting in congestion and poor performance. The TCP protocol includes flow-control mechanisms that automatically throttle back on the

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Network neutrality (also net neutrality, Internet neutrality, or net equality) is the principle that Internet service providers and governments should treat all data on the Internet equally, not discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached

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78. While blocking and filtering measures deny users access to specific content on the Internet, States have also taken measures to cut off access to the Internet entirely. The Special Rapporteur considers cutting off users from Internet access, regardless of the justification provided, including on

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Dial-up users pay the costs for making local or long-distance phone calls, usually pay a monthly subscription fee, and may be subject to additional per minute or traffic based charges, and connect time limits by their ISP. Though less common today than in the past, some dial-up access is offered for

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or T3). A T1 line carries 24 voice or data channels (24 DS0s), so customers may use some channels for data and others for voice traffic or use all 24 channels for clear channel data. A DS3 (T3) line carries 28 DS1 (T1) channels. Fractional T1 lines are also available in multiples of a DS0 to provide

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initiative in the U.S. made broadband Internet access a public policy issue. In 2000, most Internet access to homes was provided using dial-up, while many businesses and schools were using broadband connections. In 2000 there were just under 150 million dial-up subscriptions in the 34 OECD countries

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67. Unlike any other medium, the Internet enables individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds instantaneously and inexpensively across national borders. By vastly expanding the capacity of individuals to enjoy their right to freedom of opinion and expression, which is

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1. We, the representatives of the peoples of the world, assembled in Geneva from 10–12 December 2003 for the first phase of the World Summit on the Information Society, declare our common desire and commitment to build a people-centered, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, where

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Internet access has changed the way in which many people think and has become an integral part of people's economic, political, and social lives. The United Nations has recognized that providing Internet access to more people in the world will allow them to take advantage of the "political, social,

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Data rates, including those given in this article, are usually defined and advertised in terms of the maximum or peak download rate. In practice, these maximum data rates are not always reliably available to the customer. Actual end-to-end data rates can be lower due to a number of factors. In late

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have been and are being developed to increase the availability of affordable high-speed Internet access throughout the world. The Global Gateway, the EU's initiative to assist infrastructure development throughout the world, plans to raise €300 billion for connectivity projects, including those in

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Government policies play a tremendous role in bringing Internet access to or limiting access for underserved groups, regions, and countries. For example, in Pakistan, which is pursuing an aggressive IT policy aimed at boosting its drive for economic modernization, the number of Internet users grew

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wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL". The original IEEE 802.16 standard, now called "Fixed WiMAX", was published in 2001 and provided 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates. Mobility support was added in 2005. A 2011 update provides data rates up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed

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are needed for worldwide coverage. This makes the initial required investment very large which initially caused OneWeb and Iridium to declare bankruptcy. However, their lower altitudes allow lower latencies and higher speeds which make real-time interactive Internet applications more feasible. LEO

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Power-line Internet has developed faster in Europe than in the U.S. due to a historical difference in power system design philosophies. Data signals cannot pass through the step-down transformers used and so a repeater must be installed on each transformer. In the U.S. a transformer serves a small

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Some ISPs estimate that a small number of their users consume a disproportionate portion of the total bandwidth. In response some ISPs are considering, are experimenting with, or have implemented combinations of traffic based pricing, time of day or "peak" and "off peak" pricing, and bandwidth or

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across the country using fiber-optic cables to 93 percent of Australian homes, schools, and businesses. The project was abandoned by the subsequent LNP government, in favor of a hybrid FTTN design, which turned out to be more expensive and introduced delays. Similar efforts are underway in Italy,

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The 34 OECD countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,

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85. Given that the Internet has become an indispensable tool for realizing a range of human rights, combating inequality, and accelerating development and human progress, ensuring universal access to the Internet should be a priority for all States. Each State should thus develop a concrete and

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In New Zealand, a fund has been formed by the government to improve rural broadband, and mobile phone coverage. Current proposals include: (a) extending fiber coverage and upgrading copper to support VDSL, (b) focusing on improving the coverage of cellphone technology, or (c) regional wireless.

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Basic rate ISDN, known as ISDN-BRI, has two 64 kbit/s "bearer" or "B" channels. These channels can be used separately for voice or data calls or bonded together to provide a 128 kbit/s service. Multiple ISDN-BRI lines can be bonded together to provide data rates above 128 kbit/s.

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area met with public resistance, however, and was abandoned. On August 1, 2012, in Nashville, Tennessee and on October 1, 2012, in Tucson, Arizona Comcast began tests that impose data caps on area residents. In Nashville exceeding the 300 Gbyte cap mandates a temporary purchase of 50 Gbytes of

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provides fixed, portable, and mobile Internet access. Data rates range from 2 kbit/s to 1 Gbit/s downstream and from 2 kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s upstream. In the northern hemisphere, satellite antenna dishes require a clear line of sight to the southern sky, due to the equatorial

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are wide-area networking standards that can be used to provide Internet access directly or as building blocks of other access technologies. For example, many DSL implementations use an ATM layer over the low-level bitstream layer to enable a number of different technologies over the same link.

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to support projects within the government, at universities and research laboratories in the US, but grew over time to include most of the world's large universities and the research arms of many technology companies. Use by a wider audience only came in 1995 when restrictions on the use of the

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Traditionally the divide has been measured in terms of the existing numbers of subscriptions and digital devices ("have and have-not of subscriptions"). Recent studies have measured the digital divide not in terms of technological devices, but in terms of the existing bandwidth per individual

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Access to computers is a dominant factor in determining the level of Internet access. In 2011, in developing countries, 25% of households had a computer and 20% had Internet access, while in developed countries the figures were 74% of households had a computer and 71% had Internet access. The

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New mobile phone technology and infrastructure is introduced periodically and generally involves a change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak data rates, new frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz becomes

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between 30 November 2009 and 7 February 2010 found that almost four in five Internet users and non-users around the world felt that access to the Internet was a fundamental right. 50% strongly agreed, 29% somewhat agreed, 9% somewhat disagreed, 6% strongly disagreed, and 6% gave no opinion.

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offers much higher data rates over relatively longer distances. Most high-capacity Internet and cable television backbones already use fiber optic technology, with data switched to other technologies (DSL, cable, LTE) for final delivery to customers. Fiber optic is immune to electromagnetic

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There were roughly 0.6 billion fixed broadband subscribers and almost 1.2 billion mobile broadband subscribers in 2011. In developed countries people frequently use both fixed and mobile broadband networks. In developing countries mobile broadband is often the only access method available.

2622:(ICT). In Mexico, the poorest 30% of the society spend an estimated US$ 35 per year (US$ 3 per month) and in Brazil, the poorest 22% of the population merely has US$ 9 per year to spend on ICT (US$ 0.75 per month). From Latin America, it is known that the borderline between ICT as a 1003:

Broadband technologies supply considerably higher bit rates than dial-up, generally without disrupting regular telephone use. Various minimum data rates and maximum latencies have been used in definitions of broadband, ranging from 64 kbit/s up to 4.0 Mbit/s. In 1988 the

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everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge, enabling individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life, premised on the purposes and principles of the

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traffic caps. Others claim that because the marginal cost of extra bandwidth is very small with 80 to 90 percent of the costs fixed regardless of usage level, that such steps are unnecessary or motivated by concerns other than the cost of delivering bandwidth to the end user.

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Packet radio connects computers or whole networks operated by radio amateurs with the option to access the Internet. Note that as per the regulatory rules outlined in the HAM license, Internet access and email should be strictly related to the activities of hardware amateurs.

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networks. In addition, because broadband cable subscribers share the same local line, communications may be intercepted by neighboring subscribers. Cable networks regularly provide encryption schemes for data traveling to and from customers, but these schemes may be thwarted.

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position of all geostationary satellites. In the southern hemisphere, this situation is reversed, and dishes are pointed north. Service can be adversely affected by moisture, rain, and snow (known as rain fade). The system requires a carefully aimed directional antenna.

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Broadband Internet access, often shortened to just broadband, is simply defined as "Internet access that is always on, and faster than the traditional dial-up access" and so covers a wide range of technologies. The core of these broadband Internet technologies are

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57% were at "network edges were important emergency organizations such as hospitals and government agencies are mostly located". Extensive infrastructure damage and inaccessible areas were two explanations for the long delay in returning service. The company

7701: 2409:. If the service provider holds the necessary spectrum license, it could also reconfigure various brands of off the shelf Wi-Fi hardware to operate on its own band instead of the crowded unlicensed ones. Using higher frequencies carries various advantages: 1735:

cluster of from one to a few houses. In Europe, it is more common for a somewhat larger transformer to service larger clusters of from 10 to 100 houses. Thus a typical U.S. city requires an order of magnitude more repeaters than a comparable European city.

1000:) kbit/s. However, the effectiveness of data compression is quite variable, depending on the type of data being sent, the condition of the telephone line, and a number of other factors. In reality, the overall data rate rarely exceeds 150 kbit/s. 2630:

is roughly around the "magical number" of US$ 10 per person per month, or US$ 120 per year. This is the amount of ICT spending people esteem to be a basic necessity. Current Internet access prices exceed the available resources by large in many countries.

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estimated to represent 80–90% of the cost of providing broadband service, the marginal cost to carry additional traffic is low. Most ISPs do not disclose their costs, but the cost to transmit a gigabyte of data in 2011 was estimated to be about $ 0.03.

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For those who do not have access to or can not afford broadband at home, downloading large files and disseminating information is done by transmission through workplace or library networks, taken home and shared with neighbors by sneakernet. The Cuban

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multiple dial-up connections and accessing them as a single data channel. It requires two or more modems, phone lines, and dial-up accounts, as well as an ISP that supports multilinking – and of course any line and data charges are also doubled. This

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effective policy, in consultation with individuals from all sections of society, including the private sector and relevant Government ministries, to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all segments of population.

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This map presents an overview of broadband affordability, as the relationship between average yearly income per capita and the cost of a broadband subscription (data referring to 2011). Source: Information Geographies at the Oxford Internet

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technology. By 2014, 41 percent of the world's population had access, broadband was almost ubiquitous worldwide, and global average connection speeds exceeded one megabit per second. Types of connections range from fixed cable home (such as

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pricing model, with price determined by the maximum data rate chosen by the customer, rather than a per minute or traffic based charge. Per minute and traffic based charges and traffic caps are common for mobile broadband Internet access.

933:. These services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A Wi-Fi hotspot need not be limited to a confined location since multiple ones combined can cover a whole campus or park, or even an entire city can be enabled. 909:

Wireless Internet access points are available in public places such as airport halls, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Some access points may also provide coin-operated computers. Various terms are used, such as "public

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The availability of Internet access to the general public began with the commercialization of the early Internet in the early 1990s, and has grown with the availability of useful applications, such as the World Wide Web. In 1995, only

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and caused a tsunami that wiped out one of its cable and landing stations. The impact slowed or disabled internet connection for five days within the Asia-Pacific region as well as between the region and the United States and Europe.

9487: 3340:, and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as good governance at all levels are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. We further resolve to strengthen the rule of law in international as in national affairs. 2315:

was designed to be faster and have lower latency than its predecessor, 4G. It can be used for mobile broadband in smartphones or separate modems that emit WiFi or can be connected through USB to a computer, or for fixed wireless.

7511: 6861: 3302:. After lengthy negotiations between governments, businesses and civil society representatives the WSIS Declaration of Principles was adopted reaffirming the importance of the Information Society to maintaining and strengthening 2500:

widely deployed in numerous countries, both developing and developed ones. Rural wireless-ISP installations are typically not commercial in nature and are instead a patchwork of systems built up by hobbyists mounting antennas on

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Most broadband services provide a continuous "always on" connection; there is no dial-in process required, and it does not interfere with voice use of phone lines. Broadband provides improved access to Internet services such as:

1843:(MEO, between 2,000 and 35,786 km or 1,243 and 22,236 miles) operate at lower altitudes, and their satellites are not fixed in their position above the Earth. Because they operate at a lower altitude, more satellites and 1726:

Because these systems use parts of the radio spectrum allocated to other over-the-air communication services, interference between the services is a limiting factor in the introduction of power-line Internet systems. The

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Internet access is limited by the relation between pricing and available resources to spend. Regarding the latter, it is estimated that 40% of the world's population has less than US$ 20 per year available to spend on

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peer to peer applications which aim to fully automate this using any available interface, including both wireless (Bluetooth, Wi-Fi mesh, P2P or hotspots) and physically connected ones (USB storage, Ethernet, etc.).

