572:. The goods traded at this port included glass vessels, and finds of animal bones suggest an active trade in hides. Further evidence of trade comes from finds of imported goods such as quernstones, whetstones, and pottery; and finds of sceattas from the town include Frisian coins. Specialist trades carried on in the town included cloth-making, smithying, and metalworking. It is not known whether Ine took an interest in Hamwic, but some of the goods he favoured, including luxuries, were imported there, and the merchants would probably have needed royal protection. The total population of Hamwic has been estimated at 5,000, and this high population itself implies Ine's involvement, since no-one but the king would have been able to arrange to feed and house such a large group of people.
31:
683:(the contemporary name for Saxon freemen). Any ceorl who fails to fence his share, however, and allows his cattle to stray into someone else's field is to be held liable for any damage caused. This does not mean that the land was held in common: each ceorl had his own strip of land that supported him. It is notable that a king's law is required to settle a relatively minor issue; the laws do not mention the role of local lords in obtaining compliance from the ceorls. It is clear from this and other laws that tenants held the land in tenure from a lord; the king's close involvement indicates that the relationship between lord and tenant was under the king's control.
742:
300:
592:
772:; Ine says that the laws were also made with the advice and instruction of "all my ealdormen, and chief councillors of my people, and also a great assembly of the servants of God". The laws themselves demonstrate Ine's Christian convictions, specifying fines for failing to baptize infants or to tithe. Ine supported the church by patronising religious houses, especially in the new
672:, and Ine's father, King Cenred. Ine was a Christian king, whose intent to encourage Christianity is clear from the laws. The oath of a communicant, for example, is declared to carry more weight than that of a non-Christian; and baptism and religious observance are also addressed. Significant attention is also paid to civil issues—more than in the contemporary Kentish laws.
717:, the obligation to do military service for the king, is set at 120 shillings for a nobleman, and 30 shillings for a ceorl, incidentally revealing that ceorls were required to serve in the army. Scholars have disagreed on the military value of the ceorl, but it is not surprising that all free men would fight, since defeat might have meant slavery.
291:
father, Cenred, for a period: there is weak evidence for joint kingships, and stronger evidence of subkings reigning under a dominant ruler in Wessex, not long before this time. Ine acknowledges his father's help in his code of laws, and there is also a surviving land-grant that indicates Cenred was still reigning in Wessex after Ine's accession.
857:
where they both died; his predecessor, Cædwalla, had also abdicated to go to Rome and was baptized there by the pope. A pilgrimage to Rome was thought to aid one's chance of a welcome in heaven, and according to Bede, many people went to Rome at this time for this reason: "... both noble and simple,
728:
paid for
Britons were half of those paid for Saxons of the same social class, and their oaths also counted for less. The evidence they provide for the incomplete integration of the two populations is supported by research into placename history, the history of religious houses, and local archaeology,
445:
fled to Surrey and Sussex, and Ine invaded Sussex as a result. Three years later Ine invaded again, this time killing
Ealdberht. Sussex had evidently broken away from West Saxon domination some time before this. It has been suggested that Ealdberht was a son of Ine, or a son of Ine's brother Ingild.
290:
to be baptized. According to the West Saxon
Genealogical Regnal List, Ine reigned for 37 years, abdicating in 726. These dates imply that he did not gain the throne until 689, which could indicate an unsettled period between Cædwalla's abdication and Ine's accession. Ine may have ruled alongside his
1539:
The law is chapter 20 in Ine's code, and chapter 28 in
Wihtred's. Ine's version reads "If a man from a distance or a foreigner goes through the wood off the track, and does not shout nor blow a horn, he is to be assumed to be a thief, to be either killed or redeemed." Wihtred's version is "If a man
720:
Another law specified that anyone accused of murder required at least one high-ranking person among his "oath-helpers". An oath-helper would swear an oath on behalf of an accused man, to clear him from the suspicion of the crime. Ine's requirement implies that he did not trust an oath sworn only by
625:
The dates of
Wihtred's and Ine's laws are somewhat uncertain, but there is reason to believe that Wihtred's laws were issued on 6 September 695, while Ine's laws were written in 694 or shortly before. Ine had recently agreed to peaceful terms with Wihtred over compensation for the death of Mul, and
660:
It is possible that we do not have Ine's laws in their original 7th century form. Alfred mentions in the prologue to his laws that he rejected earlier laws which he disliked. He did not specify what laws he omitted, but if they were the ones no longer relevant in his own time, it cannot be assumed
409:
Control of Surrey, which may never have been an independent kingdom, passed between Kent, Mercia, Essex, and Wessex in the years before Ine's reign. Essex also included London, and the diocese of London included Surrey; this appears to have been a source of friction between Ine and the East Saxon
560:
in Wessex, and the first references to the shires they led, occur during Ine's reign. It may have been Ine who divided Wessex into something approximating the modern counties of
Hampshire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, and Dorset, though earlier administrative boundaries might also have influenced
626:
there are indications that the two rulers collaborated to some degree in producing their laws. In addition to the coincidence of timing, there is one clause that appears in almost identical form in both codes. Another sign of collaboration is that
Wihtred's laws use
729:
which indicates that the western part of Wessex was thinly settled by the
Germanic newcomers at the time the laws were issued. It is notable that, although issued by the Saxon king of a Saxon kingdom, the term used in the laws to define Ine's Germanic subjects is
519:. Ine may not have recovered any of the lands north of the Thames that had belonged to the West Saxons under previous kings, but it is known that he controlled the southern bank: a charter dated 687 shows him giving land to the church at
698:. Not all of Wessex used this system, however: it was not used in Devon, for example. The law which mentions a "yard" of land is the first documented mention of that unit. A yard was a unit of land equal to a quarter of a
539:
records that Ine slew one
Cynewulf, of whom nothing else is known, though his name suggests a connection to the Wessex royal line. A quarrel apparently arose in the royal family soon afterwards: in 722, according to the
405:
is referred to in a charter of 692 as a kinsman of Ine (perhaps by marriage). Sussex was still under West Saxon domination in 710, when
Nothhelm is recorded as having campaigned with Ine in the west against Dumnonia.
