469:
851:
658:
811:
89:. On the operational side, IASA is a replacement for the HIRS instruments, whereas on the scientific side, it continues the mission of instruments dedicated to atmospheric composition, which are also nadir viewing, Fourier Transform instruments (e.g. Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment). Thus, it blends the demands imposed by both meteorology - high spatial coverage, and atmospheric chemistry - accuracy and vertical information for trace gases. Designed by the
777:) and the resulting spectra are once again compared to the measured ones. The process is repeated again and again, the aim being to adjust the amount of contaminants such that simulated spectrum resembles the measured one as closely as possible. It must be noted that a variety of errors must be taken into consideration while perturbing the a priori, such as the error on the a priori, the instrumental error or the expected error.
834:. This determines a very good thermal stability for the optics of the interferometer: the temporal and spatial gradients are less than 1 °C, which is important for the radiometric calibration performance. Furthermore, other equipments are either sealed in specific enclosures, such as dissipative electronics,
537:
For example, since the instrument is expected to be linear in energy, a non linearity correction is applied to the interferograms before the computation of the spectra. Next, the two reference views are used for the first step of radiometric calibration. A second step, performed on ground, is used to
607:
The estimation model is used here to give the correct spectral positions of the spectra samples, since the positions are varying from one pixel to another. Moreover, certain errors ignored in Level 0 are now accounted for, such as the emissivity of the black body not being unity or the dependency of
521:, also referred to as TEC. Its task is to monitor the instrument performance, to compute the level 0 and 1 initialisation parameters in relation to the preceding point and to compute the long-term varying IASI products, as well as to monitor the Near Real Time (NTR) processing (i.e. levels 0 and 1).
761:
Some researchers prefer to use their own retrieval algorithms, which process Level 1 data, while others use directly the IASI Level 2 data. Multiple algorithms exist to produce Level 2 data, which differ in their assumptions and formulation and will therefore have different strengths and weaknesses
533:
The first two levels are dedicated to transforming the interferograms into spectra that are fully calibrated and independent of the state of the instrument at any given time. By contrast, the third is dedicated to the retrieval of meaningful parameters not only from IASI, but from other instruments
529:
There are three such processing levels for the IASI data, numbered from 0 to 2. First, Level 0 data gives the raw output of the detectors, which Level 1 transforms into spectra by applying FFT and the necessary calibrations, and finally, Level 2 executes retrieval techniques so as to describe the
913:
So as to reduce the instrument background and thermo-elerctronic detector noise, the temperature of the cold box is maintained at 93 K by a passive cryogenic cooler. This was preferred to a cryogenic machine due to the fact that the vibration levels of the latter can potential cause the
593:
Level 1 is divided into three sublevels. Its main aim is to give the best estimate of the geometry of the interferometer at the time of the measurement. Several of the parameters of the estimation model are computing by the TEC processing chain and serve as input for the Level 1 estimations.
506:
The IASI instrument produces around 1 300 000 spectra every day. It takes around 8 seconds for IASI to acquire data from one complete across track and the onboard calibration. The former consists of 120 interferograms, each one corresponding to one pixel. Of course, as researchers are really
479:
Also, a nominal scan line has three targets it must cover. First, a scan of the Earth where, within each step, there are 30 (15 in each 48°20′ branch) positions at which measurements are made. In addition to that, two views dedicated to calibration - henceforth, they will be referred to as
155:
As such, the spectral range of IASI is 645 – 2760 cm (15.5 - 3.62 μm). It has 8461 spectral samples that are aligned in 3 bands within the spectral range, shown in the table below. Correspondingly, the spectral resolution at which the measurements are made is 0.5 cm.
1345:
Siméoni, D.; Astruc, P.; Miras, D.; Alis, C.; Andreis, O.; Scheidel, D.; Degrelle, C.; Nicol, P.; Bailly, B.; Guiard, P.; Clauss, A.; Blumstein, D.; Maciaszek, T.; Chalon, G.; Carlier, T.; Kayal, G. (2004). Strojnik, Marija (ed.). "Design and development of IASI instrument".
825:
The instrument's thermal architecture was engineered to split IASI in independent enclosures, optimising the design of every such enclosure in particular. For example, the optical components can be found in a closed volume containing only low dissipative elements, while the
1161:
Blumstein, D.; Chalon, G.; Carlier, T.; Buil, C.; Hébert, Ph.; Maciaszek, T.; Ponce, G.; Phulpin, T.; Tournier, B.; Siméoni, D.; Astruc, P.; Clauss, A.; Kayal, G.; Jegou, R. (2004). Strojnik, Marija (ed.). "IASI instrument: technical overview and measured performances".