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In some regions, notably in rural areas, the length of the copper lines makes it difficult for network operators to provide high-bandwidth services. One alternative is to combine a fixed-access network, typically

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schemes, has played a crucial role in enabling broadband Internet access by making transmission of information at very high data rates over longer distances much more cost-effective than copper wire technology.

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includes a broad range of technologies, all of which provide higher data rate access to the Internet. The following technologies use wires or cables in contrast to wireless broadband described later.

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that may be separate from or integrated into a router or switch and which may be purchased or leased from an ISP. In Japan the equivalent standard is J1/J3. In Europe, a slightly different standard,

10515: 9902: 1562:(HFC) wiring originally developed to carry television signals. Either fiber-optic or coaxial copper cable may connect a node to a customer's location at a connection known as a cable drop. Using a 6422: 4975: 2430:& Expedience can be used by a WISP to offer wireless access to rural and other markets that are hard to reach using Wi-Fi or WiMAX. There are a number of companies that provide this service. 1313:, as they are primarily made using modems that operate at a maximum data rate of 56 kbit/s downstream (towards the end user) and 34 or 48 kbit/s upstream (toward the global Internet). 1302:

until it reaches a telephone company's switching facilities or central office (CO) where it is switched to another phone line that connects to another modem at the remote end of the connection.

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the grounds of violating intellectual property rights law, to be disproportionate and thus a violation of article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

7519: 626:. LANs typically operated at 10 Mbit/s while modem data-rates grew from 1200 bit/s in the early 1980s to 56 kbit/s by the late 1990s. Initially, dial-up connections were made from 992:) in the late 1990s. Dial-up connections generally require the dedicated use of a telephone line. Data compression can boost the effective bit rate for a dial-up modem connection from 220 ( 3637:

A second way natural disasters destroy internet connectivity is by severing submarine cables—fiber-optic cables placed on the ocean floor that provide international internet connection. A

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The digital divide measured in terms of bandwidth is not closing, but fluctuating up and down. Gini coefficients for telecommunication capacity (in kbit/s) among individuals worldwide

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constellation is a medium Earth-orbit system with a latency of 125 ms. COMMStellation™ is a LEO system, scheduled for launch in 2015, that is expected to have a latency of just 7 ms.

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Several countries have adopted laws requiring the state to work to ensure that Internet access is broadly available or preventing the state from unreasonably restricting an individual's

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The higher data rate dial-up modems and many broadband services are "asymmetric"—supporting much higher data rates for download (toward the user) than for upload (toward the Internet).

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Although a connection to a LAN may provide very high data-rates within the LAN, actual Internet access speed is limited by the upstream link to the ISP. LANs may be wired or wireless.

1032:) and 3 Mbit/s upstream (from the user's computer to the Internet). The trend is to raise the threshold of the broadband definition as higher data rate services become available. 10555: 7431: 7489: 3634:

has revealed a Network Emergency Response Vehicle (NERV), a truck that makes portable communications possible for emergency responders despite traditional networks being disrupted.

650:(PPP) extended the Internet protocols and made the full range of Internet services available to dial-up users; although slower, due to the lower data rates available using dial-up. 9462: 7797: 7287: 5695: 3214:

The actions, statements, opinions, and recommendations outlined below have led to the suggestion that Internet access itself is or should become a civil or perhaps a human right.

4049: 10565: 10510: 6630: 3725: 3234:: In 2000, the parliament launched a massive program to expand access to the countryside. The Internet, the government argues, is essential for life in the twenty-first century. 2792: 2771: 6552: 2831:

there is relatively little access to the Internet due to the governments' fear of political instability that might accompany the benefits of access to the global Internet. The

9122: 9118: 3258:, a law that would have tracked abusers and without judicial review automatically cut off network access to those who continued to download illicit material after two warnings 1377:

are dedicated lines used primarily by ISPs, business, and other large enterprises to connect LANs and campus networks to the Internet using the existing infrastructure of the

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Traditional 802.11a/b/g/n/ac is an unlicensed omnidirectional service designed to span between 100 and 150 m (300 to 500 ft). By focusing the radio signal using a

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Users may share access over a common network infrastructure. Since most users do not use their full connection capacity all of the time, this aggregation strategy (known as

422: 7313: 4663: 1156:(ISP) or the modem's Internet connection would be shared via a LAN which provides access in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building. 10545: 9477: 8291: 6447: 4630: 1257: 6831: 5794: 539:(ISPs) using various networking technologies. At the retail level, many organizations, including municipal entities, also provide cost-free access to the general public. 10520: 10271: 9866: 9522: 9457: 8374: 8128: 7969: 5294: 5262: 5181: 2306:

was originally developed to deliver fixed wireless service with wireless mobility added in 2005. CDPD, CDMA2000 EV-DO, and MBWA are no longer being actively developed.

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networks. Wireless, satellite, and microwave Internet are often used in rural, undeveloped, or other hard to serve areas where wired Internet is not readily available.

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such as antennas that can't be moved over a significant geographical area without losing the signal from the ISP, unlike smartphones. Microwave wireless broadband or

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The download (to the user) and upload (to the Internet) data rates given above are peak or maximum rates and end users will typically experience lower data rates.

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When traffic is particularly heavy, an ISP can deliberately throttle back the bandwidth available to classes of users or for particular services. This is known as

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Access to the Internet grew from an estimated 10 million people in 1993, to almost 40 million in 1995, to 670 million in 2002, and to 2.7 billion in 2013. With

1298:(PSTN) to connect to a pool of modems operated by an ISP. The modem converts a computer's digital signal into an analog signal that travels over a phone line's 638:

on LANs. These dial-up connections did not support end-to-end use of the Internet protocols and only provided terminal-to-host connections. The introduction of

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One of the great challenges for Internet access in general and for broadband access in particular is to provide service to potential customers in areas of low

1017: 7914: 7149: 7000: 4545: 10662: 9402: 7379:"Technological information inequality as an incessantly moving target: The redistribution of information and communication capacities between 1986 and 2010" 5900: 5634: 1653:(DSLR) or Bonded DSL Rings is a ring topology that uses DSL technology over existing copper telephone wires to provide data rates of up to 400 Mbit/s. 11880: 10598: 10535: 4490: 3957: 1478:(51.84 Mbit/s) payloads each of which has enough capacity to include a full DS3. Higher data rates are delivered in OC-3c multiples of four providing 1389:, leased lines are used to provide Internet access directly as well as the building blocks from which several other forms of Internet access are created. 6426: 4959: 4751: 3625:

One way natural disasters impact internet connection is by damaging end sub-networks (subnets), making them unreachable. A study on local networks after

7122: 3613:. The vote on whether or not to abolish net neutrality was passed on December 14, 2017, and ended in a 3–2 split in favor of abolishing net neutrality. 721:, the speed capabilities of which were extended with innovative design techniques. Broadband connections are typically made using a computer's built in 7872: 6507: 3412:

79. The Special Rapporteur calls upon all States to ensure that Internet access is maintained at all times, including during times of political unrest.

3241: 785: 54:. The reason given is: Many statistics are outdated; the article makes little mention of modern applications of Internet access (e.g. video streaming). 6611: 6475: 6151: 2422:

the shorter wavelengths don't propagate as well through walls and other structures, so much less interference leaks outside of the homes of consumers.

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For example, only 0.4% of the African population has a fixed-broadband subscription. The majority of internet users use it through mobile broadband.

3841: 9049: 8819: 3254:, France's highest court, declared access to the Internet to be a basic human right in a strongly-worded decision that struck down portions of the 1607:

DSL originally stood for "digital subscriber loop". In telecommunications marketing, the term digital subscriber line is widely understood to mean

11161: 7460: 7229: 6382:"When is Cheap, Cheap Enough to Bridge the Digital Divide? Modeling Income Related Structural Challenges of Technology Diffusion in Latin America" 4694: 4386:

Jeffrey A. Hart; Robert R. Reed; François Bar (November 1992). "The building of the Internet: Implications for the future of broadband networks".

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internet connections that do not use a satellite nor are designed to support moving equipment such as smartphones due to the use of, for example,

1510:). The "c" at the end of the OC labels stands for "concatenated" and indicates a single data stream rather than several multiplexed data streams. 11508: 7156:, Brahima Sanou, Telecommunication Development Bureau, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Geneva, February 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2015. 4774: 2046: 969: 6672: 6649: 5024: 4117: 1930:

available. These transitions are referred to as generations. The first mobile data services became available during the second generation (2G).

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3. We reaffirm the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelation of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the

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technology. As of November 2011, under 1000 households have reported access problems. Deployment of a new cell network by one Canopy provider (

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Where radio spectrum regulation is not community-friendly, the channels are crowded or when equipment can not be afforded by local residents,

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and that the state has an obligation to facilitate the production, exchange, diffusion, and access to electronically transmitted information.

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standards. Ethernet cables are interconnected via switches & routers. Wi-Fi networks are built using one or more wireless antenna called

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equipment, or mode of communication. Advocates of net neutrality have raised concerns about the ability of broadband providers to use their

1902:. Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the Internet using a single cellular connection using a process called 84: 12588: 12560: 12555: 11580: 11400: 10960: 9973: 9497: 9330: 8681: 8651: 8355: 6529: 7481: 7196: 6945: 6756: 6404: 6283: 2405:

With the increasing popularity of unrelated consumer devices operating on the same 2.4 GHz band, many providers have migrated to the

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began experimenting with usage-based pricing in Beaumont, Texas. In 2009 an effort by Time Warner to expand usage-based pricing into the

1114:

On April 25, 1997, due to a combination of human error and a software bug, an incorrect routing table at MAI Network Service (a Virginia

7792: 7279: 5692: 4037: 3185:) was expected to provide the alternative of 3G/4G service, possibly at a special unmetered rate, for areas harder to serve by Canopy. 3171: 1618: 8393: 6627: 4884: 11338: 11312: 8484: 6698:"The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014" 6560: 5437: 5411: 4369: 3196:

to provide faster Internet services in rural areas by enabling network operators to efficiently combine their XDSL and LTE networks.

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percent of the world's population had access, with well over half of those living in the United States and consumer use was through

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networks. A computer or other device accessing the Internet would either be connected directly to a modem that communicates with an

225: 10591: 10550: 9492: 9175: 9160: 8804: 7019: 3580: 3128:). As shown in the Figure, Internet access in terms of bandwidth is more unequally distributed in 2014 as it was in the mid-1990s. 3103:, growth in the number of Internet users is slowing in industrialized countries, but continues in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the 2832: 2703:, demand for bandwidth has increased rapidly and for some ISPs the flat rate pricing model may become unsustainable. However, with 1580:

3.1. Upstream traffic, originating at the user, ranges from 384 kbit/s to more than 50 Mbit/s. DOCSIS 4.0 promises up to

1028:(FCC) defined "Basic Broadband" as data transmission speeds of at least 25 Mbit/s downstream (from the Internet to the user's 8107: 6194: 5810: 4626: 10373: 9841: 7823: 7794:

Constitution of Greece As revised by the parliamentary resolution of May twenty-seventh 2008 of the VIIIth Revisionary Parliament

7743: 7720: 7409: 7309: 7073: 3345: 3295: 2848: 595: 8091: 7923:

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue

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Customer LANs are typically connected to an ATM switch or a Frame Relay node using leased lines at a wide range of data rates.

8371: 8010: 5346: 5310: 5278: 5197: 3240:: By July 2010, every person in Finland was to have access to a one-megabit per second broadband connection, according to the 1462:(LEDs). At lower transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The basic unit of framing is an 12577: 12567: 12547: 12349: 10917: 9472: 8824: 7101: 6984: 6839: 6789: 6680: 6657: 6242: 6128: 5991: 5962: 5616: 5571: 5530: 5304: 5272: 5223: 5191: 5164: 5137: 5110: 4300: 4002: 3933: 3694: 3365: 3316: 2800: 2779: 2757: 2438: 2006: 17: 8062: 5853: 4446: 902:, where computers with Internet connections are available. Some libraries provide stations for physically connecting users' 11373: 10814: 9816: 9568: 8452: 8031: 7036: 5367: 4938: 4808: 4292: 4225: 4079: 11714: 8202: 7165: 6314: 5673: 5606: 5100: 4339: 2847:

economic, educational, and career opportunities" available over the Internet. Several of the 67 principles adopted at the

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there are fewer consumer devices that operate over 5 GHz than over 2.4 GHz, hence fewer interferers are present,

2309:

In 2011, 90% of the world's population lived in areas with 2G coverage, while 45% lived in areas with 2G and 3G coverage.

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as a replacement for T1 and Frame Relay lines for corporate and institutional customers, or offer carrier-grade Ethernet.

