1029:, and resulted in a significant geopolitical shift in the subcontinent. Before the war, the United States and the United Kingdom had been major material allies of both India and Pakistan, as their primary suppliers of military hardware and foreign developmental aid. During and after the conflict, both India and Pakistan felt betrayed by the perceived lack of support by the western powers for their respective positions; those feelings of betrayal were increased with the imposition of an American and British embargo on military aid to the opposing sides. As a consequence, India and Pakistan openly developed closer relationships with the Soviet Union and China, respectively. The perceived negative stance of the western powers during the conflict, and during the 1971 war, has continued to affect relations between the West and the subcontinent. Despite improved relations with the US and Britain since the end of the Cold War, the conflict generated a deep distrust of both countries within the subcontinent which to an extent lingers until now.
2862:. China had also become a foreign patron for Pakistan and had given Pakistan $ 60 million in development assistance in 1965. During the war, China openly supported the Pakistani position. It took advantage of the conflict to issue a strongly worded ultimatum to India condemning its "aggression" in Tibet and hinting at nuclear retaliation by China (China had exploded its first nuclear device the previous year). Despite strong fears of Chinese intervention on the side of Pakistan, the Chinese government ultimately exercised restraint. This was partly due to the logistical difficulties of a direct Chinese military intervention against India and India's improved military strength after its defeat by China in 1962. China had also received strong warnings by the American and Soviet governments against expanding the scope of the conflict by intervening. In the face of this pressure, China backed down, extending the deadline for India to respond to its ultimatum and warning India against attacking
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1971:
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2989:. By the end of the 1960s, the Soviet Union emerged as the biggest supplier of military hardware to India. From 1967 to 1977, 81% of India's arms imports were from the Soviet Union. After the 1965 war, the arms race between India and Pakistan became even more asymmetric and India was outdistancing Pakistan by far. India's defence budget too would increase gradually after the war, in 1966–1967 it would rise to 17% and by 1970–1971 it would rise to 25% of its revenue. According to World Bank data, India's defence expenditure by GDP decreased from 3.871% in 1965 to 3.141% in 1969, then slightly increased to 3.652% in 1971.
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17 percent of its front-line strength, while India's losses amounted to less than 10 percent. The loss rate had begun to even out, and it has been estimated that another three weeks' fighting would have seen the
Pakistani losses rising to 33 percent and India's losses totalling 15 percent. Air superiority was not achieved, and they were unable to prevent IAF fighter bombers and reconnaissance Canberras from flying daylight missions over Pakistan. Thus, 1965 was a stalemate in terms of the air war with neither side able to achieve complete air superiority. After the war, India's Chief of Air Staff
1705:
2799:. During the replacement, a 24-hour pause was observed, enabling the Indian army to regroup in Akhnoor and successfully repel a sluggish assault led by General Yahya Khan. The Indian Chief of Staff of the Western Command said, "The enemy came to our rescue." Then, Akhtar Hussain Malik criticised Ayub Khan for inventing Operation Gibraltar, which ultimately failed, and for denying him command at a crucial point in the conflict. Malik said he would tell the truth about the war and how the army failed, but later decided not to because he was afraid of being banned.
160:
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the post at bay. But at
Maratha Hill (in Munabao) – as the post has now been christened – the Indian company could barely manage to thwart the intense attack for 24 hours. A company of three Guards with 954 heavy mortar battery ordered to reinforce the RAC post at Munabao could never reach. The Pakistani Air Force had strafed the entire area, and also hit a railway train coming from Barmer with reinforcements near Gadra road railway station. On 10 September, Munabao fell into Pakistani hands, and efforts to capture the strategic point did not succeed.
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Pakistan to maintain the existing balance of power in the subcontinent. In 1959, however, Pakistan and the United States had signed an
Agreement of Cooperation under which the United States agreed to take "appropriate action, including the use of armed forces" to assist the Government of Pakistan at its request. By 1965, American and British analysts had recognised the two international groupings, CENTO and SEATO, and Pakistan's continued alliance with the West as being largely meaningless.
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possessed many essential desert survival skills which their opponents and their comrades in the
Pakistan Army did not. Fighting as mainly light infantry, the Hur inflicted many casualties on the Indian forces as they entered Sindh. The Hurs were also employed as skirmishers, harassing the Indians in the Line of Control, a task they often undertook on camels. As the battle wore on, the Hurs and the Desert Force were increasingly used to attack and capture Indian villages inside
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2981:. Despite repeated assurances, the United States did little to prevent extensive use of American arms by Pakistani forces during the conflict, thus irking India. At the same time, the United States and United Kingdom refused to supply India with sophisticated weaponry which further strained the relations between the West and India. These developments led to a significant change in India's foreign policy – India, which had previously championed the cause of
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2152:). The daring attempt turned out to be an "unmitigated disaster". Only 22 commandos returned to Pakistan as planned, 93 were taken prisoner (including one of the Commanders of the operations, Major Khalid Butt), and 20 were killed in encounters with the army, police, or civilians. The reason for the failure of the commando mission is attributed to the failure to provide maps, proper briefings and adequate planning or preparation.
1560:, however, the Pakistani force advanced into the well-positioned and well-camouflaged Indian formation, which led to approximately 97 Pakistani tanks being destroyed, against only 32 Indian tanks lost. The battle was a tremendous success for India and completely halted the Pakistani advance on the Punjab front. The town where the battle was fought came to be known as Patton Nagar, named after the thoroughly destroyed US-made
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1825:, It flew 86 F-86 Sabres, 10 F-104 Star fighters and 20 B-57 Canberra's in a parade soon after the war was over. Thus disproving the IAF's claim of downing 73 PAF fighters, which at the time constituted nearly the entire Pakistani front-line fighter force. Indian sources have pointed out that, despite PAF claims of losing only a squadron of combat craft, Pakistan sought to acquire additional aircraft from
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would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for
Pakistan. Most Pakistanis, schooled in the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to accept the possibility of their country's military defeat by “Hindu India” and were, instead, quick to blame their failure to attain their military aims on what they considered to be the ineptitude of Ayub Khan and his government.
2829:, later stated that it is the Pakistan Army that should be held accountable for initiating the conflict, rather than India. However, propaganda about the war continued in Pakistan, with most of the blame being placed on the leadership and little importance given to intelligence failures. This pattern persisted until the disastrous outcome of the Indo-Pakistani war in 1971.
2866:. Ultimately, Pakistan rejected Chinese offers of military aid, recognising that accepting it would only result in further alienating Pakistan internationally. International opinion considered China's actions to be dangerously reckless and aggressive, and it was soundly rebuked in the world press for its unnecessarily provocative stance during the conflict.
7809:, p. 311: "In a dramatic and emotional speech, Bhutto declared that Pakistan was bound to prevail as justice was with it, but concluded the speech by confirming that Pakistan would give the UN a final chance to resolve the Kashmir issue and would observe the ceasefire call and would 'stop firing' on 0300 hours, 23 September."
1549:. India then launched a counter-offensive. After India breached the Madhupur canal on 11 September, the Khem Karan counter-offensive was halted, affecting Pakistan's strategy substantially. The Pakistani forces engaged with an outnumbered Indian force comprising only the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade commanded by
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strain on its economy. In 1970–71, the expenditure on defence accounted for 32% or 55.66% of the total government expenditure. According to veterans of the war, the war greatly cost
Pakistan economically, politically, and militarily. Nuclear theorist Feroze Khan maintained that the 1965 war was a last
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was criticised by senior
Pakistani officials and military experts, which ultimately led to the conflict. The Tashkent declaration was also criticised in Pakistan, even though few people were aware of the seriousness of the situation at the end of the conflict. Political leaders were also subjected to
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For political reasons, Pakistan claims victory in the 1965 war. In my opinion, the war ended in a kind of stalemate. We were in a position of strength. Had the war continued for a few more days, we would have gained a decisive victory. I advised then prime minister Lal
Bahadur Shastri not to agree to
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managed an upper hand over the combat zones despite being numerically inferior. Although the two countries fought to a standoff, the conflict is seen as a strategic and political defeat for
Pakistan, as it had not succeeded in fomenting an insurrection in Kashmir and was instead forced to shift gears
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One notes an almost geometrical progression in the defense expenditure in both countries between the years 1966 and 1971. In 1966–1967, Pakistan's budget was US $ 473 million, or about 19 percent of government revenue. India's defense expenditure was US$ 1171 million or 17 percent of its budget. By
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leaders accused the central government of not providing adequate security for East
Pakistan during the conflict, even though large sums of money were taken from the east to finance the war for Kashmir. In fact, despite some Pakistan Air Force attacks being launched from bases in East Pakistan during
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India's chief of army staff urged negotiations on the ground that they were running out of ammunition and their number of tanks had become seriously depleted. In fact, the army had used less than 15% of its ammunition compared to Pakistan, which had consumed closer to 80 percent and India had double
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Following the start of the 1965 war, both the United States and Britain took the view that the conflict was largely Pakistan's fault, and suspended all arms shipments to both India and Pakistan. While the United States maintained a neutral stance, the British Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, condemned
2439:
In three weeks, the second Indo-Pak War ended in what appeared to be a draw when the embargo placed by Washington on U.S. ammunition and replacements for both armies forced the cessation of conflict before either side won a clear victory. India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to,
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At the outbreak of war in 1965, Pakistan had about 15 armoured cavalry regiments, each with about 45 tanks in three squadrons. Besides the Patton, there were about 200 M4 Shermans re-armed with 76 mm guns, 150 M24 Chaffee light tank and a few independent squadrons of M36B1 tank destroyers. Most
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The hostilities in the Rajasthan Front commenced on 8 September. Initially, the Pakistan Desert Force and the Hur militia (followers of Pir Pagaro) were placed in a defensive role, a role for which they were well suited as it turned out. The Hurs were familiar with the terrain and the local area and
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Pakistan was surprised by the lack of support from the United States, an ally with whom the country had signed an Agreement of Cooperation. The US turned neutral in the war when it cut off military supplies to Pakistan (and India); an action that the Pakistanis took as a sign of betrayal. After the
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and an ally of the West in its struggle against communism. Well before the conflict began, however, Britain and the United States had suspected Pakistan of joining both alliances out of opportunism to acquire advanced weapons for a war against India. They had therefore limited their military aid to
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A brief, but furious 1965 war with India began with a covert Pakistani thrust across the Kashmiri cease-fire line and ended up with the city of Lahore threatened with encirclement by the Indian Army. Another UN-sponsored cease-fire left borders unchanged, but Pakistan's vulnerability had again been
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India won the war. It held on to the Vale of Kashmir, the prize Pakistan vainly sought. It gained 1,840 km of Pakistani territory: 640 km in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan's portion of the state; 460 km of the Sailkot sector; 380 km far to the south of Sindh; and
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claimed that the IAF was able to achieve air superiority within three days of the Pakistani air strikes. However, according to Kenneth Werrell, the Pakistan Air Force "did well in the conflict and probably had the edge". When hostilities broke out, the Pakistan Air Force with around 100 F-86s faced
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The two air forces were rather equal in the conflict because much of the Indian air force remained farther east to guard against the possibility of China entering the war. According to independent sources, the PAF lost 20 aircraft while the Indians lost 60–75. Pakistan ended the war having depleted
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forced the Indian 15th Division to withdraw to its starting point. Although 3 Jats suffered minimal casualties, the bulk of the damage being taken by ammunition and store vehicles, the higher commanders had no information of 3 Jats' capture of Dograi and misleading information led to the command to
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Careful analysis available in the public domain tends to list IAF losses as sixty-five aircraft to all causes and PAF losses at twenty-five aircraft….Finally, there was agreement that the losses suffered by the IAF were not commensurate with the value gained in terms of the effect on the adversary
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The economic contraction in Pakistan was one of the most significant outcomes of the conflict. Pakistan had experienced impressive economic growth since the early 1960s, but the war ended that. Between 1964 and 1966, Pakistan's defence spending rose from 4.82% to 9.86% of GDP, putting a tremendous
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After the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, the balance of military power had decisively shifted in favor of India. Pakistan had found it difficult to replace the heavy equipment lost during that conflict while her adversary, despite her economic and political problems, had been determinedly building up
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On 8 September 1965, a company of five Maratha Light Infantry was sent to reinforce a Rajasthan Armed Constabulary (RAC) post at Munabao – a strategic hamlet about 250 kilometers from Jodhpur. Their brief was simple. To hold the post and to keep Pakistan's infantry battalions from overrunning
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on 30 June 1965. A tribunal was set to resolve the dispute, the verdict which came later in 1968, saw Pakistan awarded 780 square kilometres (301 square miles) of the Rann of Kutch, as against its original claim of 9,100 km (3,500 sq mi). Pakistan's purpose for this operation was to
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to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. The seventeen-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armoured vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. Hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared
8326:"Defense aid was restricted to the extent that Pakistan would be able to present only a limited defense in the event of communist aggression … Western strategists sought to keep Pakistan … in a position where it did not feel itself powerful enough to initiate a confrontation with India."
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The Pakistani air force, on the other hand, racked up considerable acclaim and esteem among the military and international warfare critics for its defence of Lahore and other crucial parts of the country and its hefty retaliation against India the day afterward. The air force's vigilance was also
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was pressing for a ceasefire, the Indian Prime Minister asked commanding Gen. Chaudhuri if India could possibly win the war, were he to delay accepting the ceasefire. The general replied that most of India's frontline ammunition had been used up, and the Indian Army had suffered considerable tank
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The ceasefire was criticised by many Pakistanis who, relying on fabricated official reports and the controlled Pakistani press, believed that the leadership had surrendered military gains. The protests led to student riots. Pakistan State's reports had suggested that their military was performing
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Conflict resumed again in early 1965, when Pakistani and Indian forces clashed over disputed territory along the border between the two nations. Hostilities intensified that August when the Pakistani army attempted to take Kashmir by force. The attempt to seize the state was unsuccessful, and the
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The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other. Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting
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and the Indian army. Neither side revealed its battle plans to the other. The battle plans, drafted by the Ministry of Defence and General Chaudhari, did not specify a role for the Indian Air Force in the order of battle. This attitude of Gen. Chaudhari was referred to by ACM Lal as the "Supremo
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The thrust against Lahore consisted of the 1st Infantry Division supported by the three tank regiments of the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade; they quickly advanced across the border, reaching the Ichhogil (BRB) Canal by 6 September. The Pakistani Army held the bridges over the canal or blew up
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Internationally, the level of support which Pakistan received was limited at best. Iran and Turkey issued a joint communiqué on 10 September which placed the blame on India, backed the United Nations' appeal for a cease-fire and offered to deploy troops for a UN peacekeeping mission in Kashmir.
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Pakistani soldiers began patrolling in territory controlled by India in January 1965, which was followed by attacks by both countries on each other's posts on 8 April 1965. Initially involving border police from both nations, the disputed area soon witnessed intermittent skirmishes between the
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point that the PAF's superior strategy enabled it to win air superiority by 5 September bears serious consideration. The preemptive air strike over the Indian air fields and the subsequent provocation of the IAF to fight over the heavily defended Pakistani airfields did indeed result in heavy
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Although both sides lost heavily in men and material, and neither gained a decisive military advantage, India had the best of the war. New Delhi achieved its basic goal of thwarting Pakistan's attempt to seize Kashmir by force. Pakistan gained nothing from a conflict which it had instigated.
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The two countries have made contradictory claims of combat losses during the war, and few neutral sources have verified the claims of either country. The PAF claimed it shot down 104 IAF planes and lost 19 of its own, while the IAF claimed it shot down 73 PAF planes and lost 59. According to
1387:. The battle involved the air forces, armoured, infantry divisions and artillery brigades from both sides. The town fell by 11 September. A great amount of Pakistani ammunition was captured from Barki which helped Indian forces after the battle. The Indian artillery stood within the range of
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The Pakistani Army's failures began with the supposition that a generally discontented Kashmiri people would revolt against their Indian rulers, bringing about a swift and decisive victory. The Kashmiri people, on the other hand, remained calm and collected. The Indian Army was given enough
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The war was heading for a stalemate, with both nations holding territory of the other. The Indian army suffered 3,000 battlefield deaths, while Pakistan suffered 3,800. The Indian army was in possession of 1,920 km (740 sq mi) of Pakistani territory and the Pakistan army held
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This time, India's victory was nearly total: India accepted a cease-fire only after it had occupied 740 square miles , though Pakistan had made marginal gains of 210 square miles of territory. Despite the obvious strength of the Indian win, both countries claim to have been victorious.
3103:, the foreign minister of Pakistan. Nonetheless, the failure of Pakistan to attain its military objectives during the conflict resulted in a political liability for Ayub. After the defeat of its Kashmiri ambitions, an increasingly vocal opposition challenged the army's invincibility.
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an enemy with five times as many combat aircraft; the Indians were also equipped with comparatively modern aircraft inventory. Despite this, Werrell credits the PAF as having the advantage of a "decade's experience with the Sabre" and experienced pilots. One Pakistani fighter pilot,
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was undergoing major changes in personnel and equipment. During this period, despite being numerically smaller than the Indian military, Pakistan's armed forces had a qualitative edge in air power and armour over India, which Pakistan sought to use before India completed its defence
2943:
Arjan Singh, the last surviving armed force commander of the conflict, gave his assessment that the war ended in a stalemate, but only due to international pressure for a ceasefire, and that India would have achieved a decisive victory had hostilities continued for a few days more:
2096:, as it is known, is a significant naval operation of the 1965 war contested as a nuisance raid by some. The attack on Dwarka led to questions being asked in India's parliament and subsequent post-war modernisation and expansion of the Indian Navy, with an increase in budget from
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The 1965 Indo-Pak war lasted barely a month. Pakistan made gains in the Rajasthan desert, but its main push against India's Jammu-Srinagar road link was repulsed, and Indian tanks advanced to within a sight of Lahore. Both sides claimed victory, but India had most to celebrate.
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In the brief 1965 war between India and Pakistan, the two air forces were heavily engaged. The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) was able to inflict greater casualties despite being smaller. This owed much to the technical superiority of the PAF's F-86 Sabres over the IAF's Hunters and
1341:. Kargil town was in Indian hands, but Pakistan occupied high ground overlooking Kargil and Srinagar-Leh road. However, after the launch of a massive anti-infiltration operation by the Indian army, the Pakistani infiltrators were forced out of that area in the month of August.
