5117:, and many vary depending on whether the stem ends in a consonant or vowel. The Singular and Plural categories are fused with the article, and these endings are used when the noun phrase is not closed by any other determiner. This gives a potential 88 different forms, but the Indefinite and Proper Noun categories are identical in all but the local cases (inessive, allative, ablative, local-genitive), and many other variations in the endings can be accounted for by phonological rules operating to avoid impermissible consonant clusters. Local case endings are not normally added to animate Proper Nouns. The precise meaning of the local cases can be further specified by additional suffixes added after the local case suffixes.
45:
5829:, an agglutinative language, nouns and adjectives are inflected for case (nominative, accusative) and number (singular, plural), according to a simple paradigm without irregularities. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, but they are inflected for tense (past, present, future) and mood (indicative, infinitive, conditional, jussive). They also form active and passive participles, which may be past, present or future. All verbs are regular.
5136:, which is also the verb for "to have". (Other auxiliaries can be used in some of the tenses and may vary by dialect.) The compound tenses use an invariable form of the main verb (which appears in different forms according to the "tense group") and a conjugated form of the auxiliary. Pronouns are normally omitted if recoverable from the verb form. A couple of examples will have to suffice to demonstrate the complexity of the Basque verb:
4054:(including five major ones) with five major patterns of declension, and three genders instead of the two found in most Romance tongues. There were four patterns of conjugation in six tenses, three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, plus the infinitive, participle, gerund, gerundive, and supine) and two voices (passive and active), all overtly expressed by affixes (passive voice forms were periphrastic in three tenses).
640:
5121:
forms also have different forms depending on whether the addressee is male or female. This is the only area in Basque grammar where gender plays any role at all. Subordination could also plausibly be considered an inflectional category of the Basque verb since subordination is signaled by prefixes and suffixes on the conjugated verb, further multiplying the number of potential forms.
5845:
which case they take on the same desinences as the missing noun would have taken). The definite article "la" ("the") remains unaltered regardless of gender or case, and also of number, except when there is no other word to show plurality. Pronouns are identical in all cases, though exceptionally the accusative case may be marked, as for nouns.
4153:, but this misnomer applies instead to numbers 2, 3, 4, and larger numbers ending in 2, 3, or 4 (with the exception of the teens, which are handled as plural; thus, 102 is dual, but 12 or 127 are not). In addition, in some Slavic languages, such as Polish, word stems are frequently modified by the addition or absence of endings, resulting in
3629:. Middle and Modern English lost progressively more of the Old English inflectional system. Modern English is considered a weakly inflected language, since its nouns have only vestiges of inflection (plurals, the pronouns), and its regular verbs have only four forms: an inflected form for the past indicative and subjunctive (
5017:—all Turkic languages. Altaic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles.
4112:
is obsolete in standard
Latvian and nowadays it is also considered nearly obsolete in standard Lithuanian. For instance, in standard Lithuanian it is normal to say "dvi varnos (plural) – two crows" instead of "dvi varni (dual)". Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals are declined for number, gender,
5061:
There is no case marking concord in Basque and case suffixes, including those fused with the article, are added only to the last word in a noun phrase. Plurality is not marked on the noun and is identified only in the article or other determiner, possibly fused with a case marker. The examples below
3704:
still have different forms according to grammatical number and grammatical gender. Danish and
Swedish only inflect for two different genders while Norwegian has to some degree retained the feminine forms and inflects for three grammatical genders like Icelandic. However, in comparison to Icelandic,
5844:
Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural), and the accusative case may be shown in certain situations, typically when the direct object of a sentence precedes its verb. On the other hand, adjectives are unmarked for gender, number or case (unless they stand on their own, without a noun, in
5271:
The morphs that represent the various tense/person/case/mood categories of Basque verbs, especially in the auxiliaries, are so highly fused that segmenting them into individual meaningful units is nearly impossible, if not pointless. Considering the multitude of forms that a particular Basque verb
5043:
for plural), which in general is required to close a noun phrase in Basque if no other determiner is present, and unlike an article in many languages, it can only partially be correlated with the concept of definiteness. Proper nouns do not take an article, and indefinite nouns without the article
4140:
Declensional endings depend on case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental, vocative), number (singular, dual or plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and animacy (animate vs inanimate). Unusual in other language families, declension in most Slavic languages also
4933:
official languages. Uralic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in
English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and
5120:
Verb forms are extremely complex, agreeing with the subject, direct object, and indirect object; and include forms that agree with a "dative of interest" for intransitive verbs as well as allocutive forms where the verb form is altered if one is speaking to a close acquaintance. These allocutive
5124:
Transitivity is a thoroughgoing division of Basque verbs, and it is necessary to know the transitivity of a particular verb in order to conjugate it successfully. In the spoken language only a handful of commonly used verbs are fully conjugated in the present and simple past, most verbs being
5868:, but rarely by gender: only when referring to a male or female being. Interlingua has no noun-adjective agreement by gender, number, or case. As a result, adjectives ordinarily have no inflections. They may take the plural form if they are being used in place of a noun:
5125:
conjugated by means of an auxiliary which differs according to transitivity. The literary language includes a few more such verbs, but the number is still very small. Even these few verbs require an auxiliary to conjugate other tenses besides the present and simple past.
3575:
has caused modern versions of some Indo-European languages that were previously highly inflected to be much less so; an example is Modern
English, as compared to Old English. In general, languages where deflexion occurs replace inflectional complexity with more rigorous
5048:
in Basque grammar) are highly restricted syntactically. Basque is an ergative language, meaning that inflectionally the single argument (subject) of an intransitive verb is marked in the same way as the direct object of a transitive verb. This is called the
5856:, in contrast with the Romance languages, has almost no irregular verb conjugations, and its verb forms are the same for all persons and numbers. It does, however, have compound verb tenses similar to those in the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages:
1372:
are irregular. Irregular verbs often preserve patterns that were regular in past forms of the language, but which have now become anomalous; in rare cases, there are regular verbs that were irregular in past forms of the language. (For more details see
4957:. The original suffixes may disappear (and appear only by liaison), leaving behind the modification of the root. This process is extensively developed in Estonian and Sami, and makes them also inflected, not only agglutinating languages. The Estonian
3050:
Words are rarely listed in dictionaries on the basis of their inflectional morphemes (in which case they would be lexical items). However, they often are listed on the basis of their derivational morphemes. For instance, English dictionaries list
5840:
has a different form for each verbal tense (past, present, future, volitive and imperative) plus an infinitive, and both a present and past participle. There are though no verbal inflections for person or number, and all verbs are regular.
5787:). (Many grammarians consider Japanese particles to be separate words, and therefore not an inflection, while others consider agglutination a type of overt inflection, and therefore consider Japanese nouns as overtly inflected.)
4168:(also called Literary Arabic) is an inflected language. It uses a system of independent and suffix pronouns classified by person and number and verbal inflections marking person and number. Suffix pronouns are used as markers of
6440:
Manandise, Esméralda. "Evidence from Basque for a New Theory of
Grammar", doctoral dissertation in Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics: A Garland Series, Jorge Hankamer, general ed. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York &
4113:
and case to agree with the noun they modify or for which they substitute. Baltic verbs are inflected for tense, mood, aspect, and voice. They agree with the subject in person and number (not in all forms in modern
Latvian).
1575:: In some cases, two inflection systems exist, conventionally classified as "strong" and "weak." For instance, English and German have weak verbs that form the past tense and past participle by adding an ending (English
870:
is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context. Languages that seldom make use of inflection, such as
3004:
that modify a verb's tense, mood, aspect, voice, person, or number or a noun's case, gender, or number, rarely affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding
5053:
case and in Basque, as in most ergative languages, it is realized with a zero morph; in other words, it receives no special inflection. The subject of a transitive verb receives a special case suffix, called the
821:, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense-mood (future indicative or present subjunctive). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause "I will lead", the word
5382:, pronouns were overtly inflected to mark case. However, these overt case forms are no longer used; most of the alternative pronouns are considered archaic in modern Mandarin Chinese. Classically, 我 (
4125:
make use of a high degree of inflection, typically having six or seven cases and three genders for nouns and adjectives. However, the overt case system has disappeared almost completely in modern
5035:
Noun phrase morphology is agglutinative and consists of suffixes which simply attach to the end of a stem. These suffixes are in many cases fused with the article (
5657:, the third-person singular pronoun is overtly inflected as to case and the first- and second-person singular pronouns exhibit a change in tone depending on case.
5315:
does not possess overt inflectional morphology. While some languages indicate grammatical relations with inflectional morphemes, Chinese utilizes word order and
3588:
are an exception to the general Indo-European deflexion trend, continuing to be highly inflected (in some cases acquiring additional inflectional complexity and
3040:, which create a new word from existing words and change the semantic meaning or the part of speech of the affected word, such as by changing a noun to a verb.
4044:. Adjectives, nouns and articles are considerably less inflected than verbs, but they still have different forms according to number and grammatical gender.
3716:
and remains heavily inflected. It retains all the grammatical cases from Old Norse and is inflected for number and three different grammatical genders. The
894:
Requiring the forms or inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible with each other according to the rules of the language is known as
4066:
are highly inflected. Nouns and adjectives are declined in up to seven overt cases. Additional cases are defined in various covert ways. For example, an
1550:: These are generally considered to have been formed independently of one another, so the student must memorize them when learning a new word. Example:
902:. For example, in "the man jumps", "man" is a singular noun, so "jump" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix "s".
2145:
refers to a pattern (usually a set of inflectional endings), where a class of words follow the same pattern. Nominal inflectional paradigms are called
4897:
places vowel suffixes on each verb, noun, adjective, and adverb, according to its function within a sentence and its relation to surrounding words.