12639: 12572: 12418: 11005: 10584: 10101: 8562: 6312:"Review and Analysis of Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) to Deliver Voice, Data, Internet, and Video Services" 5397: 5154: 5127: 3606: 3548: 3389: 3290:" contract, has to guarantee to offer "reasonably" priced broadband of at least one megabyte per second throughout Spain. 2406: 1762:

and broadband services such as cable modem and DSL, ATM and Frame Relay no longer play the prominent role they once did.

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allow digital data to be delivered over copper wiring at distances to 100 m and over optical fiber at distances to

12344: 11383: 10031: 9250: 5771: 4969: 4258: 3749:, a group of technology companies working to deliver broadband Internet access via unused analog television frequencies 3164: 2376: 1906:. The modem may be built into laptop computers, tablets, mobile phones, and other devices, added to some devices using 1608: 921:

Coffee shops, shopping malls, and other venues increasingly offer wireless access to computer networks, referred to as

523:

is a facility or service that provides connectivity for a computer, a computer network, or other network device to the

506: 456: 7543: 6801: 6717: 5327: 4922: 12438: 11072: 10721: 10642: 9320: 6331: 6011: 5748: 5494: 5036: 4464: 4190: 4091: 4016: 3809: 3776: 3735: 3532: 3385: 1898:(called "cell phones" in North America and South Africa, and "hand phones" in Asia), and other digital devices using 1832: 1612: 1378: 1295: 1145: 1075:

for time critical services even on extremely busy networks. However, overuse can lead to concerns about fairness and

1025: 8218: 7891: 6996: 5561: 5520: 2516:

can also be deployed in a similar manner for point to point transmission in air (rather than in fiber optic cable).

2383:. WISPs typically employ low-cost IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi radio systems to link up remote locations over great distances ( 12223: 11771: 11573: 11084: 10667: 10617: 10414: 9966: 9422: 8317: 7911: 7146: 6740:, Key ICT indicators for the ITU/BDT regions, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Geneva, 16 November 2011 6168: 5546: 4567: 4541: 3251: 3177:

is the first program in North America to guarantee access to "100% of civic addresses" in a region. It is based on

1126: 867: 307: 8420: 8336: 7587: 12334: 11473: 11077: 10647: 9340: 9185: 6321:, S.S. Riaz Ahamed, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 1(1), October 2009, pp. 1–7 6228: 5904: 5631: 3393: 1861: 1604:

communication. These frequency bands are subsequently separated by filters installed at the customer's premises.

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Bayuo, Blaise; Bamford, Roxanne; Baah, Belinda; Mwaya, Judith; Gakuo, Chizi; Tholstrup, Sophie (February 2022).

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in Geneva in 2003, directly address the digital divide. To promote economic development and a reduction of the

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on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression in a May 2011 report to the

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option was briefly popular with some high-end users before ISDN, DSL and other technologies became available.

12354: 11412: 11395: 10299: 10076: 9651: 9345: 8839: 8567: 8477: 7841: 7126: 5589: 3312: 1668:(HFC) systems used to provide cable Internet access. Fiber internet connections to customers are either AON ( 1569: 1249: 643: 312: 290: 7869: 6504: 6360: 12629: 12390: 12287: 11830: 11625: 11597: 10912: 10858: 10833: 10716: 10707: 10525: 10505: 10477: 10434: 9897: 9153: 8661: 6608: 6148: 3686:, a low bandwidth, or less-than-optimal, transmission channel in the opposite direction to the main channel 3573: 2815:

Despite its tremendous growth, Internet access is not distributed equally within or between countries. The

1990: 1973: 1731:

standard specifies that all power-line protocols must detect existing usage and avoid interfering with it.

1107:, whereby approximately 93% of networks were without access in 2011 in an attempt to stop mobilization for 726: 11426: 6089: 5212:

Mukherjee, Biswanath; Tomkos, Ioannis; Tornatore, Massimo; Winzer, Peter; Zhao, Yongli (15 October 2020).

4422: 2696:

the cost for their data volumes as a means to provide their service more broadly into developing markets.

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Starting in roughly 2006, mobile broadband access is increasingly available at the consumer level using "

270: 7125:. International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 4830: 4822: 824:

In areas not served by ADSL or cable, some community organizations and local governments are installing

12478: 12400: 12339: 12046: 10500: 8734: 8686: 8582: 7925:, Human Rights Council, Seventeenth session Agenda item 3, United Nations General Assembly, 16 May 2011 7564: 7452: 7221: 6037: 5241: 4686: 3174: 2660: 2497: 2487: 2444:

LMDS has been surpassed in both technological and commercial potential by the LTE and WiMAX standards.

1813:

techniques can mitigate some of these problems. GEO satellites do not cover the Earth's polar regions.

1743: 1716: 1700: 1160: 1051:) usually works well, and users can burst to their full data rate at least for brief periods. However, 930: 666: 258: 155: 4778: 1118:) propagated across backbone routers and caused major disruption to Internet traffic for a few hours. 12250: 12211: 12056: 11956: 11885: 11818: 11645: 10868: 10540: 10123: 9534: 9511: 9427: 8879: 8691: 6669: 6646: 5019: 4107: 3705: 3638: 2700: 2585: 2387:), but may use other higher-power radio communications systems as well, such as microwave and WiMAX. 1793: 1692: 1511: 1270: 1153: 1115: 813: 573: 536: 427: 297: 220: 180: 7989: 7680: 7341: 6730: 5654: 4515: 2416:

there exists much more bandwidth to share, allowing both better throughput and improved coexistence,

1008:

standards body defined "broadband service" as requiring transmission channels capable of supporting

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Proceedings of Papers 5th European Conference on Circuits and Systems for Communications (ECCSC'10)

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from 133,900 (0.1% of the population) in 2000 to 31 million (17.6% of the population) in 2011. In

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In addition to access from home, school, and the workplace Internet access may be available from

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range from as little as 110 bit/s in the late 1950s, to a maximum of from 33 to 64 kbit/s (

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For the BBC poll Internet users are those who used the Internet within the previous six months.

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An Internet blackout or outage can be caused by local signaling interruptions. Disruptions of

12272: 12076: 12041: 11961: 11941: 11863: 11751: 11672: 11451: 11378: 10804: 10394: 10304: 10128: 9907: 9786: 9781: 9661: 9432: 9355: 9300: 9270: 9190: 8929: 8727: 8594: 8507: 7328: 6778:"Technology Diffusion in the Society: Analyzing Digital Divide in the Context of Social Class 6215:

Today the initial WiMax system is designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates.

3349: 3218: 3094: 2380: 1958: 1549: 1459: 1195: 961: 801: 686: 639: 185: 11605: 5733:

MIMO Power Line Communications: Narrow and Broadband Standards, EMC, and Advanced Processing

4071: 3376:

A poll of 27,973 adults in 26 countries, including 14,306 Internet users, conducted for the

2765: 12186: 12146: 12116: 11873: 11808: 11630: 11456: 11441: 11431: 10657: 10652: 10409: 10309: 10208: 10203: 10178: 10036: 9801: 9756: 9736: 9726: 9626: 9387: 9335: 9310: 9285: 9245: 9230: 9200: 9029: 9004: 8854: 8849: 8829: 8794: 8779: 8438: 8390: 7026:, WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E, World Summit on the Information Society, Geneva, 12 December 2003 4876: 3746: 3699: 3466: 3451: 3325: 2648: 1665: 1559: 1530: 1330: 551:. By the first decade of the 21st century, many consumers in developed nations used faster 382: 200: 190: 10294: 5731:

Berger, Lars T.; Schwager, Andreas; Pagani, Pascal; Schneider, Daniel M. (February 2014).

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is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through mobile phone towers (

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is used to provide both fixed and mobile Internet access with the following technologies.

8: 12196: 12136: 11895: 11857: 11655: 11640: 11446: 11436: 10560: 10459: 10233: 10183: 10143: 10096: 10091: 10081: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10041: 10026: 10021: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9881: 9826: 9741: 9721: 9606: 9596: 9554: 9397: 9374: 9350: 9290: 9265: 9255: 9210: 9101: 9092: 9083: 9014: 8984: 8969: 8954: 8944: 8934: 8899: 8894: 8844: 8789: 8764: 8432: 8268: 7655: 7630: 6357: 4366: 4072: 3741: 3654: 3653:, concern has grown over access to cloud-hosted data in the event of a natural disaster. 3361: 3353: 3269: 2732: 2568: 2399: 1712: 1526: 1100: 1021: 953: 758: 706: 213: 120: 31: 7016: 5430:"New ITU Standard Delivers 10x ADSL Speeds: Vendors applaud landmark agreement on VDSL2" 5343: 4421:

Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.

2413:

usually regulatory bodies allow for more power and using (better-) directional antennae,

56:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

12665: 12423: 12380: 12311: 12181: 12111: 12086: 12021: 11868: 11589: 10454: 10319: 10261: 10228: 10218: 10198: 10188: 10173: 10168: 10148: 10118: 10086: 10071: 10046: 9982: 9871: 9806: 9771: 9706: 9686: 9676: 9636: 9621: 9616: 9305: 9295: 9275: 9220: 9215: 9205: 9024: 9019: 8959: 8914: 8874: 8769: 8750: 8002: 7815: 7401: 6299: 4403: 4008: 3610: 3481: 3329: 3182: 3146: 2577: 1840: 1770: 1334: 1321: 1309: 1076: 1072: 1061: 750: 611: 603: 265: 7740: 7717: 7065: 4855: 4656:"Virgin Media's ultrafast 100Mb broadband now available to over four million UK homes" 4332:"An overview on wireline communication systems for high-speed broadband communication" 4217: 3925: 1475: 12463: 12385: 12299: 12282: 12245: 12091: 11921: 11890: 11756: 11650: 11549: 10449: 10439: 10429: 10419: 10213: 10138: 10108: 9936: 9912: 9831: 9791: 9766: 9746: 9681: 9656: 9646: 9631: 9392: 9280: 9225: 9079: 8999: 8949: 8904: 8889: 8869: 8859: 8834: 8774: 8282:, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, 46. Accessed 5 December 2012. 8088: 8006: 7772: 6980: 6785: 6587: 6238: 6124: 5987: 5980: 5958: 5744: 5612: 5567: 5526: 5300: 5268: 5219: 5187: 5160: 5133: 5106: 5032: 4965: 4407: 4399: 4296: 4186: 4087: 3998: 3815: 3805: 3782: 3772: 3626: 3486: 3471: 3377: 3369: 3348:

Declaration of Principles makes specific reference to the importance of the right to

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cabling and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies used to build LANs today, but

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and other digital devices to connect to the Internet from any location from which a

653:

An important factor in the rapid rise of Internet access speed has been advances in

477: 12468: 12428: 12408: 12375: 12304: 12262: 12176: 12031: 12016: 11991: 11966: 11926: 11776: 11635: 11620: 11463: 11363: 11358: 11235: 10677: 10607: 10530: 10482: 10404: 9751: 9716: 9671: 9666: 9315: 9240: 9009: 8919: 8809: 7994: 7393: 6709: 6637:, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 6400: 6396: 6116: 5736: 5081: 4395: 3990: 3895: 2836: 2384: 1891: 1887: 1810: 1522: 1416: 1408: 1400: 1149: 1122: 832: 718: 569: 565: 245: 165: 145: 7378: 6782:

Proceedings of the 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)

5822:, ITU-T Recommendation I.150, February 1999, International Telecommunication Union 899: 12675: 12096: 11951: 11719: 11694: 11682: 11407: 8456: 8424: 8397: 8378: 8359: 8340: 8321: 8315:

Summary of the Amazon EC2 and Amazon RDS Service Disruption in the US East Region

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With increased consumer demand for streaming content such as video on demand and

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connect to the Internet. Typically, dial-up connections do not exceed a speed of

1068: 975: 922: 702: 694: 635: 482: 377: 8449: 8039: 5375: 4627:"FCC redefines "broadband" to mean 768 kbit/s, "fast" to mean "kinda slow"" 3987:

2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology

3983:"From millibits to terabits per second and beyond - over 60 years of innovation" 1876: 1704:

Canada, India, and many other countries (see Fiber to the premises by country).

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Perceptions of Cuba: Canadian and American policies in comparative perspective

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Typical noises of a dial-up modem while establishing connection with a local

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Deploying multiple adjacent Wi-Fi access points is sometimes used to create

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include several that bear on the question of the right to Internet access:

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Faster downloading of documents, photographs, videos, and other large files

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While still widely used, with the advent of Ethernet over optical fiber,

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technology dates to 1957 and provides data rates that range from 56 and

1186:

standard for physical LAN communication and Wi-Fi is a trade name for a

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Fixed broadband Internet access is often sold under an "unlimited" or

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Dial-up Internet access uses a modem and a phone call placed over the

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call can be made, subject to the capabilities of that mobile network.

