254:
1094:
from 0.27% in 2011. Typical examples of asymmetric agreements are ones in which one of the parties compensates the other for routes that it would not otherwise receive (sometimes called 'paid peering' or 'on-net routes'), or in which one party is required to meet terms or requirements imposed by the other ('minimum peering requirements'), often concerning volume of traffic or number or geographic distribution of interconnection locations. In the prevailing symmetric relationship, the parties to the agreement simply exchange customer routes with each other, without settlements or other requirements.
332:
444:
206:
178:, which had disturbed the nascent industry, led to congressional hearings, resulted in a law allowing NSF to promote and use networks that carry commercial traffic, prompted a review of the administration of NSFNET by the NSF's Inspector General (no serious problems were found), and caused commercial operators to realize that they needed to be able to communicate with each other independent of third parties or at neutral exchange points.
452:
171:), Chicago, and California, respectively. As a transitional strategy, they were effective, providing a bridge from the Internet's beginnings as a government-funded academic experiment, to the modern Internet of many private-sector competitors collaborating to form a network-of-networks, transporting Internet bandwidth from its points-of-production at Internet exchange points to its sites-of-consumption at users' locations.
102:
1093:
Of the agreements we analyzed, 1,935,111 (99.98%) had symmetric terms, in which each party gave and received the same conditions as the other. Only 403 (0.02%) had asymmetric terms, in which the parties gave and received conditions with specifically defined differences, and these exceptions were down
474:
When these conditions are met, and a contractual structure exists to create a market to purchase network services, the IXP is sometimes called a "transit exchange". The
Vancouver Transit Exchange, for example, is described as a "shopping mall" of service providers at one central location, making it
498:
and transition to the IXP system in 1992, the measurement of
Internet traffic exchanged at IXPs has been the primary source of data about Internet bandwidth production: how it grows over time and where it is produced. Standardized measures of bandwidth production have been in place since 1996 and
786:
418:
At the more expensive exchanges, participants pay a monthly or annual fee, usually determined by the speed of the port or ports which they are using. Fees based on the volume of traffic are less common because they provide a counterincentive to the growth of the exchange. Some exchanges charge a
240:
The third advantage, speed, is most noticeable in areas that have poorly developed long-distance connections. ISPs in regions with poor connections might have to pay between 10 or 100 times more for data transport than ISPs in North
America, Europe, or Japan. Therefore, these ISPs typically have
138:
era (when
Internet access was government sponsored and commercial traffic was prohibited) to the commercial Internet of today. The four Network Access Points (NAPs) were defined as transitional data communications facilities at which Network Service Providers (NSPs) would exchange traffic, in
463:(BGP) routing configurations between them. They choose to announce routes via the peering relationship – either routes to their own addresses or routes to addresses of other ISPs that they connect to, possibly via other mechanisms. The other party to the peering can then apply
783:
470:
In many cases, an ISP will have both a direct link to another ISP and accept a route (normally ignored) to the other ISP through the IXP; if the direct link fails, traffic will then start flowing over the IXP. In this way, the IXP acts as a backup link.
63:) to connect their participants. Organizationally, most IXPs are each independent not-for-profit associations of their constituent participating networks (that is, the set of ISPs that participate in that IXP). The primary alternative to IXPs is
482:
Advocates of green broadband schemes and more competitive telecommunications services often advocate aggressive expansion of transit exchanges into every municipal area network so that competing service providers can place such equipment as
236:
provider is. The direct interconnection, often located in the same city as both networks, avoids the need for data to travel to other cities—and potentially on other continents—to get from one network to another, thus reducing latency.
241:
slower, more limited connections to the rest of the
Internet. However, a connection to a local IXP may allow them to transfer data without limit, and without cost, vastly improving the bandwidth between customers of such adjacent ISPs.
220:
The primary purpose of an IXP is to allow networks to interconnect directly, via the exchange, rather than going through one or more third-party networks. The primary advantages of direct interconnection are cost,
192:
Today, the phrase "Network Access Point" is of historical interest only, since the four transitional NAPs disappeared long ago, replaced by hundreds of modern
Internet exchange points, though in Spanish-speaking
328:/second ports in major centers like Seoul, New York, London, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and Palo Alto. Ports with 100 Gb/second are available, for example, at the AMS-IX in Amsterdam and at the DE-CIX in Frankfurt.
244:
Internet
Exchange Points (IXPs) are public locations where several networks are connected to each other. Public peering is done at IXPs, while private peering can be done with direct links between networks.