908:
plates dividing the whole spectrum range into the three spectral bands, lenses which produce an image of the field stop onto the detection unit, three focal planes that are equipped with micro lenses. These have the role to image the aperture stop on the detectors and
845:
Scan mirror which provides the ±48.3° swath symmetrically about the nadir. Moreover, it views the calibration hot and cold blackbody (internal blackbody and the deep space, respectively). For the step-by-step scene scanning, fluid lubricated bearings are
495:. Each of the four pixels projected on the ground is circular and has a diameter of 12 km at nadir. The shape of the IFOV at the edge of the scan line is no longer circular: across track, it measures 39 km and along track, 20 km.
627:
Here, the spectra are resampled. To perform this operation, the spectra from Level 1a are over-sampled by a factor of 5. These over-sampled spectra are finally interpolated on a new constant wave-number basis (0.25 cm), by using a cubic spline
514:(Mb) per second. However, the data production rate is 45 Mbit/s and therefore, a major part of the data processing is set to be on board. As such, the transmitted data is an encoded spectrum that is band merged and roughly calibrated.
597:
The estimation model is used as a basis to compute a more accurate model by calculating the corresponding spectral calibration and apodisation functions. This allows the removal of all spectral variability of the measurements.
762:(which can be investigated by intercomparison studies). The choice of algorithm is guided by knowledge of these limitations, the resources available and the specific features of the atmosphere that wish to be investigated.
104:, the former was responsible for developing the instrument and data processing software. The latter is responsible for archiving and distributing the data to the users, as well as for operating IASI itself. Currently,
553:
The central objective of the Level 0 processing is to reduce the transmission rate by calibrating the spectra in terms of radiometry and merging the spectral bands. This is divided into three processing sub-chains:
50:, there are currently two IASI instruments in operation: on MetOp-A (launched 19 October 2006 with end of mission in November 2021), on Metop-B (launched 17 September 2012) and Metop-C launched in November 2018.
581:
by applying a spectral scaling law, removing the offset and applying a bit mask to the merged spectra, the transmission is done at an average rate of 8.2 bits per spectral sample, without losing useful
922:
Ice accumulation on the optical surfaces determines loss of transmission. In order to reduce IASI's sensitivity to ice contamination, the emissive cavities have been added with two even holes.
498:
Lastly, the IIS field of view is a square area, the side of which has an angular width of 59.63 mrad. Within this area, there are 64Ă—64 pixels and they measure the same area as the EFOV above.
887:
Folding and off-axis focusing mirrors of which the first directs the recombined beam onto the latter. This results in an image of the Earth forming at the entrance of the cold box.
925:
Moreover, it was necessary to ensure protection for the cold optics from residual contamination. To achieve this, sealing improvements have been made (bellows and joints).
1083:
Clerbaux, C.; Boynard, A.; Clarisse, L.; George, M.; Hadji-Lazaro, J.; Herbin, H.; Hurtmans, D.; Pommier, M.; Razavi, A.; Turquety, S.; Wespes, C.; Coheur, P.-F. (2009).
465:
direction; the corresponding swath is then around 2Ă—1100 km. Here, with respect to the flight direction of MetOp, the scanning executed by IASI starts on the left.
1044:
538:
compensate for certain physical effects that have been ignored in the first (e.g., incidence correction for the scanning mirror, non-blackness effect etc.).
1214:
1013:
830:
are exterior to this volume. Furthermore, the enclosure which contains the interferometer is almost entirely decoupled from the rest of the instrument by
1045:"Metop is a series of three polar orbiting meteorological satellites which form the space segment component of the overall EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS)"
1399:
947:
838:
sources or thermally controlled through the thermal control section of the main structure, for example the scan mechanisms or the blackbody.
567:
the computation of NZPD (Number sampler of the Zero Path
Difference) which determines the pivot sample corresponding to the Fourier Transform
753:
The processes here are performed synergically with the ATOVS instrument suite, AVHRR and forecast data from numerical weather prediction.
47:
570:
the algorithm that applies a
Fourier Transform to the interferogram to give the spectrum corresponding to the measured interferogram.
484:. One of the two is directed into deep space (cold reference), while the other is observing the internal black body (hot reference).
803:
core and carbon cyanate skins. Out of these, the one that supports optical sub-assemblies, electronics and mechanisms is called the
1404:
614:
578:
The computation of atmospheric spectra involving applying the calibration coefficients, merging the bands and coding the spectra.
1310:
977:
697:
773:
spectrum. Subsequently, the a priori model is contaminated with a certain amount of the item one wants to measure (e.g. SO
541:
A digital processing subsystem executes a radiometric calibration and an inverse
Fourier transform in order to obtain the
1129:
Hébert, Ph.; Blumstein, D.; Buil, C.; Carlier, T.; Chalon, G.; Astruc, P.; Clauss, A.; Siméoni, D.; Tournier, B. (2004).
