1296:
2613:
119:
1380:
1226:
156:
5552:
1624:
5569:
2244:
2174:
740:
896:
1590:, a lineage consisting of robust African gorgonopsians. In 2016 Christian F. Kammerer regarded Gebauer's analysis as "unsatisfactory", citing that many of the characters used by her analysis were based upon skull proportions that are variable within taxa, both individually and ontogenetically (i.e. traits that change through growth).
964:, from where they are dated to between 254 and 251.9 million years ago. The two specimens were mentioned in 2014 in the chapter of a work listing the discoveries made at Nooitgedacht. It was in 2023 that Christian F. Kammerer and his colleagues publish a revision which unexpectedly confirmed that these specimens belonged to the genus
809:
1611:
has never before been recognized for the simple reason that some authors undoubtedly compared them to
African genera. The classification proposed by Kammerer and Masyutin will serve as the basis for all other subsequent phylogenetic studies of gorgonopsians. As with previous classifications,
2559:. However, some Russian gorgonopsians had already disappeared a little time before the event, having consequently abandoned some of their niches to large therocephalians. Kammerer and his colleagues claimed that as the extinction of the rubidgeines in their respective territory of Africa,
754:
The multiple administrative activities and difficult conditions during
Amalitsky's last years have severely hampered his fossil research, leading to his unexpected death in 1917. However, among all the fossils identified before his death are two remarkably complete skeletons of large
827:
1279:, although known from more fragmentary fossils, is estimated to have a more imposing size, the skull being 60 cm (24 in) long, indicating that it would have measured 3.5 m (11 ft) and weighed 300 kg (660 lb). The size of
4420:
Bernardi, Massimo; Petti, Fabio
Massimo; Kustatscher, Evelyn; Franz, Matthias; Hartkopf-Fröder, Christoph; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Wappler, Torsten; Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, Johanna H. A.; Peecook, Brandon R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (2017).
1295:
1448:
have similarly sized canines. In the upper and lower jaws, these canines are roughly equal in size and are slightly curved. The incisors turn out to be very robust. The postcanine teeth are present on the upper jaw, on its slightly upturned
2220:; although lacking the necessary jaw strength to crush bone, the analysis found that even the most massive gorgonopsians possessed a more powerful bite than other saber-toothed predators. The study also indicated that the jaw of
709:, is considered as one of the greatest paleontological discoveries of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After the preliminary reconnaissance of the place, Amalitsky conducts systematic research with his companion
883:. Although Pravoslavlev's work was of major importance, more recent work requires that a re-examination of the skeletal anatomy of the genus is necessary in order to broaden the understanding of the animal's biology.
569:
is the biggest-known gorgonopsian, the largest fossil specimens indicating an estimated size between 3 m (9.8 ft) and 3.5 m (11 ft) long. The animal is characterized by its robust skeleton, broad
715:
1275:, are among the largest and most complete gorgonopsian fossils identified to date. Both specimens are around 3 m (9.8 ft) long, with the skulls alone measuring over 50 cm (20 in). However,
968:, which is a significant first, because the genus was previously reported only in Russia. However, these specimens have some differences with the Russian species, being classified in the newly erected species
1254:. The numerous descriptions given to this taxon make it one of the most emblematic animals of the Permian period, mainly because of its large size among gorgonopsians, rivaled only by the South African genus
1042:, but remains open to the question of the existence of this species, arguing his opinion with the insufficient preservation of type specimens. This taxon will be definitively judged as being conspecific to
844:
was the only one recognized as a clearly distinct species within the genus, being based on skulls discovered within
Arkhangelsk Oblast as well as a very incomplete skeleton from the village of
2757:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Viglietti, Pia A.; Butler, Elize; Botha, Jennifer (2022). "Rapid turnover of top predators in
African terrestrial faunas around the Permian-Triassic mass extinction".
1310:
is similar to those of other gorgonopsians, although it has many differences allowing it to be distinguished from
African representatives. It has a broad back skull, a raised and elongated
2128:. Geographically, gorgonopsians are mainly distributed in the present territories of Africa and European Russia, with, however, an indeterminate specimen having been identified in the
4483:
Yakimenko, E. Yu.; Targul'yan, V. O.; Chumakov, N. M.; Arefev, M. P.; Inozemtsev, S. A. (2000). "Paleosols in Upper
Permian sedimentary rocks, Sukhona River (Severnaya Dvina basin)".
1461:
of the old ones and gradually supplanting them. The capsule of the canines is very large, containing up to three capsules of replacement canines at different stages of development.
3042:"Vladimir P. Amalitsky and Dmitry N. Sobolev – late nineteenth/ early twentieth century pioneers of modern concepts of palaeobiogeography, biosphere evolution and mass extinctions"
1424:. All teeth are more or less laterally compressed and have finely serrated front and rear edges. When the mouth is closed, the upper canines move into position at the sides of the
918:, based on rare remains of part of the skull from an individual smaller than the other two recognized species. The holotype specimen, cataloged PIN 2896/1, consists of a left
2194:(and other gorgonopsians, as well) is the presence of long, saber-like canines on the upper and lower jaws. How these animals would have used this dentition is debated. The
1496:
of this latter is unmistakable, with an enlarged plate-like blade unlike that of any other known gorgonopsians, but its anatomy is also unusual, with ridges and thickened
2515:
should be present based on their wide temporal distribution within the Karoo Basin, but formal fossils have not yet been discovered. As in the
Russian fossil record,
1148:
rather than the sole
Russian representative of the Rubidgeinae. In 2016, Kammerer formally rejected Ivakhnenko's classifications, because the holotype braincase of
976:
significance of the finds and is only a brief introduction to the anatomy of the new fossil material, the latter being subjects for a study to be published later.
804:
5751:
972:, the specific epithet referring to Africa, the continent from which the taxon lived. The article officially describing this animal is mainly concerned with the
822:
760:
131:
2090:
Gorgonopsians form a major group of carnivorous therapsids whose oldest-known representatives come from South Africa and appear in the fossil record from the
934:, where the holotype specimen of the taxon was found. However, due to its poor fossil preservation of this species, Tatarinov argues that it is possible that
1599:, Kammerer and Vladimir Masyutin propose that all Russian and African taxa should be separately grouped into two distinct clades. For Russian genera (except
1140:
the first known representative of this group to have lived outside this continent. In 2008, however, Ivakhnenko noted that, due to its poorly known anatomy,
2287:
3318:
2302:
area with multiple shallow water lakes which was periodically flooded. The
Paleoflora of much of European Russia at the time was dominated by a genus of
710:
4976:
4683:
5657:
2224:
was capable of a massive gape, perhaps enabling it to deliver a lethal bite, and in a fashion similar to the hypothesised killing technique of
736:. All the fossils listed were not prepared, and more than 100 tons of concretions were promised for new discoveries by the museum in question.
814:, who was one of Amalitsky's teachers. Amalitsky's article generally describes all the fossil discoveries made in the Northern Dvina, and not
543:. More recent research carried out in South Africa has discovered fairly well-preserved remains of the genus, being attributed to the species
2202:), using three-dimensional analysis, was determined by Stephan Lautenschlager and colleagues in 2020: their findings detailed that, despite
2569:
would have been an opportunity for being a prey, as the latter thrived throughout the Permian–Triassic boundary. However, an isolated left
4065:
Day, Michael O.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel A.; Sadler, Peter M.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Abdala, Fernando; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015).
728:, in order to be prepared there. The exhumations of the fossils then lasted until 1914, when the research stopped due to the start of the
3403:
803:
is not provided in the earliest-known descriptions of the taxon, the full name of the animal is named in honor of the renowned geologist
4067:"When and how did the terrestrial mid-Permian mass extinction occur? Evidence from the tetrapod record of the Karoo Basin, South Africa"
832:, published the first formal description of the genus. In his monograph he names several additional species, and revises in detail the
795:. Taxonomic issues regarding the original naming of the genus are the subject of a study which should be published later. Although the
4625:
Viglietti, Pia A.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Fröbisch, Jörg; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2016). "The
4130:
Jun, Liu; Wan, Yiang (2022). "A gorgonopsian from the Wutonggou Formation (Changhsingian, Permian) of Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China".