1170:
763:
1077:
669:- Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993
942:
415:
agreements. Under such agreements, traffic is exchanged without compensation. When an IXP incurs operating costs, they are typically shared among all of its participants.
320:
has prevailed, accounting for more than 95% of all existing
Internet exchange switch fabrics. All Ethernet port speeds are to be found at modern IXPs, ranging from 10
1115:
638:
304:(ATM) switches were briefly used at a few IXPs in the late 1990s, accounting for approximately 4% of the market at their peak, and there was an attempt by
51:
to exchange data destined for their respective networks. IXPs are generally located at places with preexisting connections to multiple distinct networks,
1164:
760:
612:
467:, where it chooses to accept those routes, and route traffic accordingly, or to ignore those routes, and use other routes to reach those addresses.
694:
718:
394:
1070:
794:
1142:
662:
175:
990:
836:
817:
424:
17:
920:
266:
861:
181:
Although the three telco-operated NAPs faded into obscurity relatively quickly after the expiration of the federal subsidies,
1053:
1026:
1000:
974:
390:
135:
131:
1107:
1254:
687:"Prescriptive Policy Guide for Developing Nations Wishing to Encourage the Formation of a Domestic Internet Industry"
1016:
964:
634:
1043:
583:
291:
287:
411:
The technical and business logistics of traffic exchange between ISPs is governed by bilateral or multilateral
286:, to which each of the participating ISPs connect. Prior to the existence of switches, IXPs typically employed
1192:
78:
608:
520:
404:
798:
420:
371:
343:
144:
301:
148:
686:
447:
Diagram of the Layer 1 (physical) and Layer 2 (Data Link) topology of an
Internet exchange point (IXP)
232:
Traffic passing through an exchange is typically not billed by any party, whereas traffic to an ISP's
568:
526:
365:
48:
739:
210:
555:
460:
81:
of their service. Furthermore, the increased number of paths available through the IXP improves
715:
491:
switches to serve existing phone equipment, without being answerable to any monopoly incumbent.
407:
of networks (defined by an open-ended multi-party contract, without independent legal existence)
358:
168:
1045:
Internet
Computing: Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies
895:
1222:
1138:
690:
578:
233:
226:
71:
253:
1108:"Transit Exchange helps Novus Entertainment Save on Internet Costs and Improve Performance"
659:
8:
833:
793:, a transcript of the March 12, 1992, hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the
814:
82:
197:, the phrase lives on to a small degree, among those who conflate the NAPs with IXPs.
1049:
1022:
996:
970:
891:
495:
386:
361:
270:
44:
1259:
932:
854:
214:
74:
761:"A Critical Look at the University of Michigan's Role in the 1987 Merit Agreement"
716:
E-mail regarding Network Access Points from Steve Wolff (NSF) to the com-priv list
840:
821:
790:
767:
722:
666:
484:
464:
428:
222:
86:
64:
60:
167:, for new facilities of various designs and technologies, in New York (actually
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Internet traffic exchange between two participants on an IXP is facilitated by
283:
262:
90:
1248:
916:
843:, Office of the Inspector General, National Science Foundation, 23 March 1993
682:
455:
Diagram of the Layer 3 (network) topology of an Internet exchange point (IXP)
336:
331:
194:
156:
70:
IXPs reduce the portion of an ISP's traffic that must be delivered via their
937:
1139:"Standarized Format for Exchange Point Traffic Recording & Interchange"
802:
563:
398:
258:
164:
1227:
573:
419:
setup fee to offset the costs of the switch port and any media adaptors (
375:
339:
174:
This transition was particularly timely, coming hard on the heels of the
134:(NII) plan, which defined the transition from the US Government-paid-for
101:
1166:
Good Practices in Internet Exchange Point Documentation and Measurement
888:
A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers
381:
56:
921:"Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges"
443:
305:
205:
160:
324:/second ports in use in small developing-country IXPs, to ganged 10
515:
511:
317:
295:
186:
182:
152:
451:
1238:
588:
552:, the Latin America & Caribbean Internet Exchange Association
537:
412:
325:
321:
313:
185:, thrived for fifteen more years, and its west-coast counterpart
127:
549:
432:
354:
The principal business and governance models for IXPs include:
309:
140:
105:
1137:
Claffy, Kimberly; Siegel, Dave; Woodcock, Bill (30 May 1996).
479:
to a new provider". The VTE is run by BCNET, a public entity.