812:

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Newer technologies being deployed for fixed (stationary) and

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Non-commercial alternatives for using Internet services

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Summary of the AWS Service Event in the US East Region

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Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Internet Infrastructure

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Thus an OC-3c will carry three 1296:public switched telephone network 1225: 1026:Federal Communications Commission 97:through a portion of the Internet 12634: 12624: 12615: 12614: 12603: 12224:Free-space optical communication 11543: 11532: 10618:List of mobile phone generations 9935: 9926: 9925: 9364: 9331:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9050:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 8820:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8418:Corporate vs. Community Internet 8081: 7928: 7905: 7882: 7854: 7807: 7757: 7734: 7711: 7695: 7672: 7667:Human rights & Human Welfare 7649: 7623: 7597: 7578: 7553: 7534: 7510:Scott, Aaron (August 11, 2011). 7503: 7474: 7445: 7419: 7415:from the original on 2016-10-27. 7348: 7301: 7272: 7243: 7159: 7140: 7058: 7029: 6959: 6930: 6901: 6845: 6822: 6720:from the original on 2016-06-04. 6602: 6575: 6544: 6517: 6498: 6441: 6414: 6410:from the original on 2016-07-06. 6251:from the original on 2017-01-09. 5655:"Italy gets fiber back on track" 5400:from the original on 2010-03-12. 4978:from the original on 2015-09-24. 4685:Tom Phillips (August 25, 2010). 4493:. Pricenfees.com. Archived from 3639:sequence of undersea earthquakes 3200:Access as a civil or human right 2639:as part of the dial-up service. 2514:free-space optical communication 2335:may be used for fixed wireless. 1285:Problems playing this file? See 1254: 1127:List of web host service outages 770:and remote system administration 590:The Internet developed from the 476: 451: 308:Internet Message Access Protocol 83: 41: 7949:from the original on 2014-04-24 7843:Human Rights in the Digital Age 7679:Kravets, David (June 3, 2011). 7567:from the original on 2012-10-15 7492:from the original on 2022-07-23 7463:from the original on 2022-08-12 7434:from the original on 2014-03-07 7316:from the original on 2022-09-03 7290:from the original on 2023-01-17 7261:from the original on 2023-01-17 7232:from the original on 2022-06-19 7199:from the original on 2022-09-05 7076:from the original on 2020-08-25 7047:from the original on 2022-08-11 6948:from the original on 2021-11-10 6919:from the original on 2021-11-10 6679:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, 6656:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, 6324: 6305: 6293: 6274: 6255: 6220: 6186: 6161: 6078: 6052: 6026: 6000: 5971: 5946: 5919: 5844: 5825: 5804: 5785: 5705: 5686: 5667: 5648: 5625: 5599: 5580: 5560:Toy, Mehmet (2 February 2015). 5553: 5539: 5519:Oppenheimer, Priscilla (2004). 5512: 5500:. FTTH Council. January 9, 2009 5404: 5382: 5360: 5337: 5318: 5286: 5232: 5205: 5173: 5146: 5119: 5092: 4996: 4982: 4951: 4913: 4887:from the original on 2010-06-27 4869: 4844: 4823:"Router glitch cuts Net access" 4815: 4793: 4740: 4709: 4678: 4625:Patel, Nilay (March 19, 2008). 4586: 4534: 4482: 4456: 4379: 4342:from the original on 2020-07-27 4309:from the original on 2023-01-17 4276: 4240: 4210: 4199:from the original on 2023-01-17 4152:. 6 August 2010. Archived from 4140:"Triumph of the MOS Transistor" 4052:from the original on 2019-10-27 4019:from the original on 2019-08-23 3649:With the rise in popularity of 3394:United Nations General Assembly 3192:Several countries have started 3134: 2607:Broadband affordability in 2011 2519: 2363: 1684:(XG-PON). ISPs may instead use 1369: 1131: 1097:2008 submarine cable disruption 1093:submarine communications cables 877: 780:which are interaction-intensive 10400:Federated States of Micronesia 9893:British Indian Ocean Territory 8450:Types of Broadband Connections 7605:"Rural Broadband Initiative 2" 7512:"Trends in broadband adoption" 7220:Mitchell, Jason (2021-11-10). 6997:"Cuba to keep internet limits" 6401:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.019 4750:. The Guardian. 6 April 2011. 4489:Mitronov, Pavel (2001-06-29). 4330:Green, M. M. (November 2010). 4108:"Who Invented the Transistor?" 3918: 3906: 3880: 3856: 3826: 3793: 3760: 3702:in a social and cultural sense 2635:"free" in return for watching 2426:Proprietary technologies like 2355:. It enables "the delivery of 2256: moving at higher speeds 1805:, and remote control devices. 1785:Satellite Internet access via 1564:cable modem termination system 1448:Synchronous Optical Networking 1273:in order to get access to the 13: 1: 6784:, pp.1–10, 4–7 January 2011, 6551:Lowry, Tom (March 31, 2009). 6008:"AT&T Broadband Services" 3754: 3605:recent attempt to compromise 3313:Charter of the United Nations 2538: 1432:, provides 32 user channels ( 804:. Newer technologies include 681:in 1960, was adopted for MOS 673:, originally demonstrated by 644:Serial Line Internet Protocol 313:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 291:Transmission Control Protocol 12610:Telecommunication portal 12391:Telecommunications equipment 11539:Telecommunication portal 7999:10.1016/j.telpol.2012.08.005 7147:"ITC Facts and Figures 2013" 6714:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006 6683:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013. 6660:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013. 4716:Ben Munson (June 29, 2016). 4400:10.1016/0308-5961(92)90061-S 4289:CMOS Telecom Data Converters 3968:, Vol. 10, No. 4, April 1996 3900:10.17181/CERN_TCP_IP_history 3617:Natural disasters and access 2896:World population (billions) 2225: 2205: 2202: 2181: 2140: 2137: 2101: 2098: 2068: 2065: 1645: 1531:40, and 100 Gigabit Ethernet 1190:(WLAN) that uses one of the 1182:Ethernet is the name of the 1103:, as in the blockage of the 7: 12127:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 8209:, accessed 5 December 2012. 7175:, Change Agent, August 2005 7017:"Declaration of Principles" 6896:California State University 6752:Amir Hatem Ali, A. (2011). 5930:. Search Mobile Computing. 4939:"Diamond 56k Shotgun Modem" 4775:"Egypt Leaves the Internet" 4222:The National Broadband Plan 4175:Raymer, Michael G. (2009). 3676: 3141:Broadband universal service 2661:Wireless community networks 2567:, refers to the wearing of 2498:wireless community networks 2488:city-wide wireless networks 2329:customer premises equipment 1721:electric power transmission 1470:(electrical) which carries 1215:Customer-premises equipment 1188:wireless local area network 966:List of interface bit rates 667:telecommunications networks 632:terminal-emulation software 271:Hypertext Transfer Protocol 10: 12692: 11831:Telecommunications history 11036:CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 7166:"The lives of Asian youth" 6461:(Toronto), 1 February 2011 6169:"WiMax Forum – Technology" 5414:. EtherWAN. Archived from 5296:Network+ Guide to Networks 5264:Network+ Guide to Networks 5183:Network+ Guide to Networks 4958:William Stallings (1999). 3926:"Internet History in Asia" 3592: 3203: 3175:public private partnership 3138: 3092: 2542: 2523: 2474: 2451: 2229: 2188: 1744:Asynchronous Transfer Mode 1717:Broadband over power lines 1701:National Broadband Network 1547: 1420:data rates between 56 and 1341:Hardwired broadband access 1229: 1161:Ethernet over twisted pair 1120: 1086: 980:The bit rates for dial-up 973: 951: 594:, which was funded by the 583: 579: 537:Internet service providers 259:Information infrastructure 29: 12598: 12540: 12477: 12439:Public Switched Telephone 12399: 12363: 12320: 12261: 12251:telecommunication circuit 12212:Fiber-optic communication 12195: 11957:Francis Blake (telephone) 11904: 11752:Optical telecommunication 11596: 11529: 11351: 11331: 11295: 11280: 11245: 11218: 11203: 11180: 11139: 11110: 11060: 11049: 11028: 10988: 10973: 10948: 10926: 10918:EDGE/EGPRS - Evolved EDGE 10902: 10891: 10851: 10843:D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136) 10832: 10813: 10785: 10775: 10730: 10706: 10696: 10624: 10615: 10491: 10468: 10387: 10333: 10285: 10247: 9989: 9921: 9880: 9840: 9582: 9506: 9473:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 9373: 9362: 9174: 9063: 9038: 8757: 8639: 8621: 8593: 8500: 8441:, from Google public data 7977:Telecommunications Policy 7729:Christian Science Monitor 6702:Telecommunications Policy 6505:"On- and Off-Peak Quotas" 6358:"Broadband affordability" 6121:10.1007/978-0-387-68192-4 5953:Joseph N. Pelton (2006). 5566:. John Wiley & Sons. 5099:Lehpamer, Harvey (2002). 4777:. Renesys. Archived from 4388:Telecommunications Policy 3995:10.1109/EDST.2009.5166093 3706:Fiber-optic communication 3280: 3074: 3055: 3038: 3021: 3004: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2966:Internet users by region 2946: 2929: 2912: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2868:Growth in number of users 2701:peer-to-peer file sharing 2496:efforts have also led to 2293: 2273: 2258: 2243: 2158: 2083: 2050: 2011: 1995: 1979: 1962: 1947: 1794:Satellite Internet access 1766:Wireless broadband access 1512:Optical transport network 1211:Optical Network Terminals 1154:Internet service provider 1116:Internet service provider 814:Fiber-optic communication 298:Internet service provider 50:This article needs to be 12350:Orbital angular-momentum 11787:Satellite communications 11626:Communications satellite 10551:Northern Mariana Islands 9642:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 9493:Turks and Caicos Islands 9169:Internet in the Americas 8805:Central African Republic 7377:Hilbert, Martin (2013). 7193:European Investment Bank 6696:Hilbert, Martin (2016). 6380:Hilbert, Martin (2010). 5368:"KPN starts VDSL trials" 3718:, Internet access using 3332:. We also reaffirm that 3210:Right to Internet access 2874:Worldwide Internet users 2861:national broadband plans 2717:Rogers Hi-Speed Internet 2688:mobile network operators 2338: 1672:) or more commonly PON ( 1379:public telephone network 1109:anti-government protests 947: 818:premises and to the curb 768:Virtual private networks 171:Right to Internet access 12229:Molecular communication 12052:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 11881:Undersea telegraph line 11616:Cable protection system 11374:Comparison of standards 11013:UTRA-TDD LCR / TD-SCDMA 10516:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9903:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5522:Top-down Network Design 4881:Encyclopædia Britannica 4518:. ITU. September 2003. 4150:Computer History Museum 4113:Computer History Museum 4046:Computer History Museum 3731:National broadband plan 3711:History of the Internet 3338:sustainable development 2674:Internet services like 2274:up to 1000 Mbit/s 1980:up to 19.2 kbit/s 1674:Passive optical network 1598:Digital subscriber line 1232:Dial-up Internet access 858:" technologies such as 794:digital subscriber line 679:Arthur Leonard Schawlow 648:point-to-point protocol 586:History of the Internet 418:History of the Internet 281:Internet protocol suite 276:Internet exchange point 12371:Communication protocol 12157:Charles Sumner Tainter 11972:Walter Houser Brattain 11917:Edwin Howard Armstrong 11725:Information revolution 11379:Channel access methods 11018:UTRA-TDD HCR / TD-CDMA 10032:Bosnia and Herzegovina 9408:British Virgin Islands 7336:Cite journal requires 6111:Mustafa Ergen (2005). 5928:"Rain Fade Definition" 5006:. 23–30 December 1996. 4570:. OECD. Archived from 3981:Jindal, R. P. (2009). 3472:Internet Protocol (IP) 3462:Deep packet inspection 3430:Part of a series about 3328:, as enshrined in the 3294:In December 2003, the 3266:Constitution of Greece 3252:Constitutional Council 3194:Hybrid Access Networks 2812: 2804: 2783: 2762: 2614: 2503:radio masts and towers 2454:Hybrid Access Networks 2448:Hybrid Access Networks 2395: 2381:mobile phone operators 2373: 2159:Speeds in Mbit/s 2149:Fourth generation (4G) 2030:Speeds in Mbit/s 2012:up to 237 kbit/s 1996:56 to 115 kbit/s 1945:Speeds in kbit/s 1935:Second generation (2G) 1884: 1790: 1670:Active optical network 1534:IEEE standards (802.3) 1250:"Dial up modem noises" 1243: 887: 697:, which is related to 640:network access servers 610:directly connected to 151:Freedom of information 12671:Human rights by issue 12345:Polarization-division 12077:Narinder Singh Kapany 12042:Erna Schneider Hoover 11962:Jagadish Chandra Bose 11942:Alexander Graham Bell 11673:online video platform 11550:Telephones portal 10658:MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD 10494:and other territories 9321:Saint Kitts and Nevis 8965:São Tomé and Príncipe 8825:Republic of the Congo 5851:"Internet in the Sky" 5782:, accessed 5 May 2012 5293:Dean, Tamara (2009). 5261:Dean, Tamara (2009). 5180:Dean, Tamara (2009). 