695:(or more loudspeakers, such as four ten-inch speakers) than the cabinets used for other instruments, so that they can move the larger amounts of air needed to reproduce low frequencies. Bass players have to use more powerful amplifiers than the electric guitarists, because deep bass frequencies take more power to amplify. While the largest speakers commonly used for regular electric guitar have twelve-inch cones, electric bass speaker cabinets often use 15" speakers. Bass players who play styles of music that require an extended low-range response, such as
336:
964:
920:, not from the instrument amplifiers. While stacks of huge speaker cabinets and amplifiers are still used in concerts (especially in heavy metal), this is often mainly for aesthetics or to create a more authentic tone. The switch to smaller instrument amplifiers makes it easier for musicians to transport their equipment to performances. As well, it makes concert stage management easier at large clubs and festivals where several bands are performing in sequence, because the bands can be moved on and off the stage more quickly.
498:
32:
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frequencies. For electric instruments such as electric guitar, the amplifier helps to create the instrument's tone by boosting the input signal gain and distorting the signal, and by emphasizing frequencies deemed desirable (e.g., low frequencies) and de-emphasizing frequencies deemed undesirable (e.g., very high frequencies).
880:
amplifiers in radios and home stereo systems. Hi-fi home stereo amplifiers strive to accurately reproduce signals from pre-recorded music, with as little harmonic distortion as possible. In contrast, instrument amplifiers are add additional tonal coloration to the original signal or emphasize certain
391:
pickup, which converts the vibrations of the instrument into an electronic signal. More rarely, a magnetic pickup may be mounted in the sound hole of an acoustic guitar; while magnetic pickups do not have the same acoustic tone that microphones and piezo pickups can produce, magnetic pickups are more
386:
mounted inside the body, which designed to convert acoustic vibrations into an electrical signal, but usually they do so from direct contact with the strings (replacing the guitar's bridge) or with the guitar's body, rather than having a membrane-like general-purpose microphone. Acoustic guitars may
603:
Amplifiers for harder, heavier genres often use valve amplifiers (known as tube amplifiers in North
America) also. Valve amplifiers are perceived by musicians and fans to have a warmer tone than those of transistor amps, particularly when overdriven (turned up to the level that the amplifier starts
893:
were generally only used to amplify the vocals. Moreover, in the 1960s, PA systems typically did not use monitor speaker systems to amplify the music for the onstage musicians. Instead, the musicians were expected to have instrument amplifiers that were powerful enough to provide amplification for
608:
or shear off the waveforms). Instead of abruptly clipping off the signal at cut-off and saturation levels, the signal is rounded off more smoothly. Vacuum tubes also exhibit different harmonic effects than transistors. In contrast to the tweed-style amplifiers, which use speakers in an open-backed
847:
sound that does not—except for reverb and other effects—alter the natural instrument sound, other than to make it louder. Amplifiers often come with a simple mixer to blend signals from a pickup and microphone. Since the early 2000s, it is increasingly common for acoustic amplifiers to provided
381:
works by electro-magnetic induction (these are called magnetic pickups; they are the most widely used type of pickup on electric guitars). Acoustic guitars do not usually have a built-in pickup or microphone, at least with entry-level and beginner instruments. Some acoustic guitars have a small
980:
By the 1960s and 1970s, semiconductor transistor-based amplifiers began to become more popular because they are less expensive, more resistant to bumps during transportation, lighter-weight, and require less maintenance. In some cases, tube and solid-state technologies are used together in
484:
The smallest combo amplifiers, which are mainly used for individual practice and warm-up purposes, may have only a single 8" or 10" speaker. Some harmonica players use these small combo amplifiers for concert performances, though, because it is easier to create natural overdrive with these
453:) and in recordings, because players can obtain the tone they want without having to have an excessively loud volume. One of the challenge with the large, powerful 4x10 Fender Bassman-type amps is that to get the tone a player wants, they have to turn up the amp to a loud volume.