2543:. The resulting eruption caused a significant climatic disruption unfavorable to their survival, leading to their extinction. Their
5644:
4422:
2094:. During this period, the majority of representatives of this clade were quite small and their ecosystems were mainly dominated by
1012:
of the genus and not as a distinct species. It was in 1953 that Boris Pavlovich Vyuschkov completely revised the species named for
2152:, and adopted an increasingly imposing size, which very quickly gave them the role of superpredators. In Africa, it is mainly the
1260:, the latter having a roughly similar size. Gorgonopsians were skeletally robust, yet long-limbed for therapsids, with a somewhat
4531:"Upper Permian paleosols (Salarevskian Formation) in the central part of the Russian Platform: Paleoecology and paleoenvironment"
701:, containing many particularly well-preserved fossil skeletons. This type of fauna from this period, previously known only from
5746:
5726:
879:". This last term has since entered into universal usage and must be maintained according to the rule of article 33.3.1 of the
4576:
Viglietti, Pia A.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2018). "Changing palaeoenvironments and tetrapod populations in the
2563:
migrated from Russia to take the role of apex predator within this place for a limited time. The presence of dicynodonts like
5721:
5075:
5015:
4965:
4157:
Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2003). "Late Permian vertebrate community of the Pranhita–Godavari valley, India".
3838:
3349:
2536:
2451:
4423:"Late Permian (Lopingian) terrestrial ecosystems: A global comparison with new data from the low-latitude Bletterbach Biota"
4629:
Assemblage Zone (Lopingian), South Africa: A proposed biostratigraphy based on a new compilation of stratigraphic ranges".
3248:
Ivakhnenko, Mikhail F. (2008). "Cranial morphology and evolution of Permian Dinomorpha (Eotherapsida) of eastern Europe".
3862:
Cisneros, Juan Carlos; Abdala, Fernando; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Dentzien-Dias, Paula Camboim; de Oliveira Bueno, Ana (2011).
1432:
measuring between 12 cm (4.7 in) and 15 cm (5.9 in), they are among the largest identified among non-
4780:
4744:
4319:
4071:
3996:
1368:
is distinguished by a comparatively lower and broader snout, larger parietal region, fewer teeth and a less developed
4631:
4582:
4376:"The First Healed Bite Mark and Embedded Tooth in the Snout of a Middle Permian Gorgonopsian (Synapsida: Therapsida)"
3507:
3505:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2022). "The earliest gorgonopsians from the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
2104:, are relatively larger in size and already occupy the role of superpredator in certain geological formations of the
1554:, and is classified in the more general family Gorgonopsidae. In 2002, in his revision of the Russian gorgonopsians,
2141:
732:. The fossils discovered within the site will subsequently be moved to the Museum of Geology and Mineralogy of the
663:
556:
275:
4879:
Extinct Monsters and Creatures of Other Days: A Popular Account of Some of the Larger Forms of Ancient Animal Life
1061:, both named in reference to the pair of paleontologists who carried out the work on the first specimens known of
4159:
1603:
taxa), this relationship is supported by notable cranial traits, such as the close contact between pterygoid and
1570:
in the family Inostranceviidae, similar to Tatarinov's proposal, but the latter classifies it alone, making it a
2682:
in 1925, but it was not until Pravoslavlev's publication that the taxon was mainly known under this designation.
4313:
Lautenschlager, Stephan; Figueirido, Borja; Cashmore, Daniel D.; Bendel, Eva-Maria; Stubbs, Thomas L. (2020).
3018:
1550:
proposes a similar classification, but moves the taxon reuniting the two genera as a subfamily, being renamed
5731:
4978:
Phylogeny and Evolution of the Gorgonopsia with a Special Reference to the Skull and Skeleton of GPIT/RE/7113
4938:] (in Russian). Vol. 143. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. pp. 1–226.
4883:
2436:
958:
3431:
Bendel, Eva-Maria; Kammerer, Christian F.; Kardjilov, Nikolay; Fernandez, Vincent; Fröbisch, Jörg (2018).
155:
4580:
Assemblage Zone (Karoo Basin, South Africa) indicate early onset of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction".
1542:
will mark a new turning point in its classification. In 1974, Tatarinov classified the two genera in the
733:
3375:(1940). "On the composition of the Severodvinian Permian Fauna from the excavation of V. P. Amalitzky".
953:, South Africa. The two known specimens, holotype NMQR 4000 and paratype NMQR 3707, are recorded in the
5741:
4957:
4925:
911:
616:
332:
5068:
2725:"Non-marine ostracods of the Permian-Triassic transition from sections of the East European platform"
2454:, this would explain why there is no more diversification of animals than in the older strata of the
2334:
plants in coastal areas as well as conifers that are more resistant to drought and higher altitudes.
945:, was discovered from two specimens found between 2010 and 2011, respectively, by Nthaopa Ntheri and
4833:
3864:"Dental occlusion in a 260-million-year-old therapsid with saber canines from the Permian of Brazil"
2830:
5007:
4873:
4869:
4821:
3984:
3133:
3129:
3123:
2679:
1547:
1508:
being extremely enlarged, its morphology will most likely be subject to future study regarding its
4985:
4679:"Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction"
1529:
was immediately classified in the family Gorgonopsidae after anatomical comparisons made with the
1453:
edges. In contrast, they are completely absent from the lower jaw. There are indications that the
1177:
Other species belonging to distinct lineages were sometimes inadvertently classified in the genus
818:
itself, the article mentioning that further research on this gorgonopsian is subject to research.
5736:
5716:
5551:
5096:
4877:
4843:
4276:
4026:
3703:
3582:
3250:
2341:
was recorded contain abundant fossils of terrestrial and shallow freshwater organisms, including
2519:
would have been the main predator in the area, most likely preying on contemporary dicynodonts.
763:
1758 and PIN 2005/1578. After identification, he assigned the two specimens to a completely new
5688:
5589:
5252:
2207:
2160:
acquires as such, the rare gorgonopsians known and contemporary with the latter being smaller.
2109:
5662:
1348:
is thickened. The three recognized Russian species have notable characteristics between them:
5683:
5675:
4430:
4220:
3580:
Ivakhnenko, Mikhail F. (2003). "Eotherapsids from the East European placket (Late Permian)".
3105:
3060:
3041:
2117:
1600:
1558:
re-erects the family Inostranceviidae and classifies the taxon as one of the lineages of the
784:
4207:
Tverdokhlebov, Valentin P.; Tverdokhlebova, Galina I.; Minikh, Alla V.; Surkov, Mikhail V.;
2831:"Diagnoses of the new forms of vertebrates and plants from the Upper Permian on North Dvina"
5711:
5631:
5572:
5061:
5003:
4692:
4640:
4591:
4492:
4439:
4229:
4168:
3877:
3774:
3516:
3450:
3333:
3259:
2203:
1326:
and rests on a strong projection in the middle of an elongated hollow like impression. The
1027:
867:"forehead", in reference to the size and the more robust cranial constitution than that of
833:
525:
351:
336:
322:
279:
2938:
938:
could belong to a new genus of large gorgonopsians without having a certain confirmation.
8:
4817:
4776:
4213:"Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia"
2618:
2275:
2271:
2195:
1136:, whose fossils are exclusively known from what is now Africa. This would therefore make
1009:
1004:
expressed doubts about this classification, and considered that the holotype specimen of
792:
788:
582:, the longest of which can reach 15 cm (5.9 in) and probably used to shear the
135:
4696:
4644:
4595:
4496:
4443:
4233:
4172:
3991:. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Vol. 17 B/I. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
3958:
3925:
3881:
3778:
3520:
3454:
3263:
1181:. For example, in 1940, Efremov classifies a gorgonopsian of then-problematic status as
5157:
4913:
4715:
4678:
4656:
4607:
4545:
4508:
4465:
4399:
4351:
4314:
4245:
4184:
4095:
4066:
3901:
3844:
3795:
3765:
3760:
3720:
3644:
3607:
3532:
3473:
3432:
3355:
3275:
3210:
3173:
3065:
3046:
2784:
2137:
1555:
1111:
1026:, in honor of the original author who named the species. Although being a distinct and
675:
361:
150:
4212:
4180:
3924:
Bendel, Eva-Maria; Kammerer, Christian F.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Fröbisch, Jörg (2023).
