161:. This is caused by the acceleration/deceleration of the pistons during the top half of the crankshaft rotation being greater than that of the pistons in the bottom half of the crankshaft rotation (because the connecting rods are not infinitely long). As a result, two pistons are always accelerating faster in one direction, while the other two are accelerating more slowly in the other direction, which leads to a secondary dynamic imbalance that causes an up-and-down vibration at twice crankshaft speed. This imbalance is common among all piston engines, but the effect is particularly strong on four-stroke inline-four because of the two pistons always moving together.
178:
255:
341:
43:
55:
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31:
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with five or more cylinders are able to have at least one cylinder performing its power stroke at any given point in time. However, four-cylinder engines have gaps in the power delivery, since each cylinder completes its power stroke before the next piston starts a new power stroke. This pulsating
85:
produced by Subaru and
Porsche) and the layout is also very common in motorcycles and other machinery. Therefore the term "four-cylinder engine" is usually synonymous with straight-four engines. When a straight-four engine is installed at an inclined angle (instead of with the cylinders oriented
164:
The strength of this imbalance is determined by the reciprocating mass, the ratio of connecting rod length to stroke, and the peak piston velocity. Therefore, small displacement engines with light pistons show little effect, and racing engines use long connecting rods. However, the effect
443:
engine was notable for the era for its high boost pressures and performance. The cast iron block was based on a standard road car block and powered the F1 cars of
Brabham, Arrows and Benetton and won the world championship in 1983. The 1986 version of the engine was said to produce about
431:
straight-four engine was also a very successful racing engine, which began life as a 1.5 litre
Formula 2 engine. Enlarged to 2.0 litres for Formula One in 1958, it evolved into the large 2,495 cc FPF that won the Formula One championship in
201:
system is sometimes used to reduce the vibrations created by a straight-four engine, most often in engines with larger displacements. The balance shaft system was invented in 1911 and consists of two shafts carrying identical
233:
engines with displacements of up to 2.9 litres were produced without balance shafts from the 1950s to the 1990s, however these were relatively low-revving engines which reduces the need for a balance shaft system.
130:
Diesel engines have been produced in larger displacements, such as a 3.2 L turbocharged
Mitsubishi engine (used the Pajero/Shogun/Montero SUV) and a 3.0 L Toyota engine. European and Asian trucks with a
540:
category, the inline-four is the most common configuration because of its relatively high performance-to-cost ratio. All major
Japanese motorcycle manufacturers offer motorcycles with inline-four engines, as do
122:
Petrol straight-four engines used in modern production cars typically have a displacement of 1.3–2.5 L (79–153 cu in), but larger engines have been used in the past, for example the 1927–1931
93:
Between 2005 and 2008, the proportion of new vehicles sold in the United States with four-cylinder engines rose from 30% to 47%. By the 2020 model year, the share for light-duty vehicles had risen to 59%.
1026:
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weights that rotate in opposite directions at twice the crankshaft's speed. This system was patented by
Mitsubishi Motors in the 1970s and has since been used under licence by several other companies.
135:
between 7.5 and 18 tonnes typically use inline four-cylinder diesel engines with displacements around 5 litres. Larger displacements are found in locomotive, marine and stationary engines.
102:
A four-stroke straight-four engine always has a cylinder on its power stroke, unlike engines with fewer cylinders where there is no power stroke occurring at certain times. Compared with a
265:
Most modern straight-four engines used in cars have a displacement of 1.5–2.5 L (92–153 cu in). The smallest automotive straight-four engine was used in the 1963–1967
142:
sold in Japan. Several of these engines had four cylinders at a time when regulations dictated a maximum displacement of 550 cc; the maximum size is currently at 660 cc.
536:
introduced in 1969, and others followed in the 1970s. Since then, the inline-four has become one of the most common engine configurations in street bikes. Outside of the
209:
Not all large displacement straight-four engines have used balance shafts, however. Examples of relatively large engines without balance shafts include the 2.4 litre
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894:
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607:, when the four-stroke Moto2 class was introduced, the engines for the class were a 600 cc (36.6 cu in) inline-four engine made by
269:
kei truck and has a displacement of 356 cc (21.7 cu in), while the largest mass-produced straight-four car engine is the 1999–2019
154:. This is because the pistons are moving in pairs, and one pair of pistons is always moving up at the same time as the other pair is moving down.
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375:
which had a highly successful spanning from the 1933 until 1981, including five straight victories at the
Indianapolis 500 from 1971 to 1976.