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The United States and the United Kingdom have been the principal suppliers of military matériel to India and Pakistan since 1947. Both India and Pakistan were Commonwealth republics. While India had pursued a policy of nominal non-alignment, Pakistan was a member of both
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There have been several neutral assessments of the losses incurred by both India and Pakistan during the war. Most of these assessments agree that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared. Some neutral assessments are mentioned below —
3970:"Losses were relatively heavy—on the Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800 troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting would only have led to further losses and ultimate defeat for Pakistan."
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yielded little support from its members. Support given by Indonesia to Pakistan was seen as a major Indian diplomatic failure, as Indonesia had been among the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement along with India. Despite its close relations with India, the
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The Pakistani Army didn't know that Indian leaders wanted to attack the southern part of the country to start a new war. Pakistan had to send troops to the southern part of the country to protect Sialkot and Lahore instead of using them to help get to Kashmir.
2037:, was also equipped with Centurions. Despite the qualitative and numerical superiority of Pakistani armour, Pakistan was outfought on the battlefield by India, which made progress into the Lahore-Sialkot sector, whilst halting Pakistan's counteroffensive on
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above 40,000 feet (12.19 km)," rather than engage in dogfights with agile fighters at low altitudes, it was "unsuited to the tactical environment of the region". In combat the Starfighter was not as effective as the IAF's far more agile, albeit much slower,
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1333:. India then decided to open up the theatre of attack into Pakistani Punjab and forced the Pakistani army to relocate troops engaged in the Chumb operation to defend Punjab. Operation Grand Slam therefore failed, as the Pakistan Army was unable to capture
2855:
Pakistan received support from Indonesia, Iran, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia in the form of six naval vessels, jet fuel, guns, and ammunition and financial support, respectively. Pakistan didn't gain meaningful support at an international level.</ref>
7797:: "After his meetings, made an appeal for an unconditional and immediate ceasefire to be effect as of September 14. India immediately accepted the proposal, but not Pakistan, which having gambled, now wanted to take something away from the table."
2405:
The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time the United Nations intervened on September 22, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.
2567:, which noted that its previous two resolutions went "unheeded" and now "demanded" an unconditional ceasefire from both nations within 48 hours. India immediately accepted, while Pakistan accepted it on 23 September, with some notable dramatics.
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Pakistan's attempt to capture Ahnoor, a town north-east of Jammu and a key region for communications between Kashmir and the rest of India, was a failure. Many Pakistani commentators said that the Ayub Khan administration was indecisive during
7938:"The Pakistani people were told by the state that they had been victims of aggression and that the aggression had been repelled thanks to God. … official propaganda convinced the people of Pakistan that their military had won the war.”
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As a consequence, India focussed on enhancing communication and coordination within and among the tri-services of the Indian Armed Forces. Partly as a result of the inefficient information gathering preceding the war, India established the
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1762:, as he lacked the fuel to return to his base, and was captured by the Pakistan Army. According to the pilot, he got separated from his formation due to a malfunctioning compass and radio. This Gnat is displayed as a war trophy in the
4534:"The legacy of the Johnson arms cut-off remains alive today. Indians simply do not believe that America will be there when India needs military help … the legacy of the U.S. “betrayal” still haunts U.S.-Pakistan relations today."
4280:"… the war itself was a disaster for Pakistan, from the first failed attempts by Pakistani troops to precipitate an insurgency in Kashmir to the appearance of Indian artillery within range of Lahore International Airport."
2690:, reportedly exposed Pakistani fabrications about the war, but all copies of the book were bought by the Pakistan Army to prevent circulation because the topic was "too sensitive". The book was published with the revised title
2570:
India and Pakistan accused each other of ceasefire violations; India charged Pakistan with 585 violations in 34 days, while Pakistan countered with accusations of 450 incidents by India. In addition to the expected exchange of
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While the overall performance of the Indian military was praised, military leaders were criticised for their failure to effectively deploy India's superior armed forces to achieve a decisive victory over Pakistan. In his book
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losses. It was determined later that only 14% of India's frontline ammunition had been fired, and India held twice the number of tanks as Pakistan. By this time, the Pakistani Army had used close to 80% of its ammunition.
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or paratroopers. Meanwhile, in Pakistan, rumours spread that India had retaliated with its own covert operations, sending commandos deep into Pakistan territory, but these rumours were later determined to be unfounded.
1513:. The Indian offensive was repulsed and stopped successfully. Pakistan claimed that Indians lost 120 tanks at Chawinda. compared to 44 of its own But later, Indian official sources confirmed India lost only 29 tanks at
1272:, which would sever communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops. Ayub Khan calculated that "Hindu morale would not stand more than a couple of hard blows at the right time and place" although by this time
4054:
Quote: India, however, was in a position to inflict grave damage to, if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's
2486:
India's strategic aims were modest – it aimed to deny the Pakistani Army victory, although it ended up in possession of 720 square miles of Pakistani territory for the loss of just 220 square miles of its own.
1382:
under the command of Maj Gen Har Kishan Sibal attempted an offensive on canal on 6 September. The forces advanced through Khalra-Barki- Lahore road and reached Barki by 7 September. The forces engaged heavily at the
2067:) or the Indian 1st Armoured Division at Chawinda. In contrast, both proved adept with smaller forces in a defensive role, such as India's 2nd Armoured Brigade at Asal Uttar and Pakistan's 25th Cavalry at Chawinda.
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4733:…and the balance of military capabilities: India was in the early stages of a military buildup against China, which prompted Pakistani military decision-makers to exploit what they saw as a window of opportunity.
3090:
Furthermore, Pakistan had lost more ground than it had gained during the conflict, and, perhaps even more crucial, it had failed to secure Kashmir. Many people consider this outcome to be a setback for Pakistan.
4754:
2918:, was hailed as a national hero in India. However, India failed to achieve its objective of military deterrence and did not capitalise on its advantageous military situation before the ceasefire was declared.
1353:
on the Western front on 6 September. President Ayub Khan, on the same day, declared a state of emergency through radio broadcast proclaiming that Pakistan was in a state of war with India. On 6 September, the
1190:. Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success, capturing three important mountain positions after a prolonged artillery barrage. By the end of August, Pakistan had made progress in areas such as
1337:; it became one of the turning points in the war, when India decided to relieve pressure on its troops in Kashmir by attacking Pakistan further south. In the valley, another area of strategic importance was
1176:. Indian forces, tipped off by the local populace, captured several Pakistani soldiers who revealed that Pakistan was attempting to ignite the resistance movement employing a covert infiltration, code-named
1469:. They first engaged in the town of Phillora. Failure on the Pakistani side to cause damage to the Indian advance forced the 6th Armoured Division to retreat to the town of Chawinda on 11 September and the
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3131:: "to go slow, not to push India hard, and avoid a fight over Kashmir, 'for at least, 20–30 years, until you have developed your economy and consolidated your national power'." General Majid maintained in
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2420:
The superior Indian forces, however, won a decisive victory and the army could have even marched on into Pakistani territory had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts.
1520:
Towards the end of the Sialkot offensive, the Pakistani Armoured arsenal was left heavily damaged with more than 200 tanks destroyed and 36 captured which was very heavy compared to the Indian damages.
9147:
The Martial Races Theory had firm adherents in Pakistan and this factor played a major role in the under-estimation of the Indian Army by Pakistani soldiers as well as civilian decision makers in 1965.
6053:
3915:
The superior Indian forces, however, won a decisive victory and the army could have even marched on into Pakistani territory had external pressure not forced both combatants to cease their war efforts.
2930:
said that though Pakistan "lost heavily" during the 1965 war, India's hasty decision to call for negotiations prevented further considerable damage to the Pakistan Armed Forces. He elaborates —
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criticism. Ayub Khan had espoused high expectations among the Pakistani populace regarding the superiority, if not invincibility, of its armed forces, in accordance with the guidance of
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550 km (210 sq mi) of Indian territory. The territory occupied by India was mainly in the fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir sectors, while Pakistani ground gains were primarily in
8653:
6608:
4249:
The conflict was short, but nasty. After seventeen days, both sides accepted a UN Security Council call for a cease-fire. Although the two militaries fought to a standoff, India won by not losing.
3071:
The 1965 war with India proved that Pakistan could neither break the formidable Indian defenses in an intense violent military campaign fashion nor could she sustain an all-out conflict for long.
3063:
Most people agree that the idea of a mobile, hard-hitting Pakistan Army was badly hurt during the war because important breakthroughs were not made. The military's ill-founded belief that their "
8788:
1701:
The PAF's aircraft were largely of American origin, whereas the IAF flew an assortment of British and Soviet airplanes. However, the PAF's American aircraft were superior to those of the IAF's.
6015:
1302:. India's Army Headquarters was taken by surprise. Attacking with an overwhelming ratio of troops and technically superior tanks, Pakistan made gains against Indian forces under the command of
9607:
2694:, published by Services Book Club, a part of the Pakistan military and printed by Oxford University Press, Karachi. A few copies of the book have survived. A version was published in India as
9588:
1416:
was the first Indian unit to cross the Icchogil canal and capture it alongside Dograi. The same day, a counteroffensive consisting of an armoured division and infantry division supported by
8437:"Mao had decided that China would intervene under two conditions—that India attacked East Pakistan, and that Pakistan requested Chinese intervention. In the end, neither of them obtained."
8024:
1912:. At the beginning of the war, the Pakistani Army had both a numerical advantage in tanks, and better equipment overall. Pakistani armour was largely American-made; it consisted mainly of
3060:, and begins with the Indian counter-offensive on the Lahore front. The Pakistan Army is claimed to have put up a "valiant defense of the motherland" and forced the attack in its tracks.
2895:
Despite the declaration of a ceasefire, India was perceived by many as the victor due to its success in halting the Pakistan-backed insurgency in Kashmir. In its October 1965 issue, the
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most critical, 360 km on the Lahore front. Pakistan took 540 km of Indian territory: 490 km in the Chhamb sector and 50 km around Khem Karan.
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influenced by the fact that some pilots were frantically re-enlisted six times in a single hour when they detected Indian air raids. In Pakistan, the air force and army are honored on
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India and Pakistan make widely divergent claims about the damage they inflicted on each other and the amount of damage suffered by them. The following summarises each nation's claims.
1963:
light tanks. Pakistan fielded a more significant number and more modern artillery; its guns out-ranged those of the Indian artillery, according to Pakistan's Major General T.H. Malik.
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The myth of ‘victory’ was created after the war had ended, to counter Indian claims of victory on the one hand and to shield the Ayub regime and the army from criticism on the other.
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Neither the Indian nor Pakistani Army showed any great facility in the use of armoured formations in offensive operations, whether the Pakistani 1st Armoured Division at Asal Uttar (
7746:, pp. 303–304: "There was now a deadline for Pakistan, 0700 hours GMT, 22 September, to either accept or reject this resolution, barely 48 hours for Ayub to decide what to do…"
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On 6 and 7 August, Indian forces engaged in skirmishes with several columns of Pakistani soldiers, who tried to cut communication lines and mix with the locals during celebrations.
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1428:, CO of the 3 Jats. Dograi was eventually recaptured by the three Jats on 21 September, for the second time but after a much harder battle due to Pakistani reinforcements, in the
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the war, India did not retaliate in that sector, although East Pakistan was defended only by an understrengthed infantry division (14th Division), sixteen planes and no tanks.
2722:
Indian military intelligence gave no warning of the impending Pakistan invasion. The Indian Army failed to recognise the presence of heavy Pakistani artillery and armaments in
4816:
2814:, have consistently commented that the Pakistan Army had "acquired an exaggerated view of the weakness of both India and the Indian military … the 1965 war was a shock."
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1970–1971, Pakistan's military budget had grown to 32 percent of its revenue, that is US$ 625 million. India's defense budget had increased by 25 percent to US$ 1466 million.
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Quote: The invading Indian forces outfought their Pakistani counterparts and halted their attack on the outskirts of Lahore, Pakistan's second-largest city. By the time the
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was critical of the disparity in military resources deployed in East and West Pakistan, calling for greater autonomy for East Pakistan, an action that ultimately led to the
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4904:"Pakistan Boundaries – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"
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Working paper, Issue 192, Australian National University. Strategic and Defense Studies Center, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1989,
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to cut Indian supply lines but after a meeting with CAOS Chaudhari, the area was not reinforced. Instead, XV Corps under Lt Gen Katoch was tasked with securing Nowshera.
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Remembering Our Warriors Brig (Retd) Shamim Yasin Manto S.I.(M), S.Bt, Q&A session: ("How would you assess the failures and successes of the SSG in the 1965 War?")
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1141:. Pakistan believed that the population of Kashmir was generally discontented with Indian rule, and that a resistance movement could be ignited by a few infiltrating
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that the "sane, philosophical and political critical thinking" was missing in Pakistan, and that the country had lost extensive human resources by fighting the war.
1022:. India also failed to achieve its objective of military deterrence and did not capitalise on its advantageous military situation before the ceasefire was declared.
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successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities. Both countries signed an agreement to settle the disputed border through international arbitration by the
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in the United States might have encouraged Pakistan. The exercise concluded that Pakistan would prevail in the event of a conflict with India. Other authors like
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dressed as Kashmiri locals headed for various areas within Kashmir. These infiltrators carried out intelligence collection with the help of locals in cities like
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The army officers of that period were convinced that they were a martial race and the Hindus of Indian Army were cowards. This myth was largely disproved in 1965
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3067:" of soldiers could defeat "Hindu India" in the conflict was criticised by several Pakistani writers. Rasul Bux Rais, a Pakistani political analyst wrote –
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Commander of the Western army, Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh had suggested after the capture of Haji Pir, that Pakistani forces would carry out a major offensive in the
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1939:
tanks; some were up-gunned with the French high velocity CN 75 50 guns and could hold their own, whilst some older models were still equipped with the inferior
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fighter. Yet it zoomed into an ongoing dogfight between Sabres and Gnats, at supersonic speed, successfully broke off the fight and caused the Gnats to egress.
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Again, India appeared, logistically at least, to be in a superior position, but neither side was able to mobilize enough strength to gain a decisive victory.
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if not capture, Pakistan's capital of the Punjab when the cease-fire was called, and controlled Kashmir's strategic Uri-Poonch bulge, much to Ayub's chagrin.
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2104:. Indian sources claim that it was not their intention to get into a naval conflict with Pakistan, and wished to restrict the war to a land-based conflict.
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2787:". The critics contend that the mission was unsuccessful due to Ayub Khan's awareness of the significance of Akhnoor to India, referring to it as India's '
1612:. Pakistan claims that it held 1,600 km (620 sq mi) of Indian territory, while losing 1,200 km (450 sq mi) of its territory.
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used significant diplomatic tools to prevent any further escalation in the conflict between the two South Asian nations. The Soviet Union, led by Premier
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China's repeated threats to intervene in the conflict supporting Pakistan increased pressure on the government to take an immediate decision to develop
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Since before the war, the People's Republic of China had been a major military associate of Pakistan and a military opponent of India, with whom it had
1053:. The issue first arose in 1956, which ended with India regaining control over the disputed area. In the 1960s Pakistan received 700 million dollars of
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1967:
of these regiments served in Pakistan's two armoured divisions, the 1st and 6th Armoured divisions – the latter being in the process of formation.
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from the United States, by signing a defence agreement in 1954, which significantly modernised Pakistan's military equipment. After the defeat in 1962
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2791:', and his reluctance to invade it and initiate a conflict. Although progress was made in Akhnoor, General Ayub Khan relieved the commanding officer,
2774:: “Continuing propaganda regarding achievements of PAK forces seems to have convinced most that only PAK forbearance saved the Indians from disaster.”
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http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft0489n6j7&chunk.id=d0e4022&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e4019&brand=eschol&query=martial%20arts#
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Despite failing to sabotage the airfields, Pakistan sources claim that the commando mission affected some planned Indian operations. As the Indian
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on 11 January 1966. As a consequence, the public outcry in India against the peace declaration transformed into a wave of sympathy for the ruling
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On 8 September, the Pakistani 1st Armoured Division and 11 Infantry Division under the command of Maj Gen Nasir Khan pushed an offensive towards
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After the war, a significant number of Pakistanis regarded their military performance to be positive. In Pakistan, 6 September is celebrated as
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India held 1,840 km (710 sq mi) of Pakistani territory and Pakistan held 540 km (210 sq mi) of Indian territory
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was the fastest fighter operating in the subcontinent at that time and was often referred to as "the pride of the PAF". However, according to
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2033:, the two first named being equipped with Centurions. There was also the 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade, one of whose three regiments, the
1777:, and later tested and evaluated its flight performance, presumed that Gnat was no "Sabre Slayer" when it came to dog fighting. Three Indian
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Air Chief Marshal (retd.) P.C. Lal, who was the Vice Chief of Air Staff during the conflict, points to the lack of coordination between the
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Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and other politicians visit Shauryanjali, a commemorative exhibition on the 1965 war, 17 September 2015
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A declassified US State Department letter that confirms the existence of hundreds of "infiltrators" in the Indian-administered part of the
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The army “misled the nation with a big lie” – that India rather than Pakistan provoked the war – and that Pakistan won a “great victory”.
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128 Indian tanks, 152 Pakistani tanks captured, 150 Pakistani tanks destroyed. Officially, 471 Pakistani tanks destroyed and 38 captured
102:
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Army: 169 commissioned officers (1 brigadier, 9 lieutenant-colonels, 30 majors, 39 captains, 11 lieutenants, 79 second lieutenants), 80
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every year to commemorate 6 September 1965 to pay tribute to the soldiers killed in the war. However, Pakistani journalists, including
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And since the “lie” was never rectified, the Pakistani “army came to believe its fiction, (and) has continued to fight unwanted wars,”
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Pakistan had been seeking urgent help from Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Turkey and China, for additional aircraft within 10 days of the war.
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2242:. In addition, Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and three Indian civilian aircraft shot down.
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of the Pakistan Navy commanded by Commodore S.M. Anwar, carried out a bombardment of the Indian Navy's radar station coastal town of
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and his wife. The Pakistan Air Force had fought well in countering the much larger Indian Air Force and supported the ground forces.