690:. They show that open-field agriculture was practiced in Wessex in Ine's time, and it is probable that this was also the prevalent agricultural method throughout the English midlands, and as far north and east as
355:. Beyond Sussex lay the kingdom of Kent. Ine's predecessor, Cædwalla, had made himself overlord of most of these southern kingdoms, though he had not been able to prevent Mercian inroads along the upper Thames.
889:, Oswald, and it may be that Mercian support for Æthelheard in the unsettled aftermath of Ine's abdication both helped establish Æthelheard as king and also brought him into the sphere of influence of
434:
of the East Saxons, and the cause of the discord was the East Saxons' sheltering of exiles from the West Saxons. Ine had agreed to peace on the condition that the exiles were expelled. A council at
187:
king outside Kent. They shed much light on the history of Anglo-Saxon society, and reveal Ine's Christian convictions. Trade increased significantly during Ine's reign, with the town of Hamwic (now
818:
Ine has been credited with supporting the establishment of an organized church in Wessex, though it is not clear that this was his initiative. He is also connected with the oldest known West Saxon
410:
and Mercian kings until the province was transferred to the diocese of Winchester in 705. Evidence for Ine's early control of Surrey comes from the introduction to his laws, in which he refers to
885:; it is not known whether Æthelheard was related to Ine, though some later sources state that Æthelheard was Ine's brother-in-law. Æthelheard's succession to the throne was disputed by an
1540:
from a distance or a foreigner goes off the track, and he neither shouts nor blows a horn, he is to be assumed to be a thief, to be either killed or redeemed." See Whitelock,
874:. The Schola Saxonum took its name from the militias of Saxons who served in Rome, but it eventually developed into a hostelry for English visitors to the city. According to
426:. The letter refers to "disputes and discords" that had arisen "between the king of the West Saxons and the rulers of our country". The rulers that Wealdhere refers to are
1351:
John of Worcester was a 12th century chronicler who had access to versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that have not survived to the present day. See Campbell (ed.),
702:; a hide was variable from place to place but could be as much as 120 acres (49 ha). The yard in this sense later became the standard holding of the medieval
661:
that the surviving version of Ine's laws is complete. Ingrid Ivarsen suggests that the laws were originally composed in Latin and translated into Old English.
323:
one hundred years before. The West Saxons had since expanded further down the southwestern peninsula, pushing back the boundary with the British kingdom of
634:. It is possible that Ine and Wihtred issued the law codes as an act of prestige, to re-establish authority after periods of disruption in both kingdoms.
362:, and made further advances in Dumnonia, but the territorial gains Cædwalla had made in Sussex, Surrey and Kent were all lost by the end of Ine's reign.
2279:
637:
Ine's laws survive only because Alfred the Great appended them to his own code of laws. The oldest surviving manuscript, and only complete copy, is in
311:
valley on both sides of the river had long been the territory of the Gewisse, though Cædwalla had lost territory north of the river to the kingdom of
263:(which certainly drew on and adapted an early version of the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List, alongside other sources). Both the Regnal List and
191:) becoming prominent. It was probably during Ine's reign that the West Saxons began to mint coins, though none have been found that bear his name.
382:, who had been killed during a Kentish rebellion in 687. The value of the amount offered to Ine by Wihtred is uncertain; most manuscripts of the
414:, bishop of London, as "my bishop". Ine's subsequent relations with the East Saxons are illuminated by a letter written in 704 or 705 by Bishop
1732:
488:. The "enemies" must be Ine or his people, but the location is unidentified; historians have suggested locations in both Cornwall and Devon.