1538:. Subsequently, few gorgonopsians will be listed in Russia, but the identification of
520:
were exhumed. Subsequently, several other fossil materials were discovered in various
5670:
5021:
5011:
4961:
4943:
4917:
4905:
4891:
4857:
4798:
4720:
4660:
4652:
4611:
4603:
4512:
4469:
4457:
4403:
4356:
4338:
4315:"Morphological convergence obscures functional diversity in sabre-toothed carnivores"
4271:
4188:
4100:
4035:
3992:
3963:
3893:
3848:
3834:
3800:
3724:
3649:
3631:
3536:
3528:
3478:
3345:
3215:
3069:
2788:
2776:
2724:
2455:
2409:
in its environment and could have preyed on the majority of the previously mentioned
2129:
1607:. The discovery of other Russian gorgonopsians and the relationship between them and
1454:
1357:
954:
4993:
4549:
4452:
4249:
4241:
4024:
Ivakhnenko, Mikhail F. (2002). "Taxonomy of East European Gorgonopia (Therapsida)".
3863:
3761:"Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits"
3359:
3279:
1245:
1132:. In his official description, Ivakhnenko classifies this taxon among the subfamily
899:
4895:
4847:
4753:
4710:
4700:
4648:
4599:
4500:
4447:
4389:
4346:
4328:
4237:
4176:
4139:
4090:
4080:
3953:
3943:
3905:
3885:
3868:
3826:
3790:
3782:
3712:
3639:
3621:
3524:
3468:
3458:
3337:
3267:
3205:
3195:
3055:
2768:
2544:
2210:, there is a range of methods of possible killing techniques. The similarly-sized
2145:
2105:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1501:
950:
695:
255:
4997:
4757:
3667:
Bystrow, A. P. (1955). "A gorgonopsian from the Upper Permian beds of the Volga".
4947:
4380:
4293:
4291:
4143:
3818:
3463:
3341:
2759:
2578:
2423:
2303:
2098:, large therapsids characterized by strong bone robustness. Some genera, notably
1571:
1509:
1450:
1327:
1315:
1200:
1145:
923:
849:
720:. The first excavations began in 1899, and several of her findings where sent to
679:
501:
118:
1379:
1225:
1034:
turns out to be a closely related taxon. Also in his article, he considers that
5528:
5421:
5305:
4674:
4557:
4272:"The faunal assemblages of Permian terrestrial vertebrates from Eastern Europe"
4208:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2641:
2540:
2125:
2091:
1767:
1575:
1474:
1409:
1376:
is characterized by a transversely elongated oval slot-like temporal fenestra.
1361:
1353:
1319:
1208:
1186:
1129:
1022:
691:
671:
633:
555:
age. The whole genus is named in honor of Alexander Inostrantsev, professor of
513:
5042:
4909:
4288:
3716:
3701:
Ivakhnenko, M. F. (2008). "The First Whaitsiid (Therocephalia, Theromorpha)".
3271:
2772:
783:
was not officially described posthumously until 1922, the use of this name in
5705:
5612:
5414:
5383:
5025:
4839:
4806:
4530:
4461:
4394:
4375:
4342:
4039:
3635:
3372:
2692:
2589:
age suggested otherwise, since the discovery of this specimen indicated that
2499:
2493:
2471:
2355:
2350:
2267:
2217:
2149:
2100:
1836:
1345:
1331:
1323:
1283:
is unknown due to very incomplete fossils, but it appears to be smaller than
1001:
973:
946:
919:
667:
76:
38:
34:
4900:
4852:
4802:
4742:
in the southern hemisphere: new data from the Usili Formation of Tanzania".
3889:
3830:
3401:
Vyushkov, Boris P. (1953). "On gorgonopsians from the Severodvinian Fauna".
3328:, in Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.),
2893:
2270:(close in proximity to the Sokolki assemblage) were located around latitude
1264:-like stance, though with outwards-turned elbows. It is unknown whether non-
5535:
5506:
5489:
5462:
5341:
5280:
5231:
4861:
4724:
4705:
4360:
4333:
4104:
4085:
3967:
3897:
3804:
3653:
3482:
3219:
2780:
2723:
Kukhtinov, D. A.; Lozovsky, V. R.; Afonin, S. A.; Voronkova, E. A. (2008).
2565:
2505:
2487:
2406:
2388:
2366:
2259:
2095:
1992:
1687:
1583:
1563:
1489:
1481:
1417:
1383:
1340:
1265:
1213:
1166:
1125:
800:
702:
612:
579:
489:
287:
5623:
4793:. Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen (in German). Vol. 6.
5513:
5499:
5401:
5390:
5362:
5319:
5312:
5245:
5238:
5217:
5195:
5169:
5084:
2696:
2634:
2627:
2511:
2462:
2379:
2370:
2323:
2311:
2279:
2183:
2008:
1942:
1853:
1743:
1719:
1649:
1623:
1587:
1444:
1421:
1191:
1133:
1091:
787:
dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, notably in the works of
756:
729:
627:
621:
595:
509:
482:
242:
229:
51:
3989:
Theriodontia I: Phthinosuchia, Biarmosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia
3948:
2881:
2845:
1404:
are powerfully developed, equipped with teeth able to hold and tear the
5649:
5455:
5448:
5439:
5428:
5126:
4946:; Shishkin, Mikhail A.; Unwin, David M.; Kurochkin, Evgenii N. (2000).
4929:
4504:
4206:
3626:
3317:
Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Modesto, Sean P. (2014),
3200:
2570:
2447:
2384:
2375:
2327:
2153:
1530:
1458:
1153:
931:
698:
608:
475:
213:
96:
61:
4312:
3786:
1156:, while the attributed canine tooth is indistinguishable from that of
531:
in the country, before only three of them were officially recognized:
5520:
5376:
5369:
5355:
5273:
5266:
5142:
5117:
4953:
4529:
Yakimenko, Elena; Inozemtsev, Svyatoslav; Naugolnykh, Sergey (2004).
4482:
2586:
2552:
2548:
2532:
2477:
2361:
2331:
2295:
2108:. Gorgonopsians were the first group of predatory animals to develop
1918:
1894:
1870:
1663:
1635:
1595:
1534:
1440:
1436:
1392:
1250:
1121:
1116:
985:
871:. In his book, Pravoslavlev also changed the typography of the name "
845:
796:
776:
744:
687:
683:
603:
575:
552:
524:, and these finds will lead to a confusion about the exact number of
485:
200:
167:
101:
45:
30:
5583:
2243:
2173:
1049:
Also in is work, Pravoslavlev names another genus of gorgonopsians,
5606:
5469:
5108:
3441:
2669:, but were not officially named and described in detail until 1927.
2582:
2410:
2393:
2342:
2315:
2226:
2212:
2113:
1425:
1335:
1256:
646:
517:
187:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
4738:
Brant, Anna J.; Sidor, Christian A. (2023). "Earliest evidence of
3861:
2593:
already lived in Africa alongside other large rubidgeines such as
1330:
is reinforced with complex curvatures. The ventral surface of the
615:
analyses published since 2018 consider it to belong to a group of
5348:
2283:
1959:
1493:
1413:
1196:
1085:
by later publications. For some unclear reason, Vjuschkov refers
1081:, before the latter was itself recognized as a junior synonym of
768:
637:. According to the Russian and South African fossil records, the
619:
Russian gorgonopsians, now being classified alongside the genera
528:
493:
106:
81:
5636:
4624:
3430:
3102:
Gorgonopsidae from the North Dvina expedition of V. P. Amalitzki
2722:
2485:. Few genera of therocephalians are known within the site, only
739:
5102:
4887:
3930:(Synapsida, Gorgonopsia) from the late Permian of South Africa"
2556:
2397:
2136:, as well as a possible fragmentary specimen discovered in the
2121:
1478:
1433:
1369:
1046:
in the revision of the genus carried out by Tatarinov in 1974.
725:
721:
521:
505:
497:
177:
139:
5053:
3377:
Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
3316:
2995:
1268:
therapsids such as gorgonopsians were covered in hair or not.
1114:
erected a new genus of Russian gorgonopsian under the name of
4528:
4419:
3934:
3612:
3186:
2319:
2133:
2120:
multiple times in different predatory mammal groups, such as
1604:
1497:
1311:
1241:
857:
780:
764:
706:
638:
571:
560:
478:
143:
4984:(PhD). Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen. Archived from
4942:
4563:
4297:
2918:
2887:
2851:
2756:
601:
First regularly classified as close to African taxa such as
594:
opening angle, which would have allowed it to deliver fatal
4794:
3923:
3759:
Benoit, Julien; Manger, Paul R.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2016).