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The Pakistani government was accused of spreading misinformation about the consequences of the war among its citizens. In his book
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The Indian Army of the time possessed 17 cavalry regiments, and in the 1950s had begun modernising them by the acquisition of 164
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in 1992, was a long-suppressed document that revealed other miscalculations. According to the document, on 22 September when the
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was diverted to hunt for paratroopers, the Pakistan Air Force found the road filled with transport, and destroyed many vehicles.
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The transfer of American arms under these two pacts included… Patton… Star fighter…Sabre…Canberra…estimated about $ 700 million.
1738:, the F-104 did not deserve this reputation. Being "a high-level interceptor designed to neutralise Soviet strategic bombers at
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For bravery, the following soldiers were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries, the Indian award
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in 1966 by the Government of India for his role in the 1965 war, becoming the first Indian Army officer to receive the award.
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The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare Edited by Chris Bishop (amber publishing 1997, republished 2004 pages 384–387
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3115:, began to deteriorate from the point the war started, while on the other hand, the alliance with China saw improvements.
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India's Quest for Security: defense policies, 1947–1965 By Lorne John Kavic, 1967, University of California Press, pp 190
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was able to defend itself against the Indian army. The performance of the Pakistani Air Force was particularly praised.
2646:, the agreement was criticised because it did not contain a no-war pact or any renunciation of guerrilla warfare across
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and artillery fire, India reported that Pakistan used the ceasefire to capture the Indian village of Chananwalla in the
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in Korea and was distributed to friendly nations including France, where it was used in Indo-China (Vietnam), Pakistan.
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India for aggression after its army advanced towards Lahore; his statement was met with a furious rebuttal from India.
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Syndrome", a patronising attitude sometimes held by the Indian army towards the other branches of the Indian Military.
2706:
Strategic miscalculations by both India and Pakistan ensured that the war ended in a stalemate. In part, this inspired
2070:
The Centurion battle tank, with its 105 mm gun and heavy armour, performed better than the overly complex Patton.
1636:
1494:
1186:
Indian Army crossed the cease fire line on 15 August and captured several previously infiltrated peaks overlooking the
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assess the response of the Indian government and military and to draw Indian armour southward to Kutch, away from the
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to snatch Kashmir by military force, and Pakistan's own position in the international community, especially with the
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war, Pakistan would increasingly look towards China as a major source of military hardware and political support.
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was shot down on 16 December, killing one Pakistani army captain; on 2 February 1967, an AOP was shot down by IAF
1652:
engaging in combat for the first time since independence. Although the two forces had previously faced off in the
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border of India and Pakistan. The General's entourage itself was ambushed, and he was forced to flee his vehicle.
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2914:, the outcome of the 1965 war was viewed as a "politico-strategic" victory for India. The Indian prime minister,
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7227:"Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 27 November 1965. pp. 624–626.
7216:"Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 13 November 1965. pp. 587–588.
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7205:"Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 6 November 1965. pp. 571–573.
7194:"Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 16 October 1965. pp. 538–540.
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1854:, was credited with the record of downing five Indian aircraft in less than a minute, becoming the first known
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Pakistani Sabre being shot down in combat by an Indian Gnat in September 1965 as seen from the Indian aircraft.
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Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age By Peter Paret, 1986, Oxford University Press,
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Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War By Victoria Schofield Published 2003, by I.B.Tauris
7183:"Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 9 October 1965. pp. 520–522.
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7249:"Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 29 January 1966. pp. 59–61.
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veteran Major General Niranjan Prasad, battled a massive counterattack by Pakistan near the west bank of the
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was more neutral than other nations during the war, inviting both nations to peace talks under its aegis in
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was seen as having forfeited the gains. Some recent books written by Pakistani authors, including one by ex-
2041:; they were sometimes employed faultily, such as charging prepared defences during the defeat of Pakistan's
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The Pakistani tanks were more numerous and superior in quality, giving them a significant advantage. At the
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9705:"At India's 200-year-old ordnance factories, anxiety, and anticipation | India News – Times of India"
7238:"Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India. 1 January 1966. pp. 4–6.
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admirably in the war – which they incorrectly blamed as being initiated by India – and thus the
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4946:"LAND AND GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN: BIG MOUNTAINS, GLACIERS AND DISPUTED TERRITORY | Facts and Details"
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1391:. As a result, the United States requested a temporary ceasefire to allow it to evacuate its citizens in
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that took place from August 1965 to September 1965. The conflict began following Pakistan's unsuccessful
10513:
Tarapore, Arzan. 2019. "Defence without deterrence: India’s strategy in the 1965 war." Security Studies.
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In the final analysis Pakistan maintained air superiority over the combat zones from 6 September onwards
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to address various shortcomings and the positive impact of these changes was clearly visible during the
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and that they were battling not insurgents, as they had initially thought, but Pakistani Army regulars.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20061105001826/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Books/Review-Airwar65.html
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and the 1st Armoured under Rajinder Singh from 14 to 19 September in the largest tank battle since the
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withdraw from Batapore and Dograi to Ghosal-Dial. This move brought extreme disappointment to Lt-Col
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was the predominant issue dividing the nations, other border disputes existed, most notably over the
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Another negative consequence of the war was growing resentment against the Pakistani government in
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of Pakistan, is used as the official history of the war, which omits any mention of the operations
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Richard N. Haass "Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy", 1998, Council on Foreign Relations,
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Brigadier Desmond E Hayde, "The Battle of Dograi and Batapore", Natraj Publishers, New Delhi, 2006
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An army, its role and rule: a history of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1967–1999
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Now it's apparent to everybody that India is going to emerge as an Asian power in its own right.
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Indo-Russian military and nuclear cooperation: lessons and options for U.S. policy in South Asia
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in 1967, for his contributions during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965, as the General Manager of
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on 10 January 1966, agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines no later than 25 February 1966. In
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during the late 1940s, that engagement was very limited in scale compared to the 1965 conflict.
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During the battle, Pakistani rail bound reinforcements were attacked and destroyed by IAF Gnats.
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would be unable to defend itself against a quick military campaign in the disputed territory of
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4030:(3rd ed. with a new preface. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 235.
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An introduction to the causes of war: patterns of interstate conflict from World War I to Iraq
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Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East
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Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East
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Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East
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Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East
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Failed Alliances of the Cold War: Britain's Strategy and Ambitions in Asia and the Middle East
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The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965
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The war with Pakistan: A pictorial narration of the fifty days which rocked the sub-continent
9639:"MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (Public Section) Padma Awards Directory (1954–2017) Year-Wise List"
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India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared. However, in terms of
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between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the
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those it could not hold, effectively stalling any further advance by the Indians on Lahore.
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in August 1947, Pakistan and India remained in contention over several issues. Although the
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Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding
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South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China By Lowell Dittmer, pp 77
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8789:"1965 war: We achieved air superiority in three days, says Air Force Marshal Arjan Singh"
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1720:". The Gnat is credited by many independent and Indian sources as having shot down seven
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159:
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9037:"Operation Gibraltar: The Pakistani troops who infiltrated Kashmir to start a rebellion"
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4918:"The Lahore Declaration and Beyond: Maritime Confidence-Building Measures in South Asia"
3025:, who headed the Pakistan Air Force in 1965, said in an interview with Dawn newspaper —
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5339:"Indian Army's Continuity and Transformation Through the Prism of the Battle of Dograi"
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by Lexicon Publishers. Recently a new Pakistani impression has been published in 2017.
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1553:, who formed a defensive horseshoe formation to counter the advancing Pakistani force.
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1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War
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2985:, distanced itself further from Western powers and developed close relations with the
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sector. This village was recaptured by Indian troops on 25 December. On 10 October, a
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Naval operations did not play a prominent role in the war of 1965. On 7 September, a
2018:
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was an Indian success. Pakistan lost 66 tanks in the battle while India only lost 6.
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The Indian Ocean and the superpowers: economic, political and strategic perspectives
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7973:
6008:"1965 India-Pakistan war: How IAF's heroes slayed PAF's superior Sabre fighter jets"
5944:
50 Years of Indo-Pak Relations: Chronology of events, important documents, 1947–1997
2949:
a ceasefire. But I think he was pressured by the United Nations and some countries.
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India responded to the covert activity by announcing rewards for captured Pakistani
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and captured a few Indian posts near the Kanjarkot fort border area. In June 1965,
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South Asia in World Politics By Devin T. Hagerty, 2005 Rowman & Littlefield,
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30 Seconds Over Sargodha – The Making of a Myth: 1965 Indo-Pak Air War, Chapter 5
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3226:, that played decisive role in India's victory in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965.
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2092:, which was 320 kilometres (200 mi) south of the Pakistani port of Karachi.
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9098:(Third ed.), Government of Pakistan, Department of Films and Publications,
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6840:
Pakistan Intelligence, Security Activities & Operations Handbook By IBP USA
6555:
6469:"We achieved air superiority in three days in 1965 war: AF Marshal Arjan Singh"
5796:
The Story of My Struggle By Tajammal Hussain Malik 1991, Jang Publishers, p. 78
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Grand Slam – A Battle of lost Opportunities, Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin
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Die to live: A selection of short stories based on the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war
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Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror
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Group Captain Cecil Chaudhry, SJ – Chowk: India Pakistan Ideas Identities.com
6730:
The Battle for Ravi-Sutlej Corridor 1965 A Strategic and Operational Analysis
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India accepted unconditional ceasefire in principle as early as 14 September.
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3143:
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Historian Akbar S Zaidi notes that Pakistan "lost terribly in the 1965 war".
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5134:"Pakistan's Endgame in Kashmir – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace"
1505:. It also involved the lowest ever air battle to be fought as the Pakistani
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Rethinking the national security of Pakistan: the price of strategic myopia
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Second opinion: The insidious logic of war Khaled Ahmed's Urdu Press Review
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Sabres Over MiG Alley: The F-86 and the Battle for Air Superiority in Korea
5772:"Delhi plans carnival on Pakistan war - Focus on 1965 conflict and outcome"
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2014:
1935:, equipped with 90 mm guns. The bulk of India's tank fleet were older
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the United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM) (1965–1966)
9141:
Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat
7993:
Inside Story of Musharraf-Mahmood Tussle, Hassan Abbas, 26 September 2006
1698:. During the conflict, the PAF claimed it was out-numbered by around 5:1.
1407:
Pakistani Sherman medium tanks and infantry push forward while under fire.
1321:
to blunt the Pakistani attack. The next day, Pakistan retaliated with its
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After its success in the Rann of Kutch, Pakistan, under the leadership of
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Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the 1965 War with Pakistan
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8144:"An Impending Nuclear War Between India and Pakistan Over Kashmir |"
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2006:
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305:
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in the 1965 war. while two Gnats were downed by PAF fighters. The PAF's
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between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing
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9675:"The rifle that won the war in 1965 | India News – Times of India"
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Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back
8287:
Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back
7426:
4520:
Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back
4456:
Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back
3781:
In the Hegemon's Shadow: Leading States and the Rise of Regional Powers
3308:
were awarded to units of the Indian Army, the notable among which are:
3215:
3151:
3147:
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when India achieved a decisive victory over Pakistan within two weeks.
2902:
quoted a Western official assessing the consequences of the war —
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1994:
1936:
1921:
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units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations.
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454:
340:
174:
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9761:"Our History | RIFLE FACTORY ISHAPORE | Government of India"
8583:
Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology, By Anas Malik page 85
8534:
Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology, By Anas Malik page 84
8133:
The Crisis Game: Simulating International Conflict by Sidney F. Giffin
7837:", Jagan Mohan and Samir Chopra, Manohar Publications, New Delhi, 2005
7600:
6937:
British Aircraft Carriers: Design, Development & Service Histories
4845:
The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan
4779:
The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan
4744:
4148:
Behind the Scene:An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947-1971
3817:
Hali, S. M. (2011). "Operation Gibraltar – an unmitigated disaster?".
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
2116:
launched numerous covert operations to infiltrate and sabotage Indian
2009:(The Poona Horse), also called 'Fakhr-i-Hind' ('Pride of India'), the
13150:
9605:
It's Defence Day In Pakistan, But I Don't Know What We're Celebrating
8842:
Title: India and the United States estranged democracies, 1941–1991,
7050:
6132:
5370:
Army cries out for a second railway line between Barmer and Jaisalmer
2959:
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1960:
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with the intention to capture the sector and was met with Pakistan's
1314:
who authorised Maj Gen Khan to advance deeper into Indian Territory.
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324:
218:
13338:
9738:
9434:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 45–48 .
6400:
6398:
6283:
Pakistan Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building
1298:
area came under massive artillery bombardment as Pakistan commenced
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37:
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13369:
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9564:
6 September: A day to remember the sacrifices of Pakistan's martyrs
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Foreign Policy Dynamics: Moscow and India's International Conflicts
7923:
CONTROVERSY: Why Gohar Ayub is wrong about 1965 – Khalid Hasan
7603:
Asian security handbook: terrorism and the new security environment
7549:
by Stanley Wolpert. Published: University of California Press, 1990
6136:, 14 September 2009, Retrieved: 1 November 2009. Also published as
5719:"Fifty five years since India won the Battle of Asal Uttar in 1965"
4068:
India and the United States : Estranged democracies, 1941–1991
3618:
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3022:
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Asian security handbook: terrorism and the new security environment
2125:
2085:
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1979:
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and the 6th Armoured under Maj Gen Hussain engaged with the Indian
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plain to advance and capture a strategically important location in
1142:
1137:
as the Indian military had suffered a loss to China in 1962 in the
1026:
999:
947:
332:
285:
147:
7514:
National identity and geopolitical visions: maps of pride and pain
7253:
6875:
India's Foreign Policy, Ghosh Anjali, Dorling Kindersley Pvt Ltd,
6784:
The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia
6113:
4071:. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press. p. 238.
3901:
National Identity and Geopolitical Visions: Maps of Pride and Pain
3761:
3759:
3757:
1025:
Internationally, the war was viewed in the context of the greater
15339:
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9393:
7054:
6716:
6428:
Cold War Jet Combat: Air-to-Air Jet Fighter Operations, 1950–1972
6395:
5379:. Hindustan Times (17 December 2009). Retrieved on 14 April 2011.
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2140:, about 135 commandos were airdropped at three Indian airfields (
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208:
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8049:
Illusion of Victory: A Military History of the Indo-Pak War-1965
7558:"India and the United States estranged democracies", 1941–1991,
4657:"India and the United States estranged democracies", 1941–1991,
3178:
and Haseeb Asif have criticised the celebration of Defence Day.
2696:
Illusion of Victory: A Military History of the Indo-Pak War-1965
15231:
12989:
9586:
Dear Pakistanis, this Defence Day, please stop celebrating hate
9088:
6654:
4126:
Quote: India, by contrast, is still the big gainer in the war.
3754:
3002:
2588:
2089:
1986:
1952:
1838:
1759:
1676:
1597:
1392:
1338:
1260:
On 1 September 1965, Pakistan launched a counterattack, called
1019:
987:
389:
223:
213:
179:
10561:
United States Library of Congress Country Studies – India
9206:"Pakistan Lost Terribly in 1965 War With India: Pak Historian"
9123:
Pakistan And Its Three Wars by Vice Adm (Retd.) Iqbal F Quadir
5754:
History of Indo-Pak War of 1965. Lt Gen Mahmud Ahmed (Retd.).
4377:"Defence without deterrence: India's strategy in the 1965 war"
4335:"Deterrence failure revisited: The Indo‐Pakistani war of 1965"
1908:
The 1965 war witnessed some of the largest tank battles since
1804:
982:. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in
10588:
Spirit of '65 & the parallels with today – Ayaz Amir
9421:
9419:
9417:
9415:
7709:
Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace
2843:
2839:
2723:
2643:
2281:
3,900 km (1,500 sq mi) of Pakistani territory
1956:
1892:
1858:
since the Korean War. His claims were never confirmed by the
1605:
1601:
1575:
1295:
1284:
951:
557:
395:
272:
10515:
Defence without deterrence: India’s strategy in the 1965 war
9625:"Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1965-10-27, Extra Ordinary"
7650:
6895:
Transition to triumph: history of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975
5444:. "Political Developments Since 1919 (India and Pakistan)".
4989:
Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975
4962:
Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975
4745:
Press Trust of India, Islamabad bureau (14 September 2009).
4677:"Militarized Decision-Making for War in Pakistan: 1947-1971"
4477:
4475:
3829:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3207:, by the Government of India, in the Civil Service category.
3150:), particularly for West Pakistan's obsession with Kashmir.
2492:
An excerpt from William M. Carpenter and David G. Wiencek's
2001:
light tanks. India had only a single armoured division, the
15118:
13612:
9240:, issue published 5 May 1984 (page 1208). Can be viewed at
7822:
7436:
7434:
6158:
3508:
3506:
3211:
3196:
1862:
and are disputed by Indian sources and some PAF officials.
9412:
8537:
7462:
7460:
6256:
4877:"Tulbul, Sir Creek and Siachen: Competitive Methodologies"
531:
540 km (210 mi) of territory lost (primarily in
9949:
First & Further reflections on the second Kashmir War
8493:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8485:
7653:
Conflict in Asia: Korea, China-Taiwan, and India-Pakistan
6800:
Heginbotham, Stanley J; Wriggins, William Howard (1971).
6252:
6250:
4747:"Pak's intrusions on borders triggered 1965 war: Durrani"
4499:
4487:
4472:
3455:
2528:
Conflict in Asia: Korea, China-Taiwan, and India-Pakistan
2329:
9024:
Declassified telegram sent to the US Department of State
8820:
India's nuclear bomb: the impact on global proliferation
8687:. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications. p. 105.
7431:
6804:. Columbia University East Asian Institute. p. 254.
6753:
The Widening Gulf: Asian Nationalism and American Policy
6089:"Indian Air Force Combat Kills, Indo Pakistan War 1965."
5627:
5489:
5279:
5267:
5255:
5207:
5205:
5102:
5100:
5098:
4848:. Nation Books, Hiro. OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN.
4782:. Nation Books, Hiro. OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN.
4549:
Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (November 1997).
4544:
4542:
4540:
3925:
3923:
3841:
3503:
3127:
had long advised the government in the classic style of
2602:
The ceasefire remained in effect until the start of the
2325:
1993:. The remainder of the cavalry units were equipped with
1841:, and China within 10 days of the beginning of the war.
