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when state contracts and hiring where involved. In doing so the state believed that the availability of opportunities would help in the advancement of underrepresented minorities. Chapter 49.60 RCW, which prohibited discrimination against any person on basis of race, color, creed, national origin, family and marital statute, sex, age, or disability, was the standing
Washington law prior to the enactment of Initiative 200, and had been upheld previously by courts and the Human Rights Commission. Included in the statute was a provision requiring state agencies access to affirmative action strategies to increase opportunities amongst racial minorities, including women, and veterans. State funded schools and universities were granted authority to establish their own entrance and admissions program with entrance requirements. The requirements outlined in the admission program must have complied with all federal laws prohibiting discrimination. Some universities had admissions policies in which the objective was to select students who had demonstrated capacity, high quality work, and who would contribute to a diverse student body.
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Proponents of I-200 said it was a step toward a "colorblind" society, a promise of the equality of merit and the limited role of government to make that so. However, opponents have noted that colorblind ideologies individualize conflicts and shortcomings, rather than examining the larger picture with
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Opponents continue to point to the negative impact of I-200 on higher education, particularly in the face of the State's substantial growth of minority groups and the demand for an educated workforce. While I-200 was enacted, more than half of all
American Indians who graduated from high school were
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One year after I-200 was passed, minority enrollment fell from 8.2% to 7%. In 2003 minority enrollment surpassed rates before I-200, which was partially due to an increase in the number of minorities in
Washington state. By 2013, minority enrollment at the University of Washington rose from 8.2% to
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In the late 1960s and early 1970s, as the civil rights movement came to an end, states nationwide developed policies as a form of remedy aimed to help mitigate the impact of institutionalized racism, sexism, etc. The policies were created to give special consideration to underrepresented minorities
60:
Initiative 200, a
Washington State statute enacted by direct public vote took place in November 1998. The voting took place statewide, with approximately 1.9 million voters taking to the polls. 58.2 percent, or a grand total of 1,099,410 voters supported the measure. Statewide, all counties passed
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168:
In 2015, minorities represented roughly 50% of total students in each of the three
University of Washington campuses, individually. These numbers exclude international students and students who did not self-report race or ethnic data. In 2023, the total enrollment across University of Washington
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Initiative 200 proponents forget where we've been and misjudge where we are. They try to equate the wretched, hateful use of government in the past with the present use of government as a tool of equality. The comparison will not wash. The former had as its goal the primacy of a single race and
151:
Opponents have criticized Tim Eyman, the
Initiative's sponsor, for diverting campaign funds meant for several ballot initiatives he sponsored for personal use. In 2000 and 2001, it was discovered that Eyman diverted as much as $ 200,000 in campaign funds for several of his initiatives.
42:
Initiative 200 effectively curtailed any form of affirmative action in the state. In April 2019, the
Washington Legislature passed Initiative 1000, ending the ban on affirmative action. However, in November 2019, Referendum 88 blocked Initiative 1000 from going into effect.
169:
campuses was 34% White and 66% minorities, with traditionally underrepresented minorities at 17%. The three campuses ranged from 55-69% non-White students, not accounting for international students or students who did not self-report racial or ethnic data.
33:. It sought to prohibit racial and gender preferences by state and local government. It was on the Washington ballot in November 1998 and passed with 58.22% of the vote. It added to Washington's law (but not its constitution) the following language:
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The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public employment, public education, or public
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cultural differences, stereotypes, and values placed into context. Among the outspoken opponents of the measure included former
Governor Gary Locke. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer's Editorial Board also noted:
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gender and the consolidation of power and wealth along those lines. The latter has as its goal the diffusion and sharing of power. Until the goal is met, it is a worthy role for government.
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68:, who had opposed the initiative, issued a directive to guide state agencies in its implementation. The governor's directive was criticized as "timid" by the free-market think tank
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445:"The End of Affirmative Action in Washington State and Its Impact on the Transition from High School to College"
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264:"Not so fast: Washington lawmakers tossed out affirmative-action ban, but voters may get another say"
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Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of
America v. City of Jacksonville
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302:"With nearly all ballots counted, voters reject Washington's affirmative-action measure"
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205:"A Citizen's Guide to Initiative 200: The Washington State Civil Rights Initiative"
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the statute, with only one exception, King County, in all places but
Seattle.
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278:"Washington Referendum 88, Vote on I-1000 Affirmative Action Measure (2019)"
504:"State of African Americans at the University of Washington – All Campuses"
489:"UW student population grows, minority enrollment continues upward trend"
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Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
250:"I-1000 passes state legislature as advocates hope to increase equality"
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509:. Office of Minority Affairs & Diversity, University of Washington.
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218:
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Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
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http://www.wsac.wa.gov/sites/default/files/DiversityReport_001.pdf
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475:"Near-record enrollment for 2003-04 as minority percentages rise"
233:"RCW 49.60.400 Discrimination, preferential treatment prohibited"
355:"Locke Takes to TV to Challenge I-200 | the Seattle Times"
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college bound. In 2003, those numbers dropped to 38 percent.