780:
in 705. Ine had opposed this division, ignoring threats of excommunication from Canterbury, but he agreed to it when Bishop Haedde died.
466:
states that Geraint was killed in this battle. It has traditionally been thought that Ine's advance brought him control of what is now
2217:
733:. This reflects the existence, even at this early date, of a common English identity encompassing all the Germanic peoples of Britain.
583:
was minted during Ine's reign, though no coins bearing his name have been found—sceattas typically gave no hint of the reigning king.
2373:
561:
these borders. It has also been suggested that these counties began as divisions of the kingdom among members of the royal family.
1945:
721:
peasants. It may represent a significant change from an earlier time when a man's kin were expected to support him with oaths.
218:; further back there is less agreement. Ine was born around 670 and his siblings included a brother, Ingild, and two sisters,
2565:
2560:
564:
By about 710, in the middle of Ine's reign, the trading settlement of Hamwic had become established on the west bank of the
2296:
1297:
756:
king, who ruled as a patron and protector of the church. The introduction to his laws names his advisors, among whom are
275:
and to put Cerdic's foundation of the dynasty earlier than their sources claimed, yet nonetheless are often at variance.
254:
2256:
2194:
2172:
2150:
2128:
2109:
2079:
2057:
2021:
1984:
1962:
1923:
965:
638:
815:. This must refer to additional building or re-building since there was already a British monastery at Glastonbury.
2284:
724:
The laws made separate provision for Ine's English and British subjects, favouring the former over the latter; the
653:
in which only Chapters 66 to 76.2 of Ine's laws escaped destruction. A fragment of Ine's laws can also be found in
30:
2580:
492:
645:. Two more partial texts survive. One was originally a complete copy of Ine's laws, part of British Library MS
580:
2575:
2366:
710:. One historian has commented that "the beginnings of a manorial economy are clearly visible in Ine's laws."
223:
2521:
2555:
783:
The first West Saxon nunneries were founded in Ine's reign by Ine's kinswoman, Bugga, the daughter of King
2516:
2511:
1785:
2570:
902:
1408:
438:
was planned to resolve the disputes. By this point Surrey had clearly passed out of West Saxon control.
2382:
2333:
2001:
137:
1293:
741:
2292:
1913:
1515:
1483:
792:
575:
The growth of trade after about 700 was paralleled by an expansion of the area of circulation of the
1736:
1471:
2585:
2506:
2359:
503:
or together with them against an unnamed opponent; the result is not recorded. Woden's Barrow is a
423:
152:, who had expanded West Saxon territory substantially. By the end of Ine's reign, the kingdoms of
1026:
David N. Dumville, 'The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the Chronology of Early Wessex',
565:
231:
2481:
2343:
882:
795:
at some point after she separated from her husband, King Aldfrith of Northumbria. At the bishop
579:, the common coin of the day, to include the upper Thames valley. It is thought that the first
199:
73:
1909:
441:
Bede records that Ine held Sussex in subjection for "several years", but in 722 an exile named
307:
The extent of West Saxon territory at the start of Ine's reign is fairly well known. The upper
1098:
955:
890:
850:
386:
record "thirty thousand", and some specify thirty thousand pounds. If the pounds are equal to
235:
99:
1880:
871:
777:
259:
2471:
2326:
607:
279:
149:
773:
769:
641:
MS 173, which contains both Alfred's and Ine's law codes and the oldest extant text of the
520:
2461:
484:, a 10th century chronicle, records that in 722 the British defeated their enemies at the
8:
2501:
2491:
686:
The laws that deal with straying cattle provide the earliest documentary evidence for an
606:
The earliest Anglo-Saxon law code to survive, which may date from 602 or 603, is that of
524:
455:
194:
Ine abdicated in 726 to go to Rome, leaving, in the words of the contemporary chronicler
431:
271:, and show scholars at pains both to emphasise that all West-Saxon kings descended from
183:
or "laws of Ine"), which he issued in about 694. These laws were the first issued by an
2496:
2466:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2098:
2067:
825:
There is a tradition that Ine was a saint, and was the dedicatee of St Ina's Church in
784:
691:
427:
402:
215:
169:
1854:
Matthew Paris and Anglo-Saxon England: a thirteenth-century vision of the distant past
2486:
2441:
2416:
2252:
2204:
2190:
2168:
2146:
2124:
2105:
2075:
2053:
2036:
2017:
1980:
1958:
1950:
1919:
1014:
961:
875:
833:, Wales. However, a more likely dedicatee for this church is the fifth century Welsh
687:
611:
500:
474:. However, this does not match with subsequent events such as the Battle of Hehil or
463:
415:
316:
267:
were put into their present form in the late ninth century, probably at the court of
250:
164:
were no longer under West Saxon sway; however, Ine maintained control of what is now
157:
282:, but there is some uncertainty about the transition from Cædwalla to Ine. Cædwalla
2531:
2452:
2406:
2225:
1585:
808:
761:
650:
610:, whose reign ended in 616. In the 670s or 680s, a code was issued in the names of
597:
512:
480:
299:
272:
268:
227:
211:
176:
161:
145:
121:
2236:
1809:
2393:
2310:
2138:
2093:
2009:
1972:
800:
746:
654:
619:
508:
485:
375:
371:
320:
242:
tells that Ine was "of the blood royal", by which he means the royal line of the
153:
111:
36:
1694:
The Times of Bede – studies in early English Christian society and its historian
2421:
2229:
863:
859:
664:
The prologue to Ine's laws lists his advisors. Three people are named: bishops
615:
401:, who had been conquered by Cædwalla in 686, in subjugation for a period. King
378:
gave Ine a substantial sum in compensation for the death of Cædwalla's brother
144:
from 689 to 726. At Ine's accession, his kingdom dominated much of what is now
45:
2549:
2273:
2244:
2160:
359:
352:
148:. However, he was unable to retain the territorial gains of his predecessor,
2526:
2100:
Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources
2040:
822:, presiding at one himself and apparently addressing the assembled clerics.