1754:
Brij Pal Singh Sikand, landed at an abandoned Pakistani
1210:
Wishing to stop the influx of Pakistani forces into the
994:
in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the
11214:
2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing
9530:
Reflections on two military presidents By M.P. Bhandara
8938:
Paradoxes of war: on the art of national self-entrapmen
7749:
7457:
7396:
7394:
6078:
for the complete list on this issue, including sources.
6039:
Conventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present
5996:
issue published 1969, p. 89, retrieved: 3 November 2009
5011:
5009:
4185:
Conventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the present
3744:
3742:
3740:
1943:. Besides the M4 tanks, India fielded the British-made
1093:
Colorised image of a Pakistani Azad Kashmiri militiaman
556:
Over 1,840 km (710 mi) of territory lost (in
10547:
8482:
7840:
7328:. Chowk (9 December 2007). Retrieved on 14 April 2011.
6802:
India and Japan: The Emerging Balance of Power in Asia
6386:
Encyclopaedia Indica: Independent India and wars – III
6247:
5412:
Wars, proxy-wars and terrorism: post independent India
4014:
on 20 September, Pakistan had suffered a clear defeat.
2284:
650 km (250 sq mi) of Indian territory
12924:
12313:(Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu)
10367:
The Greater Game: India's Race with Destiny and China
10344:
Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers
10024:
From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
9820:. Bengal Sappers Officers Association. Archived from
9159:
An Analysis The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857–59 by AH Amin
8416:
8414:
7578:
A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947
5217:
5202:
5190:
5178:
5095:
4537:
4427:"Looking back at India's failed strategy in 1965 War"
4311:
3920:
3199:
officer, served as the first Indian Director General
3087:. These days are on 6 and 7 September, respectively.
2479:
A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947
2447:
The greater game: India's race with destiny and China
1077:. Dated during the events running up to the 1965 war.
9432:
Eating grass : the making of the Pakistani bomb
8452:
Pakistan: the U.S., geopolitics and grand strategies
8171:
7391:
5736:
5615:
5477:
5291:
5006:
4235:
India-Pakistan Negotiations: Is Past Still Prologue?
3863:
Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia
3737:
3679:
3677:
3010:
Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani foreign policies
2526:
Uk Heo and Shale Asher Horowitz write in their book
1632:
Pakistan Air Force § Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
1493:
commanded by the newly appointed Lieutenant General
10583:
Lessons of the 1965 War from Daily Times (Pakistan)
9951:(South Asia series) – 2 books by Louis Dupree.
8112:
Musharraf, the 'poor man's Ataturk' By Khalid Hasan
7285:
6799:
4835:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8445:
8443:
8411:
8002: – (Belfer Center for International Affairs,
6959:THE INDIAN END OF THE TELESCOPE India and Its Navy
6750:
6748:
4769:
4555:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 170–172.
4449:
4447:
4163:
2770:Telegram from the Embassy of the United States in
1264:, with the objective to capture the vital town of
10573: – very detailed roll of events and analysis
10257:
8386:
8361:
8303:
7949:Can the ISI change its spots? By Akhtar Payami,
7677:"Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian"
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
6273:
5077:"Giving Haji Pir back to Pak a mistake: Gen Dyal"
4586:Indian Security Policy: Foreword by Joseph S. Nye
4548:
4259:
4257:
3765:
3674:
3641:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3437:, Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 68–69,
2465:India and the United States estranged democracies
1325:and attacked Indian forces and air bases in both
1164:On 5 August 1965, Pakistani soldiers crossed the
178:Pakistani soldiers maneuvering a captured Indian
15519:
10261:Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir
10208:
10151:. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). Hariyana Prakashan.
8995:"Military expenditure (% of GDP) – India | Data"
8862:Women's and Gender History in Global Perspective
6885:
6421:
5564:. New Delhi: Lancer International. p. 159.
5532:
5463:. New Delhi: Lancer International. p. 147.
3835:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
2215:3,000 Indian soldiers, 3,800 Pakistani soldiers
1797:, total eight killed in the incident along with
1712:The F-86 Sabre was vulnerable to the diminutive
12245:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War
10226:
10211:M48 Patton vs Centurion: Indo-Pakistan War 1965
10066:1965: Stories from the Second Indo-Pakistan War
9833:
9831:
9330:
8563:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 66–68.
8449:
8440:
8423:The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics
8087:"Fifty years after: War of mutual incompetence"
7963:Army attempts to prevent book sales by Amir Mir
7601:William M. Carpenter, David G. Wiencek (2005).
6795:
6793:
5440:; Henry Dodwell; Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler;
5328:. Tribuneindia.com. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.
5160:"Indian Air Force :: Flight of the Falcon"
4522:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 69–70.
4458:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 67–70.
4444:
4266:The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics
3949:Pakistan :: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
2832:
2657:, suffered a fatal heart attack soon after the
2550:second India-Pakistan War reached a stalemate.
1628:Indian Air Force § Second Kashmir War 1965
11681:Department of Defence Research and Development
11631:Director General Armed Forces Medical Services
10622:
8586:
8503:
7974:Musharraf buys all copies of sensitive '65 war
7091:
7013:
7011:
6816:"Pakistan Navy: A Silent Force to Reckon with"
5344:. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses.
4254:
4145:
3564:. New Delhi: Lancer International. p. 7.
3036:Pakistani commentator Haidar Imtiaz remarked:
609:
495:Effective strength on the West Pakistan Border
424:Effective strength on the West Pakistan Border
13354:
12974:
12634:
12399:Defence Research and Development Organisation
11494:
10931:
10608:
10453:1965 war, role of tanks in India-Pakistan war
9912:. New Delhi: Vision Books. pp. 242–256.
9299:
7132:"Grand Slam – A Battle of Lost Opportunities"
6279:
6159:Edward V. Coggins; Ed Coggins (15 May 2000).
5882:(2 ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press.
5507:
4818:South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses
4815:Dutt, Sagarika; Bansal, Alok (17 June 2013).
4511:
3708:Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
3518:
2726:and suffered significant losses as a result.
2434:, summarising the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965,
2324:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
961:which was designed to infiltrate forces into
861:1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown
773:
595:
11508:
10063:
10040:
9828:
9500:
9305:
9070:1965: How Pakistan won the war of propaganda
8781:
8474:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6790:
6569:by Jon Guttman, Aviation History, Sept 1998.
6165:. Turner Publishing Company. pp. 164–.
5526:
5452:
5040:Twentytwo fateful days: Pakistan cut to size
5030:
4201:
3847:
3700:
3698:
2753:
1180:.The operation was eventually unsuccessful.
1085:Azad Kashmiri irregular militiamen, 1965 War
787:
196:(1 month, 2 weeks and 4 days)
10308:
9954:
9909:Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757–1971
9844:, New Delhi: Roli Books, pp. 101–103,
9838:Cardozo, Major General Ian (retd.) (2003),
8617:
8425:. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–19.
8289:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 55.
8265:Analysis and reappraisal after the 1965 War
8167:
8165:
7482:
7480:
7124:
7008:
6891:
6705:90 mm M36 GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE "Jackson"
6511:
6509:
5940:
5804:
5802:
4985:
4958:
4237:. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 30.
4182:
2806: – that was held in March 1965 at the
1900:advances in Chamb sector of Kashmir during
1865:
1708:Artist's depiction of Pakistani Fighter Jet
1449:On the days following 9 September, India's
1098:countries' armed forces. Pakistan launched
970:following a diplomatic intervention by the
173:Indian soldiers with a destroyed Pakistani
13361:
13347:
12981:
12967:
12641:
12627:
12258:Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait
11501:
11487:
10938:
10924:
10615:
10601:
10341:
9394:Greg Cashman, Leonard C. Robinson (2007).
9064:
9062:
8592:
8554:
8552:
8509:
8392:
8367:
8309:
8278:
7712:, Princeton University Press, p. 63,
6972:Gulab Hiranandani, Indian Navy (Retired),
6197:
6104:
5947:. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 43.
4814:
4653:
4651:
4589:. Princeton University Press. p. 21.
3973:
3777:
3512:
3380:Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses
2413:National identity and geopolitical visions
1238:of the 68 Infantry Brigade, Indian forces
780:
766:
602:
588:
10577:The India-Pakistan War, 1965: 40 Years On
9506:Pakistan: Failure in National Integration
9089:Inter-Services Public Relations (2015) ,
8960:
8958:
8817:
7899:
7625:
7343:Fiza Ya, Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force
6852:
6715:Post W.W.II, the M36 was employed by the
6581:Fiza Ya, Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force
6538:
5941:Grover, Verinder; Arora, Ranjana (1998).
5645:
5429:
5415:. Mittal Publications, 2003. p. 84.
5408:
5319:The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Opinions
4674:
4288:
4286:
3695:
2717:
2515:provides a summary of the 1965 war –
1294:At 03:30 on 1 September 1965, the entire
1049:, a barren region in the Indian state of
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
12695:Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
11802:Armed Forces Special Operations Division
10127:Battle for Pakistan: the air war of 1965
10102:
9958:The first round: Indo-Pakistan War, 1965
9899:
9338:South Asia | The rise of Pakistan's army
9264:Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965
8822:. University of California Press, 1999.
8345:, United States of America. April 1994.
8162:
7477:
6506:
6383:
6081:
5918:. Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan. 1966.
5799:
5553:
5065:. Indian Defence Review. 29 August 2020.
5036:
4374:
3986:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 26.
3956:, United States of America. April 1994.
3942:
3940:
3938:
3853:
3326:Jammu and Kashmir, 1965 (theatre honour)
3316:
2765:
2701:
2583:on loan to the PAF was damaged by three
2051:
1969:
1891:
1803:
1703:
1635:
1569:
1402:
1088:
1080:
1068:
14933:
10484:War despatches: Indo-Pak Conflict, 1965
10395:
10175:
10123:
9837:
9347:. BBC News. Retrieved on 14 April 2011.
9260:
9059:
8859:
8753:Sunday Times, London. 19 September 1965
8549:
8450:Butt; Schofield, Usama; Julian (2012).
7874:
7755:
7575:
7511:
7486:
6984:
6982:
6742:
6739:Major A.H. Amin, 30 December 2001 Orbat
6560:
6515:
6286:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 41.
5875:
5836:
5816:. Oxford University Press. p. 88.
5223:
5211:
5196:
5184:
5015:
4738:
4648:
4425:Awan, Ayesha Azmat (7 September 2022).
4332:
4268:. Oxford University Press. p. 17.
4208:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
4023:
3979:
3778:Montgomery, Evan Braden (24 May 2016).
3648:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 806–.
3430:
3222:, that developed and manufactured the
2966:. Major improvements were also made in
2609:
2170:
2134:Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army
1524:
429:9 infantry divisions (4 under-strength)
14:
15520:
10416:
10363:
10289:
10081:
9426:Khan, Feroz Hassan (7 November 2012).
9216:from the original on 26 September 2018
9092:Indo-Pakistan War of 1965: A Flashback
8955:
8909:
8884:
8864:. Univ of South Carolina Press, 1994.
8818:Perkovich, George (26 February 2002).
8558:
8543:
8497:
8284:
8078:
7880:
7846:
7705:
7452:United States House of Representatives
6869:
6775:
6660:
6467:Desk, India TV News (4 October 2015).
6348:John Fricker, "Pakistan's Air Power",
5716:
5448:. Vol. 6. S. Chand. p. 1013.
5402:
5237:"1965: Indian Army invades W Pakistan"
5162:. Bharat-rakshak.com. 28 August 2010.
4757:from the original on 22 September 2009
4582:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4453:
4317:
4292:
4283:
3929:
3898:
3748:
3704:
3046:Indo-Pakistan War of 1965: A Flashback
2381:reporter Arif Jamal wrote in his book
2293:
2207:Air force: 19 officers, 21 other ranks
2003:1st 'Black Elephant' Armoured Division
1153:
14932:
14601:
14204:
13862:
13381:
13368:
13342:
12962:
12791:War with Islamic State (2022–Present)
12622:
11482:
11023:2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
10919:
10596:
10544:,(Center for Indian Military History)
10480:
10449:
10309:Mohan, Jagan; Chopra, Samir (2005) .
10209:Higgins, David R. (20 January 2016),
10179:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military
10144:
10020:
9905:
9785:
9715:from the original on 24 December 2021
9685:from the original on 24 December 2021
8964:
8762:
8680:
8420:
8084:
8045:
7819:A Cease-Fire of Sorts 5 November 1965
7806:
7774:, India Research Press, p. 215,
7767:
7743:
7651:Uk Heo, Shale Asher Horowitz (2000).
7569:
7337:
6934:
6919:
6898:. Lancer Publishers. pp. 33–39.
6578:
6201:The Illustrated Directory of Fighters
6005:
5742:
5633:
5621:
5559:
5495:
5483:
5458:
5436:James Rapson, Edward; Wolseley Haig;
5382:
5297:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5166:from the original on 26 December 2018
5140:from the original on 26 December 2018
5114:from the original on 26 December 2018
4420:
4418:
4370:
4368:
4328:
4326:
4263:
4095:Quote: India had the best of the war.
3935:
3559:
2668:
2315:too many or overly lengthy quotations
1476:
1444:
978:, and the subsequent issuance of the
761:
583:
14851:Securities & Exchange Commission
12430:List of equipment of the Indian Army
10945:
10501:from the original on 7 February 2023
10468:from the original on 7 February 2023
10437:from the original on 7 February 2023
10384:from the original on 7 February 2023
10329:from the original on 7 February 2023
10278:from the original on 7 February 2023
10245:from the original on 7 February 2023
10196:from the original on 7 February 2023
10163:from the original on 7 February 2023
10051:from the original on 7 February 2023
10008:from the original on 7 February 2023
9987:
9975:from the original on 7 February 2023
9926:from the original on 6 February 2023
9858:from the original on 7 February 2023
9798:from the original on 7 February 2023
9655:from the original on 14 January 2021
9614:, Huffington Post, 6 September 2018.
9542:The Pakistan Army From 1965 to 1971
9448:from the original on 7 February 2023
9425:
9179:
9105:from the original on 28 January 2019
9034:
8934:
8889:. Discovery Publishing House, 1999.
8701:from the original on 7 February 2023
8662:from the original on 7 February 2023
8655:India's Defence and Foreign Policies
8651:
8263:The Pakistan Army From 1965 to 1971
8200:Noor Khan for early end to army rule
8066:from the original on 7 February 2023
8027:from the original on 7 February 2023
8004:Harvard Kennedy School of Government
7788:from the original on 7 February 2023
7726:from the original on 7 February 2023
7134:. Defencejournal.com. Archived from
7108:. Bharat-rakshak.com. Archived from
6979:
6939:, Seaforth Publishing, p. 203,
6611:from the original on 14 October 2017
6466:
6448:from the original on 7 February 2023
6422:Martin W. Bowman (30 January 2016).
6179:from the original on 5 February 2023
6056:from the original on 7 February 2023
5961:from the original on 7 February 2023
5922:from the original on 7 February 2023
5896:from the original on 7 February 2023
5857:from the original on 7 February 2023
5808:
5646:Dandapani, Vijay (18 January 2015).
5508:Zaloga, Steve; Laurier, Jim (1999).
5331:
5110:. Indian Express. 4 September 2009.
4869:
4841:
4796:from the original on 7 February 2023
4775:
4603:from the original on 7 February 2023
4424:
4106:"Asia: Silent Guns, Wary Combatants"
4085:from the original on 17 January 2023
4044:from the original on 17 January 2023
4000:from the original on 7 February 2023
3880:from the original on 7 February 2023
3859:
3816:
3798:from the original on 7 February 2023
3725:from the original on 5 February 2023
3662:from the original on 5 February 2023
3645:Encyclopedia of the developing world
3451:from the original on 7 February 2023
3312:
3167:between India and Pakistan in 1971.
2587:missiles fired from the IAF base at
2544:within the U.S. Department of State:
2297:
2107:
2073:
1781:were shot down by PAF, one of which
1659:The IAF was flying large numbers of
1439:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
11686:Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare
11178:UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute
10554:My Version: India-Pakistan War 1965
9786:Singh, Patwant (19 December 2003).
9779:
8799:from the original on 7 October 2015
8658:. Bombay: Manaktalas. p. 108.
8397:. Tauris & Co. pp. 55–58.
8372:. Tauris & Co. pp. 53–55.
8343:Library of Congress Country Studies
8314:. Tauris & Co. pp. 39–44.
7294:"Indian Air Force Losses -1965 War"
7261:"Official History of IAF in 65 War"
6892:Hiranandani, G. M. (January 2000).
6781:
5837:Haqqani, Husain (5 November 2013).
5717:Saxena, sangeeta (14 August 2021).
5587:"Operations in Sialkot Sector pg32"
5584:
5055:
4979:
4952:
4879:. South Asian Journal. March 2005,
4583:Thomas, Raju G. C. (14 July 2014).
4232:
4116:from the original on 7 January 2016
4064:
3960:from the original on 7 January 2016
3954:Library of Congress Country Studies
3587:
3472:
3240:
2467:also provides a summary of the war,
2396:Devin T. Hagerty wrote in his book
2356:Library of Congress Country Studies
2132:into enemy territory. According to
1978:being examined by journalists near
1398:
1249:
27:1965 war between India and Pakistan
24:
14519:Counter Terrorism Department (CTD)
13274:Allama Iqbal International Airport
11605:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee
11335:Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir
10402:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
10315:(1 ed.). Manohar Publishers.
10312:The India Pakistan Air War of 1965
10227:Ismail Siddiqui, Muhammad (1983).
10213:, Osprey Publishing, p. 103,
9544:Yahya Khan as Army Chief-1966-1971
9035:Khan, M Ilyas (5 September 2015).
8765:War in the modern world since 1815
8244:Editorial: The army and the people
7835:The India-Pakistan Air War of 1965
7771:Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold
6749:Seidenman Harrison, Selig (1978).
6642:from the original on 27 March 2016
6629:
6388:. Anmol Publications. p. 15.
6006:Joshi, Sameer (6 September 2019).
4636:from the original on 20 March 2022
4415:
4375:Tarapore, Arzan (2 January 2023).
