244:
each chute, opening the appropriate gate for each item ordered. Items were dropped from each gate once per second; the mainframe could open the gates for up to ten unique items per second, or 100 varying items every 15 seconds in a best-case scenario. The items were dropped onto conveyor belts in front of the chutes, all of which converged into a larger conveyor belt at appropriate intervals to separate each customer's order on the belt. This belt terminated into a box of fixed size which contained the customer's selection of
Brunswig's products. The case was then dispatched to the customer at the store by truck.
41:
248:
acquired the rights to manufacture and market the machine outside the United States. However, Brunswig encountered increasing road traffic in Los
Angeles in the early 1960s, as a result of customers moving to the outskirts of the city and shopping at more remote stores. The time from order to delivery slowed as result of the road traffic, so Brunswig raised non-automated warehouses closer to the outskirts where their customers were starting to shop. This decentralization reduced the throughput of the central automated warehouse to the point it became a
232:
area for their products, in which sample units of these products were on display. Customers were given a blank card on entering the area, which they would insert into printers housed underneath the products on display, each insertion leading to one virtual "selection" of a product. More than one selection of a product required multiple insertions; customers could cancel any selection by crossing out the item on the card with a pencil.
292:
plates are able to be nudged down by a system of notches on the bottom of each plate. A lifting bar is actuated when a "set pulse" is sent to the unit indicating a character is about to be chosen, while selector blades pivot in one of two directions to fit into the notches of the selected character, so that only the selected character plate is nudged down into view. Walter H. Buchsbaum of
367:
equivalent height. To make the nimo tube more competitive, IEE developed a 6-digit version in
September 1967, with a ten digit version under development in November 1968. Both were made rectangular in shape, compared to the single-digit unit's round profile, and made use of an external deflection yoke allowing each gun to sweep horizontally in order to produce more than one digit.
302:
243:
in the warehouse processed the order data, sorting the transactions by item, updating the records of available stock, and printing advice notes and warnings of low stock to the warehouse managers, if necessary. After the transactions were sorted, the mainframe controlled solenoid gates at the end of
231:
The system comprised a number of chutes loaded with the
Brunswig's items, each of which were packaged in a standardized shape—dubbed "cartridges"—which were loaded manually by the warehouse workers. Retailers carrying Brunswig's items, which in 1957 was numbered to be roughly 2,000, had a dedicated
215:
for evening the lighting—both in a corresponding arrangement to the bulbs. The projected digit is then sent through a projection lens that centers each projected digit onto a frosted glass screen facing the viewer. This display unit was developed in the 1950s. One of the first bulk purchasers was
366:
compared to the Nixie tube and ability to control the anode brightness easily. Disadvantages were complexity of supplying power to the filament and anode—the latter requiring high voltage—and price: quantities of 1 to 9 nimo tubes commanded $ 20 each, more than double the cost of a Nixie tube of
291:
represent a picture element is too small to completely block light passing behind the plate. The permitted light passes through the holes of the plates in front of the selected character plate (in their home position), and the result is a character visible from the front of the display. Specific
247:
IEE finished developing the system for
Brunswig in 1957. It proved successful at first; only one malfunction was reported in the first 18 months, leading to downtime of only 10 minutes. Solartron–John Brown Automation Ltd. of the United Kingdom, who intended to market the system to supermarkets,
282:
of the specific character. The unit's home position puts all plates in a straight line to let light shine through all holes at once. To blank out the screen, the front blanking plate is nudged down by a blade below the plate, the land of the plate obstructing the light passing behind it. When a
277:
The Bina-View works by having plates punched with a checkerboard grid of holes arranged in a stack behind a lightbulb; the plate in the front is a "blanking plate" with its holes of a fixed size, while the plates behind it have holes punched larger where light will shine through to represent a
379:
keyboards and switches, in addition to displays. William E. Hartman ascended to presidency and the role of chief executive in 1985. In 1990, Gumpertz stepped down as president of IEE while remaining chairman; Stanley K. Weissberg of Resdel
Corporation was named the new president.