5132:. Pearson Education. 4905:Dean, Tamara (2010). 4544:. ITU-T. June 1997 . 4432:, accessed 1 May 2012 4367:"How Broadband Works" 3840:. 30 September 2014. 3350:freedom of expression 3219:access to information 3204:Further information: 3095:Global Internet usage 2810: 2789: 2768: 2747: 2604: 2393: 2371: 2020:Third generation (3G) 1879: 1784: 1550:Cable Internet access 1544:Cable Internet access 1460:light-emitting diodes 1242: 962:Bandwidth (computing) 885: 802:cable Internet access 646:(SLIP) and later the 630:or computers running 18:Internet connectivity 12187:Vladimir K. Zworykin 12147:Almon Brown Strowger 12117:Charles Grafton Page 11772:Prepaid mobile phone 11700:Electrical telegraph 11167:iBurst (IEEE 802.20) 10940:CDMA2000 1X Advanced 9817:United Arab Emirates 7522:on December 19, 2011 7255:www.wearetech.africa 6765:Human Rights Journal 4516:"Birth of Broadband" 4218:"What is Broadband?" 3913:Réseaux IP Européens 3747:White spaces (radio) 3500:By country or region 3467:End-to-end principle 3452:Bandwidth throttling 3390:Human Rights Council 3326:right to development 3278:: Starting in 2011, 3264:: Article 5A of the 3250:: In June 2009, the 2930:In developing world 2597:Pricing and spending 1666:hybrid fiber-coaxial 1560:hybrid fiber coaxial 1331:inverse multiplexing 1221:Dial-up technologies 201:Virtual volunteering 12137:Johann Philipp Reis 11896:Wireless revolution 11858:The Telephone Cases 11715:Hydraulic telegraph 11053:(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G) 10895:(2.5G, 2.75G, 2.9G) 10663:Mobile TeleSeratout 10382:Internet in Oceania 10248:States with limited 9844:limited recognition 9498:U.S. Virgin Islands 9341:Trinidad and Tobago 9186:Antigua and Barbuda 9040:States with limited 8751:Internet in Africa 8640:Long range wireless 8433:municipal broadband 8278:, Choy, C. (2007). 8069:on 1 September 2008 8042:on 27 December 2008 7706:English translation 7665:, Michael L. Best, 7516:Home Broadband 2010 7488:. 8 December 2021. 7486:blogs.worldbank.org 6195:"Speeding Up WiMax" 5986:. Harvard college. 5475:on October 23, 2010 5086:10.1109/6294.774937 4852:"IEEE GET Program™" 4807:. 28 January 2011. 4116:. 4 December 2013. 3742:Residential gateway 3655:Amazon Web Services 3362:Information Society 3354:Information Society 3270:Information Society 3058:Independent States 2967: 2947:In developed world 2876: 2733:Rochester, New York 2690:(MNO) to introduce 2400:directional antenna 2394:Wi-Fi range diagram 2155: 2026: 1941: 1777:Satellite broadband 1739:ATM and Frame Relay 1713:Power-line Internet 1708:Power-line Internet 1484:622.080 Mbit/s 1472:155.520 Mbit/s 1101:Internet censorship 1079:or even charges of 1022:data transfer rates 954:Data signaling rate 707:terabits per second 616:dial-up connections 612:local area networks 483:Internet portal 423:Oldest domain names 32:Internet Connection 12335:Frequency-division 12312:Telephone exchange 12182:Charles Wheatstone 12112:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 12087:Innocenzo Manzetti 12022:Reginald Fessenden 11757:Optical telegraphy 11590:Telecommunications 11541: 11127:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-B) 11121:(TIA/EIA/IS-856-A) 11119:1xEV-DO Revision A 9983:Internet in Europe 9251:Dominican Republic 8455:2018-03-11 at the 8423:2011-05-09 at the 8413:European broadband 8396:2013-06-17 at the 8377:2012-07-18 at the 8358:2012-12-23 at the 8339:2013-07-24 at the 8320:2013-09-07 at the 8297:2013-02-02 at the 8274:2008-12-28 at the 8255:2013-06-05 at the 8224:2012-11-15 at the 8205:2013-05-23 at the 8133:chicagotribune.com 8113:2015-02-16 at the 8094:2014-12-25 at the 7917:2012-04-02 at the 7894:2012-01-07 at the 7875:2013-06-01 at the 7800:2015-07-05 at the 7746:2012-07-29 at the 7723:2012-02-22 at the 7661:2008-09-12 at the 7590:2012-05-19 at the 7546:2011-09-16 at the 7360:2017-07-04 at the 7226:Investment Monitor 7171:2009-05-11 at the 7152:2014-12-30 at the 7022:2013-10-15 at the 6971:2017-01-09 at the 6890:2012-04-25 at the 6858:The New York Times 6834:2014-12-20 at the 6813:Teaching Tolerance 6807:2011-11-04 at the 6759:2012-11-14 at the 6736:2013-03-03 at the 6675:2017-07-10 at the 6652:2017-07-10 at the 6633:2014-02-09 at the 6614:2013-03-13 at the 6510:2012-03-31 at the 6480:The New York Times 6453:2012-02-09 at the 6363:2014-06-14 at the 6333:Discover and Learn 6317:2012-05-30 at the 6286:2012-10-10 at the 6267:2017-02-20 at the 6262:"Member Directory" 6233:(Third ed.). 6154:2012-05-10 at the 6062:. Exede Internet. 5880:2011-09-27 at the 5856:2012-12-16 at the 5837:2012-04-09 at the 5818:2012-10-12 at the 5797:2012-05-07 at the 5774:2012-05-12 at the 5698:2010-12-31 at the 5679:2012-03-28 at the 5660:2012-03-22 at the 5637:2012-04-29 at the 5592:2008-10-11 at the 5549:. 20 January 2003. 5349:2012-04-18 at the 5330:2010-07-24 at the 5244:2014-10-12 at the 5027:2013-03-08 at the 4944:2012-03-31 at the 4925:2007-03-10 at the 4781:on 28 January 2011 4449:2012-06-16 at the 4428:2011-04-08 at the 4372:2011-09-13 at the 4070:Lojek, Bo (2007). 4042:The Silicon Engine 3960:2011-07-19 at the 3611:Ajit Varadaraj Pai 3482:Net neutrality law 3423:Network neutrality 3386:Special Rapporteur 3330:Vienna Declaration 3221:and the Internet: 3147:population density 2965: 2872: 2833:U.S. trade embargo 2813: 2805: 2784: 2763: 2615: 2578:El Paquete Semanal 2396: 2374: 2147: 2133:GSM EDGE-Evolution 2018: 1933: 1885: 1841:medium Earth orbit 1829:have GEO systems. 1791: 1771:Wireless broadband 1680:(GPON, G-PON) and 1508:39.813 Gbit/s 1426:Data service units 1244: 1077:network neutrality 1073:quality of service 1062:network congestion 1043:Network congestion 888: 784:In the 1990s, the 687:Internet bandwidth 604:personal computers 266:Domain Name System 156:Internet phenomena 12648: 12647: 12386:Store and forward 12381:Data transmission 12295:Network switching 12246:Transmission line 12092:Guglielmo Marconi 12057:Internet pioneers 11922:Mohamed M. Atalla 11891:Whistled language 11556: 11555: 11359:Cellular networks 11347: 11346: 11276: 11275: 11199: 11198: 11045: 11044: 11001:UTRA-FDD / W-CDMA 10969: 10968: 10936:(TIA/EIA/IS-2000) 10887: 10886: 10771: 10770: 10574: 10573: 10566:Wallis and Futuna 10511:Clipperton Island 10469:Associated states 10349: 10348: 9949: 9948: 9886:other territories 9544: 9543: 9136: 9135: 9067:other territories 8840:Equatorial Guinea 8717: 8716: 8445:FCC Broadband Map 8087:Lessig, L. 1999. 7754:, 14 October 2009 7750:, Don Reisinger, 7727:, Colin Woodard, 7398:10.1002/asi.23020 6985:978-1-4426-4061-0 6790:978-0-7695-4282-9 6457:, Hugh Thompson, 6429:on August 8, 2014 6389:World Development 6244:978-0-07-225538-6 6130:978-0-387-68189-4 5993:978-0-262-58160-8 5964:978-1-931695-48-0 5778:, Robert Valdes, 5618:978-0-07-137842-0 5573:978-1-118-83759-7 5532:978-1-58705-152-4 5306:978-1-4239-0245-4 5274:978-1-4239-0245-4 5225:978-3-030-16250-4 5193:978-1-4239-0245-4 5166:978-0-203-50745-2 5139:978-0-13-335400-3 5112:978-1-58053-243-3 4722:FierceOnlineVideo 4302:978-1-4757-3724-0 4004:978-1-4244-3831-0 3627:Hurricane Katrina 3591: 3590: 3487:Search neutrality 3444:Topics and issues 3378:BBC World Service 3288:universal service 3124:and fiber optics 3101:market saturation 3091: 3090: 3039:Asia and Pacific 2963: 2962: 2761: 2736:additional data. 2613: 2298: 2297: 2145: 2144: 2016: 2015: 1892:cellular networks 1880:Service mark for 1662:Fiber-to-the-home 1657:Fiber to the home 1602:regular telephone 1518:per OTN channel. 1500:9.953 Gbit/s 1492:2.488 Gbit/s 1317:Multilink dial-up 1264: 1105:Internet in Egypt 1049:contended service 1012:greater than the 763:videoconferencing 715:complementary MOS 675:Charles H. Townes 517: 516: 368:Instant messaging 286:Internet Protocol 196:Virtual community 93:visualization of 71: 70: 16:(Redirected from 12683: 12638: 12637: 12628: 12627: 12618: 12617: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12479:Notable networks 12469:Wireless network 12409:Cellular network 12401:Types of network 12376:Computer network 12263:Network topology 12177:Thomas A. Watson 12032:Oliver Heaviside 12017:Philo Farnsworth 11992:Daniel Davis Jr. 11967:Charles Bourseul 11927:John Logie Baird 11636:Data compression 11631:Computer network 11583: 11576: 11569: 11560: 11559: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11464:Mobile broadband 11364:Mobile telephony 11352:Related articles 11293: 11292: 11236:LTE Advanced Pro 11216: 11215: 11131:EV-DO Revision C 11125:EV-DO Revision B 11058: 11057: 10986: 10985: 10900: 10899: 10783: 10782: 10704: 10703: 10629:radio telephones 10608:Cellular network 10601: 10594: 10587: 10578: 10577: 10556:Pitcairn Islands 10526:French Polynesia 10506:Christmas Island 10435:Papua New Guinea 10415:Marshall Islands 10388:Sovereign states 10376: 10369: 10362: 10353: 10352: 10286:Dependencies and 9990:Sovereign states 9976: 9969: 9962: 9953: 9952: 9939: 9929: 9928: 9898:Christmas Island 9584:Sovereign states 9577:Internet in Asia 9571: 9564: 9557: 9548: 9547: 9463:Saint Barthélemy 9423:Falkland Islands 9368: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9140: 9139: 9128: 9127:(United Kingdom) 9123:Tristan da Cunha 9119:Ascension Island 9111: 9098: 9089: 9065:Dependencies and 8758:Sovereign states 8744: 8737: 8730: 8721: 8720: 8487: 8480: 8473: 8464: 8463: 8401: 8388: 8382: 8369: 8363: 8350: 8344: 8331: 8325: 8312: 8306: 8289: 8283: 8266: 8260: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8216: 8210: 8197: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8147: 8141: 8140: 8124: 8118: 8105: 8099: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8065:. Archived from 8058: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8038:. Archived from 8030:(21 June 2006). 8028:Berners-Lee, Tim 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8009:. Archived from 7992: 7974: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7941: 7932: 7926: 7909: 7903: 7886: 7880: 7867: 7861: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7837: 7828: 7827: 7811: 7805: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7761: 7755: 7738: 7732: 7715: 7709: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7676: 7670: 7653: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7611:on 24 April 2017 7607:. Archived from 7601: 7595: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7557: 7551: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7459:. 27 June 2022. 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7383: 7374: 7365: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7339: 7334: 7332: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7185: 7176: 7163: 7157: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7094: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7081: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7033: 7027: 7014: 7005: 7004: 6993: 6987: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6924: 6905: 6899: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6849: 6843: 6826: 6820: 6817:Education Digest 6798: 6792: 6774: 6768: 6750: 6741: 6731:"Internet Users" 6728: 6722: 6721: 6693: 6684: 6667: 6661: 6644: 6638: 6625: 6619: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6559:. Archived from 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6521: 6515: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6471: 6462: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6328: 6322: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6278: 6272: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6199:IT Business Edge 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6171:. Archived from 6165: 6159: 6146: 6135: 6134: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6088:. Dish Network. 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5985: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5926:Margaret Rouse. 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5907:on June 10, 2015 5899:Margaret Rouse. 5896: 5885: 5872: 5861: 5848: 5842: 5829: 5823: 5808: 5802: 5789: 5783: 5766: 5755: 5754: 5741:10.1201/b16540-1 5728: 5722: 5709: 5703: 5690: 5684: 5671: 5665: 5652: 5646: 5641:, Emma Rodgers, 5629: 5623: 5622: 5603: 5597: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5471:. Archived from 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5374:. Archived from 5364: 5358: 5341: 5335: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5309:. Archived from 5290: 5284: 5282: 5277:. Archived from 5258: 5249: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5196:. Archived from 5177: 5171: 5170: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5105:. Artech House. 5096: 5090: 5089: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5039: 5017: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4955: 4949: 4936: 4930: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4854:. Archived from 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4724:. Archived from 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4666:on July 10, 2012 4652: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4467:. Archived from 4460: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4383: 4377: 4364: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4264:on July 21, 2011 4263: 4252: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4077: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 3989:. pp. 1–6. 