181:
concert · conduct · confect · confine(s) · conflict · conscript · conserve · consist · console · consort · construct · consult · content · contest · contract · contrast · converse · convert · convict · decrease · default · defect · detail (British Isles only)· dictate · digest · discard · discharge · disconnect · discount · discourse · dismount · display · embed · envelope · escort · essay · estimate (British Isles only) · excise · exploit · export · extract · ferment · finance · foretaste · fragment · frequent · gallant · impact · implant · impound · import · impress · imprint · incense · incline · increase · indent · inlay · insert · insult · intercept · interchange · intercross · interdict · interlink · interlock · intern · interplay · interspace · interweave · intrigue · invert · invite · involute · mandate (both initial-stressed in North
America) · mismatch (both initial-stressed in North America) · misprint (both initial-stressed in North America) · object · offset · overcount · overlap · overlay · overlook · override · overrun · perfect · perfume (often, neither initial-stressed in North America) · permit · pervert · prefix (variable) · present · proceed(s) · process · produce · progress · project · protest (variable) · purport · rebel · recall · recap · recess · recoil · record · recount · redirect · redo · redress · refill · refresh · refund · refuse · regress · rehash · reject · relapse · relay · remake · repeat · repose · repost · reprint · research (variable) · reset · retake · retard · retract · retread · rewrite · segment · subject · survey · suspect · torment (varies) · transfer · transform · transplant · transect · transport · transpose · traverse · undercount · update · upgrade · uplift · upset
54:.) This process can be found in the case of several dozen verb-noun and verb-adjective pairs and is gradually becoming more standardized in some English dialects, but it is not present in all. The list of affected words differs from area to area, and often depends on whether a word is used metaphorically or not. At least 170 verb-noun or verb-adjective pairs exist. Some examples are:
138:, polysyllabic nouns in English have had a tendency for the final syllable to be unstressed, but that has not been the case for verbs. Thus, the stress difference between nouns and verbs in English is a general rule and applies not only to otherwise-identical noun-verb pairs. The frequency of such pairs in English is a result of the
180:
absent · abstract · accent · addict · address (North
America only) · affect · affix · alloy · ally · annex · assay · attribute · augment · belay · bisect · bombard · combat · combine · commune · compact · complex · composite · compost (both initial-stressed in North America)· compound · compress ·
414:, as a noun it has the stress on the first syllable, but as a verb its meaning depends on stress: with the stress on the second syllable it means to raise a protest; on the first it means to participate in a protest. This appears to result from the derived noun being
149:
When "re-" is prefixed to a monosyllabic word, and the word gains currency both as a noun and as a verb, it usually fits into that pattern, but as the following list makes clear, most words fitting the pattern do not match that description.
301:
Pronunciations vary geographically. Some words here may belong on this list according to pronunciations prevailing in some regions, but not according to those in others. Some speakers, for example, would consider
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379:
of the matrix; the two-syllable noun and the four-syllable noun differ in meaning in that one is the result and the other is the process. Similar remarks apply to
345:
Some derived nouns are used only in restricted senses; often there is a more generic noun not identical in spelling to the verb. For instance, to
247:
In some cases the spelling changes when the accent moves to another syllable, as in the following verb/noun pairs which show the addition of a "
424:
is also a noun when stressed on the first syllable and a verb when on the second, but that is not a true example since the words are unrelated
474:
158:
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When the stress is moved, the pronunciation of words often changes in other ways as well, especially for vowels, most commonly by the
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If the derived noun is widely used (for example "the backup"), its spelling may cause widespread modified spelling of the verb (*
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carries stress on the final syllable in both the noun and the verb. There is a category of
English
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342:, and other verb-derived nouns. Some dialects of Scottish English have this in "police".
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Pilch, Herbert (1988). "Lexical
Indeterminacy". In E.G. Stanley; T.F. Hoad (eds.).
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noun-verb stress alternation occurred only in the beginning of the modern period
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1581:. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Vol. 1. Routledge.
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Spencer, Andrew (1998). "Morphological
Operations". In Andrew Spencer &
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Lahiri, Aditi; Thomas Riad; Haike Jacobs (1999). "Diachronic prosody". In
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prepositions, but again, that does not account for all of them. See also
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232:). However, the past tense of such verbs is very rarely written as *
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1523:. D.S. Brewer. §4: disyllabic nouns with different stress; p.148.
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because many nouns are stressed on the first syllable; including
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Some two-word phrases follow this pattern. Nouns derived from
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as one of these words. For some other speakers, however,
1439:"Construct | Define Construct at Dictionary.com"
1414:"Conscript | Define Conscript at Dictionary.com"
153:
Many of these have first syllables that evolved from
1521:
Words: For Robert
Burchfield's Sixty-Fifth Birthday
1356:. p. § 6.7 Romance Loans : p.375–6.
1464:"Contest | Define Contest at Dictionary.com"
1625:
1346:Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe
369:is used as a noun only by mathematicians; the
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375:of a matrix is the result of the process of
159:list of Latin words with English derivatives
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461:
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326:) referred to informally by linguists as
294:"conceal" probably derives from the noun
251:", which changes the previous vowel from
193:like the following are written solid or
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1392:. p. § 3.4: Stress; p.134.