387:
from 1990 to 1991, leading to a reduction of its 400-strong workforce by half by 1995 and a 10-percent pay cut for its remaining employees during the first four years of the downturn. Starting in 1992, the company eased into the commercial industry, producing video monitors and
350:
of current; IEE sold the power supplies separately. Suggested applications of the tube in 1967 included voltmeters, digital counters, and cockpit readouts. Only tubes with a green (P31) phosphor were available at launch; purchasers could later choose any phosphor they desired.
321:
in two rows of five, each pointed to number-shaped stencils on a mask; when a number is selected, one of the guns fires through the corresponding stencil, onto the phosphor-coated glass screen on the face of the tube. This display, later named the
396:, intended as an alternative to paper librettos in providing subtitles for patrons of operas. These subtitle displays made their debut in March 1995. In June 1995, under an initiative by
411:
The company posted sales of $ 20,000,000 in 2008. Gumpertz remained chairman of IEE until his death at the age of 92 in 2012. He worked two days out of the week in his final years.
797:
211:
principle, in which several miniature lightbulbs arranged in a grid pattern shine one at a time through a black-and-white film etched with digits, along with two sets of
228:
In the mid-1950s
Gumpertz and his company developed the system for an automated pharmacy warehouse for the Brunswig Drug Company of Los Angeles—the first of its kind.
155:, California. Founded by Donald Gumpertz in 1946, the company is best known for its electronic displays, becoming a pioneer in the field under Gumpertz's leadership.
1067:
283:
character is selected, its corresponding plate is nudged down, while all other plates are in their home position and let light through. The land around the holes
404:
gave IEE a $ 250,000 loan to help the company convert to the production of consumer products. In 2002, the company was in the business of fitting active-matrix
1119:
1114:
287:
representing a picture element of the selected character plate interferes with the light behind the plate, while the land around the larger holes that
20:
274:
or higher signal to display a character 3.25 in high by 1.75 in wide, in an assembly 6.75 in long and weighing roughly 2 lb.
1124:
1109:
1017:
375:
IEE's Van Nuys factory employed over 400 people in the 1970s. By the late 1980s, the company was known for producing computer and
812:
1129:
401:
1075:
415:
1000:
786:
235:
When a purchase was completed, the card was given to a cashier, who fed it into an electronic reader connected via a
185:
338:
966:
950:
1134:
983:
419:
328:
332:
as "fairly simple" compared to other CRT-based digital display solutions due to the lack of a need for a
397:
266:
In
January 1961, IEE released the Bina-View, an electronic alphanumeric display unit that accepts any
189:
188:) at 15 in the early 1930s. Before founding IEE, Gumpertz worked as an engineer at and announcer for
298:
called the design ingenious but noted that its complexity rendered user serviceability improbable.
267:
181:
173:
408:
with Clarex DR-IIIC, a light-diffusing acrylic that made the panels suitable for outdoor viewing.
180:
transceiver at the age of 14 and obtaining an unrestricted commercial operator's licence from the
207:
One of IEE's first products to market was an electronic numeric display unit that worked from a
854:
405:
824:
837:
776:
355:
197:
27:
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called it an advancement of their rear-projection displays. The anode required 2 (or 2.5)
313:
In March 1967, IEE introduced another numeric display unit that is in essence a miniature
168:
Industrial
Electronic Engineers was founded in 1946 by Donald Gumpertz (June 22, 1918, in
8:
393:
240:
212:
169:
40:
862:
825:"Industrial Electronics Engineers, Inc., wins US Federal Contract worth $ 1525056.48"
782:
294:
217:
314:
918:. United States Congress, Joint Economic Committee. 1960 – via Google Books.
913:
333:
208:
555:
249:
1054:
1041:
1032:
937:
924:
901:
888:
875:
1103:
866:
389:
384:
376:
363:
176:). Gumpertz had been interested in electronics from a young age, building a
1028:
318:
951:"Digital display unit manufactured by Industrial Electronics Engineers..."
392:
displays. In 1994, the company manufactured back-of-seat displays for the
855:"World Aerospace Database: World Aviation Directory & Buyers Guide"
359:
49:
465:
1011:(8). Hayden Publishing Company: 137 – via the Internet Archive.
