618:. A vacuum ejector uses steam pressure to draw air out of the vacuum pipe and reservoirs of continuous train brake. Steam locomotives, with a ready source of steam, found ejector technology ideal with its rugged simplicity and lack of moving parts. A steam locomotive usually has two ejectors: a large ejector for releasing the brakes when stationary and a small ejector for maintaining the vacuum against leaks. The exhaust from the ejectors is invariably directed to the smokebox, by which means it assists the blower in draughting the fire. The small ejector is sometimes replaced by a reciprocating pump driven from the
42:
634:
299:
603:
823:, is powered and installed at ground level. Its discharge is split, with the greater part of the flow leaving the system, while a portion of the flow is returned to the jet pump installed below ground in the well. This recirculated part of the pumped fluid is used to power the jet. At the jet pump, the high-energy, low-mass returned flow drives more fluid from the well, becoming a low-energy, high-mass flow which is then piped to the inlet of the main pump.
188:
50:
646:
cylinders is directed through a nozzle on the end of the blastpipe, to reduce pressure inside the smokebox by entraining the flue gases from the boiler which are then ejected via the chimney. The effect is to increase the draught on the fire to a degree proportional to the rate of steam consumption, so that as more steam is used, more heat is generated from the fire and steam production is also increased. The effect was first noted by
827:
199:
through a diverging duct increases velocity as a gas expands. The two sketches at the bottom of figure 15 are both diverging, but the bottom one is slightly curved, and produced the highest velocity flow parallel to the axis. The area of a duct is proportional to the square of the diameter, and the
563:
Efficiency was further improved by the development of a multi-stage injector which is powered not by live steam from the boiler but by exhaust steam from the cylinders, thereby making use of the residual energy in the exhaust steam which would otherwise go to waste. However, an exhaust injector also
879:
In operation a two-stage system consists of a primary high-vacuum (HV) ejector and a secondary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. Initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in
572:
Injectors can be troublesome under certain running conditions, such as when vibration causes the combined steam and water jet to "knock off". Originally the injector had to be restarted by careful manipulation of the steam and water controls, and the distraction caused by a malfunctioning injector
262:
The injector consists of a body filled with a secondary fluid, into which a motive fluid is injected. The motive fluid induces the secondary fluid to move. Injectors exist in many variations, and can have several stages, each repeating the same basic operating principle, to increase their overall
645:
and chimney in the locomotive smokebox. The sketch on the right shows a cross section through a smokebox, rotated 90 degrees; it can be seen that the same components are present, albeit differently named, as in the generic diagram of an injector at the top of the article. Exhaust steam from the
883:
In operation a three-stage system consists of a primary booster, a secondary high-vacuum (HV) ejector, and a tertiary low-vacuum (LV) ejector. As per the two-stage system, initially the LV ejector is operated to pull vacuum down from the starting pressure to an intermediate pressure. Once this
287:
of evaporation of the steam which imparts extra velocity to the water. The condensate mixture then enters a divergent "delivery cone" which slows the jet, converting kinetic energy back into static pressure energy above the pressure of the boiler enabling its feed through a non-return valve.
847:
are those in which the jet is located at the bottom of the well. The maximum depth for deep well pumps is determined by the inside diameter of and the velocity through the jet. The major advantage of jet pumps for deep well installations is the ability to situate all mechanical parts (e.g.,
884:
pressure is reached, the HV ejector is then operated in conjunction with the LV ejector to pull vacuum to the lower intermediate pressure. Finally the booster is operated (in conjunction with the HV & LV ejectors) to pull vacuum to the required pressure.
168:, experimenter, and author, with many accomplishments involving railroading. Kneass began publishing a mathematical model of the physics of the injector, which he had verified by experimenting with steam. A steam injector has three primary sections:
580:
Another common problem occurs when the incoming water is too warm and is less effective at condensing the steam in the combining cone. That can also occur if the metal body of the injector is too hot, e.g. from prolonged use.