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Following the initiative's passage, Washington Governor
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Doe v. Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate
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https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2002/2002_02_241/
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https://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1994/1994_93_1841
383:"Toward an Equal Society: Making Initiative 200 Work"
338:"Toward an Equal Society: Making Initiative 200 Work"
1181:History of affirmative action in the United States
669:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
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597:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
685:Coalition for TJ v. Fairfax County School Board
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824:Charlton-Perkins v. University of Cincinnati
736:Hazelwood School District v. United States
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109:. Please do not remove this message until
16:1998 anti-affirmative action in Washington
984:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
979:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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105:Relevant discussion may be found on the
562:Affirmative action in the United States
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534:
442:
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919:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Mineta
911:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater
760:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
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871:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
397:"Initiative 200 misread the future"
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903:Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña
14:
1202:
808:Piscataway School Board v. Taxman
776:Firefighters v. City of Cleveland
449:American Sociological Association
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1191:Opposition to affirmative action
1186:Government of Washington (state)
800:Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio
792:Johnson v. Transportation Agency
677:Fisher v. University of Texas II
369:"Governor's Directive No. 98-01"
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879:Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC
661:Fisher v. University of Texas I
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415:"Eyman stripped of control"
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111:conditions to do so are met
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419:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
401:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
235:. Washington Revised Code.
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998:
941:
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784:United States v. Paradise
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29:filed by Scott Smith and
958:Civil Rights Act of 1866
712:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
605:United States v. Fordice
70:Washington Policy Center
963:Equal Protection Clause
863:Fullilove v. Klutznick
752:Firefighters v. Stotts
728:Schlesinger v. Ballard
521:"Fast Facts 2023-2024"
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989:Executive Order 11246
973:Executive Order 10925
574:lower court decisions
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967:Fourteenth Amendment
956:Section 1981 of the
637:Grutter v. Bollinger
855:Califano v. Webster
589:DeFunis v. Odegaard
421:. 13 February 2002.
304:. 12 November 2019.
98:of this section is
1155:Stephan Thermstrom
1150:Abigail Thermstrom
1135:Richard Kahlenberg
1069:State Question 759
816:Ricci v. DeStefano
629:Gratz v. Bollinger
403:. 5 November 2006.
1168:
1167:
1145:Stuart Taylor Jr.
1110:Peter Arcidiacono
937:
936:
720:Morton v. Mancari
165:12.6% in 2013,
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138:
131:
1198:
927:Vitolo v. Guzman
890:(D.C. Cir. 1992)
887:Lamprecht v. FCC
613:Hopwood v. Texas
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187:"Initiative 200"
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1130:Arthur Fletcher
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1095:, 2020, failed)
1085:, 2019, failed)
1059:Proposition 107
1045:, 2008, failed)
1009:Proposition 209
994:
946:
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930:(6th Cir. 2021)
838:
836:
830:
827:(6th Cir. 2022)
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688:(4th Cir. 2023)
648:(9th Cir. 2006)
621:Texas v. Lesage
616:(5th Cir. 1996)
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457:. Retrieved
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38:contracting.
36:
19:
18:
1115:Edward Blum
1001:initiatives
944:legislation
502:Kim, Gene.
282:Ballotpedia
1175:Categories
1120:Carl Cohen
1029:Proposal 2
704:Employment
287:2019-11-23
173:References
96:neutrality
76:Opposition
66:Gary Locke
56:Initiative
47:Background
27:initiative
581:Education
107:talk page
31:Tim Eyman
942:Federal
156:Outcomes
100:disputed
1160:Ron Unz
1075:, 2012)
1065:, 2010)
1055:, 2008)
1035:, 2006)
1025:, 1998)
1015:, 1996)
965:of the
835:Grants,
459:9 April
219:"I-200"
1103:People
999:State
991:(1965)
975:(1961)
969:(1868)
949:edicts
922:(2001)
914:(2000)
906:(1995)
898:(1993)
882:(1990)
874:(1989)
866:(1980)
858:(1977)
850:(1974)
819:(2009)
803:(1989)
795:(1987)
787:(1987)
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771:(1986)
763:(1986)
755:(1984)
747:(1979)
739:(1977)
731:(1975)
723:(1974)
715:(1971)
696:(2023)
680:(2016)
672:(2014)
664:(2013)
656:(2007)
640:(2003)
632:(2003)
624:(1999)
608:(1992)
600:(1978)
592:(1974)
22:was a
507:(PDF)
190:(PDF)
947:and
461:2024
93:The
572:and
1177::
1093:CA
1083:WA
1073:OK
1063:AZ
1053:NE
1043:CO
1033:MI
1023:WA
1013:CA
453:79
451:.
447:.
417:.
399:.
346:^
280:.
241:^
72:.
1091:(
1081:(
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1021:(
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221:.
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126:(
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117:(
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