4149:(in case of some words dual survived also in Polish and other Slavic languages). Modern Russian, Serbian and Czech also use a more complex form of
626:
6286:
Palancar, Enrique L. & Léonard, Jean-Léo. (2014). Tone and inflection: An introduction. In
Enrique L. Palancar & Jean-Léo Léonard (Eds.),
4008:, recognized as a distinct language in its own right rather than a Dutch dialect only in the early 20th century, has lost almost all inflection.
5343:(girl) is singular accusative. Since the roles of puer and puellam have been marked with case endings, the change in position does not matter.
1234:
Despite the march toward regularization, modern
English retains traces of its ancestry, with a minority of its words still using inflection by
953:, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and
5811:, have no inflection. Other auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido, and Interlingua have comparatively simple inflectional systems.
3996:
remains moderately inflected, retaining four noun cases, although the genitive started falling into disuse in all but formal writing in
3150:, where no sounds are added or changed but the intonation and relative strength of each sound is altered regularly. For an example, see
2823:, the adpositions can carry the inflection in adpositional phrases. This means that these languages will have inflected adpositions. In
2100:(gerund/present participle), although not inflected for person or number, can also be regarded as part of the conjugation of the verb
2816:). In dependent-marking languages, nouns in adpositional (prepositional or postpositional) phrases can carry inflectional morphemes.
5281:
4050:, the mother tongue of the Romance languages, was highly inflected; nouns and adjectives had different forms according to seven
4094:
the above four cases to the locative marking them by differences in the use of prepositions. Lithuanian breaks them out of the
6851:
6859:
5668:
shows a high degree of overt inflection of verbs, less so of adjectives, and very little of nouns, but it is mostly strictly
5409:
is a compulsory change that occurs when certain tones are juxtaposed. Tone change, however, is a morphologically conditioned
4808:
Arabic), used for everyday communication, tend to have less inflection than the more formal
Literary Arabic. For example, in
6895:
6815:
6827:
5272:
can take, it seems unlikely that an individual speaker would have an opportunity to utter them all in his or her lifetime.
1680:
For more details on some of the considerations that apply to regularly and irregularly inflected forms, see the article on
619:
6316:
Hyman, L. M. (2016). "Morphological tonal assignments in conflict: Who wins?". In
Palancar, E. L.; Léonard, J. L. (eds.).
6883:
6803:
6515:
1313:
is subject to inflection in a particular language, there are generally one or more standard patterns of inflection (the
6871:
5103:
Absolutive, ergative, dative, possessive-genitive, benefactive, comitative, instrumental, inessive, allative, ablative,
3289:
1099:
6760:
6741:
6719:
6700:
6649:
6630:
6611:
6592:
6566:
6544:
6092:
1454:: Regular inflection would result in forms that sound esthetically unpleasing or are difficult to pronounce (English
88:
66:
59:
7035:
5796:
2120:, can be included also in the conjugation of the verb for didactic purposes, but they are not overt inflections of
5397:
are known to express meaning by means of tone change, although further investigations are required. Note that the
4137:, typically the future and conditional). Inflection is also present in adjective comparation and word derivation.
6375:. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, Volume 4. Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 206.
612:
6839:
6791:
6514:
Agirre, E.; et al. (1992), "XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology",
5672:
and extremely regular. Fusion of morphemes also happen in colloquial speech, for example: the causative-passive
2124:. The formula for deriving the covert form, in which the relevant inflections do not occur in the main verb, is
1317:
described below) that words in that class may follow. Words which follow such a standard pattern are said to be
7030:
1083:
937:). Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many
3166:
is a morphological process where a constituent is repeated. The direct repetition of a word or root is called
6926:
6914:
5367:
The situation is very different in Chinese. Since Modern Chinese makes no use of inflection, the meanings of
7010:
1242:(a particular type of sound change, mostly in nouns), as well as long-short vowel alternation. For example:
5992:
3472:
996:"). English also inflects verbs by affixation to mark the third person singular in the present tense (with
17:
6918:
6242:
Reid, L. A. (2009). "On the diachronic development of C1V1 reduplication in some Austronesian languages".
6974:
6922:
6473:
Lai, W.-Y. (2010). "The Source of Hakka Personal Pronoun and Genitive with the Viewpoint of Diminutive".
3151:
1681:
1333:
588:
31:
6330:
Lyons, C. (1986). The Syntax of English Genitive Constructions. Journal of Linguistics, 22(1), 123-143.
2805:
853:
is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word
6207:
Hsu, S.-C. (2008). "The Structure Analysis and Tone Sandhi of Reduplicative Adjectives in Taiwanese".
6554:
5946:
5410:
4150:
4146:
4109:
3717:
3113:
938:
663:
373:
323:
260:
240:
6427:
Manandise, Esméralda. "Evidence from Basque for a New Theory of Grammar", doctoral dissertation in
6373:
From case to adposition : the development of configurational syntax in Indo-European languages
5891:
4169:
4091:
3179:
3033:
2992:
1731:
683:
456:
399:
394:
212:
160:
53:
6982:
6946:
6950:
6938:
6934:
5881:
5483:
4041:
3981:
3572:
3547:, are inflected to a greater or lesser extent. In general, older Indo-European languages such as
3476:
2979:
Traditional grammars have specific terms for inflections of nouns and verbs but not for those of
2809:
1801:
1697:
1378:
1298:
899:
748:
566:
451:
404:
293:
5296:) are not overtly inflected, or show very little overt inflection, and are therefore considered
5669:
4910:
4165:
3609:
3552:
3407:
3318:
950:
942:
880:
571:
543:
504:
484:
439:
434:
303:
70:
4937:
Hungarian and Finnish, in particular, often simply concatenate suffixes. For example, Finnish
3617:
was a moderately inflected language, using an extensive case system similar to that of modern
5996:
5988:
5956:
3997:
3135:
3089:
2820:
1854:
444:
207:
7002:
6994:
6966:
6962:
6958:
5911:
5394:
5285:
5010:
3713:
3614:
3585:
3121:
3117:
1782:
1751:
1599:) and strong verbs that change vowel, and in some cases form the past participle by adding
1212:
1188:
842:
802:
699:
378:
368:
104:
6998:
6360:. Vol. 2: Grammar and Typology. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 672.
1004:). English short adjectives are inflected to mark comparative and superlative forms (with
8:
6990:
5931:
5808:
5289:
4954:
4793:
4033:
3564:
3253:
3208:
2828:
2804:
The terms "strong declension" and "weak declension" are primarily relevant to well-known
1517:
945:. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as
865:
536:
464:
128:
6679:
6269:
6065:
5941:
5800:
5422:
5020:
4994:
4918:
4130:
4005:
3709:
3673:
3665:
3618:
3589:
3496:
3314:
3044:
1867:
1778:
1747:
1739:
1169:
1163:
1118:
1094:
1045:
970:
906:
888:
727:
723:
719:
715:
328:
308:
253:
229:
202:
6228:
Rubino, C. (2005). Reduplication: Form, function and distribution. In B. Hurch (Ed.).
3571:
are extensively inflected because of their temporal proximity to Proto-Indo-European.
837:(a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word
6781:
6756:
6737:
6715:
6696:
6683:
6645:
6626:
6607:
6588:
6562:
6540:
6134:
6088:
6069:
6045:
6000:
5820:
5665:
5379:
5316:
5297:
4926:
4142:
4126:
4037:
4017:
3701:
3484:
3480:
3271:
3240:
2813:
1968:
1880:
1774:
1766:
1727:
1572:
1138:
1123:
985:
958:
876:
711:
703:
531:
524:
514:
479:
469:
409:
343:
283:
265:
153:
6273:
7025:
6671:
6492:
Sun, H.-K. (1996). "Case markers of personal pronouns in Tibeto-Burman languages".
6340:
6304:
6259:
6251:
6108:
6057:
5951:
5519:
5478:
The following table compares the personal pronouns of Sixian dialect (a dialect of
5312:
5029:
5006:
4990:
4986:
4985:
by linguists, three language families united by a small subset of linguists as the
4946:
4922:
4906:
4838:) and their respective unique conjugations are lost and replaced by the masculine (
4122:
4083:
4063:
4051:
4025:
4021:
3681:
3669:
3622:
3597:
3593:
3581:
3540:
3532:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3488:
3276:
3258:
3224:
2219:
2154:
1955:
1770:
1466:
1065:
946:
934:
926:
884:
872:
731:
707:
474:
338:
123:
6158:
Anderson, Stephen R. (1985), "Inflectional Morphology", in Shopen, Timothy (ed.),
6659:
6192:
Xu, D. (2012). "Reduplication in languages: A case study of languages of China".
5479:
5062:
are in the absolutive case with zero case marking, and include the article only:
5025:
4099:
4029:
3993:
3677:
3626:
3544:
3524:
3492:
3403:
3125:
2077:
1828:
1547:
1341:
1173:
954:
918:
826:
644:
519:
388:
350:
190:
172:
148:
143:
3116:, exchanging one sound for another in the root (usually vowel sounds, as in the
2163:
and are usually feminine. These words share a common inflectional framework. In
5837:
5514:
5509:
5014:
4950:
4930:
4145:
use a rare third number, (in addition to singular and plural numbers) known as
4001:
3516:
3294:
3147:
3139:
2824:
2129:
1900:
1841:
1551:
1401:
1290:
930:
914:
834:
695:
583:
414:
333:
217:
138:
6524:
6450:
Norman, Jerry. (1988). Chinese (p. 98). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6344:
6255:
6061:
5132:, which is also the verb for "to be". The most common transitive auxiliary is
4133:. Most verb tenses and moods are also formed by inflection (however, some are
7019:
6729:
6431:, Jorge Hankamer, general ed. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London.