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448:Stress and vowel reduction in English
1348:. Typology of Languages in Europe.
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168:when it becomes unstressed to a
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349:is to put together, whereas a
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1494:American Heritage Dictionary
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50:. (This is an example of a
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1386:The Handbook of Morphology
1310:Syntax–semantics interface
443:List of English homographs
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1548:. Stammtisch Beau Fleuve
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410:In the case of the word
298:rather than vice versa.
240:, but almost always as
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395:of the process is the
361:; the generic noun is
42:when they are used as
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1639:Stress (linguistics)
1579:Sounds and Spellings
146:of parts of speech.
136:Early Modern English
85:cord of that request
16:Phonological process
1342:Harry van der Hulst
927:Relative subsective
820:Regular / Irregular
665:Andative / Venitive
501:Abstract / Concrete
117:We already have a p
1544:Kriman, Alfred M.
486:and their features
484:Lexical categories
1649:English phonology
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80:
79:as a noun, "
74:rd the show!
71:
69:
68:as a verb, "
58:
24:phonological
19:
18:
1247:Conjunction
1013:Disjunctive
950:Conjunctive
897:Nominalized
800:Predicative
644:Verbal noun
595:Attributive
365:. Perhaps
363:combination
359:railway car
290:. The verb
228:instead of
30:that moves
26:process in
1628:Categories
1618:Ryan North
1612:strip of
1552:2007-11-19
1504:4 February
1489:"se·crete"
1327:References
1315:Yes and no
1230:Classifier
1214:Possessive
1176:Quantifier
1171:Possessive
1148:Determiner
1120:Adposition
1092:Resumptive
1077:Reciprocal
1072:Possessive
1052:Indefinite
980:Pronominal
932:Subsective
907:Possessive
877:Collateral
850:Unergative
840:Transitive
755:Inchoative
750:Impersonal
690:Catenative
629:Participle
624:Infinitive
556:Relational
526:Collective
506:Adjectival
426:homographs
230:to back up
211:crack down
195:hyphenated
144:conversion
48:adjectives
1644:Phonology
1390:Blackwell
1305:Prop-word
1267:Ideophone
1194:Discourse
1133:Inflected
1082:Reflexive
1057:Intensive
864:Adjective
835:Stretched
825:Separable
815:Reflexive
710:Denominal
705:Defective
685:Captative
680:Auxiliary
619:Gerundive
609:Nonfinite
531:Countable
397:transform
381:transform
372:transpose
367:transpose
353:may be a
242:backed up
238:backupped
226:to backup
219:come back
207:hand over
1654:Homonymy
1294:Pro-verb
1289:Pro-form
1186:Particle
1138:Stranded
1087:Relative
1067:Personal
985:Relative
970:Locative
960:Genitive
785:Negative
715:Deponent
695:Compound
438:Suprafix
432:See also
422:Entrance
399:, as in
340:umbrella
320:Southern
318:(namely
312:dialects
264:envelope
234:backedup
203:drop out
199:hand out
185:Comments
52:suprafix
36:syllable
1564:Sources
1473:June 1,
1448:June 1,
1423:June 1,
1384:(ed.).
1344:(ed.).
1279:Preverb
1156:Article
1102:Subject
995:Pronoun
830:Stative
795:Phrasal
770:Lexical
725:Dynamic
700:Copular
600:Converb
516:Animacy
412:protest
407:, etc.
385:process
351:combine
347:combine
314:in the
308:address
304:display
292:secrete
260:envelop
249:magic e
130:Origins
110:t that.
28:English
1594:5 July
1585:
1527:
1499:Yahoo!
1396:
1360:
1350:Berlin
1257:Coverb
1252:Copula
1106:Object
1023:Donkey
942:Adverb
917:Proper
882:Common
765:Labile
634:Supine
614:Gerund
605:Finite
570:Verbal
561:Strong
551:Proper
416:verbed
393:result
391:, the
383:; the
336:police
296:secret
284:annexe
134:Since
95:permit
59:record
32:stress
1616:, by
1223:Other
1204:Modal
1028:Dummy
780:Modal
775:Light
653:Types
588:Forms
511:Agent
357:or a
288:annex
269:unite
170:schwa
155:Latin
44:nouns
40:verbs
22:is a
1596:2016
1583:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1506:2014
1475:2017
1450:2017
1425:2017
1394:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1209:Noun
955:Flat
810:Pure
580:Verb
565:Weak
541:Mass
521:Bare
493:Noun
322:and
273:unit
236:or *
176:List
121:rmit
387:is
330:or
328:P/U
278:In
142:of
46:or
38:of
1630::
1577:.
1491:.
1466:.
1441:.
1416:.
1388:.
1366:.
1352::
1296:/
1108:/
1104:/
1040:/
607:/
563:/
428:.
418:.
403:,
338:,
282:,
271:,
262:,
255::
244:.
221:.
217:,
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
197::
172:.
161:.
123:."
87:."
76:".
1620:.
1598:.
1555:.
1533:.
1508:.
1477:.
1452:.
1427:.
1402:.
476:e
469:t
462:v
119:é
112:"
108:í
97:.
83:é
72:ó
61:.
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