3978: 3969: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3764: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3556: 3438: 3427: 3426: 3285: 3284: 3115:Bandwidth divide 2968: 2964: 2877: 2871: 2851:convened by the 2755: 2610: 2385:Long-range Wi-Fi 2259:100 Mbit/s 2156: 2154: 2146: 2051:0.4 Mbit/s 2027: 2025: 2017: 1963:9.6 kbit/s 1942: 1940: 1932: 1894:) to computers, 1888:Mobile broadband 1872:Mobile broadband 1848:systems include 1811:TCP acceleration 1715:, also known as 1587: 1583: 1539: 1517: 1509: 1501: 1493: 1485: 1473: 1443: 1442:34.4 Mbit/s 1439: 1435: 1423: 1422:1500 kbit/s 1414: 1406: 1398: 1312: 1266: 1265: 1241: 1140:is converted to 1123:AS 7007 incident 833:mobile broadband 719:digital circuits 636:terminal servers 546: 509: 502: 495: 481: 480: 455: 454: 87: 73: 72: 66: 63: 57: 45: 44: 37: 21: 12691: 12690: 12686: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12661:Internet access 12651: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12604: 12602: 12594: 12536: 12473: 12395: 12359: 12316: 12265: 12257: 12198: 12191: 12097:Robert Metcalfe 11952:Tim Berners-Lee 11900: 11720:Information Age 11592: 11587: 11557: 11552: 11544: 11542: 11533: 11531: 11525: 11432:Frequency bands 11343: 11327: 11285: 11272: 11241: 11208: 11195: 11176: 11135: 11106: 11052: 11051:3G transitional 11041: 11024: 10978: 10965: 10944: 10922: 10894: 10893:2G transitional 10883: 10847: 10828: 10824:cdmaOne (IS-95) 10809: 10767: 10726: 10692: 10620: 10611: 10605: 10575: 10570: 10493: 10487: 10470: 10464: 10445:Solomon Islands 10383: 10380: 10350: 10345: 10329: 10287: 10281: 10267:Northern Cyprus 10249: 10243: 10164:North Macedonia 9985: 9980: 9950: 9945: 9917: 9885: 9876: 9857:Northern Cyprus 9843: 9836: 9578: 9575: 9545: 9540: 9518:Central America 9502: 9377: 9369: 9360: 9177: 9170: 9167: 9137: 9132: 9131: 9126: 9109: 9096: 9087: 9068: 9066: 9059: 9043: 9041: 9034: 8753: 8748: 8718: 8713: 8635: 8617: 8589: 8496: 8494:Internet access 8491: 8459:, Broadband.gov 8457:Wayback Machine 8425:Wayback Machine 8409: 8404: 8398:Wayback Machine 8389: 8385: 8379:Wayback Machine 8370: 8366: 8360:Wayback Machine 8351: 8347: 8341:Wayback Machine 8332: 8328: 8322:Wayback Machine 8313: 8309: 8299:Wayback Machine 8290: 8286: 8276:Wayback Machine 8267: 8263: 8257:Wayback Machine 8248: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8226:Wayback Machine 8217: 8213: 8207:Wayback Machine 8198: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8148: 8144: 8125: 8121: 8115:Wayback Machine 8106: 8102: 8096:Wayback Machine 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8059: 8055: 8045: 8043: 8025: 8021: 8013: 7990:10.1.1.258.5878 7972: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7935:Tim Wu (2003). 7933: 7929: 7919:Wayback Machine 7910: 7906: 7896:Wayback Machine 7887: 7883: 7877:Wayback Machine 7868: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7838: 7831: 7812: 7808: 7802:Wayback Machine 7791: 7787: 7778: 7776: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7748:Wayback Machine 7739: 7735: 7725:Wayback Machine 7716: 7712: 7700: 7696: 7677: 7673: 7669:, Vol. 4 (2004) 7663:Wayback Machine 7654: 7650: 7640: 7638: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7592:Wayback Machine 7583: 7579: 7570: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7548:Wayback Machine 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7508: 7504: 7495: 7493: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7466: 7464: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7435: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7381: 7375: 7368: 7362:Wayback Machine 7353: 7349: 7337: 7335: 7326: 7325: 7319: 7317: 7306: 7302: 7293: 7291: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7264: 7262: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7235: 7233: 7218: 7211: 7202: 7200: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7173:Wayback Machine 7164: 7160: 7154:Wayback Machine 7145: 7141: 7132: 7130: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7107: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7088: 7079: 7077: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7050: 7048: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7024:Wayback Machine 7015: 7008: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6973:Wayback Machine 6964: 6960: 6951: 6949: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6922: 6920: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6892:Wayback Machine 6881: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6850: 6846: 6836:Wayback Machine 6827: 6823: 6809:Wayback Machine 6799: 6795: 6775: 6771: 6761:Wayback Machine 6751: 6744: 6738:Wayback Machine 6729: 6725: 6694: 6687: 6677:Wayback Machine 6668: 6664: 6654:Wayback Machine 6645: 6641: 6635:Wayback Machine 6626: 6622: 6616:Wayback Machine 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6590:on June 4, 2013 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6563:on May 24, 2009 6549: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6522: 6518: 6512:Wayback Machine 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6472: 6465: 6455:Wayback Machine 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6384: 6378: 6371: 6365:Wayback Machine 6356: 6352: 6343: 6341: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6319:Wayback Machine 6310: 6306: 6298: 6294: 6288:Wayback Machine 6279: 6275: 6269:Wayback Machine 6260: 6256: 6245: 6237:. p. 418. 6225: 6221: 6208: 6206: 6191: 6187: 6178: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6156:Wayback Machine 6147: 6138: 6131: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5897: 5888: 5882:Wayback Machine 5873: 5864: 5858:Wayback Machine 5849: 5845: 5839:Wayback Machine 5830: 5826: 5820:Wayback Machine 5809: 5805: 5799:Wayback Machine 5790: 5786: 5780:How Stuff Works 5776:Wayback Machine 5767: 5758: 5751: 5729: 5725: 5710: 5706: 5700:Wayback Machine 5691: 5687: 5683:, 2 August 2010 5681:Wayback Machine 5672: 5668: 5662:Wayback Machine 5653: 5649: 5639:Wayback Machine 5630: 5626: 5619: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5594:Wayback Machine 5585: 5581: 5574: 5558: 5554: 5547:"Computerworld" 5545: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525:. Cisco Press. 5517: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5465:FP Entrepreneur 5457: 5453: 5443: 5441: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5351:Wayback Machine 5342: 5338: 5332:Wayback Machine 5323: 5319: 5307: 5291: 5287: 5275: 5259: 5252: 5246:Wayback Machine 5237: 5233: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5097: 5093: 5074:IT Professional 5066: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5042: 5029:Wayback Machine 5018: 5011: 5004:"Network World" 5002: 5001: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4972: 4956: 4952: 4948:, maximumpc.com 4946:Wayback Machine 4937: 4933: 4927:Wayback Machine 4918: 4914: 4903: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4836: 4834: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4728:on July 2, 2016 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4500: 4498: 4487: 4483: 4474: 4472: 4461: 4457: 4451:Wayback Machine 4440: 4436: 4430:Wayback Machine 4419: 4415: 4384: 4380: 4374:Wayback Machine 4365: 4354: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4303: 4295:. p. 277. 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4193: 4185:. p. 365. 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4053: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4005: 3979: 3972: 3962:Wayback Machine 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3885: 3881: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3812: 3798: 3794: 3779: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3679: 3651:cloud computing 3619: 3597: 3587: 3547: 3492:Tiered Internet 3436: 3425: 3212: 3202: 3179:Motorola Canopy 3143: 3137: 3117: 3097: 3057: 3056:Commonwealth of 2870: 2798: 2795: 2777: 2774: 2754: 2742: 2609: 2599: 2551:tongue-in-cheek 2547: 2541: 2532: 2524:Main articles: 2522: 2505:, agricultural 2484: 2479: 2473: 2465:Broadband Forum 2456: 2450: 2436: 2428:Motorola Canopy 2366: 2341: 2322: 2294:80 Mbit/s 2152: 2084:16 Mbit/s 2023: 1938: 1924:wireless modems 1900:portable modems 1874: 1845:launch vehicles 1837:low Earth orbit 1779: 1768: 1741: 1710: 1659: 1648: 1595: 1585: 1584:downstream and 1581: 1552: 1546: 1537: 1516:400 Gbit/s 1515: 1507: 1499: 1491: 1483: 1471: 1441: 1438:2.0 Mbit/s 1437: 1433: 1421: 1412: 1405:1.5 Mbit/s 1404: 1396: 1372: 1357: 1343: 1326:channel bonding 1319: 1307: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1267: 1255: 1252: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1223: 1201:Many "modems" ( 1134: 1129: 1089: 1069:traffic shaping 1045: 978: 976:Data-rate units 972: 952:Main articles: 950: 880: 835:access include 703:bits per second 642:supporting the 624:telephone lines 614:(LANs) or from 588: 582: 544: 521:Internet access 519: 513: 475: 470: 469: 446: 438: 437: 413: 405: 404: 326: 318: 317: 261: 251: 250: 216: 206: 205: 106: 98: 67: 61: 58: 55: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12689: 12679: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12632: 12622: 12612: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12592: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12550: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12483: 12481: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12405: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12330:Space-division 12326: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12280: 12275: 12269: 12267: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12243: 12242: 12241: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12209: 12203: 12201: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12167:Camille Tissot 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12142:Claude Shannon 12139: 12134: 12132:Tivadar Puskás 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12102:Antonio Meucci 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12072:Charles K. Kao 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12047:Harold Hopkins 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11947:Emile Berliner 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11886:Videotelephony 11883: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11871: 11861: 11854: 11849: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11789: 11784: 11782:Radiotelephone 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11748: 11747: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11686: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11668:Internet video 11660: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11602: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11586: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11563: 11554: 11553: 11530: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11429: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11393: 11392: 11391: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11349: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11299: 11297: 11290: 11278: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11233: 11222: 11220: 11213: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11187: 11185: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11146: 11144: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11128: 11122: 11114: 11112: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11104: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11064: 11062: 11055: 11047: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11009: 11008: 10992: 10990: 10983: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10909: 10907: 10897: 10889: 10888: 10885: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10855: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10846: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10826: 10820: 10818: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10802: 10796: 10794: 10780: 10773: 10772: 10769: 10768: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10734: 10732: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10713: 10711: 10701: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10673:Autotel (PALM) 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10634: 10632: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10604: 10603: 10596: 10589: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10546:Norfolk Island 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10501:American Samoa 10497: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10480: 10474: 10472: 10471:of New Zealand 10466: 10465: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10384: 10379: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10356: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10341:European Union 10337: 10335: 10334:Other entities 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10291: 10289: 10288:other entities 10283: 10282: 10280: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10253: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10241: 10239:United Kingdom 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10052:Czech Republic 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9986: 9979: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9956: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9933: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9848: 9846: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9551: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9531: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9478:Sint Eustatius 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9413:Cayman Islands 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9384: 9382: 9371: 9370: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9143: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9112: 9099: 9090: 9076:Canary Islands 9072: 9071: 9069: 9064: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9052: 9046: 9044: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8747: 8746: 8739: 8732: 8724: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8599: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8447: 8442: 8439:Broadband data 8436: 8415: 8408: 8407:External links 8405: 8403: 8402: 8383: 8364: 8345: 8326: 8307: 8284: 8261: 8242: 8230: 8211: 8187: 8175: 8157:New York Times 8142: 8119: 8100: 8080: 8053: 8019: 8016:on 2015-09-24. 