54:
contract. One insurance textbook states that generally "courts consider all prior negotiations or agreements ... every contractual term in the policy at the time of delivery, as well as those written afterward as policy riders and endorsements ... with both parties' consent, are part of the written policy". The textbook also states that the policy must refer to all papers which are part of the policy. Oral agreements are subject to the
207:
state as much, and then there may be additional declarations specific to each coverage form. Traditionally, policy forms have been so rigidly standardized that they have no blank spaces to be filled in. Instead, they always expressly refer to terms or amounts stated in the declarations. If the policy needs to be customized beyond what is possible with the declarations, then the underwriter attaches endorsements or riders.
720:
180 Cal. App. 4th 1319, 103 Cal. Rptr. 3d 565 (2009). This case explains how the modern clause more clearly excludes both the "products" and "completed operations" hazards as separate things (i.e., each hazard is separately excluded), as opposed to the prior version which was held to apply only when
276:
For the vast majority of insurance policies, the only page that is heavily custom-written to the insured's needs is the declarations page. All other pages are standard forms that refer back to terms defined in the declarations as needed. However, certain types of insurance, such as media insurance,
75:
because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it. This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract. Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a
66:
The insurance contract or agreement is a contract whereby the insurer promises to pay benefits to the insured or on their behalf to a third party if certain defined events occur. Subject to the "fortuity principle", the event must be uncertain. The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will
206:
Policy form - The definitions, insuring agreement, exclusions, and conditions are typically combined into a single integrated document called a policy form. Some insurers call it a coverage form or coverage part. When multiple coverage forms are packaged into a single policy, the declarations will
185:
Declarations - Identifies who is an insured, the insured's address, the insuring company, what risks or property are covered, the policy limits (amount of insurance), any applicable deductibles, the policy number, the policy period, and the premium amount. These are usually provided on a form that
158:
narrowed down by subsequent exclusion clauses (e.g., "This insurance does not apply to..."). If the insured desires coverage for a risk taken out by an exclusion on the standard form, the insured can sometimes pay an additional premium for an endorsement to the policy that overrides the exclusion.
140:
Insurance contracts were traditionally written on the basis of every single type of risk (where risks were defined extremely narrowly), and a separate premium was calculated and charged for each. Only those individual risks expressly described or "scheduled" in the policy were covered; hence, those
80:
suggested that many courts were actually applying 'reasonable expectations' rather than interpreting ambiguities, which he called the 'reasonable expectations doctrine'. This doctrine has been controversial, with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it. In several jurisdictions,
226:
provisions which accompanies all policies at the time of delivery. Some insurers refer to a package of standard documents shared across an entire family of policies as a "jacket." Some insurers extend this to include policy forms, so that the only parts of the policy not part of the jacket are the
214:
Riders - A rider is used to convey the terms of a policy amendment and the amendment thereby becomes part of the policy. Riders are dated and numbered so that both insurer and policyholder can determine provisions and the benefit level. Common riders to group medical plans involve name changes,
210:
Endorsements - Additional forms attached to the policy that modify it in some way, either unconditionally or upon the existence of some condition. Endorsements can make policies difficult to read for nonlawyers; they may revise, expand, or delete clauses located many pages earlier in one or more
53:
The insurance policy is generally an integrated contract, meaning that it includes all forms associated with the agreement between the insured and insurer. In some cases, however, supplementary writings such as letters sent after the final agreement can make the insurance policy a non-integrated
161:
Insurers have been criticized in some quarters for the development of complex policies with layers of interactions between coverage clauses, conditions, exclusions, and exceptions to exclusions. In a case interpreting one ancestor of the modern "products-completed operations hazard" clause, the
281:, which are either custom-drafted from scratch or written from a mix of standard and nonstandard forms. By analogy, policy endorsements that are not written on standard forms or whose language is custom-written to fit the insured's particular circumstances are known as manuscript endorsements.