6027:
5896:
5293:
5002:
4998:
4958:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
3697:
3650:
3536:
3163:
3107:
2105:
1664:: The "irregular" form was originally derived from a different root (English
1374:
1294:
1147:
1070:
830:
298:
4176:(ـــ) marks where the verb stem, verb form, noun, or preposition is placed.
6736:. Cambridge studies in linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5784:
5654:
5032:, is a highly inflected language, heavily inflecting both nouns and verbs.
4914:
4805:
4134:
3724:
3143:
739:
548:
383:
197:
165:
133:
6675:
6517:
Proceedings of the Third Conference of Applied Natural Language Processing
5109:. These are signaled by suffixes that vary according to the categories of
4883:
4870:
4857:
4844:
4831:
4818:
4780:
4766:
4752:
4738:
4724:
4709:
4690:
4676:
4662:
4648:
4634:
4620:
4606:
4592:
4577:
4555:
4541:
4527:
4513:
4499:
4484:
4465:
4451:
4437:
4423:
4409:
4395:
4381:
4367:
4352:
4325:
4311:
4297:
4283:
4269:
4253:
3980:
are also inflected for definiteness in all Scandinavian languages like in
5980:
5926:
5921:
5901:
5853:
5777:
5495:
5418:
5413:
and is used as an inflectional or a derivational strategy. Examples from
5406:
3556:
2164:
1676:
in many languages display this phenomenon (e.g. eng. good, better, best).
1425:
1421:
1217:
1193:
1079:
833:(a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and one or more
3087:
Languages that add inflectional morphemes to words are sometimes called
829:
of a verb. The inflected form of a word often contains both one or more
6264:
5984:
5936:
5414:
4982:
3977:
3653:
suffix, it is now considered by syntacticians not to be a suffix but a
3633:), an inflected form for the third-person-singular present indicative (
3577:
2980:
1795:
1703:
1693:
1661:
1337:
1310:
1270:
1254:
1239:
1143:
1108:
825:
is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the
766:
598:
578:
509:
318:
224:
180:
6175:
The Arizona Working Papers in Second Language Acquisition and Teaching
5826:
3689:
3560:
3104:, or simply adding morphemes onto the word without changing the root;
3000:
1743:
1719:
1222:
1198:
790:
757:
288:
185:
5021:
Basque (agglutinative nominal inflection / fusional verb inflection)
849:
is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix
6162:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 162–164
5916:
4154:
4141:
depends on whether the word is a noun or an adjective. Slovene and
4004:, simpler than that of German, is also simplified in common usage.
3568:
3415:
1959:
1702:
Two traditional grammatical terms refer to inflections of specific
922:
798:
794:
313:
6173:
Nadarajan, S. (2006). "A Crosslinguistic study of Reduplication".
5864:, "she had lived". Nouns are inflected by number, taking a plural
3705:
there are considerably fewer feminine forms left in the language.
5976:
5886:
5491:
5275:
4797:
4173:
3728:
3685:
3325:), where tones are able to distinguish mood, person, and number:
2167:, nouns are divided into two major categories of declension, the
1715:
1451:
1226:
1202:
735:
118:
6662:, Johanna (1986). "Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar".
6539:. LINCOM coursebooks in linguistics, 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
3657:, although some linguists argue that it has properties of both.
2791:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2596:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2556:
2546:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2497:
2487:
2477:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2367:
2358:
2348:
2338:
2331:
2321:
2314:
2299:
2292:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2258:
2245:
2237:
2229:
6587:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
5906:
5781:
5487:
4809:
3720:
are however almost completely lost in comparison to Old Norse.
3654:
3322:
1790:
1723:
1643:
1385:
1250:
1235:
1104:
1050:
782:
778:
761:
647:
639:
245:
6301:
Oto-Manguean Inflectional Class Database: Tlatepuzco Chinantec
3727:
in all Scandinavian languages, like in the following case for
5804:
5335:
Both sentences mean 'The boy sees the girl.' This is because
4801:
4047:
3548:
3528:
3411:
3101:
1653:
1647:
1642:). Ancient Greek verbs are likewise said to have had a first
974:
910:
786:
774:
6695:. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 51. LINCOM.
3182:
and inflectional functions. A few examples are given below:
6625:. Modern linguistics series. New York: St. Martin's Press.
4894:
3693:
3129:
2157:. Words that belong to the first declension usually end in
1758:
1711:
1329:
1178:
1153:
1128:
1075:
1055:
845:, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme
753:
743:
6429:
Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics: A Garland Series
6085:
The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic Introduction
4953:, there are processes which affect the root, particularly
3649:(as in "Jennifer's book") is a remnant of the Old English
3059:, words with derivational suffixes, along with their root
1384:
Other types of irregular inflected form include irregular
860:
Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be
6714:. Blackwell handbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
5375:('he' or 'him') shall be determined with their position.
4040:, have more overt inflection than English, especially in
3723:
Unlike other Germanic languages, nouns are inflected for
6087:. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 104.
3110:, repeating all or part of a word to change its meaning;
6734:
Inflectional morphology: A theory of paradigm structure
6644:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4812:
Arabic, the second- and third-person feminine plurals (
2837:'on' is inflected for person and number with prefixes:
1898:
is also inflected according to case. Its declension is
805:), or other modifications. For example, the Latin verb
6050:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1950:
The following table shows the conjugation of the verb
6693:
A practical grammar of the San Carlos Apache language
6355:
6320:. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 15–39.
6288:
Tone and Inflection: New facts under new perspectives
6196:. Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 43–66.
5390:) was generally used as the first person nominative.
5386:) was used solely as the first person accusative. 吾 (
3580:, which provides the lost inflectional details. Most
3466:
1016:
673:
667:
657:
651:
6339:
Lowe, J.J. Nat Lang Linguist Theory (2016) 34: 157.
3097:. Morphemes may be added in several different ways:
2963:
2947:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2885:
2872:
2859:
2832:
1789:
An organized list of the inflected forms of a given
1428:
forms of adjectives or adverbs, such as the English
773:
An inflection expresses grammatical categories with
6318:
Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives
6194:
Plurality and classifiers across languages in China
4976:
4900:
3402:Case can be distinguished with tone as well, as in
3158:
3063:. However, no traditional English dictionary lists
1304:
6905:
6299:Feist, Timothy & Enrique L. Palancar. (2015).
6209:Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences of NHCUE
4011:
905:Languages that have some degree of inflection are
6710:Spencer, Andrew; Zwicky, Arnold M., eds. (1998).
6463:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6358:The Circum-Baltic Languages: Grammar and typology
5261:Coffee-the please-HAB AUX.ALLOC/M.3SG/ABS.1SG/DAT
3637:), an inflected form for the present participle (
3308:
3174:). The repetition of a segment is referred to as
698:in which a word is modified to express different
7017:
6232:(pp. 11-29). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyter.
4961:, for example, is expressed by a modified root:
3641:), and an uninflected form for everything else (
3329:Verb paradigm of 'bend' in Tlatepuzco Chinantec
3047:are mainly indicated by derivational morphemes.
1530:
5766:
5748:
5733:
5714:
5695:
5680:
2149:, and verbal inflectional paradigms are termed
1904:, in the sense that it lacks a reflexive form.
1808:Below is the declension of the English pronoun
6416:The Basque Language: A Practical Introduction.
6356:Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001).
6034:(6th ed., pp. 243-244). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
5757:
5742:
5727:
5704:
5689:
5674:
5276:Mainland Southeast Asian languages (isolating)
5248:
5240:
4172:and as objects of verbs and prepositions. The
3313:Palancar and Léonard provided an example with
1019:inflectional affixes in the English language.
6709:
6475:Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature
6461:Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects
6410:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6391:A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic
6370:
6172:
1687:
1563:
1538:
1522:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
984:"), and most English verbs are inflected for
879:. Analytic languages that do not make use of
813:, meaning "I will lead", includes the suffix
620:
5780:, but this is done by invariable particles (
5232:
5197:Book-PL.the sell AUX.3PL/ABS.3PL/DAT.1PL/ERG
5184:
5176:
5168:
4878:
4865:
4852:
4839:
4826:
4813:
4775:
4761:
4747:
4733:
4719:
4704:
4685:
4671:
4657:
4643:
4629:
4615:
4601:
4587:
4572:
4550:
4536:
4522:
4508:
4494:
4479:
4460:
4446:
4432:
4418:
4404:
4390:
4376:
4362:
4347:
4320:
4306:
4292:
4278:
4263:
4248:
3475:was highly inflected, all of its descendant
1672:). The comparative and superlative forms of
1636:
1628:
1620:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1414:
1406:
1321:; those that inflect differently are called
6606:. London: Arnold, Oxford University Press.
6241:
6160:Language typology and syntactic description
5660:
4981:Though Altaic is widely considered to be a
3987:
3735:Inflection of nouns in Norwegian (nynorsk)
3684:has largely died out with the exception of
1555:
1447:Irregularities can have four basic causes:
815:
807:
6601:
6537:An introduction to the study of morphology
6513:
6491:
6472:
6397:
6206:
5494:). The superscripted numbers indicate the
5128:The most common intransitive auxiliary is
5101:The noun phrase is declined for 11 cases:
4864:), whereas in Lebanese and Syrian Arabic,
3645:). While the English possessive indicator
3082:
1962:inflect it for person, number, and tense:
1812:, which is inflected for case and number.