625:
908:
As a result of improvements to PA and monitor systems, musicians in the 2000s no longer need huge, powerful amplifier systems. A small combo amplifier patched into the PA suffices. In the 2000s, virtually all sound reaching the audience in large venues comes from the
905:(in the 1980s) and subwoofers (1990s and 2000s) to amplify bass frequencies. As well, in the 1980s and 1990s, monitor systems substantially improved, which helped sound engineers provide onstage musicians with a better reproduction of their instruments' sound.
706:
Speakers for bass instrument amplification tend to be heavier-duty than those for regular electric guitar, and the speaker cabinets are typically more rigidly constructed and heavily braced, to prevent unwanted buzzes and rattles. Bass cabinets often include
952:
sound when overdriven. However, these subjective assessments of the attributes of tube amplifiers' sound qualities are the subject of ongoing debate. Tube amps are more fragile, require more maintenance, and are usually more expensive than solid-state amps.
485:
lower-powered amplifiers. Larger combo amplifiers, with one 12 inch speaker or two or four 10 or 12 inch speakers are used for club performances and larger venues. For large concert venues such as stadiums, performers may also use an amplifier
992:
The output transistors of solid-state amplifiers can be passively cooled by using metal fins called heatsinks to radiate away the heat. For high-wattage amplifiers (over 800 watts), a fan is often used to move air across internal heatsinks.
224:
amplifier. The combination amplifier is a preamplifier, power amplifier and tone controls and one or more loudspeakers or drivers mounted in a portable wooden cabinet. This amp's sound is being picked up with a microphone in a recording
272:), instrument amplifiers are often designed to add additional tonal coloration to the original signal, emphasize (or de-emphasize) certain frequencies (most electric guitar amps roll off the very high frequencies), and, in the case of
268:, which are designed to accurately reproduce the source sound signals with as little harmonic distortion as possible and without changing the tone or equalization (at least not unless the hi-fi owner adjusts it themselves with a
189:, a housing or box usually made of hardwood, plywood or particleboard (or, less commonly, molded plastic). Instrument amplifiers for some instruments are also available without an internal speaker; these amplifiers, called
456:
These amps are designed to produce a variety of sounds ranging from a clean, warm sound (when used in country and soft rock) to a growling, natural overdrive, when the volume is set near its maximum, (when used for
444:
effects units. Smaller guitar amps are also available, which have fewer speakers (some have only one speaker) and lighter, less powerful amplifier units. Smaller guitar amps are easier to transport to gigs and
528:
to the guitar sound with distortion effects, preamplification boost controls (sometimes with multiple stages of preamps), and tone filters. While many of the most expensive, high-end models use 1950s-style
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and similar instruments, is distinct from other types of amplification systems due to the particular challenges associated with keyboards; namely, to provide solid low-frequency sound reproduction
369:
at sufficient volume for the performer and audience to hear. Most guitar amplifiers can also modify the instrument's sound with controls that emphasize or de-emphasize certain frequencies and add
170:(with guitars and other string instruments and some keyboards) or other sound source (e.g, a synthesizer's signal) into an electronic signal that has enough power, due to being routed through a
956:
Tube amplifiers produce more heat than solid-state amplifiers, but few manufacturers of these units include cooling fans in the chassis. While tube amplifiers do need to attain a proper
609:
cabinet, companies such as
Marshall tend to use 12" speakers in a closed-back cabinet. These amplifiers usually allow users to switch between clean and distorted tones (or a
600:
rather than the onstage guitar amplifiers, so most of these cabinets were not connected to an amplifier. Instead, walls of speaker cabinets were used for aesthetic reasons.
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Vacuum tubes were the dominant active electronic components in amplifiers from the 1930s through the early 1970s, and tube amplifiers remain preferred by many musicians and
654:. They differ from amplifiers for the electric guitar in several respects, with extended low-frequency response, and tone controls optimized for the needs of bass players.
913:. Onstage instrument amplifiers are more likely to be at a low volume, because high volume levels onstage make it harder for the sound engineer to control the sound mix.