157:
In 1941, the insurance industry began to shift to the current system where covered risks are initially defined broadly in an "all risk" or "all sums" insuring agreement on a general policy form (e.g., "We will pay all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages..."), then
170:
The instant case presents yet another illustration of the dangers of the present complex structuring of insurance policies. Unfortunately the insurance industry has become addicted to the practice of building into policies one condition or exception upon another in the shape of a linguistic
88:
in that the amounts exchanged by the insured and insurer are unequal and depend upon uncertain future events. In contrast, ordinary non-insurance contracts are commutative in that the amounts (or values) exchanged are usually intended by the parties to be roughly equal. This distinction is
211:
coverage forms, or even modify each other. Because it is very risky to allow nonlawyer underwriters to directly rewrite policy forms with word processors, insurers usually direct underwriters to modify them by attaching endorsements preapproved by counsel for various common modifications.
202:
Conditions - These are specific provisions, rules of conduct, duties, and obligations that the insured must comply with in order for coverage to incept or must remain in compliance with in order to keep coverage in effect. If policy conditions are not met, the insurer can deny the
115:), which requires both parties of the insurance contract to deal in good faith and in particular, imparts on the insured a duty to disclose all material facts that relate to the risk to be covered. This contrasts with the legal doctrine that covers most other types of contracts,
100:, meaning that only the insurer makes legally enforceable promises in the contract. The insured is not required to pay the premiums, but the insurer is required to pay the benefits under the contract if the insured has paid the premiums and met certain other basic provisions.
175:. We join other courts in decrying a trend which both plunges the insured into a state of uncertainty and burdens the judiciary with the task of resolving it. We reiterate our plea for clarity and simplicity in policies that fulfill so important a public service.
154:, product liability, contractual liability (for a spur track connecting the bakery to a nearby railroad), premises liability (for a retail store), and owners' protective liability (for negligence of contractors hired to make any building modifications).
253:. In addition, as policy forms are reviewed by courts, the interpretations become more predictable as courts elaborate upon the interpretation of the same clauses in the same policy forms, rather than different policies from different insurers.
149:
might have dozens of types of risks to insure against. For example, in 1926, an insurance industry spokesman noted that a bakery would have to buy a separate policy for each of the following risks: manufacturing operations, elevators,
58:, and may not be considered part of the policy if the contract appears to be whole. Advertising materials and circulars are typically not part of a policy. Oral contracts pending the issuance of a written policy can occur.
231:
with pockets in which the policy may be delivered, or a cover sheet to which the policy forms are stapled or which is stapled on top of the policy. The standard boilerplate provisions are then printed on the jacket
67:
happen (e.g. in a life insurance policy, the time of the insured's death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (e.g. in a fire insurance policy, whether or not a fire will occur at all).
241:
In the United States, property and casualty insurers typically use similar or even identical language in their standard insurance policies, which are drafted by advisory organizations such as the
81:
including
California, Wyoming, and Pennsylvania, the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them.
46:
Insurance contracts are designed to meet specific needs and thus have many features not found in many other types of contracts. Since insurance policies are standard forms, they feature
256:
In recent years, however, insurers have increasingly modified the standard forms in company-specific ways or declined to adopt changes to standard forms. For example, a review of
249:. This reduces the regulatory burden for insurers as policy forms must be approved by states; it also allows consumers to more readily compare policies, albeit at the expense of
199:
Exclusions - Takes coverage away from the insuring agreement by describing property, perils, hazards or losses arising from specific causes which are not covered by the policy.
141:
policies are now described as "individual" or "schedule" policies. This system of "named perils" or "specific perils" coverage proved to be unsustainable in the context of the
1084:
192:
Insuring agreement - Describes the covered perils, or risks assumed, or nature of coverage. This is where the insurance company makes one or more express promises to
43:
required to pay. In exchange for an initial payment, known as the premium, the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language.
215:
change to eligible classes of employees, change in level of benefits, or the addition of a managed care arrangement such as a Health
Maintenance Organization or
1988:
405:(1994). However, what constitutes a conspicuous, plain, and clear exclusion from coverage was later interpreted narrowly in favor of the insured by
227:
declarations, endorsements, and riders. Other insurers use the term "jacket" in a manner closer to its ordinary meaning: a binder, envelope, or
2003:
1268:
378:
186:
is filled out by the insurer based on the insured's application and attached on top of or inserted within the first few pages of the policy.