298:
and FDDI switches as those became available in 1993 and 1994.
885:
735:
1233:
1218:
1071:"2016 Survey of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements"
928:
911:
909:
907:
905:
677:
675:
543:
488:
476:
27:
Internet infrastructure through which ISPs exchange traffic
1196:
1213:
992:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
966:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
1130:
902:
672:
1062:
1157:
1136:
1069:Woodcock, Bill; Frigino, Marco (21 November 2016).
534:Associations of Internet exchange point operators:
886:Ryan, Patrick S.; Gerson, Jason (11 August 2012).
475:easy to switch providers, "as simple as getting a
85:(by allowing routers to select shorter paths) and
1246:
546:, the Asia Pacific Internet Exchange Association
1068:
147:let contracts supporting the four NAPs, one to
915:
815:Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act of 1992
374:for-profit company (usually the operator of a
67:, where ISPs directly connect their networks.
635:"Internet Service Providers and Peering v3.0"
1195:. European Internet Exchange. Archived from
1112:How R&E networks can help small business
540:, the European Internet Exchange Association
824:, Public Law No: 102-476, 43 U.S.C. 1862(g)
795:Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
435:, etc.) that the new participant requires.
1141:. North American Network Operators Group.
890:. Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
89:. IXPs exhibit the characteristics of the
936:
852:
155:in Washington, D.C., and three others to
1035:
681:
450:
442:
425:small form-factor pluggable transceivers
330:
252:
204:
100:
1041:
853:Garfinkel, Simson (11 September 1996).
277:
59:, and operate physical infrastructure (
14:
1247:
1214:European Internet Exchange Association
609:"The Art of Peering - The IX Playbook"
349:
282:A typical IXP consists of one or more
189:continued for more than twenty years.
1105:
867:from the original on 11 November 2021
615:from the original on 20 December 2017
139:replacement of the publicly financed
1173:from the original on 19 January 2022
1145:from the original on 3 December 1998
919:; Weller, Dennis (29 January 2013).
1241:BGP Looking Glass services at IX's.
1118:from the original on 21 August 2014
945:from the original on 10 August 2021
438:
405:Unincorporated informal association
132:National Information Infrastructure
24:
805:, subcommittee chairman, presiding
742:from the original on 5 August 2021
641:from the original on 20 April 2015
118:Internet exchange points began as
25:
1271:
1207:
1042:Sunyaev, Ali (12 February 2020).
797:, U.S. House of Representatives,
736:"The Cook Report on the Internet"
49:Internet service providers (ISPs)
47:networking, allowing participant
1083:from the original on 7 July 2021
697:from the original on 3 June 2021
584:List of Internet exchange points
292:Fiber Distributed Data Interface
77:providers, thereby reducing the
1185:
1099:
1018:Information Network Engineering
1009:
983:
957:
927:. OECD Digital Economy Papers.
879:
846:
827:
772:The Cook Report on the Internet
288:fiber-optic inter-repeater link
808:
777:
754:
728:
709:
653:
627:
601:
364:(usually of the participating
13:
1:
725:, sent 13:51 EST 2 March 1994
594:
558:, the African IXP Association
499:have been refined over time.
494:Since the dissolution of the
248:
109:
79:average per-bit delivery cost
521:Commercial Internet eXchange
421:gigabit interface converters
7:
1219:Internet Exchange Directory
1021:. 株式会社 オーム社. 20 July 2015.
799:One Hundred Second Congress
502:
344:Amsterdam Internet Exchange
294:(FDDI) rings, migrating to
200:
145:National Science Foundation
10:
1276:
995:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
969:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
302:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
96:
1076:. Packet Clearing House.
569:Internet service provider
527:Federal Internet Exchange
1255:Internet exchange points
1228:Internet Exchange Points
855:"Where Streams Converge"
774:, January 1995, pp. 9–17
397:, at national scale, or
211:London Internet Exchange
209:Initial location of the
143:Internet backbone. The
43:) are common grounds of
33:Internet exchange points
1169:. OECD. 26 April 2007.
938:10.1787/5k918gpt130q-en
801:, Second Session, Hon.
461:Border Gateway Protocol
391:communications ministry
108:Internet architecture,
18:Internet Exchange Point
925:Digital Economy Papers
766:10 August 2021 at the
660:NSF Solicitation 93-52
456:
448:
346:
274:
217:
169:Pennsauken, New Jersey
115:
1223:Packet Clearing House
1106:BCnet (4 June 2009).