7983:(9): 794–813. 7960: 7927: 7904: 7902:, 8 March 2010 7881: 7862: 7853: 7850:on 2013-01-31. 7829: 7806: 7785: 7756: 7733: 7710: 7694: 7671: 7648: 7622: 7596: 7577: 7552: 7533: 7502: 7473: 7444: 7418: 7392:(4): 821–835. 7366: 7347: 7338:|journal= 7300: 7271: 7242: 7209: 7177: 7158: 7139: 7114: 7086: 7066:"Press corner" 7057: 7028: 7006: 6988: 6958: 6929: 6915:. 2015-02-25. 6900: 6898:, January 2011 6875: 6844: 6821: 6800:McCollum, S., 6793: 6769: 6742: 6723: 6708:(6): 567–581. 6685: 6662: 6639: 6620: 6601: 6574: 6543: 6516: 6497: 6463: 6459:Globe and Mail 6440: 6413: 6395:(5): 756–770. 6369: 6350: 6340:on 10 May 2012 6323: 6304: 6292: 6273: 6254: 6243: 6219: 6185: 6160: 6136: 6129: 6103: 6077: 6051: 6036:. Hughes Net. 6025: 5999: 5992: 5970: 5963: 5945: 5918: 5886: 5862: 5843: 5824: 5803: 5784: 5756: 5749: 5723: 5717:2012-09-11 at 5704: 5685: 5666: 5647: 5624: 5617: 5598: 5579: 5572: 5552: 5538: 5531: 5511: 5486: 5451: 5421: 5418:on 2011-07-10. 5403: 5396:. 2001-05-21. 5381: 5378:on 2008-05-04. 5359: 5336: 5317: 5313:on 2013-04-20. 5305: 5285: 5281:on 2013-04-20. 5273: 5250: 5231: 5224: 5204: 5200:on 2013-04-20. 5192: 5172: 5165: 5145: 5138: 5118: 5111: 5091: 5057: 5040: 5009: 4995: 4981: 4971:978-0139737442 4970: 4950: 4931: 4912: 4897: 4868: 4843: 4814: 4792: 4773:Cowie, James. 4765: 4739: 4708: 4677: 4644: 4617: 4585: 4559: 4533: 4507: 4481: 4455: 4434: 4413: 4394:(8): 666–689. 4378: 4352: 4319: 4301: 4275: 4239: 4209: 4191: 4167: 4131: 4099: 4092: 4062: 4029: 4003: 3970: 3947: 3917: 3905: 3879: 3855: 3825: 3810: 3792: 3777: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3618: 3615: 3595:Net neutrality 3593:Main article: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3523:European Union 3520: 3515: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3437:Net neutrality 3432: 3431: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3402: 3374: 3373: 3356:" in stating: 3342: 3341: 3321: 3320: 3300:United Nations 3292: 3291: 3273: 3259: 3245: 3235: 3229: 3206:Digital rights 3201: 3198: 3139:Main article: 3136: 3133: 3116: 3113: 3093:Main article: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2869: 2866: 2857:digital divide 2853:United Nations 2817:digital divide 2790: 2769: 2748: 2741: 2740:Digital divide 2738: 2725:bandwidth caps 2624:necessity good 2605: 2598: 2595: 2586:delay tolerant 2543:Main article: 2540: 2537: 2521: 2518: 2483: 2480: 2472: 2469: 2449: 2446: 2435: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2365: 2362: 2340: 2337: 2325:Fixed wireless 2321: 2320:Fixed wireless 2318: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114:CDMA2000 EV-DO 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2095:CDMA2000 1xRTT 2086: 2085: 2082: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2009:(2.75G) 1998: 1997: 1994: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1922:, or separate 1873: 1870: 1778: 1775: 1767: 1764: 1740: 1737: 1709: 1706: 1696:interference. 1686:Metro Ethernet 1658: 1655: 1647: 1644: 1594: 1591: 1582:10 Gbit/s 1548:Main article: 1545: 1542: 1456:coherent light 1434:64 kbit/s 1413:45 Mbit/s 1397:64 kbit/s 1371: 1368: 1356: 1353: 1342: 1339: 1318: 1315: 1282: 1268: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1230:Main article: 1227: 1226:Dial-up access 1224: 1222: 1219: 1133: 1130: 1088: 1085: 1044: 1041: 949: 946: 912:Internet kiosk 900:Internet cafés 879: 876: 845:fixed wireless 782: 781: 771: 765: 748: 745: 742:World Wide Web 730:expansion card 691:MOSFET scaling 659:Mohamed Atalla 584:Main article: 581: 578: 533:World Wide Web 515: 514: 512: 511: 504: 497: 489: 486: 485: 472: 471: 468: 467: 460: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 414: 411: 410: 407: 406: 403: 402: 401: 400: 393:World Wide Web 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 339: 338: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 294: 293: 288: 278: 273: 268: 262: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 217: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 161:Net neutrality 158: 153: 148: 143: 141:Digital rights 138: 136:Digital divide 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 88: 80: 79: 69: 68: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12688: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12641: 12633: 12631: 12623: 12621: 12613: 12611: 12601: 12600: 12597: 12590: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12398: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12356: 12355:Code-division 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12340:Time-division 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12313: 12310: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12297: 12296: 12293: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12266:and switching 12264: 12260: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12217:optical fiber 12215: 12214: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12207:Coaxial cable 12205: 12204: 12202: 12200: 12194: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12122:Radia Perlman 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12012:Lee de Forest 12010: 12008: 12007:Thomas Edison 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11997:Donald Davies 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11982:Claude Chappe 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11866: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11826:Smoke signals 11824: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11804:Semiconductor 11802: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11746: 11743: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11664: 11663:Digital media 11661: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11584: 11579: 11577: 11572: 11570: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11551: 11540: 11528: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11514:Wi-Fi Calling 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11474:NGMN Alliance 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11406: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11394: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11291: 11288: 11283: 11279: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11244: 11237: 11234: 11231: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11206: 11202: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11109: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11048: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10991: 10987: 10984: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10890: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10854: 10850: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10831: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10774: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10717:AMPS - N-AMPS 10715: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10602: 10597: 10595: 10590: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10579: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10541:New Caledonia 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10521:Easter Island 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10490: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10467: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10377: 10372: 10370: 10365: 10363: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10300:Faroe Islands 10298: 10296: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10272:South Ossetia 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10124:Liechtenstein 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9977: 9972: 9970: 9965: 9963: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9932: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9867:South Ossetia 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9572: 9567: 9565: 9560: 9558: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9537: 9536: 9535:South America 9532: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9512:North America 9509: 9508: 9505: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9428:French Guiana 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9367: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9346:United States 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9173: 9164: 9159: 9157: 9152: 9150: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9070: 9062: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9037: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8880:Guinea-Bissau 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 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7281: 7275: 7260: 7257:(in French). 7256: 7252: 7246: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7214: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7143: 7129:on 2017-04-17 7128: 7124: 7118: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7013: 7011: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6962: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6879: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6773: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6690: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6624: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6354: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6301: 6296: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6223: 6216: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6175:on 2008-07-22 6174: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5995: 5989: 5984: 5983: 5974: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5832:"Frame Relay" 5828: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5788: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5750:9781466557529 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5719:archive.today 5716: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5689: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5620: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5587:"FTTx Primer" 5583: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5542: 5534: 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CRC Press. 5158: 5157: 5149: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5038: 5037:0-470-39607-5 5034: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4916: 4908: 4901: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4858:on 2017-01-24 4857: 4853: 4847: 4833:on 2020-07-27 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4602: 4595: 4589: 4574:on 2009-05-07 4573: 4569: 4563: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4497:on 2017-02-02 4496: 4492: 4485: 4471:on 2007-01-04 4470: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4198: 4194: 4192:9781439803127 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4171: 4156:on 2021-10-30 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4095: 4093:9783540342588 4089: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4066: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3811:9780199371020 3807: 3803: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3778:9780199371020 3774: 3770: 3763: 3759: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3550: 3549:United States 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 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2938: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2723:have imposed 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2626:and ICT as a 2625: 2621: 2608: 2603: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2507:storage silos 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407:5GHz ISM band 2403: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1926:can be used. 