1248:
1998:
1374:
1016:"Pricing Medical Expense Insurance," in Medical Expense Insurance, (Washington: The Health Insurance Association of America, 1997), 89.
261:
246:
1031:
2008:
1081:
1993:
551:
1263:
1209:
1096:
1404:
700:
1333:
821:
640:
578:
482:
1064:
1399:
1978:
1369:
1359:
216:
813:
Smith, Currie & Hancock's Common Sense
Construction Law: A Practical Guide for the Construction Professional
1983:
1168:
994:
918:
862:
782:
222:
Jackets - The term has several distinct and confusing meanings. In general, it refers to some set of standard
2141:
1389:
1290:
142:
1958:
1655:
1601:
1440:
1275:
163:
1606:
1470:
1364:
1112:
1685:
1574:
1384:
1285:
242:
677:
615:
601:
2058:
1810:
1715:
1680:
1660:
1328:
1280:
1141:
735:
663:
406:
716:
619:, 174 Wash. 2d 501, 276 P.3d 300 (2012) (analyzing "named perils" and "specific perils" coverage).
2179:
1861:
1650:
1518:
1465:
1323:
1313:
1202:
1156:
630:
568:
539:
375:
1029:
Impact of the
Abolition of McCarran-Ferguson Antitrust Exemption for the “Business of Insurance”
982:
906:
850:
770:
325:
Wollner KS. (1999). How to Draft and
Interpret Insurance Policies. Casualty Risk Publishing LLC.
1953:
1586:
1414:
146:
72:
32:
811:
472:
2206:
1968:
1854:
1783:
1638:
1523:
1485:
1128:
90:
2077:
2020:
1643:
1623:
1450:
1338:
1258:
298:
50:
language which is similar across a wide variety of different types of insurance policies.
8:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2111:
1973:
1933:
1695:
1665:
1533:
1394:
1318:
1308:
1155:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
1113:
E&O Insights: Directors & Officers
Liability Is Not Your Normal Insurance Product
981:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
905:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
849:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
769:
Mathias, Jr., John H.; Shugrue, John D.; Thomas A., Marrinson; Daniel J., Struck (2006).
228:
128:
55:
1591:
2201:
2172:
2084:
1963:
1888:
1705:
1670:
1581:
1538:
1508:
1480:
1475:
1445:
1419:
1243:
1195:
265:
223:
47:
1028:
2033:
1903:
1795:
1759:
1749:
1710:
1700:
1628:
1618:
1548:
1164:
990:
914:
858:
817:
778:
696:
636:
574:
547:
478:
402:
260:
policies found substantial differences in various provisions. In some areas such as
2146:
2101:
2046:
2038:
2028:
1805:
1569:
1543:
1528:
1435:
1253:
1235:
2158:
2121:
2097:
1898:
1893:
1873:
1832:
1827:
1774:
1769:
1633:
1613:
1490:
1455:
1088:
1035:
382:
250:
2064:
1913:
1596:
1460:
1354:
1300:
421:
St. Paul Fire & Marine
Insurance Co. v. Albany County School District No. 1
257:
172:
110:
2195:
1867:
1788:
1736:
1675:
1513:
1379:
120:
116:
77:
36:
2116:
1928:
1923:
1883:
1844:
2151:
2106:
1779:
1564:
816:(6th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 541.
2050:
2042:
1918:
1839:
1800:
1744:
968:
948:
892:
756:
525:
505:
455:
362:
308:
629:
Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (2013).
567:
Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (2013).
538:
Anderson, Eugene R.; Stanzler, Jordan S.; Masters, Lorelie S. (1999).
2092:
1908:
1878:
1849:
1218:
1154:
980:
904:
848:
768:
193:
189:
Definitions - Defines important terms used in the rest of the policy.
20:
1816:
1048:
151:
28:
695:(3rd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. pp. 2–113–2–116.
681:, 626 A.2d 502, 534 Pa. 29 (1993) (analyzing "all sums" coverage).