420:) and Gibson amps, are often used by traditional rock, blues, and country musicians who wish to create a vintage 1950s-style sound. They are used by electric guitarists,
894:
the stage and audience. In late 1960s and early 1970s rock concerts, bands often used large stacks of speaker cabinets powered by heavy tube amplifiers such as the
605:
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setting, which typically aim for a relatively flat frequency response (i.e., no added coloration of the sound) and little or no distortion of the signal.
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amplifiers. A common setup is the use of a tube preamplifier with a solid-state power amplifier. There are also an increasing range of products that use
553:. This type of amplifier is available in a range of formats, ranging from small, self-contained combo amplifiers for rehearsal and warm-ups to heavy
889:
In the 1960s and 1970s, large, heavy, high-output power amplifiers were preferred for instrument amplifiers, especially for large concerts, because
241:, and acoustic instruments such as the mandolin and banjo. Some amplifiers are designed for specific styles of music, such as the traditional-style
775:
1005:. This gives users the pleasing preamp and overdrive tone of a tube amp with the lowered cost, maintenance and weight of a solid-state power amp.
1126:
193:, must plug into one or more external speaker cabinets. Instrument amplifiers also have features that let the performer modify the signal's
828:
To produce this relatively clean sound, these amplifiers often have very powerful amplifiers (up to 800 watts RMS), to provide additional
477:
at 5 kHz to reduce the extreme high frequencies, and a bass roll-off at 60–100 Hz to reduce unwanted boominess. The nickname
96:
960:, if the temperature goes above this operating temperature, it may shorten the tubes' lifespan and lead to tonal inconsistencies.
68:
825:. They are similar to keyboard amplifiers, in that they have a relatively flat frequency response and avoid tonal coloration.
1109:
948:. Some musicians feel that tube amplifiers produce a warmer or more natural sound than solid state units, and a more pleasing
142:
into a larger electronic signal to feed to a loudspeaker. An instrument amplifier is used with musical instruments such as an
747:
crisp high-frequency sound reproduction. It is typically a combination amplifier that contains a two, three, or four-channel
49:
75:
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or limiter features, to avoid unwanted distorting at high volume levels and potential damage to speakers; equalizers; and
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However, over subsequent decades, PA systems substantially improved, and used different approaches, such as horn-loaded
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of over 20 Marshall cabinets. However, by the 1980s and 1990s, most of the sound at live concerts was produced by the
82:
115:
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ports, vents or openings in the cabinet, which improve the bass response and low-end, especially at high volumes.
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64:
1178:
684:. Larger, more powerful bass amplifiers (300 or more watts) are often provided with internal or external metal
53:
971:
Bonneville tube amplifier as seen from the rear view: note the vacuum tubes extending into the wooden cabinet.
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at rock concerts were used mainly for the vocals. As a result, to get a loud electric guitar sound, early
377:, depending on the type of guitar. For electric guitars, strings are almost always made of metal, and the
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A small keyboard amplifier suitable for at-home practice capable of mixing the inputs from two keyboards.
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This article is about amplifiers for musical instruments. For amplifiers for test and measurement, see
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A 2 x 10" bass speaker cabinet stacked on top of a 15" cabinet, with separate bass amplifier head unit
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As a result, in many large venues much of the onstage sound reaching the musicians now comes from
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and rock-blues bands often used stacks of 4x12" Marshall speaker cabinets on the stage. In 1969,
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amplifiers, or a mixture of the two technologies (i.e., a tube preamplifier with a transistor
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have built-in amplifiers and speakers, in addition to outputs for external amplification.
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with several separate speaker cabinets (which usually contain two or four 12" speakers).
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Notable exceptions include keyboard amplifiers for specific keyboard types. The vintage
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Tons of Tones, a website for guitar amplifier modelling on digital multi-effect units
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used four stacks to create a powerful lead sound, and in the early 1970s by the band
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refers to the lacquered beige-light brown fabric covering used on these amplifiers.