542:
An overflow is required for excess steam or water to discharge, especially during starting. If the injector cannot initially overcome boiler pressure, the overflow allows the injector to continue to draw water and steam.
555:(called a "clack valve" in locomotives because of the distinctive noise it makes) between the exit of the injector and the boiler to prevent back flow, and usually a valve to prevent air being sucked in at the overflow.
282:
energy, reducing its pressure to below that of the atmosphere, which enables it to entrain a fluid (e.g., water). After passing through the convergent "combining cone", the mixed fluid is fully condensed, releasing the
533:
The lifting injector can operate with negative inlet fluid pressure i.e. fluid lying below the level of the injector. It differs from the non-lifting type mainly in the relative dimensions of the nozzles.
152:
After some initial scepticism resulting from the unfamiliar and superficially paradoxical mode of operation, the injector became widely adopted for steam locomotives as an alternative to mechanical pumps.
53:
A- Steam from boiler, B- Needle valve, C- Needle valve handle, D- Steam and water combine, E- Water feed, F- Combining cone, G- Delivery nozzle and cone, H- delivery chamber and pipe, K- Check valve, L-
670:
into the boiler drums of small, stationary, low pressure boilers. In large, high-pressure modern boilers, usage of injectors for chemical dosing is not possible due to their limited outlet pressures.
625:
Vacuum brakes have been superseded by air brakes in modern trains, which allow the use of smaller brake cylinders and/or higher braking force due to the greater difference from atmospheric pressure.
771:
Eductors are used in aircraft fuel systems as transfer pumps; fluid flow from an engine-mounted mechanical pump can be delivered to a fuel tank-mounted eductor to transfer fuel from that tank.
100:
The steam injector is a common device used for delivering water to steam boilers, especially in steam locomotives. It is a typical application of the injector principle used to deliver cold
750:
water, or cargo oil which cannot be removed using centrifugal pumps due to loss of suction head and may damage the centrifugal pump if run dry, which may be caused due to
641:
An empirical application of the principle was in widespread use on steam locomotives before its formal development as the injector, in the form of the arrangement of the
456:
357:
868:
absolute, more than one ejector is used, usually with condensers between the ejector stages. Condensing of motive steam greatly improves ejector set efficiency; both
510:
483:
411:
384:
311:
Fluid feed rate and operating pressure range are the key parameters of an injector, and vacuum pressure and evacuation rate are the key parameters for an ejector.
1207:“THE STEAM INJECTOR.” BY MR.F.T.BARWELL, G.W.R. MECHANICS’ INSTITUTE. SWINDON ENGINEERING SOCIETY. TRANSACTIONS, 1929-30. ORDINARY MEETING. — JANUARY 21ST, 1930
577:. Later injectors were designed to automatically restart on sensing the collapse in vacuum from the steam jet, for example with a spring-loaded delivery cone.
662:
The use of injectors (or ejectors) in various industrial applications has become quite common due to their relative simplicity and adaptability. For example:
1753:
295:
of the process. Injectors are therefore typically over 98% energy-efficient overall; they are also simple compared to the many moving parts in a feed pump.
66:
in the jet and carried through a duct to a region of higher pressure. It is a fluid-dynamic pump with no moving parts except a valve to control inlet flow.
637:
Sketch of the smokebox of a steam locomotive, rotated 90 degrees. The similarity to the generic injector diagram at the top of this article is apparent.
92:
The motive fluid may be a liquid, steam or any other gas. The entrained suction fluid may be a gas, a liquid, a slurry, or a dust-laden gas stream.
761:
Eductors are used on-board ships to pump out bilges, since using centrifugal pump would not be feasible as the suction head may be lost frequently.
526:
The steam-cone minimal orifice diameter is kept larger than the combining cone minimal diameter. The non-lifting Nathan 4000 injector used on the
2468:
254:
The delivery tube is a diverging duct where the force of deceleration increases pressure, allowing the stream of water to enter the boiler.
564:
cannot work when the locomotive is stationary; later exhaust injectors could use a supply of live steam if no exhaust steam was available.