1328:For instance, many languages that feature
1285:(ablaut, and also suffixing in the plural)
627:
613:
6755:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6750:
6561:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6263:
6224:
6222:
6032:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
3660:
2986:
909:. These can be highly inflected (such as
89:Learn how and when to remove this message
6690:
6639:
6453:
6418:University of Nevada Press. Reno, Nevada
6157:
6147:– via websites.umich.edu/~jlawler.
5264:"I like coffee." ("Coffee pleases me.")
5236:
2959:
2153:. For instance, there are five types of
2136:
969:In English most nouns are inflected for
638:
52:This article includes a list of general
6852:Comparison of inflection and derivation
6658:
6620:
6534:
6082:
5282:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
5244:
5218:
5172:
4036:and especially – with its many cases –
3461:
3071:as a separate entry; the same goes for
1436:(which correspond to the positive form
1336:. In English, regular verbs form their
988:with the inflectional past tense affix
14:
7018:
6553:
6388:
6384:
6382:
6219:
5790:
5776:. Formally, every noun phrase must be
5266:(Used when speaking to a male friend.)
5228:
5164:
4913:, following from the agglutination in
964:
6728:
6582:
6494:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
6315:
6043:
5188:
5145:
4181:
1253:variation, and also suffixing in the
4160:
3680:have lost much of their inflection.
2997:Inflection is the process of adding
1238:(sound change, mostly in verbs) and
1000:), and the present participle (with
38:
6379:
6371:Hewson, John; Bubeník, Vít (2006).
6109:"Section 4: Inflectional Morphemes"
5319:. Consider the following examples:
5252:
5180:
4879:
4866:
4853:
4840:
4827:
4814:
4776:
4762:
4748:
4734:
4720:
4705:
4686:
4672:
4658:
4644:
4630:
4616:
4602:
4588:
4573:
4551:
4537:
4523:
4509:
4495:
4480:
4461:
4447:
4433:
4419:
4405:
4391:
4377:
4363:
4348:
4321:
4307:
4293:
4279:
4264:
4249:
4116:
4057:
1928:whom (traditional), who (informal)
24:
6576:
6523:, pp. 119–125, archived from
6191:
4106:by using different postpositions.
3467:Indo-European languages (fusional)
925:), or slightly inflected (such as
58:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
7047:
6770:
6751:Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. (2001).
6585:Introducing linguistic morphology
6115:. University of Nevada, Las Vegas
4949:(Finnish, Estonian etc.) and the
4893:In addition, the system known as
1334:regular verbs and irregular verbs
1305:Regular and irregular inflection
5502:Comparison of Personal Pronouns
4977:Altaic languages (agglutinative)
4941:"in my house, too?" consists of
4901:Uralic languages (agglutinative)
3889:Articles in Norwegian (nynorsk)
3159:Inflection through reduplication
1023:Inflectional affixes in English
864:; for example, the English verb
841:is a noun that is inflected for
254:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
43:
6906:Lexicon of Linguistics articles
6775:
6485:
6466:
6444:
6434:
6421:
6364:
6349:
6333:
6324:
6309:
6293:
6280:
6235:
6200:
6046:"Case and proto-Arabic, Part I"
5725:, and the non-past progressive
5482:) with Zaiwa and Jingpho (both
4155:consonant and vowel alternation
4012:Latin and the Romance languages
3178:. Reduplication can serve both
2132:+ non-finite form of main verb.
6185:
6166:
6151:
6127:
6101:
6076:
6037:
6021:
5969:
5848:
5339:(boy) is singular nominative,
3688:, just like English. However,
3309:Inflection through tone change
1360:are regular, while verbs like
218:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
13:
1:
6507:
5111:Singular, Plural, Indefinite,
973:with the inflectional plural
6780:For information on SIL, see
6691:De Reuse, Willem J. (1996).
6113:Analyzing Grammar in Context
6015:
6010:
5814:
5200:"We sold the books to them."
5005:. The largest languages are
4917:. The largest languages are
3712:preserves almost all of the
3473:Proto-Indo-European language
3043:Distinctions between verbal
7:
6602:Haspelmath, Martin (2002).
6135:"Derivation and Inflection"
6083:Brinton, Laurel J. (2000).
5875:
5767:
5749:
5734:
5715:
5696:
5681:
5401:must be distinguished from
4884:
4871:
4858:
4845:
4832:
4819:
4781:
4767:
4753:
4739:
4725:
4710:
4691:
4677:
4663:
4649:
4635:
4621:
4607:
4593:
4578:
4556:
4542:
4528:
4514:
4500:
4485:
4466:
4452:
4438:
4424:
4410:
4396:
4382:
4368:
4353:
4326:
4312:
4298:
4284:
4270:
4254:
3186:Inflectional Reduplication
3152:Initial-stress-derived noun
2831:dialect), the postposition
2806:dependent-marking languages
1793:or root word is called its
1682:regular and irregular verbs
1388:nouns, such as the English
334:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
32:Inflection (disambiguation)
10:
7052:
6779:
6712:The handbook of morphology
5818:
5307:
4082:are borrowed from Finnic.
3668:was inflected, but modern
3607:
3603:
3422:Case Inflection in Maasai
2990:
2033:
1992:
1765:it. The forms may express
1738:it. The forms may express
1691:
1688:Declension and conjugation
1654:
1648:
1573:strong vs. weak inflection
1557:dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum
752:, while the inflection of
29:
6753:An introduction to syntax
6621:Katamba, Francis (1993).
6389:Ryding, Karin C. (2005).
6345:10.1007/s11049-015-9300-1
6256:10.1007/s11525-009-9142-9
6062:10.1017/S0041977X00015755
5758:
5743:
5728:
5705:
5690:
5675:
5637:
5623:
5609:
5595:
5581:
5567:
5553:
5539:
5525:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5506:
5347:Modern Standard Chinese:
5258:Kafe-a gusta-tzen zaidak.
5194:Liburu-ak saldu dizkiegu.
4684:
4670:
4656:
4565:
4459:
4445:
4431:
4340:
4333:
4244:
4241:
4189:
4186:
4183:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3845:
3804:
3763:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3448:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3383:
3366:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3284:gohu-gohu 'getting dark'
3136:Suprasegmental variations
3093:, which is a synonym for
3036:is the process of adding
2850:
2847:
2844:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2180:
939:Native American languages
27:Process of word formation
6640:Matthews, Peter (1991).
6604:Understanding morphology
6305:doi:10.15126/SMG.28/1.01
6303:. University of Surrey.
6230:Studies on Reduplication
6044:Owens, Jonathan (1998).
5962:
5892:Intonation (linguistics)
5661:Japanese (agglutinative)
3988:Other Germanic languages
3714:inflections of Old Norse
2993:Derivation (linguistics)
1799:if it is a noun, or its
1565:digo, decir, dije, dicho
1420:, "eye"); and irregular
1348:. Therefore, verbs like
1166:, number, aspect, tense
457:Serial verb construction
7036:Linguistics terminology
7008:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6988:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6980:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6972:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6956:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6944:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6932:Lexicon of Linguistics:
6912:Lexicon of Linguistics:
5882:Agreement (linguistics)
5484:Tibeto-Burman languages
3477:Indo-European languages
3083:Inflectional morphology
2964:
2948:
2930:
2917:
2904:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2833:
2810:Indo-European languages
2792:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2742:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2677:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2612:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2557:
2547:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2458:
2448:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2368:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2332:
2322:
2315:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2276:
2266:
2259:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2224:Strong noun declension
1698:Grammatical conjugation
1652:) and a second aorist (
1379:English irregular verbs
1299:English irregular verbs
951:agglutinative languages
943:polysynthetic languages
395:Honorifics (politeness)
73:more precise citations.
6991:Inflection Phrase (IP)
6927:Polysynthetic Language
6915:Agglutinating Language
6898:polysynthetic language
6862:agglutinative language
6583:Bauer, Laurie (2003).
6535:Bubeník, Vit. (1999).
5832:
5359:tā gěile wǒ yī běn shū
5352:wǒ gěile tā yī běn shū
5280:Most languages in the
4987:Altaic language family
4166:Modern Standard Arabic
3661:Scandinavian languages
3610:Old English declension
3302:baabazu’ 'be washing'
3090:inflectional languages
3038:derivational morphemes
2987:Compared to derivation
2821:head-marking languages
2175:ones, as shown below:
2093:(past participle) and
1637:
1629:
1621:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1564:
1556:
1539:
1531:
1523:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1415:
1407:
992:(as in "call" → "call-
881:derivational morphemes
816:
808:
700:grammatical categories
679:
674:
668:
658:
652:
572:Polypersonal agreement
7031:Linguistic morphology
7011:Lexicalist Hypothesis
6830:morphological process
6818:inflectional category
6676:10.1353/lan.1986.0014
5957:Linguistic relativity
5819:Further information:
5361:) 'He gave me a book'
5354:) 'I gave him a book'
4265:ـــِـي, ـــيَ, ـــنِي
4000:. The case system of
3998:Early New High German
3608:Further information:
3408:Nilo-Saharan language
3319:Oto-Manguean language
3266:ag-basbása 'reading'
3176:partial reduplication
3122:Germanic strong verbs
2512:Weak noun declension
2143:inflectional paradigm
2137:Inflectional paradigm
2128:pronoun + conjugated
1855:possessive determiner
1332:inflection have both
1247:Write, wrote, written
1031:Grammatical category
764:, etc. can be called
642:
208:Genitive construction
6530:on 30 September 2005
6459:Chen, M. Y. (2000).