4365:
4323:
3186:
2924:War in the modern world since 1815
2793:Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik
1773:who flew the captured aircraft to
1764:Pakistan Air Force Museum, Karachi
1373:
1317:India responded by calling in its
25:
15559:
12988:
12683:Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan
12512:Indian Maritime Security Strategy
11330:Islamic State – Khorasan Province
11204:2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre
11013:2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff
10528:
10481:Singh, Lt. Gen. Harbaksh (1991).
10396:Pradhan, R. D. (1 January 2007).
9788:"Last salute to the lion of 1965"
9132: – Defence Journal, Pakistan
9005:from the original on 22 June 2020
8633:from the original on 7 March 2020
8349:from the original on 28 June 2010
8338:United States – Pakistan Alliance
8222:A word from Pak: 1965 was 'wrong'
7416:Failure of U.S.'s Pakistan Policy
6992:. Defence Journal. Archived from
6695: – Defence Journal, Pakistan
6354:issue published 1969, pp. 89–90.
6204:. Zenith Imprint. pp. 161–.
6018:from the original on 27 June 2020
5814:Khaki Shadows: Pakistan 1947–1997
5539:. Osprey Publishing. p. 35.
5351:from the original on 7 March 2022
5243:from the original on 9 March 2020
5083:from the original on 1 April 2020
4992:. Lancer Publishers. p. 21.
4965:. Lancer Publishers. p. 21.
3295:
3224:7.62 Self-Loading Automatic Rifle
2935:the number of serviceable tanks.
2481:by Robert Johnson mentions –
1615:
1344:
194:5 August – 23 September 1965
152:Indo–Pakistani wars and conflicts
15501:
15492:
15491:
14524:Pakistani Intelligence community
12946:
12934:
12678:Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan
12649:
12586:
12585:
12543:Women in the Indian Armed Forces
12166:Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes
11777:Northern Theatre Command (India)
11552:
11539:
11526:
11509:
10542:IAF Combat Kills – 1965 war
10064:Bisht, Rachna (15 August 2015),
9961:. Islamic Information Services.
9869:
9810:
9753:
9727:
9697:
9667:
9631:
9617:
9598:
9576:
9557:
9535:
9523:
9494:
9477:
9460:
9387:
9368:
9350:
9336:Ali, Mahmud. (24 December 2003)
9281:
9254:
9198:
9173:
9152:
9135:
9116:
9082:
9079:, The Nation, 12 September 2015.
9028:
9017:
8987:
8965:Dixit, J.N. (2 September 2003).
8928:
8903:
8878:
8853:
8836:
8811:
8756:
8747:
8725:
8713:
8681:Varma, Shanta Nedungadi (1999).
8674:
8645:
8611:
8577:
8528:
8329:
8256:
8237:
8215:
8193:
8150:from the original on 17 May 2022
8136:
8127:
8105:
8039:
8017:"NDU Library Islamabad Pakistan"
8009:
7986:
7956:
7943:
7916:
7827:
7812:
7800:
7761:
7737:
7699:
7687:from the original on 8 July 2015
7669:
7644:
7619:
7594:
7552:
7530:
7505:
7359:
7331:
7312:
7242:
7231:
7220:
7209:
7198:
7187:
7176:
7150:
7072:
7069:17 September 1965, TIME magazine
7060:
7033:
6952:
6928:
6843:
6834:
6818:. Paknavy.gov.pk. Archived from
6808:
6723:
6698:
6679:
6623:
6597:
6572:
6460:
6415:
6377:
6342:
6300:
6257:Air Commodore M. Kaiser Tufail.
6225:
6191:
6152:
6068:
6030:
5999:
5973:
5916:"Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan"
5692:"Saga of Strategy & Courage"
5596:. Times of India. Archived from
5560:Singh, Lt. Gen.Harbaksh (1991).
5409:Prabhakar, Peter Wilson (2003).
5043:. Manaktalas. pp. 62–63, 67
4842:Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015).
4776:Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015).
4723:from the original on 14 May 2022
4333:Ganguly, Sumit (December 1990).
4190:attrition of the IAF's aircraft.
3599:. Times of India. Archived from
3484:. Times of India. Archived from
3405:
3392:
2910:In light of the failures of the
2795:, and replaced him with General
2714:, "war of mutual incompetence".
2302:
1205:
946:, was an armed conflict between
278:
265:
163:
158:
36:
14912:Redundant Islamic economisation
13311:Lahore Junction Railway Station
12263:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
11782:Western Theatre Command (India)
11394:Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day
11142:Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)
10988:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
10370:, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP,
9941:
9883:. Pakistan Army. Archived from
9841:Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle
9595:, Al Jazeera, 6 September 2018
9554:by Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin
8967:India-Pakistan in War and Peace
8722:, TIME magazine, 1 October 1965
8597:. Tauris & Co. p. 57.
8593:Dimitrakis, Panagiotis (2012).
8514:. Tauris & Co. p. 58.
8510:Dimitrakis, Panagiotis (2012).
8393:Dimitrakis, Panagiotis (2012).
8368:Dimitrakis, Panagiotis (2012).
8310:Dimitrakis, Panagiotis (2012).
8275:by Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin
8178:. Brookings Institution Press.
8093:. Living Media India. p. 1
8085:Gupta, Shekhar (20 July 2015).
7040:Defence Journal: The Way it was
6583:. Himalayan Books. p. 30.
6280:Dr. Shah Alam (11 April 2012).
5934:
5908:
5869:
5830:
5790:
5764:
5748:
5723:ADU - Aviation Defence Universe
5710:
5684:
5658:
5639:
5578:
5501:
5459:Singh, Lt.Gen Harbaksh (1991).
5363:
5312:
5303:
5229:
5152:
5126:
5069:
5027:Defence Journal. September 2000
5021:
4938:
4910:
4896:
4808:
4668:
4665:, DIANE Publishing, pp 235, 238
4618:
4576:
4226:
4195:
4176:
4166:Routledge Handbook of Air Power
4157:
4139:
4128:Alternate link content.time.com
4098:
4058:
4017:
3892:
3825:(1–2): 10–34 – via EBSCO.
3810:
3771:
3560:SIngh, Lt.Gen Harbaksh (1991).
3332:Rajasthan 1965 (theatre honour)
3050:Inter-Services Public Relations
2941:Marshal of the Indian Air Force
2630:), where Indian Prime Minister
2622:, hosted peace negotiations in
2561:United Nations Security Council
2449:, David Van Praagh wrote –
2415:, Gertjan Dijkink writes –
47:needs additional citations for
14205:
12558:Indian Armed Forces rank flags
11676:Department of Military Affairs
11280:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
10538:at the United Nations Archives
10420:Indian Army after Independence
10294:. Cambridge University Press.
9955:Asghar Khan, Mohammed (1979).
7885:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
7883:American transportation policy
7706:Fortna, Virginia Page (2004),
7655:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
7088:February 2002, Defence Journal
6686:A history of the Pakistan Army
5879:Air warfare in the missile age
5512:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 35.
5446:The Cambridge History of India
3434:Air Warfare in the Missile Age
3424:
3289:Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed
2817:During the war, the Pakistani
2808:Institute for Defense Analyses
2802:Some authors have said that a
1920:tanks, but also included many
1812:on display at the PAF Museum,
1622:Indo-Pakistani Air War of 1965
1111:International Court of Justice
13:
1:
13863:
12372:Counter-insurgency operations
11703:Standing Committee on Defence
11698:Cabinet Committee on Security
11224:2002 Raghunath temple attacks
11074:2016 Nagrota army base attack
10342:Paul, T. V. (10 March 1994),
10027:, London: C. Hurst & Co,
9508:. Columbia University Press.
8623:"High priest of modern India"
8172:Stephen Philip Cohen (2004).
8046:Ahmed, Mahmud (14 May 2002).
6976:, Spring 2002, Vol. LV, No. 2
5063:"Battle of Hajipir Pass 1965"
4393:10.1080/01402390.2019.1668274
3418:
3300:After the war, a total of 16
2869:India's participation in the
1533:, with the intent to capture
1244:Pakistan administered Kashmir
1032:
11357:Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day
11018:2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff
10487:. Lancer InterConsult, Inc.
10423:. Lancer InterConsult, Inc.
10041:Berindranath, Dewan (1966).
9737:. Rfi.nic.in. Archived from
9398:. Rowman & Littlefield.
8767:. Rowman & Littlefield.
8720:Silent Guns, Wary Combatants
8454:. Pluto Press. p. 156.
7491:. Rowman & Littlefield.
7489:South Asia in world politics
7049:Extracts from Pakistan Army
6661:Haider, Sayed Sajad (2009).
6374:. Retrieved: 3 November 2009
6198:Mike Spick (5 August 2002).
5536:The M47 and M48 Patton Tanks
5510:The M47 and M48 Patton tanks
5390:The M47 and M48 Patton tanks
4381:Journal of Strategic Studies
4339:Journal of Strategic Studies
3983:South Asia in world politics
3784:. Cornell University Press.
3329:Punjab 1965 (theatre honour)
2885:
2833:Involvement of other nations
2735:Ministry of Defence of India
2692:History of Indo Pak War 1965
2554:
2398:South Asia in world politics
2202:junior commissioned officers
1644:The war saw the aircraft of
1590:
1389:Lahore International Airport
71:"Indo-Pakistani war of 1965"
7:
14711:Water supply and sanitation
14602:
13382:
12414:Weapons of mass destruction
12228:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
12218:Sino-Indian border skirmish
11753:Andaman and Nicobar Command
11748:Integrated Theatre Commands
11723:Defence Intelligence Agency
11626:Vice Chief of Defence Staff
11381:Jammu and Kashmir Black Day
11315:Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)
10085:The Indo-Pakistani Conflict
7372:. Orbat.com. Archived from
7367:"IAF war kills in 1965 war"
6244:Retrieved: 4 November 2010.
5666:"Brigadier Thomas Theograj"
4986:Hiranandani, G. M. (2000).
4959:Hiranandani, G. M. (2000).
4164:John Andreas Olsen (2018).
3368:
3123:claims in his memoirs that
3012:, S.M. Burke writes —
2992:
2731:Official War History – 1965
2120:. On 7 September 1965, the
1947:Mk 7, with the 105 mm
996:2001–2002 military standoff
10:
15564:
15543:1960s in Jammu and Kashmir
15528:Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
12284:Indo-Myanmar border strike
11708:Defence Planning Committee
11468:Village Defence Committees
11249:2017 Amarnath Yatra attack
11239:March 2013 Srinagar attack
10998:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
10993:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
10624:Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
10364:Praagh, David Van (2003),
10348:Cambridge University Press
10068:, Penguin UK, p. 60,
9881:Nishan-i-Haider recipients
9251:Retrieved: 22 October 2009
8912:The Soviet Union and India
8732:The 1965 war with Pakistan
8652:Shah, Amritlal B. (1966).
7566:, DIANE Publishing, Pg 238
6579:Singh, Pushpindar (1991).
6101:Retrieved 4 November 2010.
4693:10.1177/0095327X0002700108
4681:Armed Forces & Society
4675:SCHOFIELD, JULIAN (2000).
4205:Air Power:A Global History
4171:and its combat efficiency.
3642:Thomas M. Leonard (2006).
3400:North American F-86 Sabres
3375:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
3276:Ardeshir Burzorji Tarapore
2972:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
2956:Research and Analysis Wing
2860:fought a brief war in 1962
2759:information to understand
2614:The United States and the
2604:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
2077:
1869:
1783:shot down at Bhuj, Gujarat
1675:bombers and a squadron of
1646:the Indian Air Force (IAF)
1625:
1619:
1366:(BRB Canal), which was an
1358:of the Indian Army, under
1278:captured the Haji Pir Pass
1253:
1240:captured the Haji Pir pass
1157:
1039:partition of British India
940:Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
614:Indo-Pakistani war of 1965
141:Indo–Pakistani war of 1965
15482:
15393:
15285:
15211:
15134:
15089:
14945:
14941:
14928:
14907:Public-private partnering
14869:
14813:
14721:
14614:
14610:
14597:
14544:
14455:
14417:
14372:
14312:
14250:
14230:National Security Council
14217:
14213:
14200:
14110:
14030:
13987:
13946:
13875:
13871:
13858:
13775:
13729:
13646:
13590:
13583:
13497:
13394:
13390:
13377:
13323:
13298:
13282:
13266:
13257:
13199:
13136:
13103:
13065:
12997:
12901:
12883:
12852:
12799:
12741:
12703:
12665:
12581:
12520:
12504:
12469:
12438:
12422:
12391:
12331:
12292:
12141:
12048:
12039:
12019:Border Roads Organisation
11983:
11971:Border Roads Organisation
11938:
11911:South Western Air Command
11886:
11858:
11810:
11738:
11731:
11713:Nuclear Command Authority
11693:National Security Council
11661:
11654:
11596:National Security Advisor
11568:
11521:
11410:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
11402:
11348:
11272:
11191:
11165:
11094:
11036:
10978:
10953:
10891:
10868:
10859:
10814:
10748:
10741:
10671:
10630:
10450:Singh, Bhupinder (1982).
10233:(1 ed.). Wajidalis.
10176:Haqqani, Hussain (2005).
9242:FlightGlobal.com archives
9128:27 September 2011 at the
8860:Brzoska, Michael (1994).
8074:– via Google Books.
7983:Daily News & Analysis
7972:Gulf News 1 October 2006
7968:26 September 2007 at the
7940:Daily Times, 10 June 2005
7512:Dijkink, Gertjan (1996).
6516:Werrell, Kenneth (2013).
5865:– via Google Books.
5533:Steven J. Zaloga (1999).
5136:. Carnegieendowment.org.
4351:10.1080/01402399008437432
4024:Wolpert, Stanley (2005).
4012:United Nations intervened
3711:. ABC-CLIO. p. 172.
3181:
3161:Bangladesh Liberation War
2754:Pakistani miscalculations
2686:Durrani initially titled
2682:chief Lieutenant General
2360:Federal Research Division
2005:, which consisted of the
1574:Pakistani Army Position,
1276:had failed and India had
1226:to advance and take over
944:second India–Pakistan war
851:Bangladesh Liberation War
799:
623:
509:
354:
291:
258:
186:
157:
145:
140:
18:Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
13214:Educational institutions
12893:UN peacekeeping missions
12538:President's Colour Award
12528:President's fleet review
11787:Maritime Theatre Command
11765:Strategic Forces Command
11718:Integrated Defence Staff
11616:Chief of the Naval Staff
11425:OHCHR reports on Kashmir
11209:Chittisinghpura massacre
11173:Jinnah–Mountbatten talks
10883:Lt Col Ardeshir Tarapore
10417:Praval, Maj K C (2009).
10148:India-Pakistan war, 1965
10145:Gupta, Hari Ram (1967).
10103:Faruquii, Ahmad (2003).
10082:Brines, Russell (1968),
9877:"Major Raja Aziz Bhatti"
9610:7 September 2018 at the
9591:26 December 2019 at the
9573:, Dawn, 6 September 2018
9569:6 September 2019 at the
9343:19 December 2006 at the
9234:"Pakistan's Air Power",
9180:Rais, Rasul Bux (1986).
9075:15 November 2020 at the
7979:20 February 2008 at the
7932:quoting Pakistan author
7850:Pakistan: A Hard Country
7576:Johnson, Robert (2005).
7412:U.S. Department of State
7045:15 December 2006 at the
6974:Naval War College Review
6786:. MIT Press. p. 70.
6691:7 September 2006 at the
6147:on 16 September 2009 by
5876:Nordeen, Lon O. (2002).
5037:Mankekar, D. R. (1967).
4885:Open Forum – UNIDIR
3899:Dijink, Gertjan (2002).
3866:. ABC-CLIO. p. 82.
3705:Tucker, Spencer (2004).
3431:Nordeen, Lon O. (1985),
3385:
3249:and the Pakistani award
3193:Santu Jouharmal Shahaney
2890:
2688:The Myth of 1965 Victory
2663:Indian National Congress
2653:India's Prime Minister,
2634:and Pakistani President
2322:summarize the quotations
2204:(JCO), 1,820 other ranks
1866:Usage of tanks in battle
1750:An IAF Gnat, piloted by
1650:Pakistan Air Force (PAF)
1551:Brig Thomas K. Theogaraj
1509:engaged with the Indian
1312:C-in-C Gen Muhammad Musa
791:Indo-Pakistani conflicts
13659:Second Anglo-Afghan War
12829:Dhofar Rebellion (Oman)
11611:Chief of the Army Staff
10579: – From Rediff.com
10098:– via archive.org
9988:Ayub, Muhammad (2005).
9906:Singh, Sarbans (1993).
9384:Daily Times 3 June 2002
9312:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
9247:12 January 2012 at the
8743:Encyclopædia Britannica
8253:Daily Times 1 June 2007
8227:12 January 2009 at the
8209:21 October 2007 at the
8202: – Pakistan Daily
7881:Dilger, Robert (2003).
7847:Lieven, Anatol (2012).
7542:7 February 2023 at the
7487:Hagerty, Devin (2005).
7441:Speech of Bill McCollum
7425: – Interview with
7160:. onwar. Archived from
7106:"Ceasefire & After"
6964:7 February 2023 at the
6710:2 December 2007 at the
6550:7 February 2010 at the
6370:12 January 2012 at the
6360:14 January 2012 at the
6259:"Run … It's a 104"
6094:5 November 2006 at the
5986:14 January 2012 at the
5108:"Underestimating India"
4881:Encyclopædia Britannica
4293:Conley, Jerome (2001).
4146:Jogindar Singh (1993).
4133:2 November 2018 at the
3980:Hagerty, Devin (2005).
3262:Company Quarter Master
3232:, Lt. Gen, awarded the
3203:(DGOF). He was awarded
3094:The faulty planning of
2542:Office of the Historian
1793:of the Indian state of
1075:disputed Kashmir region
856:1959 Canberra shootdown
14892:Military economisation
14497:Enforced disappearance
14280:Provincial governments
13821:Balochistan insurgency
13679:Hindi–Urdu controversy
13669:Third Anglo-Afghan War
13623:First Anglo-Afghan War
12404:Ordnance Factory Board
12323:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
12031:Awards and Decorations
11878:Southern Naval Command
11621:Chief of the Air Staff
11601:Chief of Defence Staff
11363:Kashmir Solidarity Day
11273:Militant organisations
11229:2006 Srinagar bombings
11219:2001 Kishtwar massacre
11192:Bombings and massacres
10796:Joginder Singh Dhillon
10771:Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman
10766:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
10124:Fricker, John (1979).