691:Packet Clearing House
579:Packet Clearing House
454:
446:
334:
256:
208:
176:ANS CO+RE controversy
126:, a key component of
120:Network Access Points
104:
1230:from Data Center Map
789:28 July 2013 at the
784:Management of NSFNET
399:municipal government
278:Technical operations
151:for the preexisting
1114:. Bill St. Arnaud.
839:6 July 2017 at the
820:5 July 2016 at the
350:Business operations
215:Telehouse Docklands
770:, Chetly Zarko in
721:2013-10-29 at the
665:2016-03-05 at the
457:
449:
347:
275:
218:
116:
83:routing efficiency
1199:on 13 April 2015.
1193:"Euro-IX Website"
1055:978-3-030-34957-8
1028:978-4-274-99991-8
1002:978-0-08-047497-7
976:978-0-08-047497-7
496:Internet backbone
401:, at local scale)
387:Government agency
16:(Redirected from
1267:
1239:Lookin'Glass.Org
1201:
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834:Review of NSFNET
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508:Historical IXPs
439:Traffic exchange
429:XFP transceivers
378:hosting the IXP)
372:Operator-neutral
290:(FOIRL) hubs or
284:network switches
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841:Wayback Machine
832:
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822:Wayback Machine
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791:Wayback Machine
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768:Wayback Machine
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723:Wayback Machine
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667:Wayback Machine
658:
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485:video on demand
465:route filtering
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87:fault-tolerance
65:private peering
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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1221:maintained by
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1209:
1208:External links
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917:Woodcock, Bill
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685:(March 2001).
683:Woodcock, Bill
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359:Not-for-profit
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91:network effect
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337:optical fiber
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195:Latin America
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19:
1197:the original
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1165:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1132:
1122:11 September
1120:. Retrieved
1111:
1101:
1092:
1085:. Retrieved
1064:
1048:. Springer.
1044:
1037:
1017:
1011:
991:
985:
965:
959:
947:. Retrieved
924:
887:
881:
869:. Retrieved
848:
829:
810:
803:Rick Boucher
779:
771:
756:
744:. Retrieved
730:
711:
699:. Retrieved
655:
643:. Retrieved
629:
617:. Retrieved
603:
564:Route server
493:
481:
473:
469:
458:
417:
410:
353:
300:
281:
259:19-inch rack
243:
239:
231:
219:
191:
180:
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165:Pacific Bell
123:
119:
117:
69:
52:
40:
36:
32:
31:
29:
1087:11 November
871:11 November
574:Data center
389:(often the
362:association
340:patch panel
308:-based IXP
149:MFS Datanet
113: 1995
57:datacenters
1249:Categories
1177:27 October
1149:27 October
595:References
487:hosts and
382:University
376:datacenter
249:Operations
1234:PeeringDB
949:10 August
746:10 August
701:10 August
395:regulator
306:Stockholm
273:, Germany
271:Frankfurt
261:used for
227:bandwidth
161:Ameritech
1171:Archived
1143:Archived
1116:Archived
1078:Archived
943:Archived
862:Archived
837:Archived
818:Archived
787:Archived
764:Archived
740:Archived
719:Archived
695:Archived
663:Archived
645:18 April
639:Archived
619:18 April
613:Archived
516:MAE-West
512:MAE-East
503:See also
318:Ethernet
296:Ethernet
263:switches
234:upstream
213:(LINX):
201:Function
187:MAE-West
183:MAE-East
153:MAE-East
72:upstream
61:switches
1260:Routing
896:2128103
589:Peering
538:Euro-IX
433:XENPAKs
413:peering
342:at the
314:SRP/DPT
312:to use
265:at the
223:latency
128:Al Gore
97:History
75:transit
1052:
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973:
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550:LAC-IX
316:, but
310:NetNod
267:DE-CIX
225:, and
163:, and
157:Sprint
141:NSFNET
136:NSFNET
106:NSFNet
1081:(PDF)
1074:(PDF)
865:(PDF)
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556:Af-IX
529:(FIX)
523:(CIX)
1179:2021
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1124:2012
1089:2021
1050:ISBN
1023:ISBN
997:ISBN
971:ISBN
951:2021
929:OECD
892:SSRN
873:2021
748:2021
703:2021
647:2015
621:2015
544:APIX
514:and
489:PSTN
477:VLAN
366:ISPs
124:NAPs
53:i.e.
41:IXPs
37:IXes
933:doi
393:or
335:An
269:in
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