1754:
1690:
89:
particularly important in the context of exotic products such as
35:) between the insurer and the policyholder, which determines the
605:, 20 So.3d 601 (Miss. 2009) (analyzing "named perils" coverage).
477:(2nd ed.). Chicago: American Bar Association. p. 431.
1409:
411:, 31 Cal.4th 635, 3 Cal.Rptr.3d 228, 73 P.3d 1205, 1216 (2003).
667:, 866 F.2d 71 (3d Cir. 1989) (analyzing "all risks" coverage).
2069:
1145:, 28 Cal. 4th 1059, 124 Cal. Rptr. 2d 142, 52 P.3d 79 (2002).
736:
Insurance Co. of North
America v. Electronic Purification Co.
1187:
1764:
810:
Mastin, John M.; Nelson, Eric L.; Robey, Ronald G. (2020).
305:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 48, 51, 71.
124:
739:, 67 Cal. 2d 679, 63 Cal. Rptr. 382, 433 P.2d 174 (1967).
40:
1129:
Time To
Standardize Personal Umbrella Insurance Policies
635:(2nd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 1–31.
573:(2nd ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. p. 1–32.
1142:
Dart
Industries, Inc. v. Commercial Union Insurance Co.
1049:
Contra Proferentem: The Allure of Ambiguous Boilerplate
963:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
943:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
887:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
751:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
628:
566:
537:
520:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
500:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
450:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
433:
Standard Venetian Blind Co. v. American Empire Ins. Co.
357:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
303:
Insurance: Its Theory and Practice in the United States
271:
945:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 73–74.
664:
Intermetal Mexicana v. Insurance Co. of North America
546:(2020 supp. ed.). Wolters Kluwer. p. 11-6.
103:
Insurance contracts are governed by the principle of
965:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 65.
889:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 72.
805:
803:
801:
753:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 73.
622:
560:
522:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 61.
502:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 69.
452:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 53.
359:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 54.
809:
179:
2193:
961:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
960:
941:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
940:
885:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
884:
749:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
748:
518:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
517:
498:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
497:
448:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
447:
355:Mowbray, Albert H.; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
354:
297:
798:
678:JH France Refractories Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co.
268:there is little industry-wide standardization.
1203:
1163:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–16.
321:
319:
317:
71:Insurance contracts are generally considered
1082:Reevaluating Standardized Insurance Policies
989:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–7.
913:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–5.
857:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–6.
844:
842:
840:
777:. New York: Law Journal Press. p. 1–2.
337:
335:
333:
331:
291:
16:Contract between the insurer and the insured
983:"§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy"
934:
907:"§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy"
851:"§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy"
771:"§ 1.01, Components of an Insurance Policy"
443:
441:
108:
1210:
1196:
616:Vision One v. Philadelphia Indem. Ins. Co.
403:24 Cal. App. 4th 1578, 30 Cal. Rptr. 2d 88
314:
262:directors and officers liability insurance
247:American Association of Insurance Services
236:
954:
878:
837:
742:
511:
491:
328:
466:
464:
438:
348:
690:
2194:
1097:Not All Homeowners’ Policies Are Alike
1024:
1022:
93:that contain "commutation" provisions.
1191:
1157:"§ 1.03, Types of Insurance Policies"
717:Baker v. National Interstate Ins. Co.
602:Corban v. United Services Auto. Ass'n
470:
461:
1093:The University of Chicago Law Review
1065:Policy Issues: ISO Program Revisions
399:Hadland v. NN Investors Life Ins. Co
272:Manuscript policies and endorsements
123:, the insured can sue an insurer in
1019:
435:, 503 Pa. 300, 469 A.2d 563 (1983).
61:
13:
1249:Accidental death and dismemberment
343:The Legal Environment of Insurance
14:
2218:
376:Reasonable Expectations Revisited
1375:Directors and officers liability
408:MacKinnon v. Truck Ins. Exchange
119:(let the buyer beware). In the
1148:
1134:
1122:
1106:
1074:
1058:
1041:
1010:
974:
898:
762:
728:
709:
684:
670:
656:
608:
594:
531:
217:Preferred Provider Organization
693:Stempel on Insurance Contracts
426:
414:
392:
368:
301:; Blanchard, Ralph H. (1961).