969:
1052:
872:
1268:
882:. The advantage of using corner reflectors over plane mirrors is that the latter would impose dynamic alignment.
1222:
1021:
468:
32:
85:
IASI belongs to the thermal infrared (TIR) class of spaceborne instruments, which are devoted to tropospheric
937:
472:
IASI field of view, showing the angular range and steps, as well as the flight direction. Credit for image:
121:
The IASI spectral range has been chosen such that the instrument can record data from the following ranges:
850:
657:
810:
93:, it now combines a good horizontal coverage and a moderate spectral resolution. Its counterpart on the
507:
interested in the spectra, the data gathered by IASI has to pass through several stages of processing.
1296:
942:
1394:
491:
at each scan position. Each such element consists of a 2Ă—2 circular pixel matrix of what is called
36:
66:
831:
21:
641:
It generates the radiance cluster analysis based on AVHRR within the IASI IFOV using the IASI
62:
1283:
654:
This level is concerned with deriving geophysical parameters from the radiance measurements:
642:
17:
492:
108:
is the prime contractor of the project and oversees the production of the recurring models.
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488:
8:
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Upon entering the interferometer, the light will encounter the following instruments:
1375:
1191:
1130:
1085:"Monitoring of atmospheric composition using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder"
613:
Also, it estimates the geolocation of IASI using the results from the correlation of
1318:
974:
564:
spike detection that prevents the use of corrupted interferograms during calibration
77:, the concentrations of various trace gases can also be retrieved from the spectra.
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1179:
1104:
879:
827:
54:
102:
EUMETSAT (European
Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites)
981:
876:
866:
Off-axis afocal telescope which transfers the aperture stop onto the scan mirror.
665:
16:
This article is about an Earth observation space instrument. For other uses, see
793:
125:
86:
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781:
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784:
fit algorithms. Again, the expected error must be taken into consideration.
259:
70:
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method. This essentially involves comparing the measured spectra with an
58:
901:
897:
57:
from 645 to 2760 cm at 0.25 cm resolution (0.5 cm after
1367:
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959:
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712:
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The elementary (or effective) field of view (EFOV) is defined as the
94:
905:
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673:
511:
207:
Each band has a specific purpose, as shown in the following table:
101:
1131:"IASI instrument: technical description and measured performances"
517:
Additionally, there is an offline processing chain located at the
510:
Furthermore, IASI has an allocated data transmission rate of 1.5
148:
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669:
1082:
835:
706:
677:
575:
The computation of the radiometric coefficients and filtering
462:
131:
43:
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levels around the 15th of August 2010. The high values over
1267:
Tournier, Bernard; Blumstein, Denis; Cayla, Françoi-Régis.
859:
819:
473:
90:
1160:
1128:
780:
Alternatively, the IASI Level 1 data can be processed by
61:). Although primarily intended to provide information in
461:, IASI has a scan range of 48°20′ on either side of the
1344:
1269:"IASI Level 0 and 1 processing algorithms description"
53:
IASI is a nadir-viewing instrument recording infrared
39:, associated with an integrated imaging system (IIS).
917:
558:
Interferogram preprocessing that is concerned with:
530:
physical state of the atmosphere that was observed.
904:that images the aperture stop on the cube corners,
680:are main due to pollution and agricultural fires.
1266:
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638:The estimated apodisation functions are applied.
1156:
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871:Michelson Interferometer that has the general
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97:is the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS).
29:infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer
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1067:
1350:. Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XII.
1333:
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1250:
1248:
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1198:
1166:. Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing XII.
993:
960:IASI at Centre national d'Ă©tudes spatiales
1117:
1108:
875:of the Michelson Interferometer, but two
524:
501:
80:
849:
809:
765:In general, algorithms are based on the
656:
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48:polar-orbiting meteorological satellites
1303:
1237:
111:
1400:Atmospheric sounding satellite sensors
1387:
756:
694:Columnar ozone amounts in thick layers
452:
914:degradation of the spectral quality.
676:. By contrast, the high values over
100:Under an agreement between CNES and
1215:"4. IASI Level 1 Products Overview"
1014:"4. IASI Level 2 Products Overview"
928:
608:the scanning mirror on temperature.
493:instantaneous fields of view (IFOV)
13:
975:IASI at EODG, University of Oxford
933:IASI at the European Space Agency
918:Measures against ice contamination
792:IASI's main structure comprises 6
91:Centre national d'Études Spatiales
14:
1416:
1089:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1042:
953:
116:
662:Example of Level 2 final product
151:absorption up to the edge of TIR
1405:Satellite meteorology in Europe
1036:
128:strong absorption around 15 ÎĽm
42:As part of the payload of the
33:Fourier transform spectrometer
1:
987:
892:The cold box which contains:
749:Processing and equality flags
617:and the calibrated IIS image.