10109:. Ashgate Publishing.
10021:Bajwa, Farooq (2013),
9735:"Important Milestones"
9532:25 December 2005, Dawn
9261:Fricker, John (1979).
8910:Duncan, Peter (1989).
8763:Black, Jeremy (2005).
8559:Riedel, Bruce (2013).
8421:Small, Andrew (2015).
8285:Riedel, Bruce (2013).
8052:. Lexicon Publishers.
7027:by Shoab Alam Khan in
7023:9 October 2006 at the
6757:. Free Press. p.
6735:7 October 2007 at the
6636:www.bharat-rakshak.com
6632:"Flight of the Falcon"
6308:www.bharat-rakshak.com
6232:"1965 War, Chapter 3."
5981:"Pakistan's Air Power"
5324:10 August 2019 at the
4518:Riedel, Bruce (2013).
4454:Riedel, Bruce (2013).
4264:Small, Andrew (2015).
3766:Jamal, Shadow War 2009
3402:with Canadian engines.
3322:
3230:Joginder Singh Dhillon
3220:Rifle Factory Ishapore
3073:
3042:
3034:
3021:Air Marshal (retired)
3019:
2951:
2937:
2926:, noted war historian
2908:
2775:
2718:Indian miscalculations
2552:
2537:
2523:
2504:
2489:
2475:
2457:
2442:
2423:
2408:
2393:
2374:
2223:4,073+ combat sorties
2157:14th Infantry Division
2122:Special Services Group
2060:
2013:(Hodson's Horse), the
1982:
1905:
1817:
1709:
1663:, Indian-manufactured
1641:
1579:
1408:
1356:15th Infantry Division
1256:Battle of Chumb (1965)
1216:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
1188:Srinagar – Leh Highway
1148:
1104:British Prime Minister
1094:
1086:
1078:
302:Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
292:Commanders and leaders
248:No territorial changes
15002:Gender discrimination
14399:Federal Shariat Court
14364:Provincial assemblies
13633:Second Anglo-Sikh War
13535:Muhammad ibn al-Qasim
12807:Arab–Israeli conflict
12659:Pakistan Armed Forces
12568:National War Memorial
12563:Indian military bands
12553:Armed Forces Tribunal
12548:Armed Forces Flag Day
11873:Eastern Naval Command
11868:Western Naval Command
11850:Army Training Command
11840:South Western Command
11320:Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind
11264:2022 Srinagar bombing
11137:Operation Sarp Vinash
11102:1947 Poonch rebellion
11069:2016 Baramulla attack
10290:McGarr, Paul (2013).
10182:. United Book Press.
9824:on 15 September 2008.
9818:"Unique Achievements"
9428:"The Reluctant Phase"
9358:"Embassy of Pakistan"
9306:Hassan Abbas (2004).
8737:17 April 2008 at the
7768:Joshi, Manoj (2008),
7406:2 August 2018 at the
6990:"SSG in the 1965 War"
6935:Hobbs, David (2014),
6607:. 14 September 2015.
6522:Naval Institute Press
6126:29 March 2010 at the
6074:See the main article
5388:Zaloga, Steve (1999)
4890:27 March 2006 at the
4202:Jeremy Black (2016).
3836:David R. Higgins 2016
3320:
3157:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
3117:Chairman joint chiefs
3069:
3038:
3027:
3014:
2946:
2932:
2904:
2769:
2702:Intelligence failures
2563:unanimously passed a
2559:On 20 September, the
2547:
2533:
2518:
2499:
2484:
2470:
2452:
2437:
2418:
2403:
2388:
2369:
2226:2,279 combat sorties
2220:Combat flying effort
2055:
2043:1st Armoured Division
1973:
1895:
1807:
1707:
1669:de Havilland Vampires
1639:
1626:Further information:
1573:
1485:under the command of
1467:Maj Gen Abrar Hussain
1463:6th Armoured Division
1451:1st Armoured Division
1406:
1380:7th Infantry Division
1232:Lt Gen Harbaksh Singh
1230:. Under the watch of
1100:Operation Desert Hawk
1092:
1084:
1072:
942:, also known as the
637:Operation Desert Hawk
510:Casualties and losses
15538:Wars involving India
15461:World Heritage Sites
15436:Mausolea and shrines
14882:Directive investment
14184:World Heritage Sites
14118:Archaeological sites
14053:Environmental issues
13742:Monarchy of Pakistan
13737:Dominion of Pakistan
13628:First Anglo-Sikh War
12844:Grand Mosque seizure
12071:Battle of Asal Uttar
11951:National Cadet Corps
11906:Southern Air Command
11797:Defence Space Agency
11792:Defence Cyber Agency
11369:Kashmir Martyrs' Day
11340:United Jihad Council
11305:Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
11254:2018 Sunjuwan attack
11199:1947 Jammu massacres
11112:Operation Grand Slam
10901:Maj Raja Aziz Bhatti
10801:Kashmir Singh Katoch
10663:Tashkent Declaration
10520:16 June 2020 at the
10258:Jamal, Arif (2009),
9550:7 March 2009 at the
9295:on 14 December 2004.
9237:Flight International
9164:16 June 2017 at the
8887:India-USSR relations
8885:Sharma, Ram (1999).
8621:(17 November 2014).
8271:7 March 2009 at the
8175:The Idea of Pakistan
8117:4 September 2012 at
7998:12 June 2018 at the
7446:4 March 2016 at the
7421:12 July 2010 at the
7300:on 27 September 2013
7273:on 29 September 2012
6996:on 27 September 2011
6663:Flight of the Falcon
6567:Pakistan's Sabre Ace
6351:Flight International
6143:12 June 2011 at the
5993:Flight International
5239:. 6 September 1965.
4431:Global Village Space
4233:Kux, Dennis (2006).
4183:Kaushik Roy (2017).
4065:Kux, Dennis (1992).
3860:Lyon, Peter (2008).
3685:"Indo-Pakistan Wars"
3170:Pakistan celebrates
3109:conventional attempt
2871:Non-Aligned Movement
2785:Operation Grand Slam
2676:Tashkent Declaration
2640:Tashkent Declaration
2610:Tashkent Declaration
2189:Independent Sources
2171:Assessment of losses
2065:Battle of Asal Uttar
1989:light tanks and 188
1902:Operation Grand Slam
1876:Battle of Asal Uttar
1683:force comprised 102
1558:Battle of Asal Uttar
1541:) and the bridge on
1525:Battle of Asal Uttar
1487:Lt Gen Bakhtiar Rana
1453:under Major General
1351:International Border
1300:Operation Grand Slam
1262:Operation Grand Slam
980:Tashkent Declaration
743:Tashkent Declaration
503:2 armoured divisions
500:6 infantry divisions
56:improve this article
15533:Indo-Pakistani wars
14935:Society and Culture
14861:Trading Corporation
14669:Planning Commission
14258:National government
13022:Early Muslim period
12885:Foreign deployments
12482:Historical Aircraft
12377:LOC surgical strike
12119:Battle of Longewala
12056:Indo-Pakistani wars
12024:Paramilitary forces
11995:Ranks and insignia
11956:Paramilitary forces
11926:Maintenance Command
11916:Western Air Command
11901:Eastern Air Command
11896:Central Air Command
11671:Ministry of Defence
11664:Committees/Councils
11586:Minister of Defence
11515:Indian Armed Forces
11462:Over ground workers
11420:Human rights abuses
11259:2019 Pulwama attack
11147:Operation Calm Down
11107:Operation Gibraltar
10756:Lal Bahadur Shastri
10658:Operation Gibraltar
10648:Indo-Pakistani wars
10643:History of Pakistan
10456:. B.C. Publishers.
9767:on 22 February 2020
9711:. 16 October 2019.
9681:. 12 October 2015.
9289:"Dr. Ahmad Faruqui"
9047:on 27 December 2021
8935:Zeev, Maoz (1990).
8627:[The Economic Times
7516:. Routledge, 1996.
7401:Profile of Pakistan
7379:on 27 November 2010
7345:. Himalayan Books.
7324:11 May 2005 at the
7291:Bharat-Rakshak.com
7067:Ending the Suspense
6473:www.indiatvnews.com
6317:on 5 November 2006.
6242:bharat-rakshak.com.
6237:6 July 2013 at the
6110:Spick 2002, p. 161.
6042:. Routledge. 2017.
5810:Arif, General K. M.
5375:5 June 2011 at the
4875:Bhushan, Chodarat.
4297:. Lexington Books.
3210:K. C. Banerjee, an
3101:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
3096:Operation Gibraltar
2968:command and control
2916:Lal Bahadur Shastri
2761:Operation Gibraltar
2632:Lal Bahadur Shastri
2591:. A Pakistani Army
2445:In his book titled
2294:Neutral assessments
2273:165 Pakistan tanks
1847:Marshal Arjan Singh
1304:Maj Gen A. H. Malik
1274:Operation Gibraltar
1224:Lt Gen K. S. Katoch
1178:Operation Gibraltar
1160:Operation Gibraltar
1154:Operation Gibraltar
968:UNSC Resolution 211
956:Operation Gibraltar
432:3 armoured brigades
298:Lal Bahadur Shastri
250:per ceasefire terms
14689:Telecommunications
14581:Civil Armed Forces
14529:Capital punishment
14347:National Assembly
13762:Liaquat–Nehru Pact
13699:Jinnah's 14 Points
13603:East India Company
13052:Lahore Declaration
12870:Somalian civil war
12865:Sudanese civil war
12705:India and Pakistan
12487:Aircraft Squadrons
12409:Ballistic missiles
12076:Battle of Chawinda
11991:Military Academies
11946:Indian Coast Guard
11770:Commander-in-Chief
11758:Commander-in-Chief
11325:Dukhtaran-e-Millat
11285:Tehreek-e-Hurriyat
11234:2006 Doda massacre
10980:Wars and conflicts
10761:Yashwantrao Chavan
10638:Partition of India
10264:, Melville House,
9792:The Indian Express
9709:The Times of India
9679:The Times of India
9627:. 27 October 1965.
8999:data.worldbank.org
8850:, DIANE Publishing
8795:. 4 October 2015.
8546:, p. 325-327.
8232:The Times of India
8121:19 September 2004
7626:John Keay (2003).
7580:. Reaktion Books.
7084:3 May 2013 at the
6866:, 9780-7315-0806-8
6822:on 5 December 2011
6782:Hagerty, Devin T.
6665:. Vanguard Books.
6630:Haider, S. Sajad.
6605:"War of attrition"
6498:has generic name (
6424:"3. Indo-Pak wars"
6162:Wings That Stay on
5636:, p. 158-159.
5498:, p. 179-180.
5442:Vidya Dhar Mahajan
5288:, p. 155-156.
5276:, p. 156-157.
5264:, p. 140-141.
4508:, p. 360-363.
4496:, p. 350-353.
4484:, p. 324-326.
4112:. 1 October 1965.
3323:
3273:Lieutenant-Colonel
3214:officer. Received
3201:Ordnance Factories
3048:, produced by the
2823:Commander-in-Chief
2776:
2733:", drafted by the
2669:Public perceptions
2659:Tashkent Agreement
2636:Muhammad Ayub Khan
2507:English historian
2256:17 + 3 (post-war)
2248:20 PAF, 60–75 IAF
2061:
1983:
1906:
1888:Battle of Chawinda
1872:Battle of Phillora
1818:
1710:
1689:F-104 Starfighters
1642:
1580:
1477:Battle of Chawinda
1471:Battle of Phillora
1445:Battle of Phillora
1418:Pakistan Air Force
1409:
1349:India crossed the
1308:Maj Gen Yahya Khan
1127:Muhammad Ayub Khan
1095:
1087:
1079:
1018:in the defence of
992:Partition of India
325:Muhammad Ayub Khan
15515:
15514:
15478:
15477:
15474:
15473:
15401:Botanical gardens
15350:Marathon (Lahore)
14924:
14923:
14920:
14919:
14887:Industrialisation
14870:Policy programmes
14684:Tallest buildings
14593:
14592:
14589:
14588:
14442:Political parties
14432:Foreign relations
14196:
14195:
14192:
14191:
14145:Natural disasters
14038:Botanical gardens
13854:
13853:
13850:
13849:
13846:
13845:
13709:Direct Action Day
13704:Lahore Resolution
13694:Two nation theory
13684:Pakistan Movement
13437:Hellenic Pakistan
13336:
13335:
13319:
13318:
13229:Parks and gardens
13123:Tallest buildings
13095:Regions and towns
13042:Lahore Resolution
12922:
12921:
12761:Panjshir Uprising
12616:
12615:
12500:
12499:
12387:
12386:
12204:Balakot airstrike
11979:
11978:
11934:
11933:
11591:Defence Secretary
11476:
11475:
11290:Hizbul Mujahideen
11132:Operation All Out
11037:Border skirmishes
10913:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10855:
10854:
10832:Afzal Rahman Khan
10791:Ramaswamy Rajaram
10494:978-81-7062-117-1
10430:978-1-935501-10-7
10409:978-81-269-0762-5
10377:978-0-7735-2639-6
10357:978-0-521-46621-9
10322:978-81-7304-641-4
10301:978-1-139-02207-1
10271:978-1-933633-59-6
10220:978-1-4728-1094-6
10189:978-0-87003-214-1
10137:978-0-7110-0929-5
10116:978-0-7546-1497-5
10095:978-0-269-16232-9
10075:978-93-5214-129-6
10034:978-1-84904-230-7
10001:978-0-8059-9594-7
9994:. RoseDog Books.
9968:978-0-906041-11-6
9919:978-81-7094-115-6
9887:on 3 October 2013
9851:978-81-7436-262-9
9515:978-0-231-03625-2
9441:978-0-8047-7601-1
9405:978-0-7425-5510-5
9323:978-0-7656-1497-1
9274:978-0-7110-0929-5
9191:978-0-7099-4241-2
9143:Richard H. Shultz
8948:978-0-04-445113-6
8921:978-0-415-00212-7
8896:978-81-7141-486-4
8871:978-0-87249-982-9
8829:978-0-520-23210-5
8774:978-0-7425-2587-0
8694:978-81-7629-137-8
8604:978-1-84885-974-6
8570:978-0-8157-2408-7
8521:978-1-84885-974-6
8461:978-0-7453-3206-2
8432:978-0-19-021075-5
8404:978-1-84885-974-6
8379:978-1-84885-974-6
8321:978-1-84885-974-6
8296:978-0-8157-2408-7
8185:978-0-8157-1502-3
7892:978-0-275-97853-2
7853:. PublicAffairs.
7781:978-81-87943-52-5
7681:history.state.gov
7662:978-0-8021-3797-5
7637:978-0-275-97779-5
7612:978-0-7656-1553-4
7587:978-1-86189-257-7
7523:978-0-415-13934-2
7498:978-0-7425-2587-0
7454:12 September 1994
7352:978-81-7002-038-7
7339:Singh, Pushpindar
6946:978-1-4738-5369-0
6905:978-1-897829-72-1
6881:978-81-317-1025-8
6768:978-0-02-914090-1
6672:978-969-402-526-1
6590:978-81-7002-038-7
6531:978-1-61251-344-7
6441:978-1-4738-7462-6
6384:SS Sashi (2008).
6330:Missing or empty
6293:978-93-81411-79-7
6269:on 19 March 2007.
6211:978-0-7603-1343-5
6172:978-1-56311-568-4
6121:"The right stuff"
6087:Rakshak, Bharat.
6049:978-1-351-94867-8
5889:978-1-58834-083-2
5843:. PublicAffairs.
5823:978-0-19-579396-3
5585:Rakshak, Bharat.
5571:978-81-7062-117-1
5546:978-1-85532-825-9
5519:978-1-85532-825-9
5422:978-81-7099-890-7
4999:978-1-897829-72-1
4972:978-1-897829-72-1
4828:978-1-136-61767-6
4626:"The Double Game"
4596:978-1-4008-5819-4
4562:978-0-472-10806-0
4552:A study of crisis
4529:978-0-8157-2408-7
4465:978-0-8157-2408-7
4304:978-0-7391-0217-6
4275:978-0-19-021075-5
4244:978-1-929223-87-9
4078:978-0-7881-0279-0
4037:978-0-520-24696-6
3993:978-0-7425-2587-0
3910:978-1-134-77129-5
3873:978-1-57607-712-2
3848:Rachna Bisht 2015
3791:978-1-5017-0400-0
3718:978-1-57607-995-9
3655:978-0-415-97663-3
3588:Rakshak, Bharat.
3571:978-81-7062-117-1
3473:Rakshak, Bharat.