5912:Marker (linguistics)
5472:‘gone’ (perfective)
5417:and Zhongshan (both
5395:varieties of Chinese
5286:varieties of Chinese
3586:Indo-Aryan languages
3462:In various languages
3315:Tlatepuzco Chinantec
1912:singular and plural
1752:degree of comparison
1213:Degree of comparison
1189:Degree of comparison
1084:independent genitive
980:(as in "dog" → "dog-
803:Indo-European ablaut
742:. The inflection of
650:for 'dog', which is
461:Traditional grammar
429:Syntax relationships
105:Grammatical features
30:For other uses, see
6919:Fusional Morphology
5932:Righthand head rule
5797:auxiliary languages
5791:Auxiliary languages
5503:
5425:) are shown below:
5329:Puellam puer videt.
5326:Puer puellam videt.
5302:isolating languages
5087:(the/a) pretty dog
4955:consonant gradation
4086:has only one overt
3890:
3736:
3729:Norwegian (nynorsk)
3590:grammatical genders
3565:Old Church Slavonic
3423:
3330:
3321:spoken in Southern
3232:ren ren 'everyone'
3187:
3168:total reduplication
3095:inflected languages
2106:Compound verb forms
2086:(bare infinitive),
1024:
965:Examples in English
907:synthetic languages
379:Comparison (degree)
129:Dative construction
6975:Defective Paradigm
6923:Isolating Language
6886:isolating language
6806:inflectional affix
5942:Synthetic language
5862:illa habeva vivite
5860:, "he has lived";
5801:Lingua Franca Nova
5723:, "is made to go")
5501:
5496:Chao tone numerals
5423:Guangdong Province
5371:('I' or 'me') and
5298:analytic languages
5095:(the) pretty dogs
4969:(historical form *
4945:. However, in the
4943:talo-ssa-ni-kin-ko
3888:
3734:
3421:
3328:
3248:ang ang 'reddish'
3216:buku-buku 'books'
3185:
3172:full reduplication
2183:gender and number
1954:in the indicative
1868:possessive pronoun
1082:, pronouns (marks
1022:
694:) is a process of
680:
643:Inflection of the
329:Grammatical aspect
7009:
6989:
6981:
6973:
6957:
6945:
6933:
6913:
6894:
6882:
6874:fusional language
6870:
6858:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6782:SIL International
6730:Stump, Gregory T.
5947:Tense–aspect–mood
5821:Esperanto grammar
5651:
5650:
5476:
5475:
5451:
5450:
5380:Classical Chinese
5099:
5098:
5039:for singular and
4794:regional dialects
4790:
4789:
4161:Arabic (fusional)
4143:Sorbian languages
4052:grammatical cases
4018:Romance languages
3974:
3973:
3886:
3885:
3718:dual number forms
3459:
3458:
3418:) (Hyman, 2016):
3400:
3399:
3306:
3305:
3241:Taiwanese Hokkien
3120:process found in
3067:as one entry and
2977:
2976:
2802:
2801:
2074:
2073:
1948:
1947:
1892:
1891:
1805:if it is a verb.
1404:) and the French
1289:For details, see
1232:
1231:
1172:singular present
887:, are said to be
875:, are said to be
637:
636:
532:Topic and Comment
515:Thematic relation
410:Reflexive pronoun
324:Tense–aspect–mood
284:Associated motion
266:Universal grinder
99:
98:
91:
16:(Redirected from
7043:
7007:
6987:
6979:
6971:
6955:
6943:
6931:
6911:
6892:
6880:
6868:
6856:
6848:
6836:
6824:
6812:
6800:
6788:
6766:
6747:
6725:
6706:
6687:
6655:
6636:
6617:
6598:
6572:
6550:
6531:
6529:
6522:
6502:
6501:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6470:
6464:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6432:
6425:
6419:
6412:
6395:
6394:
6386:
6377:
6376:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6353:
6347:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6313:
6307:
6297:
6291:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6267:
6239:
6233:
6226:
6217:
6216:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6139:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6041:
6035:
6025:
6004:
5973:
5952:Uninflected word
5775:
5773:
5764:
5763:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5739:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5504:
5500:
5458:
5457:
5433:
5432:
5313:Standard Chinese
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5147:
5065:
5064:
5030:language isolate
4947:Finnic languages
4934:some particles.
4907:Uralic languages
4889:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4817:
4816:
4786:
4779:
4778:
4772:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4723:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4707:
4696:
4689:
4688:
4682:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4661:
4660:
4654:
4647:
4646:
4640:
4633:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4604:
4598:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4575:
4561:
4554:
4553:
4547:
4540:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4471:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4450:
4449:
4443:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4350:
4331:
4324:
4323:
4317:
4310:
4309:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4281:
4275:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4251:
4179:
4178:
4123:Slavic languages
4117:Slavic languages
4064:Baltic languages
4058:Baltic languages
4042:verb conjugation
3891:
3887:
3737:
3733:
3682:Grammatical case
3582:Slavic languages
3424:
3420:
3331:
3327:
3225:Standard Chinese
3188:
3184:
3132:, among others);
2970:
2954:
2936:
2923:
2910:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2733:
2723:
2713:
2703:
2693:
2683:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2374:
2365:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2328:
2318:
2306:
2296:
2289:
2279:
2272:
2262:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2178:
2177:
2155:Latin declension
2078:non-finite forms
1965:
1964:
1907:
1906:
1815:
1814:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1567:
1559:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1418:
1410:
1344:with the ending
1261:Sing, sang, sung
1025:
1021:
1015:There are eight
885:Standard Chinese
819:
811:
690:(less commonly,
677:
671:
666:with the number
661:
655:
629:
622:
615:
363:General features
278:Related to verbs
113:Related to nouns
101:
100:
94:
87:
83:
80:
74:
69:this article by
60:inline citations
47:
46:
39:
21:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7016:
7015:
6908:
6785:
6778:
6773:
6763:
6744:
6722:
6703:
6652:
6633:
6614:
6595:
6579:
6577:Further reading
6569:
6547:
6527:
6520:
6510:
6505:
6490:
6486:
6471:
6467:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6435:
6426:
6422:
6413:
6398:
6387:
6380:
6369:
6365:
6354:
6350:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6314:
6310:
6298:
6294:
6285:
6281:
6240:
6236:
6227:
6220:
6205:
6201:
6190:
6186:
6171:
6167:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6107:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6081:
6077:
6042:
6038:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6007:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5878:
5851:
5835:
5823:
5817:
5793:
5778:marked for case
5756:
5741:
5726:
5703:
5688:
5673:
5663:
5480:Taiwanese Hakka
5439:‘I’ (singular)
5310:
5300:(also known as
5278:
5269:
5256:
5222:
5211:
5202:
5192:
5158:
5150:
5092:txakur polit-ak
5023:
4979:
4903:
4877:is replaced by
4268:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4163:
4119:
4100:accusative case
4060:
4014:
3990:
3976:Adjectives and
3708:In comparison,
3663:
3612:
3606:
3469:
3464:
3404:Maasai language
3311:
3161:
3128:often found in
3085:
2995:
2989:
2139:
1700:
1692:Main articles:
1690:
1548:principal parts
1412:(the plural of
1342:past participle
1307:
1283:Child, children
1037:Part of speech
1012:respectively).
967:
949:, are known as
919:Biblical Hebrew
835:bound morphemes
645:Scottish Gaelic
633:
604:
603:
562:
554:
553:
500:
492:
491:
430:
422:
421:
391:(verbal number)
389:Pluractionality
364:
356:
355:
279:
271:
270:
250:
191:Collective noun
173:Construct state
114:
95:
84:
78:
75:
65:Please help to
64:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7049:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7014:
7013:
7005:
6985:
6977:
6969:
6953:
6941:
6929:
6907:
6904:
6903:
6902:
6890:
6878:
6866:
6854:
6846:
6834:
6822:
6810:
6798:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6771:External links
6769:
6768:
6767:
6765:. (pbk); (hb).
6761:
6748:
6742:
6726:
6720:
6707:
6701:
6688:
6656:
6654:. (hb); (pbk).
6650:
6637:
6635:. (hb); (pbk).
6631:
6618:
6616:. (hb); (pbk).
6612:
6599:
6593:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6567:
6551:
6545:
6532:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6484:
6465:
6452:
6443:
6433:
6420:
6414:King, Alan R.
6396:
6378:
6363:
6348:
6332:
6323:
6308:
6292:
6290:. HAL 01099327
6279:
6234:
6218:
6199:
6184:
6165:
6150:
6126:
6100:
6093:
6075:
6036:
6028:Crystal, David
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6005:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5877:
5874:
5872:, "the poor".
5858:ille ha vivite
5850:
5847:
5834:
5831:
5816:
5813:
5792:
5789:
5774:, "is eating")
5662:
5659:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5447:‘we’ (plural)
5445:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5309:
5306:
5277:
5274:
5223:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5159:
5151:
5139:
5138:
5107:local-genitive
5097:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:txakur polit-a
5081:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5022:
5019:
4978:
4975:
4951:Sami languages
4939:talossanikinko
4931:European Union
4902:
4899:
4788:
4787:
4773:
4759:
4745:
4731:
4717:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4683:
4669:
4655:
4641:
4627:
4613:
4599:
4585:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4548:
4534:
4520:
4506:
4492:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4458:
4444:
4430:
4416:
4402:
4388:
4374:
4360:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4337:
4335:same as plural
4332:
4318:
4304:
4290:
4276:
4261:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4162:
4159:
4118:
4115:
4059:
4056:
4013:
4010:
3989:
3986:
3982:Proto-Germanic
3972:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3662:
3659:
3605:
3602:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3295:Pazeh language
3292:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:ag-bása 'read'
3261:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3133:
3111:
3105:
3084:
3081:
2991:Main article:
2988:
2985:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2914:
2911:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2883:
2880:
2870:
2867:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2825:Western Apache
2800:
2799:
2789:
2779:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2356:
2346:
2336:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2290:
2280:
2273:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:auxiliary verb
2110:I have arrived
2072:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1787:
1786:
1755:
1689:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1570:
1545:
1402:English plural
1306:
1303:
1291:English plural
1287:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
966:
963:
831:free morphemes
696:word formation
682:In linguistic
656:for singular,
635:
634:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
584:Empty category
581:
576:
575:
574:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
540:
539:
529:
528:
527:
522:
512:
507:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
459:
454:
449:
448:
447:
442:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
415:Reflexive verb
412:
402:
397:
392:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
257:
256:
251:
249:
248:
243:
238:
234:
227:
222:
221:
220:
215:
205:
200:
195:
194:
193:
188:
183:
175:
170:
169:
168:
158:
157:
156:
151:
146:
141:
139:Quirky subject
136:
131:
121:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
97:
96:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7048:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7012:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6984:
6978:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6901:
6899:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6855:
6853:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6764:
6762:0-521-63566-7
6758:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6743:0-521-78047-0
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6721:0-631-18544-5
6717:
6713:
6708:
6704:
6702:3-89586-861-2
6698:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6670:(1): 56–119.