2985:
2983:
2869:
2662:
2539:, mainly due to volcanic activities that originated in the
2346:
2299:
1473:
is of very robust constitution, mainly at the level of the
1405:
1211:
in 1997, and later designated as the holotype of the genus
880:
583:
4374:
Benoit, Julien; Browning, Claire; Norton, Luke A. (2021).
4046:
4005:
3823:
Vertebrate Evolution: From Origins to Dinosaurs and Beyond
3608:"Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)"
3560:
3558:
3286:
2695:
by Amalitsky, this type of teeth was later redescribed as
1642:
within the Gorgonopsia after Kammerer and Rubidge (2022):
1457:
would have taken place by the young teeth, growing at the
1334:
is completely smooth, lacking traces of palatine teeth or
3821:(18 April 2022). "20. Synapsids: The Origin of Mammals".
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
2958:
2956:
2469:
Assemblage Zone. Among the most abundant dicynodonts are
1261:
988:, Pravoslavlev names two additional species of the genus
979:
591:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4064:
3172:
Kammerer, Christian F. & Masyutin, Vladimir (2018).
2980:
3979:
3977:
3679:
3555:
3543:
3323:-rich Permo-Triassic Boundary Locality in South Africa"
3298:
2968:
2678:
The latter name had already been changed previously by
2465:, dicynodonts are the most common animals in the Upper
1492:
postcranial skeleton identified on a gorgonopsian. The
1271:
The specimens PIN 2005/1578 and PIN 1758, belonging to
1240:
is a gorgonopsian with a fairly robust morphology, the
3731:
2953:
4575:
4195:
4111:
1562:"Rubidgeoidea", placed alongside the Rubidgeidae and
775:, the specimen PIN 2005/1578 being recognized as its
649:, where it turns out to have been the main predator.
4373:
3974:
2608:
2555:, and among the few therapsids surviving the event,
2547:
gave way to modern terrestrial ecosystems including
1128:, both discovered in the Klimovo-1 locality, in the
645:
is recorded were fluvial ecosystems containing many
294:
4731:
4524:
4522:
3758:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
2857:
2718:
2716:
821:It was in 1927 that one of Amalitsky's colleagues,
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3122:Williston, Samuel W.; Gregory, William K. (1925).
3039:
1095:, when his description is quite viable. Just like
922:discovered in the locality of Blumental-3, in the
900:Photograph and sketch of the holotype specimen of
4684:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
4618:
4569:
3983:
3696:
3694:
3575:
3573:
3332:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology,
3040:Jagt-Yazykova, Elena A.; Racki, Grzegorz (2017).
3012:
3010:
2497:having been listed. The presence of the cynodont
2413:. Other smaller predators have existed alongside
1525:From its original description published in 1922,
682:. The locality, known as PIN 2005, consists of a
5703:
4830:from the Trias of North Russia and South Africa"
4519:
4156:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3855:
3182:) from the Permian Kotelnich locality of Russia"
3171:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3076:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2713:
2665:are already mentioned in the article describing
2190:One of the most recognizable characteristics of
1207:, but the fossil would be reassigned to a large
1170:of which part of the fossils possibly come from
666:discovered freshwater sediments dating from the
3601:
3599:
3597:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3319:"Vertebrate Paleontology of Nooitgedacht 68: A
3226:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
1412:and can be distinguished into three types: the
1065:. In 1953, Vjuschkov discovered that the genus
5752:Taxa named by Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii
3691:
3570:
3007:
5069:
3912:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3112:
2835:Bulletin de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie
1574:. In 2007, based on observations made on the
1020:, he moves it to a new genus, which he names
586:off its prey. Like most other gorgonopsians,
3594:
3489:
3387:
3140:
3099:
3033:
2795:
2216:is capable of producing a bite force of 715
2156:who occupy this role, while in Russia, only
547:. An isolated left premaxilla suggests that
4949:The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia
3660:
3365:
3330:Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2729:Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana
2417:, such as the smaller related gorgonopsian
1616:is still considered as the sister taxon of
1566:. One year later, in 2003, he reclassifies
551:also lived in Tanzania during the earliest
5215:
5076:
5062:
4868:
4737:
4667:
4308:
4306:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4023:
4017:
3700:
3579:
3415:
3247:
3016:
3001:
2435:According to the fossil record, the Upper
2326:were only locally present. There are also
1428:, reaching its lower edge. The canines of
1352:is distinguished by its relatively narrow
1322:is located near the posterior edge of the
1248:describing it as a "scaled-up version" of
117:
5040:
4924:
4899:
4851:
4816:
4775:
4714:
4704:
4451:
4415:
4413:
4393:
4350:
4332:
4094:
4084:
4011:
3957:
3947:
3794:
3685:
3643:
3625:
3564:
3549:
3472:
3462:
3304:
3292:
3209:
3199:
3059:
2989:
2974:
2875:
2828:
2446:is known, would have been a well-drained
2294:hails from) was deposited in a seasonal,
1500:, especially at their joint margins. The
1189:moved this species to the separate genus
662:During the 1890s, Russian paleontologist
5141:
3817:
3605:
3400:
3371:
2924:
2310:, and other related genera, followed by
2242:
2172:
1622:
1378:
1294:
1224:
738:
4974:
4538:Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas
4303:
4269:
4256:
4052:
3666:
2962:
2863:
1464:
559:, the paleontologist who described the
5704:
4787:Review of the Reptilia of the Triassic
4782:Übersicht Über die Reptilien der Trias
4673:
4410:
4129:
3017:Greenfield, Tyler (26 December 2023).
2148:abandoned by dinocephalians and large
2140:, located in central India. After the
1408:of prey. The teeth are also devoid of
980:Formerly assigned species and synonyms
5588:
5587:
5095:
5057:
4992:
4797:: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 84.
4117:
3746:
3433:"Cranial anatomy of the gorgonopsian
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2450:. The area preceding just before the
1578:and canines, Eva V. I. Gebauer moved
657:
4476:
3752:
2699:, having a lack of functional range.
2503:is also reported. The gorgonopsians
1053:, with the two species it includes:
2168:
1360:and the transverse flangues of the
1144:could be a relative of the Russian
652:
13:
4745:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4381:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
4320:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4072:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3061:10.18814/EPIIUGS/2017/V40I3/017022
2739:
2461:As in the other formations of the
2238:
1306:The overall shape of the skull of
1203:in the 1950s was also assigned to
14:
5763:
5034:
4632:Journal of African Earth Sciences
4583:Journal of African Earth Sciences
3987:(1989). Wellnhofer, Peter (ed.).
3508:Journal of African Earth Sciences
2537:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2198:of saber-toothed predators (like
1593:In 2018, in their description of
1520:
840:. Of all the named species, only
5568:
5567:
5550:
4653:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.011
4604:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.11.010
3529:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104631
2611:
2233:
2144:, gorgonopsians began to occupy
1484:have an acute triangular shape.
1299:Close-up of a skull referred to
894:
154:
49:
5083:
4768:
4485:Lithology and Mineral Resources
4453:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.002
4367:
4242:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.07.003
4160:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
4150:
4123:
4058:
3811:
3606:Kammerer, Christian F. (2016).
3310:
2685:
2672:
2655:
2430:
2290:in particular (a horizon where
2163:
2112:, long before true mammals and
957:, and more specifically in the
2475:(hence the name of the site),
1220:
1000:. In 1940, the paleontologist
836:of the two known skeletons of
1:
5747:Fossil taxa described in 1922
5727:Lopingian synapsids of Europe
4884:Museum of Comparative Zoology
4758:10.1080/02724634.2024.2313622
4181:10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00050-0
3125:The osteology of the reptiles
2706:
2522:
1318:and thin cranial arches. The
914:described the third species,
5722:Prehistoric therapsid genera
4270:Golubev, Valeriy K. (2000).
4144:10.1016/j.palwor.2022.04.004
3926:"The postcranial anatomy of
3464:10.1371/journal.pone.0207367
3342:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_17
3100:Pravoslavlev, P. A. (1927).
2337:The fossil sites from which
2116:evolved. This feature later
2085:
1120:, on the basis of a partial
949:at Nooitgedacht Farm in the
516:, where two almost complete
7:
4975:Gebauer, Eva V. I. (2007).
3437:based on CT-reconstruction"
3104:(in Russian). Vol. 3.