791:
are water pumps used for dredging silt and panning for gold, they're used because they can handle the highly abrasive mixtures quite well.
584:
The internal parts of an injector are subject to erosive wear, particularly damage at the throat of the delivery cone which may be due to
1469:
983:
764:
Some aircraft (mostly earlier designs) use an ejector attached to the fuselage to provide vacuum for gyroscopic instruments such as an
654:
made use of it, and this constitutes much of the reason for its notably improved performance in comparison with contemporary machines.
242:
At the end of the nozzle, the steam has very high velocity, but at less than atmospheric pressure, drawing in cold water which becomes
837:
are those in which the jet assembly is attached directly to the main pump and are limited to a depth of approximately 5-8m to prevent
1746:
2628:
178:
Delivery tube, a diverging duct, where a high velocity stream of steam and cold water become a slow high pressure stream of water
62:
is a system of ducting and nozzles used to direct the flow of a high-pressure fluid in such a way that a lower pressure fluid is
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2638:
1346:
1229:
1119:
1092:
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520:
Other key properties of an injector include the fluid inlet pressure requirements i.e. whether it is lifting or non-lifting.
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2307:
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electric/petrol motor, rotating impellers) at the ground surface for easy maintenance. The advent of the electrical
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615:
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523:
In a non-lifting injector, positive inlet fluid pressure is needed e.g. the cold water input is fed by gravity.
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1371:
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1921:
797:
Vacuum autoclaves use an ejector to pull a vacuum, generally powered by the cold water supply to the machine.
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Steam nozzle, a diverging duct, which converts high pressure steam to low pressure, high velocity steam
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35:
17:
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to a boiler against its own pressure, using its own live or exhaust steam, replacing any mechanical
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because this is more economical of steam and is only required to operate when the train is moving.
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1984:
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108:. When first developed, its operation was intriguing because it seemed paradoxical, almost like
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2004:
1953:
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1629:
651:
1036:"Analysis of the adiabatic process by using the thermodynamic property diagram of water vapor"
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operates on similar principles to create a vacuum feed connection for braking systems etc.
195:
Figure 15 shows four sketches Kneass drew of steam passing through a nozzle. In general,
8:
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2009:
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Most of the heat energy in the condensed steam is returned to the boiler, increasing the
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in the stream, where the steam condenses into droplets of water in a converging duct.
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expansion (without adding heat), releasing less energy than the same gas would during
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2014:
1968:
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234:, as some of the steam condenses back into dropplets of water intermixed with steam.
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774:
134:
109:
101:
485:(in kg/h) of suction fluid that can be entrained and compressed by a given amount
200:
curvature allows the steam to expand more linearly as it passes through the duct.
2380:
2322:
2130:
2125:
2039:
1994:
1567:
1557:
1441:
1249:(Second ed.). London: The Technical Publishing Company Limited. p. 51.
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897:
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conjunction with the LV ejector to finally pull vacuum to the required pressure.
810:
271:
175:
Combining tube, a converging duct, which mixes high velocity steam and cold water
1321:
United States Patent 4847043 ... recirculation of a coolant in a nuclear reactor
1308:
530:
could push 12,000 US gallons (45,000 L) per hour at 250 psi (17 bar).
116:. Other types of injector may use other pressurised motive fluids such as air.
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2415:
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2064:
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1715:
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31:
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expansion (constant temperature). Expansion of steam follows an intermediate
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2145:
1981:
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755:
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220:
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75:
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1999:
1853:
1848:
1762:
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1644:
1634:
1542:
1451:
1436:
893:
778:
718:
For expansion work recovery in air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
650:
and subsequently developed empirically by the early locomotive engineers;
2407:
1978:
1948:
1821:
1720:
1674:
1654:
552:
284:
187:
27:
Type of pump using high pressure fluid to entrain a lower pressure fluid
2486:
2429:
2054:
1989:
1973:
1911:
1868:
1858:
1664:
1659:
1421:
1274:(Revision 1 ed.). Sacramento, California: Gerald Rood. p. 66.