2182:
2089:
1954:
398:
348:
308:
184:
1590:
1573:
812:
699:
676:
646:
569:
471:
379:
336:
188:
1300:. Retrieved 17 July 2007. See under "Event" and "Law-making/legislation"
886:
63:
757:
753:
665:
411:
849:, left his kingdom to "younger men" in order to travel, with his wife
394:—that is, the legal valuation of a man's life, according to his rank.
2351:
2005:
834:
649:
B xi, but that manuscript was largely destroyed in 1731 by a fire at
557:
516:
475:
435:
419:
257:(which may share a common source with the Anglian King-list) and the
165:
2431:
830:
826:
788:
725:
442:
391:
332:
324:
283:
219:
765:
669:
591:
230:
and the subsequent kings of England. Cuthburh was married to King
796:
707:
703:
545:
504:
243:
106:
1849:
548:, which her husband had built earlier in his reign, around 710.
2411:
1309:
A translation of Wealdhere's letter can be found in Whitelock,
496:
344:
340:
312:
141:
984:, London, J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., pp. xxxii, 2, 4, 42, 66
845:
In 726, Ine abdicated, with no obvious heir and, according to
799:'s suggestion in 705, Ine built the church which later became
2272:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
867:
819:
695:
680:
576:
467:
387:
328:
1878:, p. 147. The relationship is recorded in a forged charter:
1574:"King Ine (688–726) and the Writing of English Law in Latin"
630:, a West Saxon term for noble, in place of the Kentish term
335:. On the West Saxons' eastern border was the kingdom of the
1940:
1675:
Yorke, Barbara; 1995; Wessex in the Early Middle Ages, P.72
854:
846:
714:
287:
239:
195:
89:
840:
168:, and consolidated and extended Wessex's territory in the
595:
A page from Corpus Christi College Cambridge MS 173, the
858:
layfolk and clergy, men and women alike." Either Ine or
1052:
For a recent translation of both sources, see Swanton,
602:
which contains the oldest surviving copy of Ine's laws.
1326:, quoted from Leo Sherley-Price's translation, p. 230.
198:, the kingdom to "younger men". He was succeeded by
2072:
Roman Britain and Early England: 55 B.C. – A.D. 871
745:King Ine's commemoration stone set in the floor of
35:King Ine depicted in the Transfiguration Window of
2097:
365:
327:, which was probably roughly equivalent to modern
2143:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1850:"Chapter Three: Matthew Paris and Offa of Mercia"
1720:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1516:The laws of the earliest English kings. pp. 24–61
1484:The laws of the earliest English kings, pp. 18–23
1355:, p. 222. For the chronicle text, see Forester,
1240:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1218:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
2547:
1472:The laws of the earliest English kings, pp. 4–17
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
2249:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
1422:
303:The kingdoms of Britain in the late 7th century
1632:
1630:
1616:
1614:
1508:
1476:
862:is traditionally supposed to have founded the
278:Ine's predecessor on the throne of Wessex was
2367:
1712:
1464:
1289:
1287:
1223:
1210:
1168:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1005:
1003:
957:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy
568:; the site is now part of the modern city of
2209:English Historical Documents v.l. c.500–1042
1946:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1783:
1751:
1440:
1438:
1334:
1332:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1197:
1186:
1184:
1064:
1062:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
478:driving the Britons from Isca (Exeter). The
390:, then this amount is the equal of a king's
210:Early sources agree that Ine was the son of
2288:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1656:
1643:
1627:
1611:
1345:
1316:
2374:
2360:
1764:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1388:
1362:
1284:
1138:
1125:
1093:
1091:
1000:
205:
29:
1918:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1598:
1589:
1435:
1375:
1329:
1245:
1181:
1112:
1075:
1059:
923:
878:, Ine founded the Schola Saxonum in 727.