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817:—especially for the way musicians play these instruments in quieter genres such as
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technology would be heavy, some acoustic amplifier manufacturers use lightweight
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and prevent unwanted distortion. Since an 800-watt amplifier built with standard
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that projected massive volume and sonic power. In the 1980s, metal bands such as
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musicians, and the
Marshall amplifiers used by hard rock and heavy metal bands.
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Note: Acoustic amplifiers should not be confused with the amplifier brand name
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The most common hybrid amp design is to use a tube preamp with a solid-state
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Instrument amplifiers have a different purpose than 'Hi-Fi' (high fidelity)
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Instrument amplifiers are available for specific instruments, including the
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that are used with separate speaker cabinets—colloquially referred to as a
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technology to simulate many different combinations of amp and cabinets.
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that converts the often barely audible or purely electronic signal of a
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Acoustic amplifier designs strive to produce a clean, transparent,
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185:, a power amplifier, tone controls, and one or more speakers in a
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whose products are still available in the used equipment market.)
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List of books about guitar amplifiers and guitar amplifier tone
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These amplifiers are intended for acoustic instruments such as
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used an entire wall of
Marshall Amplifiers to create a roaring
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309:
206:
194:
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cabinet and modern recreations, which are generally used for
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sessions. Smaller amps are widely used in small venue shows (
250:
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399:
373:. String vibrations are sensed by a suitable microphone or
284:, offer the capability to intentionally add some degree of
16:
Amplifier with loudspeaker for use with musical instruments
898:
amplifier, which was often used with eight 10" speakers.
533:(even in the 2000s), there are also many models that use
1124:
Power
Amplifiers - General Information: Yorkville Sound
691:
Speaker cabinets designed for bass usually use larger
178:that can be heard by the performers and audience.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1148:: information about valve (tube) guitar amplifiers
436:, four 10" speakers, and they often have built-in
288:or distortion to the tone. The two exceptions are
676:for plugging the bass amp signal directly into a
657:Higher-cost bass amplifiers may include built-in
361:(or, less commonly, with acoustic amplifiers, an
1170:
473:). These amplifiers usually have a sharp treble
688:and/or fans to help keep the components cool.
428:("harp") players. Combo amplifiers such as the
492:
755:for each channel, equalization controls, a
181:Combination ("combo") amplifiers include a
975:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
962:
884:
713:
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516:Electric guitar amplifiers designed for
496:
412:Standard amplifiers, such as the Fender
398:
334:
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782:that is often turned up to add a warm,
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928:Instrument amplifiers may be based on
796:
541:). Amplifiers of this type, such as
324:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
621:tone) with a foot-operated switch.
564:In the late 1960s and early 1970s,
304:instrument amplifiers for use with
13:
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14:
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174:, capable of driving one or more
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30:
403:A small Gibson combo amplifier.
245:guitar amplifiers, such as the
166:to convert the signal from the
41:needs additional citations for
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1103:
1087:
860:-suppressing devices, such as
520:are used to add an aggressive
1:
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1050:Bass instrument amplification
672:Bass amps may provide an XLR
239:electric/electronic keyboards
896:Super Valve Technology (SVT)
357:the electrical signal of an
7:
1113:; Michael "Mac" McCullough.
1008:
767:, all in a single cabinet.
722:
10:
1220:
1194:Sound reinforcement system
1070:Sound reinforcement system
1040:Isolation cabinet (guitar)
840:, "switching amplifiers".
636:
598:sound reinforcement system
424:guitar players, and blues
328:
18:
1065:Power attenuator (guitar)
996:
983:digital signal processing
936:(transistor) technology.
848:digital effects, such as
493:Hard rock and heavy metal
365:) so that it can drive a
21:instrumentation amplifier
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319:
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416:-style amps (e.g., the
1184:Rock music instruments
1035:Guitar speaker cabinet
976:Solid-state amplifiers
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891:public address systems
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703:cabinet to their rig.