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6651:0-521-41043-6
6647:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6632:0-312-10101-5
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6613:0-340-76025-7
6609:
6605:
6600:
6596:
6594:0-87840-343-4
6590:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6568:0-521-29653-6
6564:
6560:
6556:
6555:Norman, Jerry
6552:
6548:
6546:3-89586-570-2
6542:
6538:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6456:
6447:
6437:
6430:
6424:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6392:
6385:
6383:
6374:
6367:
6359:
6352:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6327:
6319:
6312:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6289:
6283:
6275:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6225:
6223:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6195:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6154:
6136:
6130:
6114:
6110:
6104:
6096:
6094:9781556196621
6090:
6086:
6079:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5993:postpositions
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5975:More include
5972:
5968:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:Introflection
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5788:
5786:
5785:postpositions
5783:
5779:
5772:
5771:
5762:
5751:
5736:
5721:
5719:
5709:
5698:
5683:
5671:
5670:agglutinative
5667:
5658:
5656:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5284:(such as the
5283:
5273:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5226:
5221:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5003:agglutinative
5000:
4999:Manchu-Tungus
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4959:illative case
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4911:agglutinative
4908:
4898:
4896:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4875:
4874:
4862:
4861:
4849:
4848:
4836:
4835:
4823:
4822:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4681:
4680:
4667:
4666:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4456:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4247:
4240:
4235:Present Tense
4234:
4229:
4224:
4220:Present Tense
4219:
4214:
4209:
4205:Present Tense
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4104:locative case
4101:
4097:
4096:genitive case
4093:
4089:
4088:locative case
4085:
4081:
4080:allative case
4077:
4076:adessive case
4073:
4072:illative case
4069:
4068:inessive case
4065:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3892:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:genitive case
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3553:Ancient Greek
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:Incompletive
3365:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:Reduplicated
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:Reduplication
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3138:, such as of
3137:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:Reduplication
3106:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:In contrast,
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2999:inflectional
2994:
2984:
2982:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2939:'on you all'
2938:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2926:'on you two'
2925:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:(such as the
2807:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2118:I will arrive
2115:
2114:I had arrived
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:Inflecting a
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:Inflecting a
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1528:→ Portuguese
1527:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:English verbs
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:When a given
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:English verbs
1292:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
972:
962:
960:
957:) are called
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:) are called
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
868:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
818:
812:
810:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
676:
672:('two'), and
670:
665:
660:
654:
649:
646:
641:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Incorporation
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
564:
558:
557:
550:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
496:
495:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
432:
426:
425:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
360:
359:
352:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:Evidentiality
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
255:
252:
247:
244:
242:
239:
236:
235:
233:
232:
231:
228:
226:
223:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:Countability
176:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
120:
117:
116:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
93:
90:
82:
72:
68:
62:
61:
55:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6897:
6885:
6873:
6861:
6841:
6829:
6817:
6805:
6793:
6776:SIL articles
6752:
6733:
6711:
6692:
6667:
6663:
6641:
6622:
6603:
6584:
6558:
6536:
6525:the original
6516:
6497:
6493:
6487:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6460:
6455:
6446:
6436:
6428:
6423:
6415:
6390:
6372:
6366:
6357:
6351:
6335:
6326:
6317:
6311:
6300:
6295:
6287:
6282:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6229:
6212:
6208:
6202:
6193:
6187:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6159:
6153:
6141:. Retrieved
6129:
6117:. Retrieved
6112:
6103:
6084:
6078:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6031:
6023:
5989:prepositions
5971:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5843:
5836:
5824:
5794:
5769:
5760:
5717:
5707:
5664:
5655:Shanghainese
5652:
5627:kia or ki ke
5585:ŋia or ŋ̍ ke
5543:ŋa or ŋai ke
5477:
5419:Yue dialects
5402:
5398:
5392:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5358:
5351:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5311:
5301:
5279:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5227:
5224:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5163:
5160:
5155:
5152:
5143:
5140:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5071:(the/a) dog
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5024:
4980:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4915:Proto-Uralic
4904:
4892:
4885:
4872:
4859:
4846:
4833:
4820:
4791:
4782:
4768:
4754:
4740:
4726:
4711:
4692:
4678:
4664:
4650:
4636:
4622:
4608:
4594:
4579:
4557:
4543:
4529:
4515:
4501:
4486:
4467:
4453:
4439:
4425:
4411:
4397:
4383:
4369:
4354:
4334:
4327:
4313:
4299:
4285:
4272:—ī, —ya, —nī
4271:
4255:
4164:
4139:
4135:periphrastic
4120:
4108:
4061:
4046:
4015:
3991:
3975:
3956:
3937:
3918:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3725:definiteness
3722:
3707:
3664:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3613:
3471:Because the
3470:
3401:
3312:
3299:bazu’ 'wash'
3254:Imperfective
3229:ren 'person'
3221:Distribution
3180:derivational
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:and adding -
3014:
3010:
3009:to the root
3006:
2998:
2996:
2978:
2965:
2949:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2887:
2874:
2861:
2818:
2803:
2794:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2435:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2370:
2361:
2351:
2341:
2324:
2302:
2285:
2268:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2151:conjugations
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1951:
1949:
1899:
1895:
1894:The pronoun
1893:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1785:, or number.
1762:
1735:
1734:is known as
1704:word classes
1701:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1562:
1554:
1537:
1536:vs. Spanish
1529:
1521:
1520:vs. Spanish
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1269:(marking by
1266:
1260:
1249:(marking by
1246:
1233:
1080:noun phrases
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
981:
977:
968:
904:
895:
893:
866:
861:
859:
854:
850:
846:
838:
822:
814:
806:
772:
765:
747:
740:definiteness
691:
687:
681:
593:
549:Veridicality
440:Transitivity
384:Egophoricity
198:Definiteness
166:Measure word
154:Instrumental
134:Dative shift
85:
76:
57:
36:
18:Inflectional
6983:Strong Verb
6947:Conjugation
6884:What is an
6860:What is an
6816:What is an
6804:What is an
6481:(1): 53–80.
6265:10125/33040
6215:(1): 27–48.
5985:participles
5981:determiners
5927:Periphrasis
5922:Nominal TAM
5854:Interlingua
5849:Interlingua
5740:fuses into
5687:fuses into
5411:alternation
5407:Tone sandhi
5403:tone sandhi
5399:tone change
5115:Proper Noun
5079:(the) dogs
5011:Azerbaijani
4225:Independent
4210:Independent
4195:Independent
4092:syncretizes
3978:participles
3910:Indefinite
3904:Indefinite
3882:the houses
3841:the wagons
3756:Indefinite
3750:Indefinite
3698:determiners
3615:Old English
3557:Old English
3444:èlʊ́kʊ́nyá
3433:Accusative
3430:Nominative
3350:Completive
3290:Progressive
3281:gohu 'dark'
3213:buku 'book'
3114:Alternation
3057:readability
2981:adpositions
2255:Nominative
2165:Old English
2147:declensions
1979:he, she, it
1933:possessive
1917:nominative
1802:conjugation
1763:conjugating
1638:geschwommen
1426:superlative
1422:comparative
1277:Mouse, mice
1218:superlative
1194:comparative
1109:participles
1100:progressive
749:conjugation
485:Predicative
405:Reciprocity
374:Boundedness
294:Conjugation
261:Specificity
71:introducing
7020:Categories
6951:Declension
6939:Derivation
6935:Inflection
6896:What is a
6872:What is a
6842:derivation
6828:What is a
6794:inflection
6642:Morphology
6623:Morphology
6508:References
6500:(2): 1–15.
6250:(2): 239.
6244:Morphology
6030:. (2008).
5937:Suppletion
5799:, such as
5486:spoken in
5421:spoken in
5290:Vietnamese
5214:gusta-tzen
5209:Coffee-the
5076:txakurr-ak
5051:absolutive
4983:sprachbund
4170:possession
4131:Macedonian
4034:Portuguese
4020:, such as
3876:the house
3835:the wagon
3690:adjectives
3578:word order
3479:, such as
3441:èlʊ̀kʊ̀nyá
3410:spoken in
3272:Inchoative
3209:Indonesian
3102:Affixation
3034:derivation
2973:'on them'
2882:on us two
2829:San Carlos
2608:Accusative
2543:Nominative
2311:Accusative
2188:Masculine
2108:, such as
1941:reflexive
1888:ourselves
1829:nominative
1796:declension
1761:is called
1732:determiner
1694:Declension
1662:suppletion
1561:→ Spanish
1540:anduvieron
1518:Portuguese
1338:past tense
1311:word class
1273:variation)
1267:Foot, feet
1255:participle
1223:adjectives
1199:adjectives
1174:indicative
1170:3rd person
883:, such as
775:affixation
767:declension
758:adjectives
746:is called
688:inflection
684:morphology
678:for plural
599:Markedness
594:Inflection
579:Declension
510:Mirativity
319:Mirativity
225:Noun class
213:Possession
181:Count noun
161:Classifier
149:Comitative
144:Nominative
54:references
6684:144574879
6070:204970487
6056:: 51–73.