323:
306:
261:
177:
531:
193:
152:
91:
1024:. Mactier Publishing Corporation: 18, 20 – via Google Books.
944:(964). CMP Publications: 20, 127, 136, 138 – via ProQuest.
859:
World
Aviation Directory & Aerospace Database. Buyer's Guide
633:
631:
629:
667:
665:
652:
650:
648:
646:
616:
614:
612:
610:
279:
236:
521:
519:
216:
Cohu, a manufacturer of test equipment who used it in their
1033:"Developing the Nimo Display Tube – The Untold Story!"
977:(6). Penton Media: 24, 26 – via the Internet Archive.
626:
583:
201:
848:(7). Endeavor Business Media: 86 – via Gale OneFile.
677:
662:
643:
607:
595:
455:
453:
451:
449:
418:
contract for replacing the Passive Attack Displays of the
967:"British Firm Acquires Rights to U.S. Warehousing System"
543:
516:
994:(2). Penton Media: 127 – via the Internet Archive.
436:
434:
301:
960:(6). Penton Media: 19 – via the Internet Archive.
694:
692:
446:
1092:
912:
740:
571:
565:
537:
129:
1001:"Single-plane digital readouts shine from a tiny CRT"
728:
704:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
431:
876:"Eyes of Met Board Find New Titling Highly Readable"
716:
689:
481:
925:"Firm Gets Aid to End Reliance on Defense Business"
752:
493:
818:on March 9, 2021 – via World Radio History.
21:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1101:
831:. Right Vision Media – via Gale OneFile.
252:for Brunswig and had to be shut down in 1963.
151:) is an American electronics company based in
811:(2). Ziff-Davis: 33–35, 66–67. Archived from
362:. Advantages of the nimo tube were its wider
223:
26:For similarly "IEE"-named organizations, see
1065:
1052:
1039:
1027:
1015:
998:
981:
964:
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549:
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1120:Electronics companies of the United States
414:In 2021, the company won a $ 15.3 million
255:
39:
1115:Electronics companies established in 1946
902:"Mr. G makes an infinite legacy for wife"
795:
601:
1078:on March 2, 2022 – via Legacy.com.
899:
746:
354:The nimo tube directly competed against
300:
922:
852:
835:
822:
758:
734:
698:
440:
1125:Defense companies of the United States
1102:
1042:"Jafra Cosmetics Names Clark as Chief"
935:
886:
873:
796:Buchsbaum, Walter H. (February 1963).
722:
710:
487:
471:
383:IEE was hit hard by downsizing of the
900:McCarthy, Dennis (January 24, 2010).
774:
577:
561:
510:
141:Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc.
34:Industrial Electronic Engineers, Inc.
347:
239:to Brunswig's central warehouse. A
13:
923:Renwick, Lucille (June 17, 1995).
889:"The Met Shows Off Its New Titles"
874:Kozinn, Allan (February 7, 1994).
14:
1146:
1110:1946 establishments in California
1084:
982:Staff writer (January 18, 1961).
869:– via the Internet Archive.
271:
1022:Electronic Equipment Engineering
936:Rostky, George (July 28, 1997).
887:Kozinn, Allan (March 24, 1995).
778:Purchasing and Supply Management
370:
346:for operation but only about 30
343:
339:Electronic Equipment Engineering
163:
149:Industrial Electronics Engineers
1018:"Chasing number 1 with 10 guns"
999:Staff writer (April 12, 1967).
836:Hoffman, Jean (April 4, 2002).
823:Hammock, Cody (April 9, 2021).
305:An animation of a single-digit
1053:Staff writer (June 26, 1990).
1040:Staff writer (July 30, 1985).
1016:Staff writer (November 1968).
1:
1066:Staff writer (May 13, 2012).
906:The Daily News of Los Angeles
767:
1130:Display technology companies
942:Electronic Engineering Times
938:"Gauging the impact of DVMs"
853:Jackman, Frank, ed. (2009).
425:
420:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle
16:American electronics company
7:
882:: C11 – via ProQuest.
838:"LCDs looking good outside"
566:United States Congress 1960
538:United States Congress 1960
172: – April 28, 2012, in
81:; 78 years ago
10:
1151:
1061:: B9 – via ProQuest.