869:
838:
816:
777:
are vacuum pumps based on the same operating principle and are used in
678:
610:
An additional use for the injector technology is in vacuum ejectors in
585:
212:
69:
Depending on the application, an injector can also take the form of an
1187:
1171:
1114:. John Wiley & Sons (Reprinted by Kessinger Publications, 2007 ).
830:
The S type pump is useful for removing water from a well or container.
602:
49:
2282:
2267:
667:
642:
619:
208:
204:
751:
30:
For the system that adds fuel to an internal combustion engine, see
1649:
905:
794:
To create vacuum system in vacuum distillation unit (oil refinery).
690:
279:
275:
1272:
Cab-Forward Notes
Southern Pacific Railroad's Signature Locomotive
852:
has partly replaced the need for jet type well pumps, except for
826:
782:
747:
682:
314:
Compression ratio and the entrainment ratio may also be defined:
146:
1731:
2287:
2024:
1407:
951:
913:
740:
736:
729:
227:
than an ideal gas, because steam remains hot during expansion.
1149:. John Wiley & Sons (Reprinted by Wentworth Press, 2019).
1806:
901:
909:
865:
105:
1376:
191:
Kneass's illustrations of differently shaped steam nozzles
133:
in early 1850s and patented in France in 1858, for use on
1270:
Anderson, David N.; O'Day, Russell M. H. (17 July 2013).
1141:
981:
359:, is defined as ratio of the injector's outlet pressure
1219:
1082:
628:
1355:
491:
464:
422:
392:
365:
323:
1107:
859:
800:
Low weight jet pumps can be made out of paper mache.
815:Jet pumps are commonly used to extract water from
781:to create a partial vacuum and for medical use in
504:
477:
450:
405:
378:
351:
1269:
1247:Injectors: their Theory, Construction and Working
1176:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2695:
1284:The Model Injector, Ted Crawford, Tee Publishing
1008:
735:The construction industry uses them for pumping
677:, they are used for the removal of the boiler
614:, which were made compulsory in the UK by the
1747:
1392:
1033:
1011:Steam Jet Ejectors For The Process Industries
864:In practice, for suction pressure below 100
746:Eductors are used in ships to pump residual
1224:. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–97.
1215:
1213:
1087:. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–98.
386:to the inlet pressure of the suction fluid
1754:
1740:
1399:
1385:
1336:
711:For use in producing a vacuum pressure in
1245:Pullen, William Wade Fitzherbert (1900).
1076:
1059:
982:Perry, R. H.; Green, D. W., eds. (2007).
887:
558:
1210:
825:
732:or other granular or powdered materials.
725:processes in the oil & gas Industry.
689:used to remove that ash from the boiler
632:
601:
306:
297:
186:
48:
40:
2629:Glossary of steam locomotive components
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
693:, and for drawing a vacuum pressure in
416:The entrainment ratio of the injector,
317:The compression ratio of the injector,
14:
2696:
1244:
1172:"Obituary Notice of Strickland Kneass"
1735:
1380:
1169:
515:
302:Steam injector of a locomotive boiler
1128:
1034:Yarong, Wang; Peirong, Wang (2021).
985:Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
629:Earlier application of the principle
1147:Practice and Theory of the Injector
1111:Practice and Theory of the Injector
606:Diagram of a typical modern ejector
112:, but it was later explained using
24:
2481:National Museum of Scotland engine
1330:
892:Injectors or ejectors are made of
591:
45:Injector used in steam locomotives
25:
2735:
1761:
1365:
1222:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
1085:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
860:Multi-stage steam vacuum ejectors
237:
95:
2663:List of steam technology patents
1372:Use of Eductor for Lifting Water
1360:(Tenth ed.). Tothill Press.
1356:J.T. Hodgson; C.S. Lake (1954).
1339:Mechanical Engineering: Railways
1220:Goldfinch & Semmens (2000).