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292:designed for use with
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65:"Instrument amplifier"
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958:operating temperature
885:Size and power rating
866:parametric equalizers
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627:
617:tone and a sustained
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402:
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262:home hi-fi amplifiers
219:
1199:Consumer electronics
1020:Electronic amplifier
924:Amplifier technology
856:. Some also contain
650:or more rarely, for
505:guitar cabinets for
501:A 3Ă—6 stack of mock
432:have powerful, loud
384:condenser microphone
203:distortion/overdrive
201:such as intentional
132:instrument amplifier
50:improve this article
1060:Distortion (guitar)
932:(tube or valve) or
797:Acoustic amplifiers
543:Marshall amplifiers
430:Fender Super Reverb
290:keyboard amplifiers
1162:2011-08-31 at the
1146:Duncan's amp pages
1129:2010-10-07 at the
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729:keyboard amplifier
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371:electronic effects
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199:electronic effects
140:musical instrument
1189:Blues instruments
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394:acoustic feedback
325:Guitar amplifiers
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1204:Loudspeakers
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1111:Cool it, man
1110:
1105:
1094:
1089:
1055:Effects unit
1000:
991:
985:and digital
979:
969:Trace Elliot
955:
943:
927:
915:
907:
902:
900:
888:
875:
844:
842:
827:
805:("fiddle"),
800:
783:
769:
744:
726:
705:
693:loudspeakers
690:
678:mixing board
671:
659:bass effects
656:
652:upright bass
648:bass guitars
642:
614:
602:
593:
574:Jimi Hendrix
563:
558:
554:
525:
521:
515:
486:
483:
478:
455:
413:
411:
349:
301:
298:synthesizers
259:
242:
228:
221:
190:
183:preamplifier
180:
164:drum machine
160:synthesizers
131:
129:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1045:Valve sound
934:solid state
854:compression
737:synthesizer
733:stage piano
709:bass reflex
697:death metal
570:heavy metal
547:heavy metal
518:heavy metal
467:psychobilly
422:pedal steel
387:also use a
367:loudspeaker
345:The Beatles
176:loudspeaker
1173:Categories
1081:References
1075:Tone stack
930:thermionic
686:heat sinks
592:also used
535:transistor
471:roots rock
463:rockabilly
451:nightclubs
314:folk music
76:newspapers
1015:Amplifier
950:overdrive
946:producers
911:PA system
903:bass bins
823:bluegrass
787:overdrive
778:, use a
701:subwoofer
682:PA system
674:DI output
426:harmonica
355:amplifies
286:overdrive
220:A Fender
106:July 2007
1160:Archived
1127:Archived
1096:Acoustic
1009:See also
987:modeling
858:feedback
845:acoustic
834:Class AB
830:headroom
807:mandolin
784:growling
763:, and a
723:Keyboard
503:Marshall
475:roll-off
343:used by
341:Vox AC30
302:acoustic
249:used by
838:Class D
789:. Some
761:speaker
613:-style
442:vibrato
260:Unlike
225:studio.
187:cabinet
90:scholar
997:Hybrid
878:stereo
850:reverb
813:, and
803:violin
619:"lead"
615:crunch
586:Slayer
549:, and
511:Slayer
469:, and
438:reverb
379:pickup
375:pickup
310:fiddle
207:reverb
168:pickup
134:is an
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
872:Roles
749:mixer
594:walls
559:stack
555:heads
522:drive
479:tweed
459:blues
414:tweed
320:Types
312:in a
251:blues
243:tweed
222:combo
191:heads
146:, an
97:JSTOR
83:books
852:and
821:and
819:folk
811:harp
765:horn
759:, a
751:, a
633:Bass
606:clip
588:and
526:edge
487:head
440:and
300:and
296:and
253:and
195:tone
162:and
69:news
864:or
745:and
680:or
669:.
604:to
509:of
308:or
280:or
264:or
209:or
130:An
52:by
1175::
967:A
868:.
809:,
739:,
735:,
727:A
561:.
465:,
461:,
396:.
350:A
339:A
237:,
233:,
213:.
205:,
158:,
154:,
150:,
1098:,
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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