1048:: B5 – via ProQuest.
965:Staff writer (June 1960).
949:Staff writer (June 1959).
908:: A2 – via ProQuest.
895:: C5 – via ProQuest.
781:(5th ed.). Springer.
775:Baily, P. H. (1987).
259:
224:Automatic warehouse system
158:
25:
18:
931:: 3 – via ProQuest.
791:– via Google Books.
124:
114:
106:
98:
75:
67:
59:
47:
38:
184:(the predecessor to the
182:Federal Radio Commission
19:Not to be confused with
984:"Alpha Numeric Readout"
915:New Views on Automation
309:display the numbers 0–9
256:Bina-View and nimo tube
174:Toluca Lake, California
402:Department of Commerce
310:
1135:Van Nuys, Los Angeles
416:Department of Defense
356:Burroughs Corporation
304:
270:input from a 10
1035:– via YouTube.
861:. McGraw-Hill: 381.
147:; sometimes spelled
28:IEE (disambiguation)
1031:(16 October 2020).
326:, was described by
317:. The tube has ten
116:Number of employees
110:Electronic displays
35:
893:The New York Times
880:The New York Times
798:"Digital Readouts"
394:Metropolitan Opera
311:
218:digital voltmeters
170:Oxnard, California
33:
1072:Los Angeles Times
1068:"Donald Gumpertz"
1059:Los Angeles Times
1055:"Regional People"
1046:Los Angeles Times
1005:Electronic Design
988:Electronic Design
929:Los Angeles Times
805:Electronics World
684:Staff writer 1985
672:Staff writer 1990
657:Staff writer 1968
638:Staff writer 1967
621:Staff writer 1968
604:, pp. 66–67.
590:Staff writer 1961
580:, pp. 86–87.
550:Staff writer 1960
526:Staff writer 1960
476:Staff writer 1959
460:Staff writer 2012
329:Electronic Design
295:Electronics World
138:
137:
1142:
1096:
1095:
1093:Official website
1079:
1074:. Archived from
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978:
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919:
909:
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829:US Official News
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315:cathode-ray tube
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268:alphanumeric BCD
213:condenser lenses
134:
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334:deflection yoke
280:picture element
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258:
226:
209:rear-projection
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128:
120:100 (2009)
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102:Donald Gumpertz
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31:
24:
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12:
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5:
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1085:External links
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842:Machine Design
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739:
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713:, p. C11.
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642:
640:, p. 137.
625:
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602:Buchsbaum 1963
594:
592:, p. 127.
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570:
568:, p. 597.
564:, p. 86;
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540:, p. 597.
530:
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492:
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429:
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390:cash registers
385:defense sector
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260:Main article:
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250:white elephant
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749:, p. A2.
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747:McCarthy 2010
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731:
725:, p. C5.
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719:
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686:, p. B5.
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371:Later history
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364:viewing angle
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813:the original
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759:Hammock 2021
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735:Hoffman 2002
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701:, p. 3.
699:Renwick 1995
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441:Jackman 2009
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94:, California
60:Company type
723:Kozinn 1995
711:Kozinn 1994
488:Rostky 1997
472:Rostky 1997
71:Electronics
1104:Categories
1026:Quoted in
971:Automation
954:Automation
768:References
578:Baily 1987
562:Baily 1987
511:Baily 1987
360:Nixie tube
50:Trade name
867:1550-0098
426:Citations
324:nimo tube
307:nimo tube
262:Nimo tube
241:mainframe
220:in 1958.
178:ham radio
198:Berkeley
153:Van Nuys
107:Products
92:Van Nuys
68:Industry
159:History
125:Website
99:Founder
84: (
76:Founded
63:Private
865:
785:
400:, the
130:ieeinc
816:(PDF)
801:(PDF)
237:modem
863:ISSN
783:ISBN
406:LCDs
196:and
132:.com
86:1946
79:1946
358:'s
285:not
202:KRE
200:'s
194:KDB
192:'s
186:FCC
145:IEE
90:in
55:IEE
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691:^
664:^
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348:µA
344:kV
336:.
289:do
272:mw
204:.
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143:(
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30:.
23:.
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