180:Parts of an insurance contract
76:copy of the contract. In 1970
1:
1217:
632:Insurance Coverage Litigation
570:Insurance Coverage Litigation
544:Insurance Coverage Litigation
284:
2142:Savings and loan association
691:Stempel, Jeffrey W. (2007).
423:, 763 P.2d 1255 (Wyo. 1988).
143:Second Industrial Revolution
135:
7:
1575:Insurance-linked securities
1161:Insurance Coverage Disputes
987:Insurance Coverage Disputes
911:Insurance Coverage Disputes
855:Insurance Coverage Disputes
775:Insurance Coverage Disputes
474:Financial Institution Bonds
266:personal umbrella insurance
164:Supreme Court of California
10:
2223:
1264:Total permanent disability
145:, in that a typical large
2167:
2019:
2004:Health insurance coverage
1944:
1728:
1557:
1499:
1428:
1347:
1299:
1269:Business overhead expense
1234:
1225:
471:Clore, Duncan L. (1998).
243:Insurance Services Office
1405:Protection and indemnity
96:Insurance contracts are
84:Insurance contracts are
1862:Explanation of benefits
1334:Variable universal life
540:"§ 11.01, Introduction"
237:Industry standard forms
1999:Health insurance costs
1400:Professional liability
387:Conn. Ins. Law Journal
177:
109:
33:standard form contract
1855:Out-of-pocket expense
1716:Workers' compensation
1370:Collateral protection
1360:Business interruption
725:hazards were present.
168:
91:finite risk insurance
73:contracts of adhesion
39:which the insurer is
2078:Corpus Juris Civilis
1080:Schwarzc D. (2011).
1047:Boardman M. (2006).
374:Rahdert MC. (1998).
2137:Rochdale Principles
2132:Mutual savings bank
2127:Mutual organization
2112:Cooperative banking
2029:Mesopotamian banker
1309:Longevity insurance
1069:PropertyCasualty360
1053:Michigan Law Review
279:manuscript policies
229:presentation folder
56:parol evidence rule
1889:Insurable interest
1390:Payment protection
1291:Payment protection
1087:2016-03-04 at the
1034:2014-07-14 at the
967:Available through
947:Available through
891:Available through
755:Available through
524:Available through
504:Available through
454:Available through
381:2016-10-20 at the
361:Available through
341:Porter K. (2007).
307:Available through
299:Mowbray, Albert H.
2189:
2188:
2034:Code of Hammurabi
2009:Vehicle insurance
1904:Replacement value
1796:Actual cash value
1760:Adverse selection
1750:Actuarial science
1724:
1723:
1656:Kidnap and ransom
1629:Extended warranty
1276:Income protection
1117:Insurance Journal
553:978-0-7355-1173-6
105:utmost good faith
2214:
2147:Social insurance
2102:Friendly society
1994:Health insurance
1822:Short rate table
1570:Catastrophe bond
1471:Lenders mortgage
1232:
1231:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1110:
1104:
1078:
1072:
1062:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
978:
972:
966:
958:
952:
946:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
902:
896:
890:
882:
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873:
871:
846:
835:
834:
832:
830:
807:
796:
795:
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791:
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754:
746:
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688:
682:
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612:
606:
598:
592:
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558:
557:
535:
529:
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509:
503:
495:
489:
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468:
459:
453:
445:
436:
430:
424:
418:
412:
396:
390:
372:
366:
360:
352:
346:
345:, §5.17. AICPCU.