2604:
2601:before the latest Permian.
2452:Permian–Triassic extinction
1546:Inostranceviidae. In 1989,
1515:
1356:, a broad and rounded oval
734:Russian Academy of Sciences
16:Extinct genus of therapsids
10:
5768:
4958:Cambridge University Press
3404:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
3174:"Gorgonopsian therapsids (
2531:, disappeared in the Late
2230:(or 'saber-toothed cat').
941:The fourth known species,
5596:
5563:
5548:
5487:
5438:
5409:
5400:
5336:
5329:
5290:
5226:
5211:
5192:
5168:
5150:
5137:
5091:
4870:Hutchinson, Henry Neville
3985:Sigogneau-Russell, Denise
3825:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
3717:10.1134/S0031030108040102
3272:10.1134/S0031030108090013
2773:10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.007
2691:Previously identified as
2527:Gorgonopsians, including
2322:were relatively rare and
2204:morphological convergence
2006:
1989:
1982:
1956:
1939:
1932:
1915:
1908:
1891:
1884:
1867:
1850:
1833:
1826:
1781:
1764:
1757:
1740:
1733:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1684:
1677:
1660:
1653:
1164:has been recognized as a
1103:will be synonymized with
893:
888:
590:had a particularly large
367:
360:
314:
309:
293:
286:
151:Scientific classification
149:
125:
116:
23:
5008:Indiana University Press
4844:Henry Holt & Company
4395:10.3389/fevo.2021.699298
3134:Harvard University Press
2680:Samuel Wendell Williston
2648:
1548:Denise Sigogneau-Russell
1344:, the top margin of the
1290:
1233:size compared to a human
4936:Theriodonts of the USSR
4901:10.5962/bhl.title.40362
4853:10.5962/bhl.title.13370
4277:Paleontological Journal
4027:Paleontological Journal
3890:10.1126/science.1200305
3831:10.1201/9781003128205-4
3704:Paleontological Journal
3583:Paleontological Journal
3251:Paleontological Journal
2661:The existence of these
2421:and the therocephalian
2208:saber-toothed predators
1069:is a junior synonym of
1038:is a junior synonym of
926:. The specific epithet
852:. The specific epithet
773:Inostranzevia alexandri
694:-shaped exposures in a
512:were discovered in the
488:which lived during the
299:Inostrancevia alexandri
4706:10.1098/rsta.2017.0076
4334:10.1098/rspb.2020.1818
4086:10.1098/rspb.2015.0834
2829:Amalitzky, V. (1922).
2255:
2187:
1638:shows the position of
1631:
1397:
1303:
1234:
1107:by Tatarinov in 1974.
1008:should be viewed as a
805:Alexander Inostrantsev
751:
134:1758), exposed at the
5684:Paleobiology Database
4431:Earth-Science Reviews
4221:Earth-Science Reviews
3669:Voprosy Paleontologii
3321:Lystrosaurus maccaigi
2318:. On the other hand,
2246:
2176:
2142:Capitanian extinction
2118:evolved independently
1824:"African clade"
1707:"Russian clade"
1626:
1556:Mikhail F. Ivakhnenko
1393:Leogorgon klimovensis
1382:
1298:
1229:Scale chart, showing
1228:
1124:and a large referred
1117:Leogorgon klimovensis
1112:Mikhail F. Ivakhnenko
823:Pavel A. Pravoslavlev
785:scientific literature
742:
557:Vladimir P. Amalitsky
5732:Wuchiapingian genera
5004:Bloomington, Indiana
4926:Tatarinov, Leonid P.
4874:"Anomalous Reptiles"
4846:. pp. 190–245.
4777:von Huene, Friedrich
3336:, pp. 289–304,
3334:Springer Netherlands
2585:during the earliest
1465:Postcranial skeleton
1185:. However, in 1955,
574:and a very advanced
435:Amalitzkia vladimiri
126:Mounted skeleton of
4894:. p. 105-124.
4818:Lankester, Edwin R.
4697:2018RSPTA.37670076B
4645:2016JAfES.113..153V
4596:2018JAfES.138..102V
4566:, pp. 113–114.
4497:2000LitMR..35..331Y
4444:2017ESRv..175...18B
4234:2005ESRv...69...27T
4173:2003JAESc..21..643R
3949:10.7717/peerj.15378
3882:2011Sci...331.1603C
3876:(6024): 1603–1605.
3819:Prothero, Donald R.
3779:2016NatSR...625604B
3521:2022JAfES.19404631K
3455:2018PLoSO..1307367B
3264:2008PalJ...42..859I
3004:, p. Plate XI.
2619:Paleontology portal
1314:, relatively small
1152:likely came from a
793:Edwin Ray Lankester
789:Friedrich von Huene
743:PIN 2005/1578, the
578:, possessing large
136:Museo delle Scienze
4944:Benton, Michael J.
4892:Chapman & Hall
4675:Benton, Michael J.
4564:Benton et al. 2000
4505:10.1007/BF02782689
4298:Benton et al. 2000
4209:Benton, Michael J.
4079:(1811): 20150834.
4055:, p. 232-232.
3766:Scientific Reports
3627:10.7717/peerj.1608
3435:Cynariops robustus
3201:10.7717/peerj.4954
3106:Akademii Nauk SSSR
2919:Benton et al. 2000
2888:Benton et al. 2000
2878:, p. 214-215.
2852:Benton et al. 2000
2288:Salarevo Formation
2278:and defined as a "
2256:
2188:
2138:Kundaram Formation
1632:
1398:
1372:tuberosities; and
1304:
1235:
752:
676:Arkhangelsk Oblast
664:Vladimir Amalitsky
658:Recognized species
504:. The first-known
446:Pravoslavlev, 1927
438:Pravoslavlev, 1927
414:Pravoslavlev, 1927
390:Pravoslavlev, 1927
5742:Fossils of Russia
5699:
5698:
5671:Open Tree of Life
5590:Taxon identifiers
5581:
5580:
5559:
5558:
5546:
5545:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5188:
5187:
5017:978-0-253-01042-1
4967:978-0-521-55476-3
4491:(2000): 331–344.
4300:, p. 93-109.
3840:978-0-36-747316-7
3787:10.1038/srep25604
3351:978-94-007-6840-6
3108:. pp. 1–117.
2921:, pp. 93–94.
2767:(11): 2283–2290.
2545:ecological niches
2456:Balfour Formation
2146:ecological niches
2130:Turpan Depression
2082:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:
1971:
1970:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1455:tooth replacement
1390:(on the top) and
1358:temporal fenestra
955:Balfour Formation
908:
907:
799:of the genus and
771:, which he named
711:Anna P. Amalitsky
467:
466:
379:Synonyms of genus
354:
339:
325:
282:
5759:
5692:
5691:
5679:
5678:
5666:
5665:
5653:
5652:
5640:
5639:
5627:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5585:
5584:
5571:
5570:
5554:
5407:
5406:
5334:
5333:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5212:
5148:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5093:
5092:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5029:
4989:
4988:on 22 July 2012.
4983:
4971:
4939:
4921:
4903:
4865:
4855:
4813:
4811:
4805:. Archived from
4792:
4762:
4761:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4708:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4455:
4427:
4417:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4354:
4336:
4310:
4301:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4267:
4254:
4253:
4217:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4127:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4088:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4021:
4015:
4014:, p. 82-83.
4009:
4003:
4002:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3951:
3928:Gorgonops torvus
3921:
3910:
3909:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3756:
3750:
3749:, p. 79-81.
3744:
3729:
3728:
3698:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3629:
3603:
3592:
3591:
3577:
3568:
3562:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3502:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3466:
3449:(11): e0207367.
3428:
3413:
3412:
3398:
3385:
3384:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3327:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3295:, p. 96-99.
3290:
3284:
3283:
3245:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3169:
3138:
3137:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2935:
2922:
2916:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2826:
2793:
2792:
2754:
2737:
2736:
2720:
2700:
2697:postcanine teeth
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2659:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2304:peltaspermaceaen
2169:Hunting strategy
2132:, in north-west
2106:Karoo Supergroup
1985:
1984:
1935:
1934:
1911:
1910:
1887:
1886:
1829:
1828:
1760:
1759:
1736:
1735:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1680:
1679:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1552:Inostranceviinae
1469:The skeleton of
912:Leonid Tatarinov
898:
897:
889:External picture
886:
885:
831:
813:
719:
653:Research history
492:in what are now
455:
447:
443:Amalitzkia annae
439:
415:
391:
371:List of synonyms
345:
331:
320:
296:
274:
267:
256:Inostranceviinae
254:
241:
228:
159:
158:
121:
111:
48:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5687:
5682:
5674:
5669:
5661:
5656:
5648:
5643:
5635:
5630:
5622:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5592:
5582:
5577:
5555:
5542:
5475:
5434:
5396:
5325:
5286:
5220:
5199:
5184:
5164:
5133:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5082:
5041:Roman Uchytel.