422:Surface and cloud properties
305:Surface and Cloud properties
264:Surface and Cloud properties
832:Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI)
561:the non-linearity correction
459:across track scanning system
7:
948:Depiction of MetOp in orbit
632:
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10:
1421:
649:
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519:Technical Expertise Centre
15:
938:IASI data product profile
787:
37:Michelson interferometer
1164:Proceedings of the SPIE
1110:10.5194/acp-9-6041-2009
965:IASI scanning the Earth
682:Copyright 2014 EUMETSAT
664:: 3-day average of the
67:atmospheric temperature
1291:Cite journal requires
862:
822:
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525:IASI processing levels
502:Data processing system
476:
81:Origin and development
853:
813:
660:
643:point spread function
471:
378:Temperature profile;
18:Iasi (disambiguation)
970:IASI at TACT, LATMOS
854:IASI internal view (
814:IASI internal view (
688:Temperature profiles
534:from MetOp as well.
489:useful field of view
405:Temperature profile
245:Temperature profile
219:Spectral region (cm)
112:Main characteristics
1360:2004SPIE.5543..208S
1321:on 4 September 2014
1225:on 14 November 2013
1219:oiswww.eumetsat.org
1176:2004SPIE.5543..196B
1101:2009ACP.....9.6041C
1018:oiswww.eumetsat.org
880:cube corner mirrors
757:Methods of research
698:Surface temperature
453:Sampling parameters
326:Humidity profiles;
75:weather forecasting
1315:.physics.ox.ac.uk/
980:2014-09-04 at the
863:
823:
767:optimal estimation
740:Total column of CO
734:Total column of CH
731:Total column of CO
718:Cloud top pressure
702:Surface emissivity
685:
477:
419:Atmospheric window
302:Atmospheric window
260:Atmospheric window
1368:10.1117/12.561090
1184:10.1117/12.560907
1095:(16): 6041–6054.
943:IASI observations
724:Total column of N
691:Humidity profiles
450:
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354:CO column amount
205:
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145:strong absorption
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1317:. Archived from
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1221:. Archived from
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1051:. Archived from
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1020:. Archived from
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929:Suggested images
746:Error covariance
385:O column amount
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168:Wavelength (ÎĽm)
165:Wavenumbers (cm)
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55:emission spectra
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1055:on 12 July 2014
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982:Wayback Machine
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222:Absorption band
198:2000.0 - 2760.0
187:1210.0 - 2000.0
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1024:on 11 May 2010
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179:8.26 - 15.50
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150:
147:
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138:around 9.6 ÎĽm
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106:Alcatel Space
103:
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34:
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1053:the original
1048:
1043:Allen, Bob.
1038:
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1022:the original
1017:
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828:cube corners
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201:3.62 - 5.00
190:5.00 - 8.26
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71:water vapour
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31:(IASI) is a
28:
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898:field stops
858:). Credit:
818:). Credit:
721:Cloud phase
715:temperature
705:Fractional
672:are due to
582:information
543:raw spectra
433:2700 - 2760
416:2420 - 2700
396:2350 - 2420
365:2150 - 2250
348:2100 - 2150
316:1210 - 1650
299:1080 - 1150
275:1000 - 1070
73:to support
59:apodisation
1389:Categories
1348:Proc. SPIE
988:References
902:field lens
805:main panel
46:series of
1376:128698514
1192:129684786
873:structure
801:honeycomb
798:aluminium
713:Cloud top
674:wildfires
288:sounding
256:790 - 980
236:650 - 770
95:Suomi NPP
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1049:EUMETSAT
978:Archived
906:dichroic
771:a priori
633:Level 1c
622:Level 1b
602:Level 1a
512:Megabits
372:O and CO
1356:Bibcode
1325:22 July
1274:14 July
1172:Bibcode
1097:Bibcode
1059:24 July
650:Level 2
589:Level 1
549:Level 0
149:methane
1374:
1311:"IASI"
1229:9 July
1190:
1028:9 July
856:bottom
788:Design
670:Russia
457:As an
225:Usage
1372:S2CID
1188:S2CID
846:used.
836:laser
709:cover
707:cloud
678:China
615:AVHRR
463:nadir
333:and N
132:ozone
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1352:5543
1327:2014
1297:help
1276:2014
1231:2014
1168:5543
1061:2014
1030:2014
860:CNES
820:CNES
474:CNES
213:Band
162:Band
69:and
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329:CH
313:R5
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