1083:Goldfinch & Semmens (2000).
612:continuous train braking systems
573:was largely responsible for the
249:
1301:
1287:
1278:
1263:
1238:
1013:(First ed.). McGraw-Hill.
708:to circulate the coolant fluid.
616:Regulation of Railways Act 1889
2648:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2634:History of steam road vehicles
1640:Internally rifled boiler tubes
1201:
1170:Graff, Frederic (April 1884).
1163:
1101:
1027:
1002:
975:
706:boiling water nuclear reactors
657:
546:
274:on a steam jet to convert the
13:
1:
2724:Steam locomotive technologies
2575:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
1108:Strickland L. Kneass (1894).
988:(8th ed.). McGraw Hill.
968:
804:
129:The injector was invented by
2298:Return connecting rod engine
1295:"Clan Line : Injectors"
1061:10.1051/e3sconf/202125203055
704:Jet pumps have been used in
257:
7:
2222:Condensing steam locomotive
1406:
919:
687:electrostatic precipitators
575:1913 Ais Gill rail accident
567:
537:
512:(in kg/h) of motive fluid.
458:, is defined as the amount
451:{\displaystyle W_{s}/W_{m}}
352:{\displaystyle P_{2}/P_{1}}
272:converging-diverging nozzle
10:
2740:
2529:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
856:or surface water intakes.
808:
785:of mucus or bodily fluids.
595:
230:The extra heat comes from
143:Sharp, Stewart and Company
124:
119:
29:
2621:
2592:
2565:
2546:
2535:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
2500:
2453:
2406:
2397:
2364:
2345:
2336:
2255:
2212:
2204:Single- and double-acting
2184:
2154:
2106:
2078:
2032:
2023:
1939:
1867:
1814:
1805:
1769:
1683:
1622:
1596:
1518:
1460:
1414:
1309:"Steam-assisted jet pump"
1009:Power, Robert B. (1993).
942:Giovanni Battista Venturi
819:. The main pump, often a
728:For the bulk handling of
182:
156:
137:. It was patented in the
36:Injector (disambiguation)
2374:Newcomen Memorial Engine
1143:Strickland Landis Kneass
685:from the hoppers of the
232:enthalpy of vaporization
162:Strickland Landis Kneass
2678:Timeline of steam power
2673:Stationary steam engine
2556:Woolf's compound engine
2463:Soho Manufactory engine
2318:Steeple compound engine
1985:straight line mechanism
916:, and other materials.
278:energy of the steam to
2683:Water-returning engine
2657:Lean's Engine Reporter
2430:Chacewater Mine engine
2303:Six-column beam engine
1040:E3S Web of Conferences
888:Construction materials
831:
675:thermal power stations
638:
607:
559:Exhaust steam injector
551:There is at least one
506:
479:
452:
407:
380:
353:
303:
192:
55:
46:
34:. For other uses, see
2523:London Steam Carriage
1609:Electric water boiler
1604:Electric steam boiler
1358:Locomotive Management
829:
768:(artificial horizon).
723:enhanced oil recovery
636:
605:
528:Southern Pacific 4294
507:
505:{\displaystyle W_{m}}
480:
478:{\displaystyle W_{s}}
453:
408:
406:{\displaystyle P_{1}}
381:
379:{\displaystyle P_{2}}
354:
307:Key design parameters
301:
217:thermodynamic process
190:
52:
44:
2469:Bradley Works engine
2293:Reciprocating engine
2116:Babcock & Wilcox
1959:Centrifugal governor
1528:Babcock & Wilcox
489:
462:
420:
390:
363:
321:
2010:Sun and planet gear
1337:J.B. Snell (1973).