5037:
5032:
5018:
4994:Antón, Mauricio
4981:
4968:
4931:Териодонты СССР
4835:Extinct Animals
4812:on 6 June 2022.
4809:
4790:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4752:(4). e2313622.
4736:
4732:
4672:
4668:
4623:
4619:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4533:
4527:
4520:
4481:
4477:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4372:
4368:
4311:
4304:
4296:
4289:
4268:
4257:
4215:
4205:
4196:
4155:
4151:
4128:
4124:
4120:, p. 7-22.
4116:
4112:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3982:
3975:
3922:
3913:
3860:
3856:
3841:
3816:
3812:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3732:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3665:
3661:
3604:
3595:
3578:
3571:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3503:
3490:
3429:
3416:
3399:
3388:
3370:
3366:
3352:
3325:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3246:
3227:
3170:
3141:
3120:
3113:
3098:
3077:
3038:
3034:
3015:
3008:
3002:Hutchinson 1910
3000:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2954:
2937:
2936:
2925:
2917:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2827:
2796:
2760:Current Biology
2755:
2740:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2579:Usili Formation
2525:
2440:Assemblage Zone
2433:
2424:Annatherapsidus
2282:" dominated by
2247:Restoration of
2241:
2239:European Russia
2236:
2177:Restoration of
2171:
2166:
2150:therocephalians
2088:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
1972:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1627:Restoration of
1576:occipital bones
1572:monotypic taxon
1523:
1518:
1510:paleobiological
1467:
1396:(on the bottom)
1328:sagittal suture
1293:
1244:paleontologist
1223:
1201:Vladimir Oblast
1146:Phthinosuchidae
982:
962:Assemblage Zone
924:Orenburg Oblast
895:
856:comes from the
850:Vladimir Oblast
825:
807:
779:. Although the
713:
680:European Russia
660:
655:
502:Southern Africa
463:
460:
453:
445:
437:
429:
428:
420:
413:
405:
404:
396:
389:
381:
380:
373:
372:
305:
304:Amalitsky, 1922
302:
273:
265:
252:
239:
226:
153:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
44:259–251.9
43:
42:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5765:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5737:Permian Russia
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5717:Apex predators
5714:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5680:
5667:
5654:
5641:
5628:
5618:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5575:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5532:
5529:Paragalerhinus
5525:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5495:
5493:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5444:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5425:
5422:Ruhuhucerberus
5418:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5337:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5306:Pravoslavlevia
5302:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5221:
5216:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5151:
5145:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5120:
5111:
5105:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5036:
5035:External links
5033:
5031:
5030:
5016:
4990:
4972:
4966:
4940:
4922:
4866:
4814:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4730:
4666:
4617:
4568:
4556:
4544:(1): 110–119.
4518:
4475:
4409:
4366:
4327:(1935): 1–10.
4302:
4287:
4255:
4228:(1–2): 27–77.
4194:
4149:
4138:(3): 383–388.
4122:
4110:
4057:
4045:
4034:(3): 283–292.
4016:
4012:Tatarinov 1974
4004:
3998:978-3437304873
3997:
3973:
3911:
3854:
3839:
3810:
3751:
3730:
3711:(4): 409–413.
3690:
3686:Tatarinov 1974
3678:
3659:
3593:
3590:(S4): 339–465.
3569:
3565:Tatarinov 1974
3554:
3550:Tatarinov 1974
3542:
3488:
3414:
3407:(in Russian).
3386:
3373:Yefremov, Ivan
3364:
3350:
3309:
3305:Tatarinov 1974
3297:
3293:Tatarinov 1974
3285:
3258:(9): 859–995.
3225:
3178:gen. nov. and
3139:
3136:. p. 242.
3111:
3075:
3054:(3): 189–199.
3032:
3027:Incertae Sedis
3006:
2994:
2992:, p. 221.
2990:Lankester 1905
2979:
2975:von Huene 1902
2967:
2965:, p. 229.
2952:
2923:
2892:
2880:
2876:Lankester 1905
2868:
2856:
2844:
2794:
2738:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2684:
2671:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:Pravoslavlevia
2638:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2606:
2603:
2541:Siberian Traps
2524:
2521:
2432:
2429:
2419:Pravoslavlevia
2351:reptiliomorphs
2286:deposits. The
2268:Southern Urals
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2126:thylacosmilids
2096:dinocephalians
2092:Middle Permian
2087:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:Pravoslavlevia
1763:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1634:The following
1614:Pravoslavlevia
1564:Phtinosuchidae
1540:Pravoslavlevia
1522:
1521:Classification
1519:
1517:
1514:
1502:scapular blade
1466:
1463:
1332:palatine bones
1320:pineal foramen
1292:
1289:
1246:Mauricio Antón
1222:
1219:
1209:therocephalian
1199:discovered in
1187:Alexey Bystrow
1160:. Since then,
1130:Vologda Oblast
1032:Pravoslavlevia
1023:Pravoslavlevia
981:
978:
930:refers to the
906:
905:
891:
890:
672:Northern Dvina
659:
656:
654:
651:
634:Pravoslavlevia
514:Northern Dvina
465:
464:
462:
461:
459:
458:
457:
456:
454:Vyushkov, 1953
448:
440:
423:
422:
421:
419:
418:
417:
416:
399:
398:
397:
395:
394:
393:
392:
378:
377:
376:
370:
369:
368:
365:
364:
358:
357:
356:
355:
340:
326:
321:Pravoslavlev,
312:
311:
310:Other species
307:
306:
303:
291:
290:
284:
283:
263:
259:
258:
250:
246:
245:
237:
233:
232:
224:
217:
216:
211:
204:
203:
198:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
147:
146:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5764:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5690:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5598:Inostrancevia
5595:
5591:
5586:
5574:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5553:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5415:Aelurognathus
5412:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5330:African clade
5328:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5299:Inostrancevia
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:Russian clade
5289:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5059:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5045:Inostrancevia
5039:
5038:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4828:Inostransevia
4825:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4740:Inostrancevia
4734:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4627:Daptocephalus
4621:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4578:Daptocephalus
4572:
4565:
4560:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4523:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4414:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4284:(2): 211–224.
4283:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3697:
3695:
3688:, p. 62.
3687:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3567:, p. 93.
3566:
3561:
3559:
3552:, p. 89.
3551:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3307:, p. 99.
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:Inostrancevia
3013:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2977:, p. 36.
2976:
2971:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:Inostrancevia
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2841:(6): 329–340.
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2735:(3): 717–726.