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499:
549:. BMW's earlier inline-four motorcycles were mounted horizontally along the frame, but all current four-cylinder BMW motorcycles have
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604:
600:
580:" theory says the irregular delivery of torque to the rear tire makes sliding in the corners at racing speeds easier to control.
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364:(DOHC) with four valves per cylinder, a layout that would become the standard until today for racing inline-four engines.
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diesel engine which was used in the
Mitsubishi Pajero and has a displacement of 3.2 L (195 cu in).
17:
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371:, which was a successful racing engine through the 1920s and early 1930s. The Miller engine evolved into the
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crankshaft that prevents the pistons from simultaneously reaching top dead centre. This results in better
397:(ERA) models. These were resurrected after the war, and formed the foundation of what was later to become
1303:
132:
81:
The majority of automotive four-cylinder engines use a straight-four layout (with the exceptions of the
870:"Isuzu Commercial Vehicles - Low Cab Forward Trucks - Commercial Vehicles - 4HK1-TC 5.2L Diesel Engine"
511:
394:
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284:: one of the first mass-produced twin-cam engines. In 1990, it became the first production engine with
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company has offered inline-four-powered motorcycles, though they were discontinued in favour of
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Many early racing cars used straight-four engines, however the
Peugeot engine which won the
302:: the first engine to be used in a mass-production transverse-engined front-wheel drive car.
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has an inline-four engine that does not fire at even intervals of 180°. Instead, it uses a
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8:
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delivery of power results in more vibrations than engines with more than four cylinders.
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845:"VARIOmobil - Welcome to a lap of luxury coaches - recreation vehicles - motor homes"
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In
Formula One, the 1980s were dominated by the 1,500 cc turbocharged cars. The
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Another engine that played an important role in racing history is the straight-four
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1056:"GIUSEPPE BUSSO, 1913-2006: A TRIBUTE TO ALFA ROMEO AND FERRARI'S GREAT ENGINEER"
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since 1901, began producing the first motorcycles with inline-fours in 1905. The
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521:, it also had double-over-head camshafts, forced-inducting supercharger and was
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Straight-four engines with the preferred crankshaft configuration have perfect
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731:"A Family Sedan Firing on Fewer Cylinders - 2010 Buick LaCrosse CX - Review"
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Inline-four engines are also used in light duty commercial vehicles such as
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racing, capacity was increased up to 3.4 L for the Ferrari 860 Monza.
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with a maximum power output of 110 kW (150 hp). Starting in
309:: one of the first mass-produced twin-cam engines, produced from 1959.
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750:"Four-Cylinder Engines Are Smaller, Quieter and Gaining New Respect"
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The first across-the-frame 4-cylinder motorcycle was the 1939 racer
416:
engine for the Ferrari 500, but evolved to 2.5 L to compete in
1791:
1786:
1771:
1707:
1615:
1149:"The Same, But Different: 1927 Cleveland 4-45 and 4-61 Motorcycles"
320:
engine which formed the basis of Saab's first turbocharged engines.
1188:(8). Newport Beach, CA USA: Hachette Filipacchi Magazines: 42–43.
525:. Modern inline-four motorcycle engines first became popular with
78:
where cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft.
576:, which is particularly beneficial in the higher rpm range, and "
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Amongst the engines inspired by the Peugeot design was the
35:
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295:: one of the most widely produced engines in the world.
486:. Other manufacturers that used this layout included
385:
category used inline-four engine designs. 1.5 L
1174:
Edwards, David (August 1997). Edwards, David (ed.).
412:. This engine was originally designed as a 2 L
482:had its engine mounted upright with the crankshaft
631:Usage in light and medium duty commercial vehicles
138:Displacement can also be very small, as found in
1808:
444:1,300 hp (969 kW) in qualifying trim.
145:
114:, which reduces complexity and production cost.
276:Significant straight-four car engines include:
172:
389:engines found their way into cars such as the
1270:
356:was a highly influential engine. Designed by
327:: produced the highest specific output for a
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999:Nadel, Brian (June 1989). "Balancing Act".
237:
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1215:"Radical Rondine: 1939 Gilera 500 Rondine"
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789:"4-Zylinder Reihenmotor für Nutzfahrzeuge"
192:
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1213:Hamish, Cooper (January–February 2018).
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27:Inline piston engine with four cylinders
687:(4th ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann.
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14:
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157:However, straight-four engines have a
110:, a straight-four engine only has one
86:vertically), it is sometimes called a
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998:
669:
583:Inline-four engines are also used in
510:in Denmark, Windhoff in Germany, and
970:
768:"Explore the Automotive Trends Data"
378:Many cars produced for the pre-WWII
623:765 cc (46.7 cu in)
24:
1027:"MITSUBISHI MOTORS in Deutschland"
709:"Performance: The new 718 Boxster"
685:Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology
181:Animation of an Inline-four engine
25:
1833:
1236:
619:, the engines were replaced by a
1242:
1147:Siegal, Margie (May–June 2017).