6016:Footnotes
6011:Citations
5870:le povres
5827:Esperanto
5815:Esperanto
5454:Zhongshan
5357:他给了我一本书 (
5350:我给了他一本书 (
5317:particles
5161:dizkiegu.
5141:Liburu-ak
5068:txakurr-a
4919:Hungarian
4810:Jordanian
4687:يــــَانِ
4645:يــــُونَ
4524:أَنْتُنَّ
4510:تــــِينَ
4462:تــــَانِ
4434:أَنْتُمَا
4420:تــــُونَ
4184:Singular
4127:Bulgarian
4110:Dual form
4006:Afrikaans
3919:masculine
3913:Definite
3907:Definite
3896:Singular
3800:the cars
3765:masculine
3759:Definite
3753:Definite
3742:Singular
3710:Icelandic
3674:Norwegian
3666:Old Norse
3619:Icelandic
3584:and some
3573:Deflexion
3561:Old Norse
3497:Ukrainian
3455:èndèrónì
3384:Irrealis
3245:ang 'red'
3237:Intensity
3205:Plurality
3001:morphemes
2957:'on him'
2932:da-nohwi-
2845:Singular
2538:'tongue'
2250:'sorrow'
2211:Singular
2205:Singular
2199:Singular
2194:Feminine
2102:to arrive
1952:to arrive
1901:defective
1881:reflexive
1820:singular
1736:declining
1720:adjective
1622:schwimmen
1607:(English
1323:irregular
1315:paradigms
900:agreement
889:isolating
862:invariant
827:bare form
791:circumfix
777:(such as
692:inflexion
567:Agreement
561:Phenomena
499:Semantics
465:Predicate
452:Branching
289:Clusivity
186:Mass noun
79:June 2019
6840:What is
6792:What is
6732:(2001).
6664:Language
6571:. (pbk).
6557:(1988).
6274:40795368
6181:: 39–53.
6143:11 March
6119:11 March
6001:articles
5997:numerals
5977:pronouns
5917:Morpheme
5876:See also
5702:, as in
5682:-serare-
5666:Japanese
5393:Certain
5056:ergative
5046:mugagabe
5044:(called
4995:Mongolic
4971:maja-han
4927:Estonian
4804:Arabic,
4802:Egyptian
4800:Arabic,
4798:Moroccan
4777:تــــْنَ
4763:ـــهُنَّ
4673:ـــهُمَا
4552:تــــْنَ
4538:ـــكُنَّ
4530:ʾantunna
4448:ـــكُمَا
4392:أَنْتُمْ
4232:Pronoun
4227:Pronoun
4217:Pronoun
4212:Pronoun
4202:Pronoun
4197:Pronoun
4038:Romanian
3938:feminine
3873:a house
3832:a wagon
3806:feminine
3794:the car
3702:articles
3686:pronouns
3592:, as in
3569:Sanskrit
3485:Armenian
3481:Albanian
3452:èndérònì
3416:Tanzania
3197:Original
3194:Language
3124:and the
3053:readable
3025:to form
3013:to form
2895:'on us'
2814:Japanese
2673:Genitive
2379:Genitive
2234:'angel'
1993:Present
1960:suffixes
1925:oblique
1464:further,
1394:children
1279:(umlaut)
1263:(ablaut)
1115:-en/-ed
1071:genitive
1062:-'s/'/s
959:fusional
923:Sanskrit
877:analytic
799:apophony
795:transfix
702:such as
544:Volition
505:Contrast
435:Argument
400:Polarity
314:Telicity
304:Modality
237:Singular
7026:Grammar
6660:Nichols
6559:Chinese
6441:London.
5887:Diction
5520:Jingpho
5429:Taishan
5415:Taishan
5341:puellam
5323:Latin:
5308:Chinese
5225:zaidak.
5217:please-
5007:Turkish
4923:Finnish
4821:antunna
4792:Arabic
4631:ـــهُمْ
4440:ʾantumā
4406:ـــكُمْ
4341:Second
4242:Person
4187:Plural
4174:tatweel
4090:but it
4084:Latvian
4026:Italian
4022:Spanish
3992:Modern
3899:Plural
3879:houses
3852:eit hus
3838:wagons
3826:vognene
3811:ei vogn
3770:ein bil
3745:Plural
3670:Swedish
3639:looking
3623:Faroese
3604:English
3598:Marathi
3541:Bengali
3533:Marathi
3521:Spanish
3513:Italian
3509:Kurdish
3505:Persian
3501:Russian
3489:English
3438:'head'
3277:Nukuoro
3259:Ilokano
2913:on you
2888:da-noh-
2851:Plural
2522:'name'
2242:'ship'
2214:Plural
2208:Plural
2202:Plural
2191:Neuter
1885:myself
1842:oblique
1823:plural
1728:article
1716:pronoun
1630:schwamm
1618:German
1583:German
1581:jumped,
1532:andaram
1467:Spanish
1460:farther
1452:euphony
1319:regular
1227:adverbs
1203:adverbs
1135:-ed/-t
1124:perfect
1105:gerunds
1017:regular
947:Finnish
935:Persian
927:English
896:concord
873:English
762:adverbs
736:animacy
525:Patient
480:Adjunct
470:Subject
445:Valency
119:Animacy
67:improve
6759:
6740:
6718:
6699:
6682:
6648:
6629:
6610:
6591:
6565:
6543:
6272:
6091:
6068:
5999:, and
5907:Lexeme
5902:ʾIʿrab
5809:Frater
5807:, and
5782:clitic
5755:as in
5735:-teiru
5697:-sare-
5638:3 Acc
5633:khjiʔ
5624:3 Gen
5610:3 Nom
5596:2 Acc
5582:2 Gen
5568:2 Nom
5554:1 Acc
5540:1 Gen
5526:1 Nom
5510:Sixian
5488:Yunnan
5292:, and
5206:Kafe-a
5058:case.
5026:Basque
4997:, and
4991:Turkic
4925:, and
4895:ʾIʿrāb
4796:(e.g.
4769:—hunna
4721:ـــهَا
4716:"she"
4569:masc.
4566:Third
4544:—kunna
4491:"you"
4481:أَنْتِ
4398:ʾantum
4359:"you"
4349:أَنْتَ
4344:masc.
4308:ـــنَا
4294:نَحْنُ
4245:First
4237:Affix
4230:Suffix
4222:Affix
4215:Suffix
4207:Affix
4200:Suffix
4030:French
3994:German
3957:neuter
3847:neuter
3821:vogner
3791:a car
3785:bilane
3678:Danish
3676:, and
3655:clitic
3631:looked
3627:German
3596:&
3545:Nepali
3543:, and
3525:French
3493:German
3449:'rat'
3427:gloss
3323:Mexico
3140:stress
3126:umlaut
3118:ablaut
3077:jumped
3027:waited
2966:da-bi-
2919:nohwi-
2869:on me
2738:Dative
2530:'eye'
2444:Dative
2169:strong
2122:arrive
1936:whose
1791:lexeme
1783:person
1779:aspect
1748:gender
1740:number
1724:adverb
1670:people
1666:person
1655:ἔλιπον
1644:aorist
1595:machte
1587:machen
1512:comeré
1488:tendré
1430:better
1386:plural
1354:arrive
1297:, and
1271:umlaut
1251:ablaut
1240:umlaut
1236:ablaut
1164:Person
1148:simple
1119:Aspect
1095:Aspect
1051:plural
1046:Number
1028:Affix
971:number
955:German
921:, and
843:number
793:, and
783:suffix
779:prefix
738:, and
728:gender
724:number
720:person
716:aspect
648:lexeme
475:Object
369:Affect
309:Person
246:Plural
230:Number
203:Gender
56:, but
7003:Tense
6680:S2CID
6528:(PDF)
6521:(PDF)
6270:S2CID
6138:(PDF)
6066:S2CID
5963:Notes
5805:Glosa
5795:Some
5750:-teru
5676:〜せられ〜
5647:khji
5619:khji
5549:ŋjeʔ
5515:Zaiwa
5492:Burma
5464:‘go’
5444:ngwoi
5436:ngwoi
5233:ALLOC
5153:saldu
5144:Book-
5015:Uzbek
5001:—are
4967:majja
4929:—all
4886:hunna
4847:antum
4834:hunna
4815:أنتنّ
4755:hunna
4749:هُنَّ
4701:fem.
4693:y—āni
4679:—humā
4659:هُمَا
4651:y—ūna
4589:ـــهُ
4584:"he"
4516:t—īna
4496:ـــكِ
4487:ʾanti
4476:fem.