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2591:Inostrancevia
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:Inostrancevia
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2561:Inostrancevia
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:Inostrancevia
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:Procynosuchus
2496:
2495:
2494:Theriognathus
2490:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:Daptocephalus
2468:
2467:Daptocephalus
2464:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:, from which
2441:
2439:
2438:Daptocephalus
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2415:Inostrancevia
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:Inostrancevia
2400:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:Chroniosuchus
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:Inostrancevia
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Inostrancevia
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:Inostrancevia
2261:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2234:Palaeoecology
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:Inostrancevia
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:Inostrancevia
2197:
2193:
2192:Inostrancevia
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2161:
2159:
2158:Inostrancevia
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:Inostrancevia
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:Inostrancevia
1637:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:Inostrancevia
1615:
1610:
1609:Inostrancevia
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:Inostrancevia
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:Inostrancevia
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:Inostrancevia
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:Inostrancevia
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:autapomorphic
1488:has the most
1487:
1486:Inostrancevia
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:Inostrancevia
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:Inostrancevia
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:Inostrancevia
1395:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:Inostrancevia
1302:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:Inostrancevia
1232:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:Inostrancevia
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1183:I. progressus
1180:
1179:Inostrancevia
1175:
1173:
1172:Inostrancevia
1169:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1158:Inostrancevia
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Inostrancevia
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1014:Inostrancevia
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Ivan Yefremov
999:
995:
991:
990:Inostrancevia
987:
977:
975:
974:stratigraphic
971:
967:
966:Inostrancevia
963:
961:
960:Daptocephalus
956:
952:
948:
947:John Nyaphuli
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:basioccipital
917:
913:
904:
903:
892:
887:
884:
882:
878:
877:Inostrancevia
874:
873:Inostranzevia
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
851:
848:, located in
847:
843:
839:
835:
829:
824:
819:
817:
816:Inostrancevia
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:gorgonopsians
750:
746:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Upper Permian
665:
650:
648:
644:
643:Inostrancevia
640:
636:
635:
630:
629:
624:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:Inostrancevia
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
567:Inostrancevia
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:Inostrancevia
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
472:
471:Inostrancevia
452:
449:
444:
441:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
427:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
403:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
375:
374:
366:
363:
359:
353:
349:
344:
341:
338:
334:
330:
327:
324:
319:
316:
315:
313:
308:
301:
300:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
271:
270:Inostrancevia
264:
261:
260:
257:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:Gorgonopsidae
238:
235:
234:
231:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
40:
39:Changhsingian
36:
35:Wuchiapingian
32:
26:
25:Inostrancevia
22:
19:
5597:
5536:Wangwusaurus
5534:
5527:
5519:
5512:
5507:Broomisaurus
5505:
5498:
5490:Nomina dubia
5488:
5468:
5463:Leontosaurus
5461:
5454:
5447:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5342:Arctognathus
5340:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5281:Viatkogorgon
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5232:Aelurosaurus
5230:
5194:
5122:
5113:
5044:
4998:
4986:the original
4977:
4948:
4935:
4930:
4878:
4834:
4827:
4823:
4807:the original
4786:
4781:
4769:Bibliography
4749:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4688:
4682:
4669:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4559:
4541:
4537:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4435:
4429:
4385:
4379:
4369:
4324:
4318:
4281:
4275:
4225:
4219:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4113:
4076:
4070:
4060:
4053:Gebauer 2007
4048:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4007:
3988:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3873:
3867:
3857:
3822:
3813:
3773:(1): 25604.
3770:
3764:
3754:
3708:
3702:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3617:
3611:
3587:
3581:
3545:
3512:
3506:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3408:
3402:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3329:
3320:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3255:
3249:
3191:
3185:
3180:Viatkogorgon
3179:
3175:
3124:
3101:
3051:
3045:
3035:
3026:
3020:
2997:
2970:
2963:Gebauer 2007
2946:
2940:
2890:, p. 5.
2883:
2871:
2866:, p. 9.
2864:Gebauer 2007
2859:
2854:, p. 4.
2847:
2838:
2834:
2764:
2758:
2732:
2728:
2687:
2674:
2667:I. alexandri
2666:
2657:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2574:
2566:Lystrosaurus
2564:
2560:
2528:
2526:
2516:
2510:
2506:Arctognathus
2504:
2498:
2492:
2488:Moschorhinus
2486:
2483:Lystrosaurus
2482:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2431:South Africa
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:top predator
2402:
2396:
2389:Vivaxosaurus
2387:
2378:
2369:
2367:temnospondyl
2360:
2354:
2338:
2336:
2324:sphenophytes
2312:ginkgophytes
2307:
2291:
2263:
2260:Late Permian
2257:
2252:
2249:I. latifrons
2248:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2199:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2179:I. alexandri
2178:
2164:Paleobiology
2157:
2099:
2089:
2007:
1993:Arctognathus
1991:
1990:
1958:
1957:
1941:
1940:
1917:
1916:
1893:
1892:
1869:
1868:
1852:
1851:
1835:
1834:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1766:
1765:
1742:
1741:
1718:
1717:
1688:Viatkogorgon
1686:
1685:
1662:
1661:
1639:
1633:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1594:
1592:
1584:sister taxon
1579:
1567:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1505:
1485:
1470:
1468:
1443:
1429:
1401:
1400:The jaws of
1399:
1391:
1388:I. alexandri
1387:
1384:Canine tooth
1374:I. uralensis
1373:
1366:I. latifrons
1365:
1364:with teeth;
1350:I. alexandri
1349:
1341:Viatkogorgon
1339:
1338:. Just like
1307:
1305:
1301:I. alexandri
1300:
1285:I. latifrons
1284:
1281:I. uralensis
1280:
1277:I. latifrons
1276:
1273:I. alexandri
1272:
1270:
1266:mammaliaform
1255:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1231:I. latifrons
1230:
1214:Megawhaitsia
1212:
1204:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1167:nomen dubium
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1115:
1109:
1105:I. latifrons
1104:
1100:
1097:A. vladimiri
1096:
1090:
1086:
1083:I. latifrons
1082:
1079:I. vladimiri
1078:
1075:A. vladimiri
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:I. alexandri
1062:
1058:
1055:A. vladimiri
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:I. alexandri
1043:
1040:I. alexandri
1039:
1036:I. proclivis
1035:
1031:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
998:I. proclivis
997:
993:
989:
984:In his 1927
983:
969:
965:
959:
942:
940:
936:I. uralensis
935:
927:
916:I. uralensis
915:
909:
902:I. uralensis
901:
876:
872:
869:I. alexandri
868:
864:
863:"broad" and
860:
853:
842:I. latifrons
841:
838:I. alexandri
837:
820:
815:
801:type species
772:
759:, cataloged
753:
749:I. alexandri
748:
747:skeleton of
703:South Africa
661:
642:
632:
626:
620:
613:phylogenetic
602:
600:
587:
566:
565:
548:
544:
541:I. uralensis
540:
537:I. latifrons
536:
533:I. alexandri
532:
510:gorgonopsian
490:Late Permian
470:
469:
468:
451:I. vladimiri
450:
442:
434:
426:I. latifrons
425:
424:Synonyms of
411:I. proclivis
410:
402:I. alexandri
401:
400:Synonyms of
386:
347:
342:
329:I. uralensis
328:
318:I. latifrons
317:
298:
297:
288:Type species
269:
268:
220:
207:
194:
128:I. alexandri
127:
24:
18:
5712:Gorgonopsia
5514:Cerdorhinus
5500:Arctosuchus
5402:Rubidgeinae
5391:Smilesaurus
5363:Eriphostoma
5320:Suchogorgon
5313:Sauroctonus
5246:Cyonosaurus
5239:Aloposaurus
5218:Gorgonopsia
5196:Gorgonopsia
5170:Gorgonopsia
5085:Gorgonopsia
4824:Pariasaurus
4639:: 153–164.
4590:: 102–111.
4132:Palaeoworld
3019:"Who named
2635:Suchogorgon
2628:Sauroctonus
2535:during the
2517:I. africana
2512:Cyonosaurus
2463:Karoo Basin
2444:I. africana
2380:Scutosaurus
2371:Dvinosaurus
2280:cold desert
2266:lived, the
2258:During the
2253:Scutosaurus
2184:Scutosaurus
2154:rubidgeines
2110:saber teeth
2009:Rubidgeinae
1943:Smilesaurus
1854:Eriphostoma
1744:Sauroctonus
1720:Suchogorgon
1650:Gorgonopsia
1629:I. africana
1588:Rubidgeinae
1560:superfamily
1445:Tiarajudens
1439:, only the
1422:postcanines
1316:eye sockets
1221:Description
1192:Sauroctonus
1134:Rubidgeinae
1092:nomen nudum
1073:, renaming
970:I. africana
951:Karoo Basin
943:I. africana
826: [
808: [
730:World War I
714: [
678:, northern
628:Sauroctonus
622:Suchogorgon
609:rubidgeines
545:I. africana
483:carnivorous
343:I. africana
249:Subfamily:
230:Gorgonopsia
5706:Categories
5456:Dinogorgon
5449:Clelandina
5440:Rubidgeini
5429:Sycosaurus
5179:see below↓
5127:Therapsida
4999:Sabertooth
4910:1405542196
4388:: 699298.
4167:(6): 643.
4118:Antón 2013
3942:: e15378.
3747:Antón 2013
3515:: 104631.
3411:: 397–400.
3383:: 893–896.
2707:References
2595:Dinogorgon
2571:premaxilla
2553:archosaurs
2549:sauropsids
2523:Extinction
2448:floodplain
2385:dicynodont
2376:pareiasaur
2328:hygrophyte
2196:bite force
2181:attacking
1531:type genus
1512:function.