470:, the new border with Dumnonia being the
2218:"Ine [Ini] (d. in or after 726)"
1725:
1271:
987:
740:
590:
454:In 710, Ine and Nothhelm fought against
298:
2222:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2215:
1718:Lapidge, Michael (ed.), "Cuthburg", in
1699:
1571:
1565:
1547:
1520:
1488:
1451:
1303:
1088:
841:Abdication, succession and life in Rome
249:The genealogy of Ine is known from the
2548:
2381:
2033:The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester
1915:The laws of the earliest English kings
1847:
1828:
1216:Lapidge, Michael (ed.), "Wergild", in
953:
449:
222:and Cwenburg. Ingild is given by the
2355:
315:before Ine's accession. To the west,
2297:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1994:
1298:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
618:. The next kings to issue laws were
246:, the early West Saxon tribal name.
2050:King Arthur:Myth-making and History
1696:(Oxford 2006), pp. 106–34 at p. 119
556:The first mention of the office of
551:
255:West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List
13:
2211:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
1902:
1238:Lapidge, Michael (ed.), "Ine", in
1033:
954:Panton, James (24 February 2011).
866:there, in what is today the Roman
776:, which had been divided from the
544:, Ine's queen Æthelburg destroyed
530:
14:
2597:
2266:
639:Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
234:, and Ine himself was married to
214:, and that Cenred was the son of
2285:Dictionary of National Biography
2145:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
960:. Scarecrow Press. p. 108.
1868:
1841:
1802:
1777:
1678:
1669:
1533:
1401:
736:
366:Kent, Essex, Sussex, and Surrey
1572:Ivarsen, Ingrid (9 May 2022).
1046:
1020:
974:
947:
914:
807:also records that Ine built a
1:
2074:. W.W. Norton & Company.
1897:
1784:Baring-Gould, Sabine (1911).
1578:The English Historical Review
679:might be enclosed by several
319:is known to have reached the
224:Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies
136:, (died in or after 726) was
2566:8th-century English monarchs
2561:7th-century English monarchs
2237:UK public library membership
2048:Higham, Nicholas J. (2002).
1684:Patrick Wormald, "Bede, the
1560:English Historical Documents
1542:English Historical Documents
1528:English Historical Documents
1503:English Historical Documents
1459:English Historical Documents
1311:English Historical Documents
675:One of the laws states that
523:on the Thames and at nearby
358:Ine retained control of the
347:. To the southeast were the
7:
2224:. Oxford University Press.
2167:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1943:(1991). D.H. Farmer (ed.).
1787:Lives of the British Saints
903:House of Wessex family tree
896:
791:, who founded the abbey of
495:in 715, either against the
351:, on the coast east of the
10:
2602:
2185:; Fleming, Andrew (1987).
2121:The Earliest English Kings
1735:. Britania. Archived from
2402:
2389:
2340:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2304:
2216:Wormald, Patrick (2004).
2187:The South West to AD 1000
2035:. London: Henry G. Bohn.
2031:Forester, Thomas (1854).
2016:. London: Penguin Books.
1977:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1409:"Anglo-Saxons.net: S 239"
1099:"Anglo-Saxons.net S 1164"
982:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
881:Ine's successor was King
688:open-field farming system
117:
105:
95:
83:
79:
69:
59:
51:
44:
28:
23:
1881:"Anglo-Saxons.net S 250"
1856:(PhD). Durham University
1848:Reader, Rebecca (1994).
908:
713:The fine for neglecting
424:Archbishop of Canterbury
294:
286:in 688 and departed for
1979:. New York: Routledge.
1692:", in Patrick Wormald,
1688:and the origins of the
1342:, p. 131 & note 75.
1043:, pp. 128–129, 142–143.
1017:'s translation, p. 276.
980:Garmonsway, G. N. ed.,
706:, and was known as the
586:
491:Ine fought a battle at
232:Aldfrith of Northumbria
206:Genealogy and accession
2581:Monarchs who abdicated
2230:10.1093/ref:odnb/14380
1910:Attenborough, F.L. Tr.
1834:Keynes & Lapidge,
1707:Earliest English Kings
1606:Earliest English Kings
1340:Earliest English Kings
1324:Ecclesiastical History
1266:Earliest English Kings
1120:Earliest English Kings
1083:Earliest English Kings
1011:Ecclesiastical History
995:Earliest English Kings
893:, the king of Mercia.
787:, and by Ine's sister
749:
603:
304:
2123:. London: Routledge.
2052:. London: Routledge.
1810:"Saint Ina of Wessex"
1759:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1396:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1205:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1054:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
942:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
805:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
778:diocese of Winchester
744:
643:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
594:
460:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
384:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
374:in 694 when its king
302:
260:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
175:Ine is noted for his
2576:Anglo-Saxon warriors
2119:Kirby, D.P. (1992).