926:"Diesel Engines | Products"
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1007:
939:
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887:
748:Ulrich, Lawrence (2010-08-13).
729:Schembari, James (2010-10-15).
117:
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50:with the cylinder head removed
13:
1:
1074:"Variable Valve Timing (VVT)"
1014:Pajero/Montero Specifications
663:
436:'s chassis in 1959 and 1960.
146:Primary and secondary balance
1033:. 2016-08-16. Archived from
979:"Before they were carmakers"
173:Pulsations in power delivery
7:
895:"Euro 4 'Forward' F11O.21O"
820:"MAN Truck & Bus - TGL"
682:
646:
133:gross vehicle weight rating
10:
1838:
977:Carney, Dan (2014-06-10).
470:Belgian arms manufacturer
451:
395:English Racing Automobiles
329:naturally aspirated engine
282:Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine
260:Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine
221:engine and the 2.5 L
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1498:
1489:
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362:double overhead camshafts
169:with engine speed (rpm).
97:
474:, which had been making
420:in the Ferrari 625. For
238:Usage in production cars
70:(also referred to as an
514:in the United Kingdom.
383:Grand Prix motor racing
217:engine, the 3.3 L
193:Usage of balance shafts
1418:Single-acting cylinder
1351:Double-acting cylinder
1103:Classic Racing Engines
641:Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
506:in the United States,
467:
349:
314:Triumph Slant-4 engine
262:
251:
213:engine, the 2.6 litre
182:
63:
51:
39:
1817:Straight-four engines
1286:Engine configurations
1127:"BMW Turbo F1 Engine"
1105:. Haynes Publishing.
578:big-bang firing order
461:
354:1913 Indianapolis 500
343:
286:variable valve timing
257:
245:
180:
74:) is a four-cylinder
57:
45:
33:
1388:Oscillating cylinder
1251:at Wikimedia Commons
1031:Mitsubishi-motors.de
683:Nunney, M J (2006).
448:Usage in motorcycles
336:Usage in racing cars
307:Fiat Twin Cam engine
68:straight-four engine
38:straight-four engine
1481:Two-and four-stroke
1383:Intake over exhaust
1220:Motorcycle Classics
1154:Motorcycle Classics
1060:www.italiaspeed.com
408:engine designed by
300:BMC A-Series engine
293:Ford Model T engine
223:GM Iron Duke engine
219:Ford Model A (1927)
186:Four-stroke engines
167:grows quadratically
159:secondary imbalance
48:Ford I4 DOHC engine
1249:Straight-4 engines
754:The New York Times
735:The New York Times
551:transverse engines
519:Gilera 500 Rondine
468:
373:Offenhauser engine
360:, this engine had
350:
348:Formula One engine
263:
252:
183:
72:inline-four engine
64:
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40:
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1500:Inline / straight
1398:Overhead camshaft
1247:Media related to
1078:www.autobytel.com
947:"Hino 500 Series"
574:secondary balance
454:Motorcycle engine
325:Honda F20C engine
225:. Soviet/Russian
215:Austin-Healey 100
83:flat-four engines
16:(Redirected from
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1822:Straight engines
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653:Flat-four engine
410:Aurelio Lampredi
125:Bentley 4½ Litre
108:flat-four engine
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770:. November 2021
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1453:Stroke cycles
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1037:on 2013-06-06
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1003:. p. 52.
1002:
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959:on 2010-12-14
955:
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928:. Hino Global
927:
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907:on 2010-11-26
903:
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876:on 2010-12-24
875:
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851:on 2011-08-27
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826:on 2011-05-23
825:
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801:on 2011-07-14
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625:triple engine
622:
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611:based on the
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581:
579:
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553:. The modern
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523:liquid-cooled
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369:Miller engine
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199:balance shaft
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112:cylinder head
109:
105:
95:
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89:
84:
79:
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76:piston engine
73:
69:
62:diesel engine
61:
56:
49:
44:
37:
34:Diagram of a
32:
19:
1782:Split-single
1568:Flat / boxer
1522:
1428:Swing-piston
1224:. Retrieved
1218:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1185:
1179:
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1152:
1142:
1131:. Retrieved
1121:
1102:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:the original
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1021:
1009:
1000:
994:
983:. Retrieved
972:
961:. Retrieved
954:the original
941:
930:. Retrieved
920:
909:. Retrieved
902:the original
889:
878:. Retrieved
874:the original
864:
853:. Retrieved
849:the original
839:
828:. Retrieved
824:the original
814:
803:. Retrieved
796:the original
783:
772:. Retrieved
762:
753:
743:
734:
724:
713:. Retrieved
703:
684:
634:
603:) teams. In
582:
563:
516:
484:longitudinal
469:
438:
426:
403:
393:and various
391:Maserati 4CL
387:supercharged
377:
366:
358:Ernest Henry
351:
331:of its time.