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:mobile phones 1893: 1889: 1883: 1878: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:voice over IP 1798: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1693:optical fiber 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1623:voice over IP 1620: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1590: 1586:6 Gbit/s 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1497: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1466:(optical) or 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1410: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1383:optical fiber 1380: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1314: 1311: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1288: 1276: 1272: 1251: 1233: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1196:access points 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 977: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 945: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 892:public places 884: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 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Continuous 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 597: 596:US government 593: 587: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 550: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 490: 488: 487: 484: 479: 474: 473: 466: 465: 461: 459: 458: 449: 448: 442: 441: 434: 433:Protocol Wars 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 409: 408: 399: 396: 395: 394: 391: 389: 388:Voice over IP 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 358:File transfer 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 337: 336:Microblogging 334: 333: 332: 329: 328: 322: 321: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 260: 255: 254: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 215: 210: 209: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 126:Data activism 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 102: 101: 96: 95:routing paths 92: 86: 82: 81: 78: 75: 74: 65: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 12322:Multiplexing 12197:Transmission 12162:Nikola Tesla 12152:Henry Sutton 12107:Samuel Morse 12037:Robert Hooke 12002:Amos Dolbear 11937:John Bardeen 11856: 11836:Telautograph 11740:Mobile phone 11695:Edholm's law 11678:social media 11611:Broadcasting 11479:Push-to-talk 11257:IEEE 802.16m 11226:LTE Advanced 11210:IMT Advanced 11155:IEEE 802.16e 11150:Mobile WiMAX 11111:3GPP2 family 11038:(TIA/IS-856) 11029:3GPP2 family 10927:3GPP2 family 10906:/3GPP family 10722:TACS - ETACS 10492:Dependencies 10478:Cook Islands 10277:Transnistria 9882:Dependencies 9812:Turkmenistan 9777:Saudi Arabia 9533: 9510: 9483:Sint Maarten 9468:Saint Martin 9375:Dependencies 9115:Saint Helena 9086: 8990:South Africa 8980:Sierra Leone 8785:Burkina Faso 8623:Wireless LAN 8613:Wireless USB 8595:Wireless PAN 8493: 8386: 8367: 8348: 8329: 8310: 8302: 8287: 8279: 8264: 8245: 8233: 8214: 8178: 8166:. Retrieved 8155: 8145: 8132: 8122: 8103: 8083: 8071:. Retrieved 8067:the original 8056: 8044:. Retrieved 8040:the original 8036:timbl's blog 8035: 8022: 8011:the original 7980: 7976: 7963: 7951:. Retrieved 7930: 7922: 7907: 7899: 7884: 7865: 7856: 7848:the original 7842: 7819: 7809: 7793: 7788: 7777:. Retrieved 7773:the original 7769:London Times 7768: 7759: 7751: 7736: 7728: 7713: 7697: 7684: 7674: 7666: 7651: 7639:. Retrieved 7625: 7613:. Retrieved 7609:the original 7599: 7580: 7569:. Retrieved 7555: 7550:July 7, 2006 7536: 7526:December 23, 7524:. Retrieved 7520:the original 7515: 7505: 7494:. Retrieved 7485: 7476: 7465:. Retrieved 7456: 7447: 7436:. Retrieved 7421: 7389: 7385: 7350: 7329:cite journal 7318:. Retrieved 7303: 7292:. Retrieved 7283: 7274: 7263:. Retrieved 7254: 7245: 7234:. Retrieved 7225: 7201:. Retrieved 7192: 7161: 7142: 7131:. Retrieved 7127:the original 7117: 7106:. Retrieved 7078:. Retrieved 7069: 7060: 7049:. Retrieved 7040: 7031: 6991: 6976: 6961: 6950:. 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Retrieved 3837: 3828: 3801: 3795: 3768: 3762: 3700:Connectivity 3684:Back-channel 3648: 3636: 3624: 3620: 3598: 3383: 3375: 3343: 3304:human rights 3293: 3216: 3213: 3191: 3187: 3169: 3163: 3151:Virgin Media 3144: 3135:Rural access 3130: 3118: 3109: 3098: 3022:Arab States 2845: 2841: 2825: 2814: 2791: 2770: 2749: 2714: 2710: 2698: 2691: 2673: 2665: 2653:Freenet (NZ) 2633: 2616: 2606: 2591: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2549:The term, a 2548: 2533: 2526:Packet radio 2520:Packet radio 2511: 2492: 2485: 2477:Project Loon 2457: 2443: 2437: 2425: 2404: 2397: 2375: 2364:Wireless ISP 2342: 2323: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2286: 2280: 2268: 2253: 2239:LTE-Advanced 2232: 2212: 2198:Mobile WiMAX 2191: 2171: 2128: 2112: 2108: 2090: 2075: 2057: 2042: 2002: 1986: 1974: 1969: 1954: 1948:down and up 1928: 1886: 1831: 1827:Dish Network 1799: 1792: 1769: 1753: 1742: 1733: 1725: 1711: 1698: 1690: 1660: 1649: 1627: 1617: 1606: 1596: 1568: 1553: 1520: 1446: 1436:) on an E1 ( 1391: 1375:Leased lines 1373: 1370:Leased lines 1364: 1358: 1346: 1344: 1320: 1304: 1293: 1284: 1207:DSL gateways 1203:cable modems 1200: 1181: 1158: 1138:digital data 1135: 1132:Technologies 1113: 1090: 1066: 1057:file sharing 1053:peer-to-peer 1046: 1037: 1034: 1014:primary rate 1002: 979: 942:mobile phone 935: 920: 908: 889: 878:Availability 849: 830: 823: 791: 783: 734: 711: 695:Edholm's law 652: 608:workstations 601: 589: 541: 520: 518: 462: 450: 353:File sharing 110: 91:Opte Project 59: 51: 12522:NPL network 12234:Radio waves 12172:Alfred Vail 12082:Hedy Lamarr 12067:Dawon Kahng 12027:Elisha Gray 11987:Yogen Dalal 11912:Nasir Ahmed 11846:Teleprinter 11710:Heliographs 11308:5G-Advanced 11296:3GPP family 11246:IEEE family 11238:(4.5G/4.9G) 11219:3GPP family 11061:3GPP family 10989:3GPP family 10934:CDMA2000 1X 10805:CSD - HSCSD 10425:New Zealand 10315:Isle of Man 10250:recognition 10224:Switzerland 10159:Netherlands 9941:Asia portal 9842:States with 9762:Philippines 9702:South Korea 9697:North Korea 9592:Afghanistan 9453:Puerto Rico 9380:territories 9326:Saint Lucia 9261:El Salvador 9042:recognition 8995:South Sudan 8885:Ivory Coast 8046:26 December 7251:"Solutions" 6594:December 6, 6235:McGraw-Hill 5202:pp 312–315. 4610:January 29, 4082:. pp. 3940:25 December 3716:IP over DVB 3538:Philippines 3533:Netherlands 2829:North Korea 2729:Time Warner 2721:Bell Canada 2715:In Canada, 2705:fixed costs 2693:zero-rating 2628:luxury good 2353:WiMAX Forum 2349:IEEE 802.16 2047:UMTS W-CDMA 1748:Frame Relay 1691:The use of 1642:increases. 1640:attenuation 1556:cable modem 1411:or T1), to 1192:IEEE 802.11 938:smartphones 699:Moore's law 663:Dawon Kahng 622:and analog 562:fiber optic 191:Vigilantism 176:Slacktivism 12655:Categories 12568:Antarctica 12527:Toasternet 12449:Television 11932:Paul Baran 11864:Television 11848:(teletype) 11841:Telegraphy 11819:transistor 11797:Phryctoria 11767:Photophone 11745:Smartphone 11735:Mass media 11162:Flash-OFDM 10194:San Marino 10154:Montenegro 10134:Luxembourg 10114:Kazakhstan 10017:Azerbaijan 9822:Uzbekistan 9797:Tajikistan 9712:Kyrgyzstan 9692:Kazakhstan 9612:Bangladesh 9602:Azerbaijan 9448:Montserrat 9443:Martinique 9438:Guadeloupe 9236:Costa Rica 9097:(Portugal) 9055:Somaliland 8975:Seychelles 8940:Mozambique 8925:Mauritania 8910:Madagascar 8865:The Gambia 8800:Cape Verde 8687:Muni Wi-Fi 8578:Power-line 8073:7 December 7779:2019-01-14 7571:2010-03-16 7496:2022-09-01 7467:2022-09-01 7438:2014-03-07 7320:2022-09-06 7294:2022-09-01 7284:www.ey.com 7265:2022-09-01 7236:2022-09-01 7203:2022-09-01 7133:2020-02-28 7108:2024-06-14 7080:2022-09-01 7051:2022-09-01 6952:2021-11-10 6923:2021-11-10 6179:2008-07-22 5479:January 7, 4891:2010-02-03 4862:2017-02-14 4837:2008-07-11 4785:28 January 4670:August 18, 4501:2008-03-02 4475:2008-03-02 4346:2019-11-29 4313:2019-11-29 4203:2019-08-24 4056:2019-08-24 4023:2019-08-24 3966:ConneXions 3888:Segal, Ben 3873:2023-11-07 3848:11 October 3755:References 3282:Telefónica 3256:HADOPI law 3226:Costa Rica 2913:Worldwide 2727:. In 2008 2637:banner ads 2612:Institute. 2545:Sneakernet 2539:Sneakernet 2494:Grassroots 2475:See also: 2452:See also: 2372:Wi-Fi logo 2153:from 2006: 2024:from 2001: 1939:from 1991: 1916:USB sticks 1912:USB modems 1850:Globalstar 1807:TCP tuning 1746:(ATM) and 1729:IEEE P1901 1570:Downstream 1538:40 km 1454:or highly 1300:local loop 1287:media help 1184:IEEE 802.3 1169:Token Ring 1121:See also: 1081:censorship 996:) to 320 ( 974:See also: 759:television 683:light-wave 383:Television 303:IP address 214:Governance 121:Censorship 12666:Broadband 12552:Americas 12541:Locations 12512:Internet2 12273:Bandwidth 11977:Vint Cerf 11874:streaming 11852:Telephone 11792:Semaphore 11683:streaming 11262:WiMax 2.1 11117:CDMA2000 10610:standards 10395:Australia 10305:Gibraltar 10129:Lithuania 9908:Hong Kong 9862:Palestine 9787:Sri Lanka 9782:Singapore 9662:Indonesia 9523:Caribbean 9433:Greenland 9356:Venezuela 9301:Nicaragua 9271:Guatemala 9191:Argentina 9176:Sovereign 8930:Mauritius 8692:Satellite 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525:Internet 428:Pioneers 378:Shopping 373:Podcasts 325:Services 116:Activism 77:Internet 12640:Commons 12630:Outline 12583:Oceania 12502:FidoNet 12487:ARPANET 12300:circuit 11869:digital 11598:History 11521:Osmocom 11369:History 11339:DECT-5G 11313:NR-IIoT 10758:DataTAC 10753:Mobitex 10561:Tokelau 10460:Vanuatu 10234:Ukraine 10184:Romania 10144:Moldova 10102:Ireland 10097:Iceland 10092:Hungary 10082:Germany 10077:Georgia 10067:Finland 10062:Estonia 10057:Denmark 10042:Croatia 10027:Belgium 10022:Belarus 10012:Austria 10007:Armenia 10002:Andorra 9997:Albania 9827:Vietnam 9742:Myanmar 9722:Lebanon 9652:Georgia 9607:Bahrain 9597:Armenia 9418:Curaçao 9403:Bonaire 9398:Bermuda 9351:Uruguay 9291:Jamaica 9266:Grenada 9256:Ecuador 9211:Bolivia 9196:Bahamas 9106:Réunion 9102:Mayotte 9093:Madeira 9088:(Spain) 9084:Melilla 9015:Tunisia 8985:Somalia 8970:Senegal 8955:Nigeria 8945:Namibia 8935:Morocco 8900:Liberia 8895:Lesotho 8845:Eritrea 8815:Comoros 8790:Burundi 8765:Algeria 8553:HomePNA 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The 1858:OneWeb 1578:DOCSIS 1574:Mbit/s 1488:OC-48c 1480:OC-12c 1468:STS-3c 1452:lasers 1385:, and 1310:kbit/s 1165:ARCNET 1142:analog 1055:(P2P) 982:modems 968:, and 927:laptop 870:, and 843:, and 800:, and 761:, and 669:. The 655:MOSFET 620:modems 618:using 572:) and 566:mobile 445:Guides 398:search 111:Access 12561:South 12556:North 12517:JANET 12454:Telex 12444:Radio 12283:Nodes 12278:Links 12199:media 11777:Radio 11762:Pager 11690:Drums 11656:video 11651:image 11641:audio 11499:ViLTE 11494:VoLTE 11452:5G NR 11401:STDMA 11389:OFDMA 11332:Other 11318:LTE-M 11303:5G NR 11266:WiBro 11253:WiMAX 11172:WiBro 11085:HSPA+ 11078:HSUPA 11073:HSDPA 10956:WiDEN 10949:Other 10852:Other 10815:3GPP2 10748:Hicap 10743:C-450 10731:Other 10648:Altai 10450:Tonga 10440:Samoa 10430:Palau 10420:Nauru 10295:Åland 10214:Spain 10139:Malta 10109:Italy 9913:Macau 9832:Yemen 9792:Syria 9767:Qatar 9747:Nepal 9682:Japan 9657:India 9647:Egypt 9632:China 9393:Aruba 9281:Haiti 9226:Chile 9080:Ceuta 9000:Sudan 8950:Niger 8905:Libya 8890:Kenya 8870:Ghana 8860:Gabon 8835:Egypt 8775:Benin 8707:WiBro 8702:WiMAX 8647:5G NR 8631:Wi-Fi 8608:Li-Fi 8508:Cable 8501:Wired 8014:(PDF) 8003:S2CID 7973:(PDF) 7947:(PDF) 7940:(PDF) 7685:Wired 7413:(PDF) 7402:S2CID 7382:(PDF) 7104:(ITU) 6942:PCMAG 6913:Tech2 6408:(PDF) 6385:(PDF) 6344:6 May 5498:(PDF) 4604:(PDF) 4597:(PDF) 4404:S2CID 4262:(PDF) 4251:(PDF) 4009:S2CID 3632:Cisco 3528:India 3518:Chile 3276:Spain 2983:2023 2980:2017 2977:2010 2974:2005 2891:2023 2345:WiMAX 2339:WiMAX 2304:WiMAX 2178:HSPA+ 2162:down 2102:0.15 2066:14.4 2033:down 1819:Exede 1678:G.984 1633:ITU-T 1629:VDSL2 1464:OC-3c 1458:from 1403:) to 1387:radio 1150:cable 1006:CCITT 948:Speed 868:HSPA+ 864:EV-DO 837:WiMAX 826:Wi-Fi 755:radio 671:laser 568:(via 564:) to 529:email 457:Index 363:Games 343:Email 331:Blogs 236:ICANN 186:Usage 12573:Asia 12459:UUCP 12419:ISDN 11509:ViNR 11504:VoNR 11484:MIMO 11457:CDMA 11442:UMTS 11420:SDMA 11413:CDMA 11408:SSMA 11396:TDMA 11384:FDMA 11182:ETSI 11141:IEEE 11068:HSPA 11006:FOMA 10996:UMTS 10961:DECT 10913:GPRS 10864:iDEN 10859:CDPD 10834:AMPS 10791:3GPP 10708:AMPS 10668:AMTS 10643:IMTS 10531:Guam 10483:Niue 10405:Fiji 9752:Oman 9717:Laos 9672:Iraq 9667:Iran 9458:Saba 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