1052:2021E3SWC.25203055Y
872:and shell-and-tube
652:Stephenson's Rocket
223:. Steam does more
2704:Chemical equipment
2510:Richard Trevithick
2108:Water-tube boilers
1922:Gresley conjugated
1684:Boiler peripherals
1520:Water-tube boilers
1311:. General Electric
874:surface condensers
854:driven point wells
835:Shallow well pumps
832:
766:attitude indicator
648:Richard Trevithick
639:
608:
516:Lifting properties
502:
475:
448:
403:
376:
349:
304:
293:thermal efficiency
197:compressible flows
193:
56:
47:
2691:
2690:
2617:
2616:
2496:
2495:
2180:
2179:
2080:Fire-tube boilers
1935:
1934:
1729:
1728:
1623:Boiler components
1462:Fire-tube boilers
1348:978-0-09-908170-8
1231:978-0-19-860782-3
1121:978-0-548-47587-4
1094:978-0-19-860782-3
1020:978-0-07-050618-3
995:978-0-07-142294-9
957:Surface condenser
713:steam jet cooling
681:, the removal of
135:steam locomotives
16:(Redirected from
2731:
2719:Locomotive parts
2641:fardier Ă vapeur
2475:Whitbread Engine
2436:Smethwick Engine
2404:
2403:
2343:
2342:
2162:Feedwater heater
2030:
2029:
1812:
1811:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1701:Feedwater heater
1614:Electrode boiler
1597:Electric boilers
1401:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1361:
1352:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1182:(115): 451–455.
1167:
1161:
1160:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1006:
1000:
999:
979:
927:Aspirator (pump)
850:submersible pump
821:centrifugal pump
511:
509:
508:
503:
501:
500:
484:
482:
481:
476:
474:
473:
457:
455:
454:
449:
447:
446:
437:
432:
431:
412:
410:
409:
404:
402:
401:
385:
383:
382:
377:
375:
374:
358:
356:
355:
350:
348:
347:
338:
333:
332:
110:perpetual motion
71:eductor-jet pump
21:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2613:
2588:
2561:
2542:
2492:
2449:
2393:
2381:Fairbottom Bobs
2366:Newcomen engine
2360:
2332:
2278:Expansion valve
2251:
2237:Watt's separate
2208:
2176:
2150:
2102:
2074:
2019:
1995:Parallel motion
1931:
1882:Stephenson link
1863:
1801:
1770:Operating cycle
1765:
1760:
1730:
1725:
1679:
1618:
1592:
1514:
1456:
1410:
1405:
1368:
1349:
1341:. Arrow Books.
1333:
1331:Further reading
1328:
1327:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1140:
1129:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1081:
1077:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1007:
1003:
996:
980:
976:
971:
966:
947:Gustaf de Laval
932:De Laval nozzle
922:
898:stainless steel
890:
862:
845:Deep well pumps
813:
811:Water well pump
807:
660:
631:
600:
594:
592:Vacuum ejectors
570:
561:
549:
540:
518:
496:
492:
490:
487:
486:
469:
465:
463:
460:
459:
442:
438:
433:
427:
423:
421:
418:
417:
397:
393:
391:
388:
387:
370:
366:
364:
361:
360:
343:
339:
334:
328:
324:
322:
319:
318:
309:
260:
252:
240:
185:
159:
127:
122:
98:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Fluid dynamics
2706:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2416:Kinneil Engine
2412:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2388:Elsecar Engine
2385:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Steeple engine
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:Feedwater pump
2164:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2033:Simple boilers
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2015:Watt's linkage
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Connecting rod
1961:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1818:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1716:Snifting valve
1713:
1708:
1706:Feedwater pump
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1670:Thermic siphon
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1415:Simple boilers
1412:
1411:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1366:External links
1364:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1300:
1286:
1277:
1262:
1255:
1237:
1230:
1209:
1200:
1162:
1156:978-0469047891
1155:
1127:
1120:
1100:
1093:
1075:
1026:
1019:
1001:
994:
973:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:
962:Venturi effect
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
937:Diffusion pump
934:
929:
923:
921:
918:
889:
886:
861:
858:
809:Main article:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:Water eductors
786:
772:
769:
762:
759:
744:
733:
726:
719:
716:
709:
702:
671:
659:
656:
630:
627:
598:Vacuum ejector
596:Main article:
593:
590:
569:
566:
560:
557:
548:
545:
539:
536:
517:
514:
499:
495:
472:
468:
445:
441:
436:
430:
426:
400:
396:
373:
369:
346:
342:
337:
331:
327:
308:
305:
268:Venturi effect
259:
256:
251:
248:
239:
238:Combining tube
236:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
173:
166:civil engineer
158:
155:
139:United Kingdom
126:
123:
121:
118:
114:thermodynamics
97:
96:Steam injector
94:
32:fuel injection
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2736:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:Puffing Devil
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2502:High-pressure
2499:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2455:Rotative beam
2452:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2355:Savery Engine
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2328:Working fluid
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Rotative beam
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:hypocycloidal
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:Steam engines
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Air preheater
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Franco-Crosti
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1204:
1193:September 22,
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
991:
987:
986:
978:
974:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
885:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
840:
836:
828:
824:
822:
818:
812:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
780:
776:
773:
770:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
731:
727:
724:
720:
717:
714:
710:
707:
703:
700:
696:
695:steam turbine
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
664:
663:
655:
653:
649:
644:
635:
626:
623:
621:
617:
613:
604:
599:
589:
587:
582:
578:
576:
565:
556:
554:
544:
535:
531:
529:
524:
521:
513:
497:
493:
470:
466:
443:
439:
434:
428:
424:
414:
398:
394:
371:
367:
344:
340:
335:
329:
325:
315:
312:
300:
296:
294:
289:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
255:
250:Delivery tube
247:
245:
235:
233:
228:
226:
222:
221:Rankine cycle
218:
214:
210:
207:cools during
206:
201:
198:
189:
177:
174:
171:
170:
169:
167:
163:
154:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:Henri Giffard
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
90:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
76:water eductor
72:
67:
65:
61:
51:
43:
37:
33:
19:
2668:Modern steam
2655:
2640:
2602:Porter-Allen
2581:
2515:
2442:
2422:
2379:
2313:Safety valve
2242:"Pickle-pot"
2171:
2136:Thimble tube
1710:
1696:Boiler water
1645:Safety valve
1635:Fusible plug
1573:Thimble tube
1357:
1338:
1320:
1313:. Retrieved
1303:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1246:
1240:
1221:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1179:
1175:
1165:
1146:
1110:
1103:
1084:
1078:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1010:
1004:
984:
977:
894:carbon steel
891:
882:
878:
863:
844:
843:
834:
833:
814:
779:laboratories
758:of the ship.
661:
640:
624:
609:
583:
579:
571:
562:
550:
541:
532:
525:
522:
519:
415:
316:
313:
310:
290:
266:It uses the
265:
261:
253:
241:
229:
202:
194:
160:
151:
128:
99:
91:
84:
80:
74:
70:
68:
59:
57:
2399:Watt engine
2199:Oscillating
2155:Boiler feed
2000:Plate chain
1979:Tusi couple
1892:Walschaerts
1777:Atmospheric
1721:Superheater
1675:Water gauge
1533:Corner tube
817:water wells
658:Modern uses
553:check valve
547:Check valve
285:latent heat
219:called the
2698:Categories
2608:Ljungström
2594:High-speed
2487:Lap Engine
2443:Resolution
2347:Precursors
2232:Kirchweger
2194:Locomotive
2141:Three-drum
2121:Field-tube
2088:Locomotive
2070:Lancashire
1990:Link chain
1974:Crankshaft
1941:Mechanisms
1869:Valve gear
1665:Steam drum
1660:Steam dome
1578:Three-drum
1538:Field-tube
1505:Transverse
1490:Locomotive
1447:Lancashire
1256:0951936751
969:References
876:are used.
870:barometric
839:cavitation
805:Well pumps
775:Aspirators
739:water and
699:condensers
679:bottom ash
666:To inject
586:cavitation
213:isothermal
2639:Cugnot's
2582:Salamanca
2283:Hydrolock
2268:Crosshead
2214:Condenser
2050:Egg-ended
1432:Egg-ended
1070:238022926
1046:: 03055.