2104:. Penguin Classics.
1381:Todd & Fleming,
920:Wormald, "Ine", 2004
774:diocese of Sherborne
770:Bishop of Winchester
370:Ine made peace with
226:as ancestor of king
2556:West Saxon monarchs
2189:. London: Longman.
2165:Anglo-Saxon England
2068:Hunter Blair, Peter
1957:. London: Penguin.
1814:CatholicSaints.Info
1772:Anglo-Saxon England
1664:Anglo-Saxon England
1651:Anglo-Saxon England
1638:Anglo-Saxon England
1622:Anglo-Saxon England
1591:10.1093/ehr/ceac003
1163:Anglo-Saxon England
1133:Anglo-Saxon England
458:, according to the
456:Geraint of Dumnonia
450:Dumnonia and Mercia
100:Æthelburg of Wessex
2571:8th-century deaths
2383:Monarchs of Wessex
2205:Whitelock, Dorothy
1876:Kings and Kingdoms
1446:Kings and Kingdoms
1279:Kings and Kingdoms
1192:Kings and Kingdoms
1070:Kings and Kingdoms
1041:Kings and Kingdoms
1030:, 4 (1985), 21–66.
870:, or district, of
750:
608:Æthelberht of Kent
604:
581:West Saxon coinage
403:Nothhelm of Sussex
305:
2541:
2540:
2457:
2350:
2349:
2341:Succeeded by
2251:. London: Seaby.
2235:(subscription or
2161:Stenton, Frank M.
1995:Secondary sources
1951:Leo Sherley-Price
1733:"Wells Cathedral"
1015:Leo Sherley-Price
876:Roger of Wendover
464:John of Worcester
339:, which included
317:Ceawlin of Wessex
251:Anglian King-list
170:western peninsula
127:
126:
2593:
2532:Alfred the Great
2455:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2324:Preceded by
2302:
2301:
2289:
2262:
2240:
2233:
2212:
2200:
2178:
2156:
2139:Lapidge, Michael
2134:
2115:
2103:
2094:Lapidge, Michael
2085:
2063:
2044:
2027:
2014:The Anglo-Saxons
2010:Wormald, Patrick
1990:
1973:Swanton, Michael
1968:
1949:. Translated by
1936:
1934:
1932:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1845:
1839:
1836:Alfred the Great
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1816:. 23 August 2009
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1761:, p. 40, note 1.
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1430:The Anglo-Saxons
1428:Campbell (ed.),
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1353:The Anglo-Saxons
1349:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1243:
1236:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1207:, 40–41, note 3.
1201:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1007:
998:
991:
985:
978:
972:
971:
951:
945:
938:
921:
918:
762:Bishop of London
651:Ashburnham House
598:Parker Chronicle
552:Internal affairs
481:Annales Cambriae
343:and what is now
269:Alfred the Great
228:Egbert of Wessex
146:southern England
33:
21:
20:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2586:House of Wessex
2546:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2398:
2394:House of Wessex
2385:
2380:
2346:
2337:
2329:
2314:
2311:House of Wessex
2307:
2277:
2269:
2259:
2243:
2234:
2203:
2197:
2181:
2175:
2159:
2153:
2137:
2131:
2118:
2112:
2088:
2082:
2066:
2060:
2047:
2030:
2024:
2002:Campbell, James
2000:
1997:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1908:
1905:
1903:Primary sources
1900:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1628:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1544:, pp. 364, 366.
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1292:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1246:
1237:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1056:, pp. 2, 40–41.
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1008:
1001:
992:
988:
979:
975:
968:
952:
948:
939:
924:
919:
915:
911:
899:
843:
801:Wells Cathedral
747:Wells Cathedral
739:
657:Burney MS 277.
655:British Library
620:Wihtred of Kent
589:
554:
533:
531:Other conflicts
486:Battle of Hehil
452:
368:
321:Bristol Channel
297:
208:
88:
40:
37:Wells Cathedral
17:
12:
11:
5:
2599:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:(until c. 886)
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2334:King of Wessex
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2319:Regnal titles
2316:
2315:
2308:
2306:Ine of Wessex
2305:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2268:
2267:External links
2265:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2245:Yorke, Barbara
2241:
2213:
2201:
2195:
2179:
2173:
2157:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2116:
2110:
2086:
2080:
2064:
2058:
2045:
2028:
2022:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1969:
1963:
1937:
1924:
1912:, ed. (1922).
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1867:
1840:
1827:
1801:
1776:
1763:
1750:
1739:on 4 July 2013
1724:
1711:
1698:
1677:
1668:
1666:, pp. 316–317.
1655:
1642:
1640:, pp. 312–314.
1626:
1624:, pp. 279–280.