339:
326:
323:
312:
306:
295:
114:
62:General features
25:insurance policy
2222:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2163:
2159:Insurance cycle
2122:Fraternal order
2015:
1946:
1940:
1899:Proximate cause
1894:Insurance fraud
1874:General average
1833:Claims adjuster
1775:Risk management
1770:Risk assessment
1734:
1731:
1720:
1686:Prize indemnity
1553:
1501:
1495:
1424:
1385:Over-redemption
1343:
1295:
1286:National health
1227:
1221:
1216:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1089:Wayback Machine
1079:
1075:
1063:
1059:
1046:
1042:
1036:Wayback Machine
1027:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
997:
979:
975:
959:
955:
939:
935:
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923:
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903:
899:
883:
879:
869:
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828:
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808:
799:
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747:
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1929:Underwriting
1884:Insurability
1866:
1845:Co-insurance
1815:
1811:Cancellation
1729:
1602:Catastrophic
1587:Climate risk
1415:Trade credit
1174:. Retrieved
1160:
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1116:
1108:
1100:
1095:. See also:
1092:
1076:
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1000:. Retrieved
986:
976:
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956:
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924:. Retrieved
910:
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868:. Retrieved
854:
827:. Retrieved
812:
788:. Retrieved
774:
764:
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734:
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722:
715:
711:
692:
686:
676:
672:
662:
658:
646:. Retrieved
631:
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584:. Retrieved
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196:the insured.
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147:conglomerate
139:
104:
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85:
65:
52:
45:
24:
18:
2152:Trade union
2107:Cooperative
1780:Uncertainty
1639:Index-based
1607:Multi-peril
1565:Reinsurance
1524:Public auto
1429:Residential
829:January 15,
224:boilerplate
48:boilerplate
2196:Categories
1947:by country
1945:Insurance
1919:Total loss
1840:Deductible
1801:Cash value
1745:Act of God
1730:Insurance
1644:Parametric
1624:Expatriate
1500:Transport/
1466:Landlords'
1451:Earthquake
1339:Whole life
1259:Disability
1170:1588520757
996:1588520757
969:HeinOnline
949:HeinOnline
920:1588520757
893:HeinOnline
864:1588520757
784:1588520757
757:HeinOnline
526:HeinOnline
506:HeinOnline
456:HeinOnline
363:HeinOnline
309:HeinOnline
285:References
98:unilateral
2202:Insurance
2093:Syndicate
2059:Collegium
1954:Australia
1909:Risk pool
1879:Indemnity
1850:Copayment
1784:Knightian
1696:Terrorism
1666:Liability
1534:Satellite
1395:Pollution
1319:Term life
1228:insurance
1226:Types of
1219:Insurance
194:indemnify
152:teamsters
136:Structure
129:bad faith
21:insurance
2173:Category
2051:§275–277
1969:Pakistan
1817:Pro rata
1706:War risk
1671:No-fault
1582:Casualty
1539:Shipping
1509:Aviation
1486:Renters'
1481:Property
1476:Mortgage
1446:Contents
1420:Umbrella
1380:Fidelity
1348:Business
1244:Accident
1085:Archived
1032:Archived
648:9 August
586:9 August
379:Archived
245:and the
86:aleatory
29:contract
2098:Benefit
2085:Digesta
2021:History
1755:Actuary
1711:Weather
1701:Tuition
1691:Takaful
1619:Deposit
1549:Vehicle
1176:8 March
1131:. IRMI.
1002:8 March
926:8 March
870:8 March
790:8 March
232:itself.
41:legally
1974:Serbia
1934:Profit
1806:Broker
1732:policy
1544:Travel
1529:Marine
1436:Boiler
1410:Surety
1254:Dental
1236:Health
1167:
1038:. CRS.
993:
917:
861:
820:
781:
699:
639:
577:
550:
481:
219:(PPO).
203:claim.
37:claims
23:, the
2070:Guild
1964:India
1959:China
1828:Claim
1634:Group
1614:Cyber
1592:Crime
1558:Other
1491:Title
1456:Flood
27:is a
2043:§234
1765:Risk
1735:and
1597:Crop
1461:Home
1355:Bond
1301:Life
1178:2017
1165:ISBN
1004:2017
991:ISBN
928:2017
915:ISBN
872:2017
859:ISBN
831:2024
818:ISBN
792:2017
779:ISBN
723:both
697:ISBN
650:2022
637:ISBN
588:2022
575:ISBN
548:ISBN
479:ISBN
264:and
125:tort
1737:law
1676:Pet
401:.,
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2049:;
2045:;
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107:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.