668:chemicals
643:blastpipe
620:crosshead
258:Operation
244:entrained
209:adiabatic
205:ideal gas
81:aspirator
64:entrained
18:Injectors
2622:See also
2548:Compound
2423:Old Bess
2263:Blowback
2186:Cylinder
2172:Injector
2131:Stirling
2126:Sentinel
2040:Haystack
1954:Cataract
1927:Southern
1917:Caprotti
1792:Compound
1711:Injector
1650:Smokebox
1583:Vertical
1568:Stirling
1558:Sentinel
1553:Monotube
1510:Vertical
1442:Haystack
1315:17 March
1145:(1910).
920:See also
906:titanium
741:slurries
715:systems.
697:exhaust
691:flue gas
568:Problems
538:Overflow
280:velocity
276:pressure
263:effect.
60:injector
54:Overflow
2338:History
2247:Surface
2065:Cornish
2025:Boilers
1907:Corliss
1844:Corliss
1827:D slide
1797:Uniflow
1787:Cornish
1630:Firebox
1480:Haycock
1470:Cochran
1427:Cornish
1408:Boilers
1048:Bibcode
783:suction
748:ballast
683:fly ash
147:Glasgow
125:Giffard
120:History
86:ejector
2650:(1784)
2644:(1769)
2610:(1908)
2604:(1862)
2585:(1812)
2577:(1805)
2567:Murray
2558:(1803)
2537:(1804)
2531:(1803)
2525:(1803)
2519:(1801)
2489:(1788)
2483:(1786)
2477:(1785)
2471:(1783)
2465:(1782)
2446:(1781)
2438:(1779)
2432:(1778)
2426:(1777)
2418:(1768)
2390:(1795)
2384:(1760)
2376:(1725)
2357:(1698)
2323:Stroke
2288:Piston
2273:Cutoff
2146:Yarrow
2098:Launch
2093:Scotch
1854:Sleeve
1849:Poppet
1834:Piston
1815:Valves
1807:Valves
1588:Yarrow
1563:Spiral
1548:LaMont
1500:Scotch
1495:Pistol
1485:Launch
1345:
1253:
1228:
1188:982738
1186:
1153:
1118:
1091:
1068:
1017:
992:
952:Nozzle
914:carbon
737:turbid
730:grains
183:Nozzle
164:was a
157:Kneass
79:or an
2714:Pumps
2256:Other
2060:Flued
2045:Wagon
1969:Crank
1912:Lentz
1902:Baker
1897:Allan
1822:Slide
1543:Flash
1452:Wagon
1437:Flued
1184:JSTOR
1066:S2CID
902:brass
270:of a
102:water
83:. An
2408:Beam
1949:Beam
1859:Bash
1839:Drop
1782:Watt
1655:Stay
1343:ISBN
1317:2011
1251:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1195:2023
1151:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1015:ISBN
990:ISBN
910:PTFE
866:mbar
756:list
752:trim
721:For
225:work
106:pump
73:, a
2227:Jet
2055:Box
1887:Joy
1877:Gab
1422:Box
1056:doi
1044:252
754:or
673:In
203:An
145:of
141:by
58:An
2700::
1319:.
1212:^
1180:21
1178:.
1174:.
1130:^
1064:.
1054:.
1042:.
1038:.
912:,
908:,
904:,
900:,
896:,
841:.
588:.
413:.
149:.
1755:e
1748:t
1741:v
1400:e
1393:t
1386:v
1351:.
1297:.
1259:.
1234:.
1197:.
1159:.
1124:.
1097:.
1072:.
1058::
1050::
1023:.
998:.
743:.
701:.
498:m
494:W
471:s
467:W
444:m
440:W
435:/
429:s
425:W
399:1
395:P
372:2
368:P
345:1
341:P
336:/
330:2
326:P
38:.
20:)
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