3444:978-0-87474-680-8
3365:
3364:
2540:According to the
2358:conducted by the
2354:According to the
2347:
2346:
2291:
2290:
2253:Aerial victories
2186:Pakistani claims
2108:Covert operations
2074:Naval hostilities
2019:7th Light Cavalry
1949:Royal Ordnance L7
1941:75 mm M3 L/40 gun
1898:M48A1 Patton tank
1779:civilian aircraft
1729:F-104 Starfighter
1654:First Kashmir War
1537:(a major city in
1457:advanced towards
1440:Sialkot offensive
1414:3rd Jat battalion
1242:, 8 km into
963:Jammu and Kashmir
933:
932:
867:Border skirmishes
755:
754:
750:
749:
578:
577:
254:
253:
175:M4A1 Sherman tank
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
15555:
15548:Kashmir conflict
15505:
15495:
15494:
14960:British heritage
14943:
14942:
14930:
14929:
14846:
14838:Investment board
14706:Water management
14612:
14611:
14599:
14598:
14350:
14335:
14327:
14297:Local government
14215:
14214:
14202:
14201:
13969:Pothohar Plateau
13873:
13872:
13860:
13859:
13747:Governor-General
13674:Aligarh Movement
13613:Sikh Confederacy
13588:
13587:
13505:Indo-Hephthalite
13445:
13392:
13391:
13379:
13378:
13363:
13356:
13349:
13340:
13339:
13264:
13263:
12983:
12976:
12969:
12960:
12959:
12951:
12950:
12949:
12939:
12938:
12937:
12930:
12728:Siachen conflict
12653:
12643:
12636:
12629:
12620:
12619:
12589:
12588:
12573:Amar Jawan Jyoti
12451:Historical Ships
12420:
12419:
12161:Siachen conflict
12151:Kashmir conflict
12046:
12045:
11966:Territorial Army
11939:Other components
11921:Training Command
11835:Southern Command
11830:Northern Command
11736:
11735:
11659:
11658:
11646:Serving marshals
11641:Serving admirals
11636:Serving generals
11560:Indian Air Force
11558:
11556:
11555:
11545:
11543:
11542:
11532:
11530:
11529:
11513:
11503:
11496:
11489:
11480:
11479:
11388:Azad Kashmir Day
11300:Jaish-e-Mohammed
11003:Siachen conflict
10947:Kashmir conflict
10940:
10933:
10926:
10917:
10916:
10878:CQMH Abdul Hamid
10870:Param Vir Chakra
10866:
10865:
10746:
10745:
10653:War of 1947–1948
10617:
10610:
10603:
10594:
10593:
10557:
10510:
10508:
10506:
10477:
10475:
10473:
10446:
10444:
10442:
10413:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10360:
10338:
10336:
10334:
10305:
10286:
10285:
10283:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10223:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10141:
10120:
10099:
10088:, Pall Mall P.,
10078:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10037:
10017:
10015:
10013:
9984:
9982:
9980:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9931:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9892:
9873:
9867:
9866:
9865:
9863:
9835:
9826:
9825:
9814:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9783:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9763:. Archived from
9757:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9731:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9720:
9701:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9671:
9665:
9664:
9662:
9660:
9654:
9643:
9635:
9629:
9628:
9621:
9615:
9602:
9596:
9580:
9574:
9561:
9555:
9539:
9533:
9527:
9521:
9519:
9498:
9492:
9481:
9475:
9464:
9458:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9423:
9410:
9409:
9391:
9385:
9380:23 July 2012 at
9372:
9366:
9365:
9360:. Archived from
9354:
9348:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9291:. Archived from
9285:
9279:
9278:
9258:
9252:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9177:
9171:
9156:
9150:
9139:
9133:
9120:
9114:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9104:
9097:
9086:
9080:
9066:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9043:. Archived from
9032:
9026:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9010:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8962:
8953:
8952:
8932:
8926:
8925:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8857:
8851:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8760:
8754:
8751:
8745:
8729:
8723:
8717:
8711:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8590:
8584:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8556:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8532:
8526:
8525:
8507:
8501:
8495:
8480:
8479:
8473:
8465:
8447:
8438:
8436:
8418:
8409:
8408:
8390:
8384:
8383:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8307:
8301:
8300:
8282:
8276:
8260:
8254:
8249:23 July 2012 at
8241:
8235:
8234:6 September 2005
8219:
8213:
8197:
8191:
8190:Pages 103, 73–74
8189:
8169:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8140:
8134:
8131:
8125:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8013:
8007:
7990:
7984:
7960:
7954:
7951:Dawn (newspaper)
7947:
7941:
7928:23 July 2012 at
7920:
7914:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7844:
7838:
7831:
7825:
7816:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7673:
7667:
7666:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7628:India: A History
7623:
7617:
7616:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7573:
7567:
7556:
7550:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7484:
7475:
7464:
7455:
7438:
7429:
7398:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7378:
7371:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7335:
7329:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7307:
7305:
7296:. Archived from
7289:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7272:
7266:. Archived from
7265:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7138:on 5 August 2012
7128:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7102:
7089:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7058:
7037:
7031:
7015:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6986:
6977:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6932:
6926:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6889:
6883:
6873:
6867:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6841:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6797:
6788:
6787:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6756:
6746:
6740:
6727:
6721:
6702:
6696:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6576:
6570:
6564:
6558:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6513:
6504:
6503:
6497:
6493:
6491:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6419:
6413:
6402:
6393:
6392:
6381:
6375:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6333:
6328:
6326:
6318:
6313:. Archived from
6304:
6298:
6297:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6265:. Archived from
6254:
6245:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6156:
6150:
6117:
6111:
6108:
6102:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6003:
5997:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5806:
5797:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5774:. Archived from
5768:
5762:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5694:. Archived from
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5668:. Archived from
5662:
5656:
5655:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5594:Official History
5591:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5438:Sir Richard Burn
5433:
5427:
5426:
5406:
5400:
5386:
5380:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5104:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5004:
5003:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4894:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4672:
4666:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4546:
4535:
4533:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4330:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4261:
4252:
4251:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4137:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3944:
3933:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3752:
3746:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3687:. Archived from
3681:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3639:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3597:Official History
3594:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3557:
3516:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3482:Official History
3479:
3470:
3453:
3452:
3428:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3396:
3313:
3247:Param Vir Chakra
3241:Gallantry awards
3001:to remember how
2812:Stephen P. Cohen
2739:Security Council
2513:India: A History
2426:An excerpt from
2342:
2339:
2333:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2267:Tanks destroyed
2245:19 PAF, 104 IAF
2178:
2177:
2094:Operation Dwarka
2080:Operation Dwarka
1928:light tanks and
1808:Captured Indian
1799:Balwantrai Mehta
1787:Balwantrai Mehta
1691:, along with 24
1562:M48 Patton tanks
1430:Battle of Dograi
1399:Battle of Dograi
1250:Chhamb offensive
1043:Kashmir conflict
834:2001–02 standoff
824:Siachen conflict
803:Kashmir conflict
794:
792:
782:
775:
768:
759:
758:
626:
625:
618:
617:
615:
604:
597:
590:
581:
580:
439:260,000 infantry
362:700,000 infantry
317:Har Kishan Sibal
310:Joginder Dhillon
284:
282:
281:
271:
269:
268:
188:
187:
167:
162:
138:
137:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
15563:
15562:
15558:
15557:
15556:
15554:
15553:
15552:
15518:
15517:
15516:
15511:
15470:
15389:
15281:
15265:Public holidays
15207:
15130:
15085:
14937:
14916:
14897:Nationalisation
14877:Corporatisation
14865:
14844:
14809:
14788:Pharmaceuticals
14717:
14659:Fuel extraction
14606:
14585:
14540:
14509:Law enforcement
14451:
14413:
14409:District Courts
14382:Supreme Council
14368:
14348:
14333:
14324:Majlis-e-Shoora
14321:
14308:
14290:Chief Ministers
14246:
14209:
14188:
14133:weather records
14106:
14063:Protected areas
14026:
13983:
13942:
13867:
13842:
13771:
13752:Princely states
13725:
13642:
13579:
13493:
13449:Seleucid Empire
13439:
13386:
13373:
13367:
13337:
13332:
13315:
13294:
13290:Lahore Metrobus
13278:
13253:
13195:
13132:
13099:
13061:
12993:
12987:
12957:
12947:
12945:
12935:
12933:
12925:
12923:
12918:
12897:
12879:
12848:
12822:Black September
12795:
12756:Bajaur Campaign
12751:Waziristan 1948
12737:
12699:
12661:
12647:
12617:
12612:
12577:
12516:
12496:
12477:Active Aircraft
12465:
12434:
12418:
12383:
12339:Northeast India
12327:
12288:
12233:Doklam standoff
12143:
12137:
12133:Sino-Indian War
12098:Battle of Chamb
12035:
11975:
11930:
11882:
11854:
11845:Western Command
11825:Eastern Command
11820:Central Command
11806:
11727:
11663:
11650:
11564:
11553:
11551:
11540:
11538:
11527:
11525:
11517:
11507:
11477:
11472:
11398:
11375:Youm-e-Istehsal
11344:
11310:Harkat ul-Ansar
11295:Lashkar-e-Taiba
11268:
11244:2016 Uri attack
11187:
11183:Simla Agreement
11161:
11127:Operation Eraze
11122:Operation Bison
11117:Operation Tupac
11090:
11064:2016 Uri attack
11032:
10974:
10949:
10944:
10914:
10905:
10893:Nishan-E-Haider
10887:
10861:
10851:
10810:
10737:
10667:
10626:
10621:
10531:
10526:
10522:Wayback Machine
10504:
10502:
10495:
10471:
10469:
10440:
10438:
10431:
10410:
10387:
10385:
10378:
10358:
10332:
10330:
10323:
10302:
10281:
10279:
10272:
10248:
10246:
10221:
10199:
10197:
10190:
10166:
10164:
10138:
10117:
10096:
10076:
10054:
10052:
10035:
10011:
10009:
10002:
9978:
9976:
9969:
9944:
9939:
9929:
9927:
9920:
9904:
9900:
9890:
9888:
9875:
9874:
9870:
9861:
9859:
9852:
9836:
9829:
9816:
9815:
9811:
9801:
9799:
9784:
9780:
9770:
9768:
9759:
9758:
9754:
9744:
9742:
9741:on 6 March 2019
9733:
9732:
9728:
9718:
9716:
9703:
9702:
9698:
9688:
9686:
9673:
9672:
9668:
9658:
9656:
9652:
9641:
9637:
9636:
9632:
9623:
9622:
9618:
9612:Wayback Machine
9603:
9599:
9593:Wayback Machine
9581:
9577:
9571:Wayback Machine
9562:
9558:
9552:Wayback Machine
9540:
9536:
9528:
9524:
9516:
9499:
9495:
9482:
9478:
9465:
9461:
9451:
9449:
9442:
9424:
9413:
9406:
9392:
9388:
9373:
9369:
9364:on 16 May 2006.
9356:
9355:
9351:
9345:Wayback Machine
9335:
9331:
9324:
9304:
9300:
9287:
9286:
9282:
9275:
9259:
9255:
9249:Wayback Machine
9233:
9229:
9219:
9217:
9204:
9203:
9199:
9192:
9178:
9174:
9166:Wayback Machine
9157:
9153:
9145:, Andrea Dew: "
9140:
9136:
9130:Wayback Machine
9121:
9117:
9108:
9106:
9102:
9095:
9087:
9083:
9077:Wayback Machine
9068:Haidar Imtiaz,
9067:
9060:
9050:
9048:
9033:
9029:
9022:
9018:
9008:
9006:
8993:
8992:
8988:
8977:
8963:
8956:
8949:
8933:
8929:
8922:
8908:
8904:
8897:
8883:
8879:
8872:
8858:
8854:
8841:
8837:
8830:
8816:
8812:
8802:
8800:
8787:
8786:
8782:
8775:
8761:
8757:
8752:
8748:
8739:Wayback Machine
8730:
8726:
8718:
8714:
8704:
8702:
8695:
8679:
8675:
8665:
8663:
8650:
8646:
8636:
8634:
8616:
8612:
8605:
8591:
8587:
8582:
8578:
8571:
8557:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8529:
8522:
8508:
8504:
8496:
8483:
8467:
8466:
8462:
8448:
8441:
8433:
8419:
8412:
8405:
8391:
8387:
8380:
8366:
8362:
8352:
8350:
8335:
8334:
8330:
8322:
8308:
8304:
8297:
8283:
8279:
8273:Wayback Machine
8261:
8257:
8242:
8238:
8229:Wayback Machine
8220:
8216:
8211:Wayback Machine
8198:
8194:
8186:
8170:
8163:
8153:
8151:
8146:. 28 May 2011.
8142:
8141:
8137:
8132:
8128:
8110:
8106:
8096:
8094:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8067:
8060:
8044:
8040:
8030:
8028:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8000:Wayback Machine
7991:
7987:
7981:Wayback Machine
7970:Wayback Machine
7961:
7957:
7948:
7944:
7921:
7917:
7904:
7900:
7893:
7879:
7875:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7845:
7841:
7832:
7828:
7817:
7813:
7805:
7801:
7791:
7789:
7782:
7766:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7742:
7738:
7729:
7727:
7720:
7704:
7700:
7690:
7688:
7675:
7674:
7670:
7663:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7630:. Grove Press.
7624:
7620:
7613:
7605:. M.E. Sharpe.
7599:
7595:
7588:
7574:
7570:
7557:
7553:
7544:Wayback Machine
7535:
7531:
7524:
7510:
7506:
7499:
7485:
7478:
7465:
7458:
7448:Wayback Machine
7439:
7432:
7423:Wayback Machine
7408:Wayback Machine
7399:
7392:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7353:
7336:
7332:
7326:Wayback Machine
7317:
7313:
7303:
7301:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7263:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7167:
7165:
7164:on 28 July 2012
7156:
7155:
7151:
7141:
7139:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7113:
7112:on 16 July 2012
7104:
7103:
7092:
7086:Wayback Machine
7077:
7073:
7065:
7061:
7047:Wayback Machine
7038:
7034:
7029:Defence Journal
7025:Wayback Machine
7018:The Fighter Gap
7016:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6988:
6987:
6980:
6966:Wayback Machine
6957:
6953:
6947:
6933:
6929:
6924:
6920:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6890:
6886:
6874:
6870:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6823:
6814:
6813:
6809:
6798:
6791:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6747:
6743:
6737:Wayback Machine
6728:
6724:
6712:Wayback Machine
6703:
6699:
6693:Wayback Machine
6684:
6680:
6673:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6628:
6624:
6614:
6612:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6591:
6577:
6573:
6565:
6561:
6552:Wayback Machine
6543:
6539:
6532:
6524:. p. 188.
6514:
6507:
6495:
6494:
6485:
6484:
6477:
6475:
6465:
6461:
6451:
6449:
6442:
6420:
6416:
6403:
6396:
6382:
6378:
6372:Wayback Machine
6362:Wayback Machine
6347:
6343:
6331:
6329:
6320:
6319:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6278:
6274:
6255:
6248:
6239:Wayback Machine
6230:
6226:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6196:
6192:
6182:
6180:
6173:
6157:
6153:
6145:Wayback Machine
6138:"The Debt Owed"
6128:Wayback Machine
6119:Ahmad Faruqui,
6118:
6114:
6109:
6105:
6096:Wayback Machine
6086:
6082:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6057:
6050:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6004:
6000:
5988:Wayback Machine
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5955:
5939:
5935:
5925:
5923:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5890:
5874:
5870:
5860:
5858:
5851:
5835:
5831:
5824:
5807:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5779:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5753:
5749:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5715:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5644:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5457:
5453:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5407:
5403:
5387:
5383:
5377:Wayback Machine
5368:
5364:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5326:Wayback Machine
5317:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5210:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5106:
5105:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4957:
4953:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4892:Wayback Machine
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4790:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4743:
4739:
4726:
4724:
4673:
4669:
4656:
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1933:tank destroyers
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1870:Main articles:
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1725:Canadair Sabres
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9151:
9134:
9115:
9081:
9058:
9027:
9016:
8986:
8975:
8954:
8947:
8927:
8920:
8902:
8895:
8877:
8870:
8852:
8835:
8828:
8810:
8793:Economic Times
8780:
8773:
8755:
8746:
8724:
8712:
8693:
8673:
8644:
8610:
8603:
8585:
8576:
8569:
8548:
8536:
8527:
8520:
8502:
8500:, p. 330.
8481:
8460:
8439:
8431:
8410:
8403:
8385:
8378:
8360:
8328:
8320:
8302:
8295:
8277:
8255:
8236:
8214:
8192:
8184:
8161:
8135:
8126:
8104:
8077:
8058:
8038:
8008:
7985:
7955:
7953:7 October 2006
7942:
7934:Husain Haqqani
7915:
7898:
7891:
7873:
7860:978-1610391627
7859:
7839:
7826:
7811:
7799:
7780:
7760:
7758:, p. 100.
7748:
7736:
7718:
7698:
7668:
7661:
7643:
7636:
7618:
7611:
7593:
7586:
7568:
7551:
7529:
7522:
7504:
7497:
7476:
7456:
7430:
7390:
7358:
7351:
7330:
7311:
7284:
7252:
7241:
7230:
7219:
7208:
7197:
7186:
7175:
7149:
7123:
7090:
7071:
7059:
7032:
7007:
6978:
6951:
6945:
6927:
6918:
6904:
6884:
6868:
6851:
6842:
6833:
6807:
6789:
6774:
6767:
6741:
6722:
6697:
6678:
6671:
6653:
6622:
6596:
6589:
6571:
6559:
6556:Bharat Rakshak
6537:
6530:
6505:
6459:
6440:
6414:
6394:
6376:
6341:
6299:
6292:
6272:
6246:
6224:
6210:
6190:
6171:
6151:
6112:
6103:
6080:
6067:
6048:
6029:
5998:
5979:John Fricker,
5972:
5953:
5933:
5907:
5888:
5868:
5849:
5829:
5822:
5798:
5789:
5778:on 2 June 2015
5763:
5747:
5745:, p. 161.
5735:
5709:
5698:on 3 June 2021
5683:
5672:on 2 June 2021
5657:
5638:
5626:
5624:, p. 183.
5614:
5603:on 9 June 2011
5577:
5570:
5562:War Despatches
5552:
5545:
5525:
5518:
5500:
5488:
5486:, p. 172.
5476:
5469:
5461:War Despatches
5451:
5428:
5421:
5401:
5381:
5362:
5330:
5311:
5302:
5300:, p. 150.
5290:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5228:
5216:
5201:
5189:
5177:
5151:
5125:
5094:
5068:
5054:
5029:
5020:
5005:
4998:
4978:
4971:
4951:
4937:
4925:Stimson Center
4909:
4895:
4868:
4854:
4834:
4827:
4807:
4788:
4768:
4751:Times of India
4737:
4667:
4647:
4632:. 8 May 2011.
4630:The New Yorker
4617:
4595:
4575:
4561:
4536:
4528:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4471:
4464:
4443:
4414:
4387:(1): 150–179.
4364:
4322:
4320:, p. 315.
4310:
4303:
4282:
4274:
4253:
4243:
4225:
4214:
4194:
4175:
4156:
4138:
4097:
4077:
4057:
4036:
4016:
3992:
3972:
3934:
3932:, p. 331.
3919:
3909:
3891:
3872:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3809:
3790:
3770:
3753:
3751:, p. 294.
3736:
3717:
3694:
3691:on 8 May 2009.
3673:
3654:
3617:
3606:on 9 June 2011
3577:
3570:
3562:War Despatches
3517:
3515:, p. 107.