4468:t—āni
4454:—kumā
4364:ـــكَ
4355:ʾanta
4300:naḥnu
4250:أَنَا
4190:Dual
4074:, an
4070:, an
4048:Latin
4002:Dutch
3951:-ene
3932:-ane
3857:huset
3816:vogna
3797:cars
3780:bilar
3775:bilen
3694:nouns
3635:looks
3594:Czech
3549:Latin
3529:Hindi
3517:Irish
3412:Kenya
3339:1 PL
3336:1 SG
3191:Value
3144:pitch
3130:nouns
3069:books
3045:moods
2848:Dual
2812:, or
2535:tunge
2509:case
2316:engel
2260:engel
2231:engel
2116:, or
2095:arriv
2088:arriv
2081:arriv
2067:arriv
2061:arriv
2055:arriv
2049:arriv
2043:arriv
2037:arriv
2034:Past
2026:arriv
2020:arriv
2014:arriv
2008:arriv
2002:arriv
1996:arriv
1988:they
1969:Tense
1875:ours
1872:mine
1775:voice
1767:tense
1649:ἔλῡσα
1616:swum,
1613:swam,
1552:Latin
1524:andar
1496:comer
1480:tengo
1472:tener
1400:(see
1398:women
1358:enter
1209:-est
1179:verbs
1154:verbs
1139:Tense
1129:verbs
1091:-ing
1076:nouns
1056:nouns
1034:Mark
986:tense
975:affix
931:Dutch
915:Greek
911:Latin
809:ducam
787:infix
754:nouns
744:verbs
712:voice
704:tense
537:Focus
520:Agent
351:Voice
344:Tense
6995:INFL
6967:Root
6963:Stem
6959:Base
6893:SIL:
6881:SIL:
6869:SIL:
6857:SIL:
6849:SIL:
6837:SIL:
6825:SIL:
6813:SIL:
6801:SIL:
6789:SIL:
6757:ISBN
6738:ISBN
6716:ISBN
6697:ISBN
6646:ISBN
6627:ISBN
6608:ISBN
6589:ISBN
6563:ISBN
6541:ISBN
6145:2024
6121:2024
6089:ISBN
5991:and
5770:teru
5768:tabe
5729:〜ている
5718:sare
5691:〜され〜
5605:naŋ
5591:naʔ
5577:naŋ
5563:ŋai
5535:ŋai
5490:and
5337:puer
5294:Thai
5156:sell
5148:.the
5134:ukan
5130:izan
5113:and
5105:and
5028:, a
5013:and
4963:maja
4909:are
4905:The
4851:and
4841:أنتم
4825:and
4806:Gulf
4783:t—na
4735:تـــ
4712:hiya
4706:هِيَ
4665:humā
4637:—hum
4617:هُمْ
4603:يـــ
4580:huwa
4574:هُوَ
4558:t—na
4426:t—ūn
4412:—kum
4378:تـــ
4322:نـــ
4260:"I"
4256:ʾanā
4151:dual
4147:dual
4129:and
4121:All
4102:and
4078:and
4062:The
4016:The
3964:-et
3961:eit
3948:-er
3929:-ar
3926:-en
3923:ein
3867:husa
3700:and
3643:look
3567:and
3537:Urdu
3414:and
3396:húʔ
3379:húʔ
3362:húʔ
3317:(an
3170:(or
3148:tone
3075:and
3073:jump
3065:book
3061:read
3055:and
3023:wait
3015:dogs
2944:3rd
2900:2nd
2875:noh-
2862:shi-
2856:1st
2834:-ká’
2793:tung
2783:tung
2728:tung
2718:tung
2663:tung
2653:tung
2598:tung
2588:tung
2527:ēage
2519:nama
2499:sorg
2489:sorg
2479:scip
2469:scip
2459:engl
2449:engl
2434:sorg
2424:sorg
2414:scip
2404:scip
2394:engl
2384:engl
2369:sorg
2360:sorg
2350:sorg
2340:scip
2333:scip
2323:engl
2301:sorg
2294:sorg
2284:scip
2277:scip
2267:engl
2247:sorg
2239:scip
2220:case
2173:weak
2171:and
2076:The
1956:mood
1920:who
1862:our
1771:mood
1759:verb
1744:case
1712:noun
1696:and
1674:good
1609:swim
1577:jump
1504:como
1492:vs.
1442:well
1438:good
1434:best
1432:and
1424:and
1408:yeux
1396:and
1390:mice
1377:and
1368:and
1366:keep
1362:sing
1356:and
1350:play
1340:and
1330:verb
1225:and
1201:and
1185:-er
1144:past
1078:and
1066:Case
1010:-est
1008:and
1002:-ing
867:must
855:cars
839:cars
823:lead
801:(as
732:mood
708:case
675:coin
664:dual
662:for
339:Mood
241:Dual
124:Case
6999:AGR
6672:doi
6341:doi
6260:hdl
6252:doi
6058:doi
5838:Ido
5833:Ido
5825:In
5744:〜てる
5716:ika
5653:In
5644:jaŋ
5630:jaŋ
5616:jaŋ
5602:naŋ
5588:naŋ
5574:naŋ
5557:ŋai
5529:ŋai
5378:In
5304:).
5253:DAT
5249:1SG
5245:ABS
5241:3SG
5229:AUX
5219:HAB
5189:ERG
5185:1PL
5181:DAT
5177:3PL
5173:ABS
5169:3PL
5165:AUX
5041:-ak
4973:).
4880:هنّ
4873:hum
4860:hum
4828:هنّ
4727:—hā
4623:hum
4595:—hu
4502:—ki
4370:—ka
4314:—nā
3970:-a
3945:-a
3942:ei
3862:hus
3625:or
3600:).
3406:(a
3393:húʔ
3390:húʔ
3387:húʔ
3376:húʔ
3373:húʔ
3370:húʔ
3359:húʔ
3356:húʔ
3353:húʔ
3146:or
3021:to
3011:dog
2950:bi-
2906:ni-
2819:In
2773:ēag
2763:ēag
2753:nam
2743:nam
2730:ena
2710:ena
2708:ēag
2698:ēag
2690:ena
2688:nam
2678:nam
2643:ēag
2633:ēag
2623:nam
2613:nam
2578:ēag
2568:ēag
2558:nam
2548:nam
2141:An
2097:ing
1985:you
1976:you
1896:who
1859:my
1849:us
1846:me
1836:we
1750:or
1730:or
1603:-en
1462:or
1456:far
1444:).
1440:or
1416:œil
1381:.)
1160:-s
1107:or
1042:-s
1006:-er
990:-ed
898:or
847:car
817:-am
797:),
659:chù
7022::
7001:,
6997:,
6993:,
6965:,
6961:,
6949:,
6937:,
6925:,
6921:,
6917:,
6678:.
6668:62
6666:.
6498:19
6496:.
6477:.
6399:^
6381:^
6268:.
6258:.
6248:19
6246:.
6221:^
6211:.
6179:13
6177:.
6111:.
6064:.
6054:61
6052:.
6048:.
5995:,
5987:,
5983:,
5979:,
5866:-s
5803:,
5761:てる
5759:食べ
5720:ru
5708:され
5706:行か
5641:ki
5613:ki
5599:ŋ̍
5571:ŋ̍
5560:ŋo
5546:ŋa
5532:ŋo
5498:.
5469:hy
5461:hy
5405:.
5388:Wú
5384:wǒ
5373:tā
5369:wǒ
5288:,
5146:PL
5037:-a
5009:,
4993:,
4965:→
4921:,
4890:.
4867:هم
4854:هم
4741:t—
4609:y—
4384:t—
4328:n—
4286:ʾ—
4157:.
4098:,
4032:,
4028:,
4024:,
3984:.
3967:-
3731::
3696:,
3692:,
3672:,
3647:'s
3621:,
3563:,
3559:,
3555:,
3551:,
3539:,
3535:,
3531:,
3527:,
3523:,
3519:,
3515:,
3511:,
3507:,
3503:,
3499:,
3495:,
3491:,
3487:,
3483:,
3345:3
3342:2
3142:,
3079:.
3029:.
3019:ed
2983:.
2968:ká
2960:–
2952:ká
2934:ká
2921:ká
2908:ká
2890:ká
2877:ká
2864:ká
2795:um
2785:an
2775:um
2765:an
2755:um
2745:an
2720:an
2700:an
2680:an
2665:an
2655:an
2645:an
2625:an
2615:an
2600:an
2580:an
2560:an
2501:um
2481:um
2461:um
2406:es
2386:es
2325:as
2269:as
2160:-a
2112:,
2104:.
2090:ed
2069:ed
2063:ed
2057:ed
2051:ed
2045:ed
2039:ed
2010:es
1982:we
1958::
1944:–
1833:I
1781:,
1777:,
1773:,
1769:,
1746:,
1742:,
1726:,
1722:,
1718:,
1714:,
1706::
1684:.
1668:→
1658:).
1634:,
1626:→
1611:→
1591:→
1579:→
1544:).
1508:,
1500:→
1484:,
1476:→
1458:→
1392:,
1370:go
1364:,
1352:,
1346:-d
1325:.
1301:.
1293:,
1150:)
1086:)
998:-s
994:ed
978:-s
961:.
933:,
929:,
917:,
913:,
891:.
857:.
851:-s
789:,
785:,
781:,
770:.
760:,
756:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:,
686:,
669:dà
653:cù
6900:?
6888:?
6876:?
6864:?
6844:?
6832:?
6820:?
6808:?
6796:?
6784:.
6746:.
6724:.
6705:.
6686:.
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6597:.
6549:.
6479:5
6393:.
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5765:(
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5747:(
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5732:(
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5694:(
5685:)
5679:(
5251:/
5247:.
5243:/
5239:.
5237:M
5235:/
5231:.
5187:/
5183:.
5179:/
5175:.
5171:/
5167:.
4989:—
4280:أ
3154:.
3007:s
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2827:(
2635:e
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2570:e
2550:a
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2366:/
2362:a
2352:e
2342:u
2303:a
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2083:e
2028:e
2022:e
2016:e
2004:e
1998:e
1973:I
1810:I
1754:.
1646:(
1569:.
1515:,
1257:)
1146:(
982:s
628:e
621:t
614:v
92:)
86:(
81:)
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