1610:
1597:
1564:
1562:, pp. 364–372.
1546:
1532:
1519:
1514:Attenborough,
1507:
1505:, pp. 327–337.
1487:
1482:Attenborough,
1475:
1470:Attenborough,
1463:
1450:
1448:, pp. 139–140.
1434:
1421:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1344:
1328:
1315:
1302:
1283:
1270:
1244:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1194:, pp. 137–138.
1180:
1167:
1137:
1124:
1111:
1087:
1074:
1058:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1013:, quoted from
999:
986:
973:
966:
946:
922:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
898:
895:
864:Schola Saxonum
860:Offa of Mercia
842:
839:
738:
735:
616:Eadric of Kent
588:
585:
553:
550:
532:
529:
493:Woden's Barrow
451:
448:
367:
364:
296:
293:
207:
204:
181:Ines asetnessa
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
85:
81:
80:
77:
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71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
46:King of Wessex
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
16:King of Wessex
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2587:
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2377:
2372:
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2363:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2274:public domain
2271:
2270:
2260:
2258:1-85264-027-8
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:0-582-49273-4
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:Todd, Malcolm
2180:
2176:
2174:0-19-821716-1
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2152:0-631-22492-0
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2130:0-415-09086-5
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2111:0-14-044409-2
2107:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2090:Keynes, Simon
2087:
2083:
2081:0-393-00361-2
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:0-415-21305-3
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2023:0-14-014395-5
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1986:0-415-92129-5
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1964:0-14-044565-X
1960:
1956:
1953:. Revised by
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1925:9780404565459
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1790:. p. 318
1789:
1788:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1690:Gens Anglorum
1687:
1681:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1587:
1584:(584): 1–46.
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1384:
1383:The Southwest
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1268:, p. 125–126.
1267:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:Roman Britain
1171:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1100:
1094:
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1084:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1042:
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1029:
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996:
990:
983:
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969:
967:9780810874978
963:
959:
958:
950:
943:
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935:
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931:
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917:
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904:
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892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
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802:
798:
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786:
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755:
748:
743:
734:
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718:
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711:
709:
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701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
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644:
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629:
623:
621:
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613:
609:
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584:
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571:
567:
562:
559:
549:
547:
543:
538:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:, now called
506:
502:
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494:
489:
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
447:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:of London to
417:
413:
407:
404:
400:
397:Ine kept the
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
363:
361:
360:Isle of Wight
356:
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353:Isle of Wight
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62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
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2476:
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2283:
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2208:
2186:
2164:
2142:
2120:
2099:
2071:
2049:
2032:
2013:
1976:
1955:R. E. Latham
1944:
1929:. Retrieved
1914:
1884:. Retrieved
1875:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1853:
1843:
1835:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1786:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1737:the original
1727:
1719:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1650:
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1605:
1600:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1559:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1510:
1502:
1478:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1445:
1429:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1294:Eorcenwald 1
1278:
1273:
1265:
1239:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1175:
1170:
1165:, pp. 72–73.
1162:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1082:
1077:
1069:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1010:
994:
989:
981:
976:
956:
949:
944:, pp. 42–43.
941:
916:
880:
844:
824:
817:
804:
782:
751:
737:Christianity
730:
723:
719:
712:
685:
674:
663:
659:
642:
636:
631:
627:
624:
605:
596:
574:
566:river Itchen
563:
555:
541:
536:
535:In 721, the
534:
509:Adam's Grave
490:
479:
459:
453:
440:
408:
399:South Saxons
396:
383:
369:
357:
349:South Saxons
306:
277:
264:
258:
248:
209:
193:
180:
177:code of laws
174:
133:
129:
128:
18:
1820:27 November
1794:27 November
1558:Whitelock,
1526:Whitelock,
1501:Whitelock,
1457:Whitelock,
1370:King Arthur
1072:, p.145–146
813:Glastonbury
677:common land
647:Cotton Otho
570:Southampton
513:Alton Prior
472:river Tamar
337:East Saxons
189:Southampton
185:Anglo-Saxon
60:Predecessor
2550:Categories
2527:Æthelred I
2522:Æthelberht
2482:Æthelheard
2456:(disputed)
2344:Æthelheard
2006:John, Eric
1898:References
1686:Bretwaldas
883:Æthelheard
803:, and the
758:Eorcenwald
752:Ine was a
666:Eorcenwald
412:Eorcenwald
200:Æthelheard
74:Æthelheard
2517:Æthelbald
2512:Æthelwulf
2502:Beorhtric
2492:Sigeberht
2239:required)
1886:15 August
1838:, p. 244.
1770:Stenton,
1757:Swanton,
1722:, p. 133.
1662:Stenton,
1653:, p. 290.
1649:Stenton,
1636:Stenton,
1620:Stenton,
1608:, p. 124.
1530:, p. 361.
1461:, p. 357.