1437:therapsids
1195:. A large
1154:dicynodont
1067:Amalitzkia
1051:Amalitzkia
932:Ural River
834:morphology
699:escarpment
486:therapsids
387:Amalitzkia
214:Therapsida
5521:Leogorgon
5377:Lycaenops
5370:Gorgonops
5356:Cynariops
5274:Scylacops
5267:Nochnitsa
5158:Synapsida
5143:Synapsida
5118:Synapsida
5101:Kingdom:
5026:857070029
4954:Cambridge
4918:191313118
4661:128991282
4612:134279628
4513:140148404
4470:134260553
4462:0012-8252
4438:: 18–43.
4404:235487002
4343:1471-2954
4189:140601673
4040:0031-0301
3849:246318785
3725:140547244
3636:2167-8359
3620:: e1608.
3537:249977414
3194:: e4954.
3176:Nochnitsa
3130:Cambridge
3070:133685968
2947:Paleofile
2789:258835757
2587:Lopingian
2577:from the
2551:, mostly
2533:Lopingian
2478:Diictodon
2411:tetrapods
2362:Kotlassia
2343:ostracods
2332:halophyte
2296:semi-arid
2114:dinosaurs
2086:Evolution
1919:Lycaenops
1895:Cynariops
1871:Gorgonops
1664:Nochnitsa
1636:cladogram
1596:Nochnitsa
1535:Gorgonops
1482:phalanges
1441:anomodont
1434:mammalian
1362:pterygoid
1336:tubercles
1324:parietals
1251:Lycaenops
1217:in 2008.
1162:Leogorgon
1150:Leogorgon
1142:Leogorgon
1138:Leogorgon
1122:braincase
1110:In 2003,
986:monograph
928:uralensis
910:In 1974,
854:latifrons
846:Zavrazhye
797:etymology
777:lectotype
745:lectotype
688:sandstone
647:tetrapods
604:Gorgonops
576:dentition
553:Lopingian
518:skeletons
481:of large
346:Kammerer
333:Tatarinov
276:Amalitsky
201:Synapsida
174:Kingdom:
168:Eukaryota
31:Lopingian
5621:BioLib:
5607:Wikidata
5573:Category
5470:Rubidgea
5109:Chordata
5107:Phylum:
5103:Animalia
4996:(2013).
4928:(1974).
4872:(1910).
4840:New York
4820:(1905).
4803:17965468
4779:(1902).
4725:30177561
4691:(2130).
4677:(2018).
4550:59417568
4361:32993469
4250:85512435
4211:(2005).
4105:26156768
3968:37434869
3959:10332358
3898:21436452
3805:27157809
3654:26823998
3483:30485338
3442:PLOS ONE
3360:82860920
3280:85114195
3220:29900078
3047:Episodes
2781:37220743
2605:See also
2599:Rubidgea
2583:Tanzania
2405:was the
2394:cynodont
2392:and the
2316:conifers
2308:Tatarina
2251:chasing
2227:Smilodon
2213:Rubidgea
1516:Taxonomy
1451:alveolar
1426:mandible
1420:and the
1414:incisors
1346:quadrate
1257:Rubidgea
1101:A. annae
1087:A. annae
1059:A. annae
1018:I. parva
1010:juvenile
1006:I. parva
994:I. parva
508:of this
362:Synonyms
236:Family:
188:Chordata
184:Phylum:
178:Animalia
164:Domain:
5676:4946287
5663:1040677
5650:4576118
5637:4528294
5613:Q132835
5384:Phorcys
5349:Arctops
4862:5984379
4716:6127390
4693:Bibcode
4641:Bibcode
4592:Bibcode
4493:Bibcode
4440:Bibcode
4352:7542828
4230:Bibcode
4169:Bibcode
4096:4528552
3906:8178585
3878:Bibcode
3869:Science
3796:4860582
3775:Bibcode
3675:: 7–18.
3645:4730894
3517:Bibcode
3474:6261584
3451:Bibcode
3260:Bibcode
3211:5995105
2557:mammals
2284:fluvial
2218:newtons
2101:Phorcys
1960:Arctops
1837:Phorcys
1586:to the
1494:scapula
1418:canines
1370:palatal
1354:occiput
1242:Spanish
1197:maxilla
1030:genus,
769:species
617:derived
580:canines
529:species
522:oblasts
506:fossils
494:Siberia
476:extinct
262:Genus:
5624:450893
5259:nasuta
5255:Dixeya
5024:
5014:
4964:
4916:
4908:
4888:London
4860:
4801:
4789:]
4723:
4713:
4659:
4610:
4548:
4511:
4468:
4460:
4402:
4359:
4349:
4341:
4248:
4187:
4103:
4093:
4038:
3995:
3966:
3956:
3904:
3896:
3847:
3837:
3803:
3793:
3723:
3652:
3642:
3634:
3535:
3481:
3471:
3358:
3348:
3278:
3218:
3208:
3068:
2787:
2779:
2693:molars
2398:Dvinia
2383:, the
2374:, the
2365:, the
2347:fishes
2206:among
2122:felids
1544:family
1498:tibiae
1479:ungual
1477:. The
1416:, the
1126:canine
1016:. For
875:" to "
726:Poland
722:Warsaw
641:where
639:faunas
498:Russia
474:is an
348:et al.
140:Trento
5689:39127
5658:IRMNG
5123:Clade
5114:Clade
4982:(PDF)
4934:[
4914:S2CID
4822:"The
4810:(PDF)
4791:(PDF)
4785:[
4657:S2CID
4608:S2CID
4546:S2CID
4534:(PDF)
4509:S2CID
4466:S2CID
4426:(PDF)
4400:S2CID
4246:S2CID
4216:(PDF)
4185:S2CID
3935:PeerJ
3902:S2CID
3845:S2CID
3721:S2CID
3613:PeerJ
3533:S2CID
3356:S2CID
3326:(PDF)
3276:S2CID
3187:PeerJ
3066:S2CID
2785:S2CID
2649:Notes
2353:like
2320:ferns
2262:when
2134:China
1605:vomer
1601:basal
1582:as a
1475:limbs
1410:cusps
1312:snout
1291:Skull
1089:as a
1028:valid
865:frōns
861:latus
858:Latin
830:]
812:]
781:taxon
765:genus
718:]
707:India
686:with
684:creek
596:bites
572:skull
561:taxon
526:valid
479:genus
221:Clade
208:Clade
195:Clade
144:Italy
5645:GBIF
5156:see
5022:OCLC
5012:ISBN
4962:ISBN
4906:OCLC
4858:OCLC
4826:and
4799:OCLC
4795:Jena
4721:PMID
4458:ISSN
4357:PMID
4339:ISSN
4101:PMID
4036:ISSN
3993:ISBN
3964:PMID
3894:PMID
3835:ISBN
3801:PMID
3650:PMID
3632:ISSN
3479:PMID
3346:ISBN
3216:PMID
2777:PMID
2663:taxa
2597:and
2509:and
2491:and
2481:and
2359:and
2330:and
2314:and
2300:arid
2298:-to-
2276:34°N
2124:and
1459:root
1406:skin
1057:and
996:and
881:ICZN
791:and
767:and
705:and
696:bank
692:lens
690:and
631:and
584:skin
539:and
500:and
352:2023
337:1974
323:1927
280:1922
52:PreꞒ
5632:EoL
4896:doi
4848:doi
4754:doi
4711:PMC
4701:doi
4689:376
4649:doi
4637:113
4600:doi
4588:138
4501:doi
4448:doi
4436:175
4390:doi
4347:PMC
4329:doi
4325:287
4238:doi
4177:doi
4140:doi
4091:PMC
4081:doi
4077:282
3954:PMC
3944:doi
3886:doi
3874:331
3827:doi
3791:PMC
3783:doi
3713:doi
3640:PMC
3622:doi
3525:doi
3513:194
3469:PMC
3459:doi
3338:doi
3268:doi
3206:PMC
3196:doi
3056:doi
2769:doi
2733:127
2581:in
2573:of
1504:of
1386:of
1262:dog
1077:to
761:PIN
670:in
607:or
598:.
592:jaw
132:PIN
41:),
37:to
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5686::
5673::
5660::
5647::
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5020:.
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4886:.
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4832:.
4750:43
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