275:
264:
248:Ford Model T
208:
196:
184:
163:
156:
149:
137:
129:
121:
118:Displacement
101:
92:
80:
71:
67:
65:
1471:Five-stroke
1466:Four-stroke
1423:Split cycle
1361:Free-piston
1304:Atmospheric
1181:Cycle World
637:Karsan Jest
476:motorcycles
464:Honda CB750
418:Formula One
399:Formula One
318:multi-valve
316:: an early
1811:Categories
1476:Six-stroke
1461:Two-stroke
1378:Heron head
1336:Cam engine
1226:2018-04-13
1199:2013-09-21
1160:2017-06-20
1133:2010-09-13
1041:2017-05-23
985:2018-11-01
963:2010-12-14
932:2017-05-23
911:2010-12-14
880:2010-12-14
855:2011-05-09
830:2011-05-09
805:2011-08-01
774:2021-11-25
715:2016-11-01
664:References
570:crossplane
472:FN Herstal
452:See also:
441:BMW M12/13
422:sports car
380:voiturette
346:BMW M12/13
323:2000–2009
312:1968–1981
305:1966–2000
298:1951–2000
291:1908–1941
280:1954–1994
267:Honda T360
246:1908–1941
211:Citroën DS
88:slant-four
60:Nissan M9R
58:2006-2009
46:1989-2006
1194:0011-4286
981:. UK: BBC
658:V4 engine
566:Yamaha R1
564:The 2009
543:MV Agusta
512:Wilkinson
500:Cleveland
492:Henderson
414:Formula 2
227:GAZ Volga
204:eccentric
104:V4 engine
1408:Pentroof
1356:Flathead
1346:Compound
1324:Rotative
1101:(2001).
647:See also
613:CBR600RR
140:kei cars
1616:V / Vee
1433:Uniflow
1366:Stelzer
1341:Camless
1319:Cornish
621:Triumph
599:(since
591:(since
587:by the
559:triples
555:Triumph
538:cruiser
480:FN Four
406:Ferrari
1777:Radial
1767:Deltic
1413:Rotary
1331:Bourke
1192:
1109:
691:
597:Yamaha
595:) and
589:Suzuki
585:MotoGP
508:Nimbus
504:Indian
502:, and
488:Pierce
466:engine
434:Cooper
344:1980s
250:engine
98:Design
1760:Other
1443:Wedge
1309:Axial
1016:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
950:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
799:(PDF)
792:(PDF)
609:Honda
534:CB750
527:Honda
462:1970
258:1970
106:or a
1438:Watt
1373:Hemi
1314:Beam
1297:Type
1288:for
1190:ISSN
1107:ISBN
689:ISBN
639:and
617:2019
605:2010
601:2002
593:2015
545:and
531:SOHC
427:The
229:and
36:DOHC
1751:W30
1746:W24
1741:W18
1736:W16
1731:W12
1698:V24
1693:V20
1688:V18
1683:V16
1678:V14
1673:V12
1668:V10
1656:VR6
1644:VR5
1606:F16
1601:F12
1596:F10
1558:I14
1553:I12
547:BMW
529:'s
496:Ace
231:UAZ
1813::
1726:W8
1721:W6
1716:W3
1663:V8
1651:V6
1639:V5
1634:V4
1629:V3
1624:V2
1591:F8
1586:F6
1581:F4
1576:F2
1548:I9
1543:I8
1538:I7
1533:I6
1528:I5
1523:I4
1518:I3
1513:I2
1508:I1
1217:.
1186:36
1184:.
1178:.
1151:.
1086:^
1076:.
1058:.
1029:.
752:.
733:.
671:^
643:.
627:.
561:.
498:,
494:,
490:,
197:A
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66:A
1792:X
1787:U
1772:H
1708:W
1278:e
1271:t
1264:v
1229:.
1202:.
1163:.
1136:.
1115:.
1080:.
1062:.
1044:.
988:.
966:.
935:.
914:.
883:.
858:.
833:.
808:.
777:.
756:.
737:.
718:.
697:.
288:.
20:)
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