1432:, p. 102.
1394:Swanton,
1385:, p. 273.
1372:, p. 170.
1357:Chronicle
1313:, p. 729.
1242:, p. 251.
1220:, p. 469.
1203:Swanton,
1178:, p. 209.
1161:Stenton,
1131:Stenton,
1122:, p. 120.
1085:, p. 122.
997:, p. 143.
940:Swanton,
891:Æthelbald
851:Æthelburg
835:Saint Ina
754:Christian
726:weregilds
622:and Ine.
612:Hlothhere
558:ealdorman
542:Chronicle
537:Chronicle
521:Streatley
517:Wiltshire
476:Athelstan
436:Brentford
428:Sigeheard
420:Brihtwold
416:Wealdhere
284:abdicated
265:Chronicle
236:Æthelburg
166:Hampshire
87:After 726
70:Successor
2507:Ecgberht
2497:Cynewulf
2472:Cædwalla
2467:Centwine
2447:Seaxburh
2437:Cwichelm
2432:Cynegils
2427:Ceolwulf
2338:688–726
2327:Cædwalla
2247:(1990).
2207:(1968).
2163:(1971).
2141:(1999).
2096:(2004).
2070:(1966).
2041:59447738
2012:(1991).
1975:(1996).
1774:, p. 71.
1743:24 March
1398:, p. 14.
1368:Higham,
1359:, p. 36.
1281:, p. 49.
1135:, p. 29.
897:See also
887:ætheling
831:New Quay
793:Wimborne
789:Cuthburh
785:Centwine
632:eorlcund
525:Basildon
497:Mercians
443:Ealdbert
392:weregild
388:sceattas
333:Cornwall
325:Dumnonia
280:Cædwalla
220:Cuthburh
216:Ceolwald
150:Cædwalla
64:Cædwalla
2487:Cuthred
2462:Æscwine
2442:Cenwalh
2417:Ceawlin
2276::
1874:Yorke,
1709:, p. 2.
1705:Kirby,
1604:Kirby,
1444:Yorke,
1414:19 July
1338:Kirby,
1277:Yorke,
1264:Kirby,
1190:Yorke,
1174:Blair,
1118:Kirby,
1081:Kirby,
1068:Yorke,
1039:Yorke,
1028:Peritia
993:Kirby,
827:Llanina
809:minster
797:Aldhelm
731:Englisc
708:virgate
704:villein
692:Lindsey
546:Taunton
505:tumulus
501:Ceolred
432:Swæfred
376:Wihtred
244:Gewisse
55:689–726
2453:Cenfus
2412:Cynric
2407:Cerdic
2255:
2193:
2171:
2149:
2127:
2108:
2078:
2056:
2039:
2020:
1983:
1961:
1931:13 May
1922:
1860:12 May
1322:Bede,
1104:4 July
1009:Bede,
964:
820:synods
681:ceorls
628:gesith
499:under
422:, the
345:Surrey
341:London
313:Mercia
309:Thames
273:Cerdic
253:, the
212:Cenred
160:, and
158:Sussex
142:Wessex
122:Cenred
118:Father
112:Wessex
96:Spouse
2293:Ine 1
909:Notes
872:Borgo
868:rione
853:, to
829:near
766:Hædde
696:Deira
670:Hædde
577:sceat
511:, at
468:Devon
329:Devon
295:Reign
162:Essex
107:House
52:Reign
2422:Ceol
2253:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2037:OCLC
2018:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1941:Bede
1933:2013
1920:ISBN
1888:2007
1862:2018
1822:2015
1796:2015
1745:2013
1416:2007
1106:2007
962:ISBN
855:Rome
847:Bede
764:and
715:fyrd
700:hide
694:and
668:and
614:and
587:Laws
430:and
372:Kent
331:and
288:Rome
240:Bede
196:Bede
154:Kent
138:King
90:Rome
84:Died
2477:Ine
2295:at
2282:".
2280:Ine
2226:doi
1586:doi
1582:137
1296:at
811:at
380:Mul
140:of
134:Ini
132:or
130:Ine
24:Ine
2552::
2220:.
2092:;
2008:;
2004:;
1852:.
1812:.
1629:^
1613:^
1580:.
1576:.
1549:^
1490:^
1437:^
1331:^
1286:^
1247:^
1225:^
1183:^
1140:^
1090:^
1061:^
1002:^
925:^
837:.
768:,
760:,
527:.
515:,
462:;
238:.
202:.
172:.
156:,
2375:e
2368:t
2361:v
2278:"
2261:.
2232:.
2228::
2199:.
2177:.
2155:.
2133:.
2114:.
2084:.
2062:.
2043:.
2026:.
1989:.
1967:.
1935:.
1890:.
1864:.
1824:.
1798:.
1747:.
1594:.
1588::
1418:.
1108:.
970:.
600:,
179:(
39:.
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