3502:
3491:on 9 June 2011
3454:
3443:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3404:
3398:License-built
3390:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3311:
3302:battle honours
3297:
3296:Battle honours
3294:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3270:
3259:
3258:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3208:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3044:A book titled
3017:her strength.
2994:
2991:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2834:
2831:
2755:
2752:
2719:
2716:
2703:
2700:
2670:
2667:
2620:Alexei Kosygin
2611:
2608:
2597:Hawker Hunters
2556:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2517:
2516:
2498:
2497:
2483:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2451:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2401:
2387:
2386:
2379:New York Times
2368:
2367:
2345:
2344:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2278:Land area won
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2232:
2231:Aircraft lost
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:Indian claims
2181:
2172:
2169:
2109:
2106:
2102:Rs. 115 crores
2078:Main article:
2075:
2072:
1976:Centurion tank
1945:Centurion Tank
1867:
1864:
1791:chief minister
1661:Hawker Hunters
1620:Main article:
1617:
1616:Aerial warfare
1614:
1592:
1589:
1526:
1523:
1481:The Pakistani
1478:
1475:
1455:Rajinder Singh
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1400:
1397:
1375:
1372:
1364:Icchogil Canal
1346:
1345:Icchogil Canal
1343:
1254:Main article:
1251:
1248:
1246:by 28 August.
1218:commanded the
1207:
1204:
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1034:
1031:
1011:aerial warfare
986:and along the
931:
930:
928:
927:
922:
917:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
864:
863:
858:
853:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
809:War of 1947–48
800:
797:
796:
785:
784:
777:
770:
762:
753:
752:
748:
747:
746:
745:
740:
739:
738:
736:8-Pass Charlie
725:
724:
720:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
684:
683:
679:
678:
677:
676:
671:
664:
654:
653:
649:
648:
647:
646:
639:
631:
630:
624:
621:
620:
607:
606:
599:
592:
584:
576:
575:
574:
573:
554:
551:
548:
542:Neutral claims
538:
537:
536:
529:
528:60–75 aircraft
526:
523:
517:Neutral claims
512:
511:
507:
506:
505:
504:
501:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
481:126x 155mm How
479:
476:
467:
466:
460:
457:
435:
434:
433:
430:
421:
420:
417:
414:
408:
399:
398:
392:
386:
380:
357:
356:
352:
351:
322:
314:Harbaksh Singh
294:
293:
289:
288:
275:
261:
260:
256:
255:
252:
251:
245:
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
205:
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
184:
183:
155:
154:
143:
142:
136:
135:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15560:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15525:
15523:
15508:
15504:
15500:
15498:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15484:
15481:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15426:Hindu temples
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15398:
15396:
15392:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15292:
15290:
15288:
15284:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15257:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15234:
15233:
15229:
15227:
15226:
15222:
15221:
15220:
15217:
15216:
15214:
15210:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15182:
15181:
15177:
15176:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15153:
15150:
15149:
15148:
15145:
15143:
15140:
15139:
15137:
15133:
15127:
15124:
15120:
15117:
15116:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15096:
15094:
15092:
15088:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15056:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15025:
15022:
15021:
15020:
15017:
15013:
15010:
15009:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14986:
14983:
14982:
14981:
14978:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14966:
14963:
14961:
14958:
14956:
14953:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14944:
14940:
14936:
14931:
14927:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14902:Privatisation
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14874:
14872:
14868:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14856:Stock markets
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14827:
14824:
14823:
14822:
14819:
14818:
14816:
14812:
14806:
14803:
14799:
14796:
14795:
14794:
14791:
14789:
14786:
14784:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14772:
14769:
14768:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14728:
14726:
14724:
14720:
14712:
14709:
14708:
14707:
14704:
14700:
14697:
14696:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14635:
14633:
14630:
14628:
14625:
14624:
14623:
14620:
14619:
14617:
14613:
14609:
14605:
14600:
14596:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14570:
14567:
14566:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14551:
14549:
14547:
14543:
14535:
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14520:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14511:
14510:
14507:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14494:
14493:
14490:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14466:
14463:
14462:
14460:
14458:
14454:
14448:
14445:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14424:
14422:
14420:
14416:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14400:
14397:
14393:
14392:Chief Justice
14390:
14389:
14388:
14387:Supreme Court
14385:
14383:
14380:
14379:
14377:
14375:
14371:
14365:
14362:
14356:
14353:
14352:
14351:
14349:(lower house)
14345:
14341:
14338:
14337:
14336:
14334:(upper house)
14330:
14329:
14328:
14325:
14318:
14317:
14315:
14311:
14303:
14300:
14299:
14298:
14295:
14291:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14282:
14281:
14278:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14260:
14259:
14256:
14255:
14253:
14249:
14243:
14240:
14236:
14233:
14232:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14222:
14220:
14216:
14212:
14208:
14203:
14199:
14185:
14182:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14164:
14163:
14160:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14147:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14134:
14131:
14130:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14115:
14113:
14109:
14103:
14100:
14096:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14087:
14086:
14083:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14073:game reserves
14071:
14069:
14066:
14065:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14056:
14054:
14051:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14039:
14036:
14035:
14033:
14029:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13994:
13992:
13990:
13986:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13951:
13949:
13945:
13939:
13936:
13934:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13924:
13921:
13919:
13916:
13914:
13911:
13909:
13906:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13880:
13878:
13874:
13870:
13866:
13861:
13857:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13818:
13817:Insurgencies
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13798:1971 Movement
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13784:
13781:
13780:
13778:
13774:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13734:
13732:
13728:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13710:
13707:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13689:Muslim League
13687:
13686:
13685:
13682:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13651:
13649:
13645:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13593:
13589:
13586:
13582:
13576:
13573:
13571:
13568:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13531:
13528:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13511:
13508:
13506:
13503:
13502:
13500:
13496:
13490:
13489:Indo-Sassanid
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13479:Indo-Parthian
13477:
13475:
13472:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13443:
13438:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13403:
13400:
13399:
13397:
13393:
13389:
13385:
13380:
13376:
13371:
13364:
13359:
13357:
13352:
13350:
13345:
13344:
13341:
13331:
13327:
13322:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13303:
13301:
13297:
13291:
13288:
13287:
13285:
13281:
13275:
13272:
13271:
13269:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13256:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13234:Sports venues
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13206:
13204:
13202:
13198:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
13144:
13143:
13141:
13139:
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13128:Sister cities
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12875:War on terror
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10842:Bakhtiar Rana
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10550:Muhammad Musa
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10130:. Ian Allan.
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9583:Taha Siddiqui
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9184:. Routledge.
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8969:. Routledge.
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8941:. Routledge.
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8914:. Routledge.
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6586:
6582:
6575:
6568:
6563:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6541:
6533:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6510:
6501:
6489:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6433:
6432:Pen and Sword
6429:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6410:1-904687-26-1
6407:
6401:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6324:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6303:
6295:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6276:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6253:
6251:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6228:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6194:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6155:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6116:
6107:
6100:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6084:
6077:
6071:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5976:
5960:
5956:
5954:9788176290593
5950:
5946:
5945:
5937:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5872:
5856:
5852:
5850:9781610393171
5846:
5842:
5841:
5833:
5825:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5793:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5760:969-8693-01-7
5757:
5751:
5744:
5739:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5671:
5667:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5648:"Unsung hero"
5642:
5635:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5537:
5529:
5521:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5485:
5480:
5472:
5470:81-7062-117-8
5466:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5424:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5405:
5398:
5397:1-85532-825-9
5394:
5391:
5385:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5366:
5347:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5315:
5306:
5299:
5294:
5287:
5282:
5275:
5270:
5263:
5258:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5226:, p. 30.
5225:
5220:
5214:, p. 10.
5213:
5208:
5206:
5199:, p. 12.
5198:
5193:
5187:, p. 11.
5186:
5181:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5064:
5058:
5042:
5041:
5033:
5024:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4941:
4926:
4919:
4913:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4857:
4855:9781568585031
4851:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4824:
4821:. Routledge.
4820:
4819:
4811:
4795:
4791:
4789:9781568585031
4785:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4663:1-4289-8189-6
4660:
4654:
4652:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4564:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4531:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4495:
4490:
4483:
4478:
4476:
4467:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4448:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4260:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4217:
4215:9781442250970
4211:
4207:
4206:
4198:
4191:
4187:. Routledge.
4186:
4179:
4172:
4168:. Routledge.
4167:
4160:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4013:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3976:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:. Routledge.
3902:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3768:, p. 86.
3767:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3408:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3235:
3234:Padma Bhushan
3231:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:Padma Bhushan
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3179:
3177:
3176:Taha Siddiqui
3173:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3146:(present day
3145:
3144:East Pakistan
3140:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:United States
3110:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:Air Force Day
3082:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:non-alignment
2980:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2958:for external
2957:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2864:East Pakistan
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:Shekhar Gupta
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:B-57 Canberra
2578:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:United States
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2338:February 2022
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2311:This article
2309:
2300:
2299:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:Muhammad Musa
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:Pakistan Army
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:Rs. 35 crores
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:gun, and the
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:was carrying
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:Air Commodore
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:, nicknamed "
1715:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:B-57 Canberra
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:Folland Gnats
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:Punjab, India
1536:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:Desmond Hayde
1422:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Haji Pir pass
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:Haji Pir pass
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:Harold Wilson
1105:
1101:
1091:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Rann of Kutch
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:United States
973:
969:
964:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
846:
840:
839:2008 standoff
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
804:
798:
793:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
763:
760:
744:
741:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
728:
727:
726:
722:
721:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
685:
681:
680:
675:
674:Haji Pir Pass
672:
670:
669:
665:
663:
662:
658:
657:
656:
655:
652:Kashmir Front
651:
650:
645:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
632:
628:
627:
622:
616:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
585:
582:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
550:200-300 Tanks
549:
546:
545:
544:
543:
539:
534:
530:
527:
525:150–190 tanks
524:
521:
520:
519:
518:
514:
513:
508:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
475:72x 105mm How
474:
473:
472:
471:
470:552 Artillery
465:
461:
458:
456:
452:
451:
450:
449:
445:
440:
436:
431:
428:
427:
426:
425:
418:
415:
413:
409:
406:
405:
404:
403:
402:628 Artillery
397:
393:
391:
387:
385:
381:
379:
375:
374:
373:
372:
368:
367:700+ aircraft
363:
359:
358:
353:
350:
346:
345:Abrar Hussain
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:Muhammad Musa
326:
323:
321:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
295:
290:
287:
276:
274:
263:
262:
257:
249:
246:
241:
240:
236:
233:
232:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
199:
193:
190:
189:
185:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
153:
149:
144:
139:
134:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
15487:Basic topics
15320:Field hockey
15230:
15223:
15178:
15142:Architecture
15091:Demographics
15076:Urbanisation
15061:Prostitution
15019:Human rights
14985:Institutions
14492:Human rights
14465:Constitution
14323:
14162:Subdivisions
14111:Other topics
13979:Sistan Basin
13813:Islamisation
13788:Indus Treaty
13783:1947–present
13767:Baghdad Pact
13721:Independence
13591:Pre-colonial
13422:Indo-Iranics
13417:Indus Valley
13306:Lahore Metro
13146:Architecture
13113:Stock market
13090:Demographics
13037:British rule
12839:Yemen crisis
12521:Other topics
12446:Active Ships
12358:
12350:
12332:Insurgencies
12310:
12301:
12277:
12269:
12251:
12213:Congo Crisis
12172:
12113:Cactus-Lilly
12112:
12104:
11662:Ministry and
11655:Organisation
11392:26 October—
11386:24 October—
11379:22 October—
11361:5 February—
11355:19 January—
11166:Negotiations
10968:1947–present
10724:Lahore Front
10720:Ichogil Bund
10693:
10686:
10679:
10623:
10556:. Wajidalis.
10553:
10503:. Retrieved
10483:
10470:. Retrieved
10452:
10439:. Retrieved
10419:
10398:
10388:22 September
10386:, retrieved
10366:
10343:
10331:. Retrieved
10311:
10291:
10280:, retrieved
10260:
10247:. Retrieved
10229:
10210:
10198:. Retrieved
10178:
10165:. Retrieved
10147:
10126:
10105:
10084:
10065:
10053:. Retrieved
10043:
10023:
10010:. Retrieved
9990:
9977:. Retrieved
9957:
9948:
9942:Bibliography
9928:. Retrieved
9908:
9901:
9891:25 September
9889:. Retrieved
9885:the original
9880:
9871:
9860:, retrieved
9840:
9822:the original
9812:
9800:. Retrieved
9791:
9781:
9769:. Retrieved
9765:the original
9755:
9743:. Retrieved
9739:the original
9729:
9717:. Retrieved
9708:
9699:
9687:. Retrieved
9678:
9669:
9657:. Retrieved
9645:
9633:
9619:
9600:
9578:
9559:
9543:
9537:
9525:
9505:
9502:Rounaq Jahan
9496:
9479:
9462:
9450:. Retrieved
9431:
9395:
9389:
9370:
9362:the original
9352:
9332:
9308:
9301:
9293:the original
9283:
9267:. I. Allan.
9263:
9256:
9235:
9230:
9220:26 September
9218:. Retrieved
9209:
9200:
9181:
9175:
9168:
9154:
9146:
9137:
9118:
9107:, retrieved
9091:
9084:
9049:. Retrieved
9045:the original
9040:
9030:
9019:
9007:. Retrieved
8998:
8989:
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8966:
8937:
8930:
8911:
8905:
8886:
8880:
8861:
8855:
8838:
8819:
8813:
8801:. Retrieved
8792:
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8764:
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8703:. Retrieved
8683:
8676:
8664:. Retrieved
8654:
8647:
8635:. Retrieved
8626:
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8594:
8588:
8579:
8560:
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8363:
8351:. Retrieved
8337:
8331:
8311:
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8280:
8264:
8258:
8239:
8217:
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8174:
8152:. Retrieved
8138:
8129:
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8095:. Retrieved
8090:
8080:
8068:. Retrieved
8048:
8041:
8029:. Retrieved
8020:
8011:
7988:
7958:
7945:
7937:
7918:
7901:
7882:
7876:
7864:. Retrieved
7849:
7842:
7829:
7814:
7802:
7790:, retrieved
7770:
7763:
7756:Pradhan 2007
7751:
7739:
7728:, retrieved
7708:
7701:
7689:. Retrieved
7680:
7671:
7652:
7646:
7627:
7621:
7602:
7596:
7577:
7571:
7554:
7546:
7532:
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7381:. Retrieved
7374:the original
7361:
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7298:the original
7287:
7275:. Retrieved
7268:the original
7255:
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7162:the original
7152:
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7136:the original
7126:
7114:. Retrieved
7110:the original
7074:
7062:
7035:
6998:. Retrieved
6994:the original
6970:Vice Admiral
6954:
6936:
6930:
6921:
6909:. Retrieved
6894:
6887:
6871:
6854:
6845:
6836:
6824:. Retrieved
6820:the original
6810:
6801:
6783:
6777:
6752:
6744:
6725:
6714:
6700:
6681:
6662:
6656:
6644:. Retrieved
6635:
6625:
6613:. Retrieved
6599:
6580:
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6566:
6562:
6540:
6517:
6476:. Retrieved
6472:
6462:
6450:. Retrieved
6427:
6417:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6349:
6344:
6332:|title=
6315:the original
6307:
6302:
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6275:
6267:the original
6262:
6241:
6227:
6215:. Retrieved
6200:
6193:
6181:. Retrieved
6161:
6154:
6148:
6131:
6115:
6106:
6098:
6083:
6076:Sabre Slayer
6070:
6058:. Retrieved
6038:
6032:
6020:. Retrieved
6011:
6001:
5991:
5975:
5963:. Retrieved
5943:
5936:
5924:. Retrieved
5910:
5898:. Retrieved
5878:
5871:
5859:. Retrieved
5839:
5832:
5813:
5792:
5780:. Retrieved
5776:the original
5766:
5750:
5738:
5726:. Retrieved
5722:
5712:
5700:. Retrieved
5696:the original
5686:
5674:. Retrieved
5670:the original
5660:
5651:
5641:
5629:
5617:
5605:. Retrieved
5598:the original
5593:
5580:
5561:
5555:
5535:
5528:
5509:
5503:
5491:
5479:
5460:
5454:
5445:
5431:
5411:
5404:
5389:
5384:
5365:
5353:. Retrieved
5333:
5314:
5305:
5293:
5281:
5269:
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5231:
5224:Pradhan 2007
5219:
5212:Pradhan 2007
5197:Pradhan 2007
5192:
5185:Pradhan 2007
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5154:
5142:. Retrieved
5128:
5116:. Retrieved
5085:. Retrieved
5071:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5039:
5032:
5023:
5018:, p. 5.
5016:Pradhan 2007
4988:
4981:
4961:
4954:
4940:
4930:11 September
4928:. Retrieved
4924:
4912:
4898:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4844:
4837:
4817:
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4778:
4771:
4759:. Retrieved
4750:
4740:
4732:
4725:. Retrieved
4684:
4680:
4670:
4638:. Retrieved
4629:
4620:
4612:
4605:. Retrieved
4585:
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4551:
4519:
4513:
4501:
4489:
4455:
4434:. Retrieved
4430:
4384:
4380:
4345:(4): 77–93.
4342:
4338:
4313:
4294:
4265:
4248:
4234:
4228:
4219:
4204:
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4188:
4184:
4178:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4118:. Retrieved
4109:
4100:
4087:. Retrieved
4067:
4060:
4046:. Retrieved
4026:
4019:
4002:. Retrieved
3982:
3975:
3962:. Retrieved
3948:
3914:
3900:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3862:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3802:22 September
3800:. Retrieved
3780:
3773:
3727:. Retrieved
3707:
3689:the original
3664:. Retrieved
3644:
3608:. Retrieved
3601:the original
3596:
3561:
3493:. Retrieved
3486:the original
3481:
3433:
3426:
3407:
3394:
3359:
3347:Hussainiwala
3299:
3291:(Posthumous)
3278:(Posthumous)
3269:(Posthumous)
3244:
3169:
3141:
3137:
3133:Eating Grass
3132:
3105:
3093:
3089:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3065:martial race
3062:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2987:Soviet Union
2976:
2964:intelligence
2952:
2947:
2938:
2933:
2928:Jeremy Black
2923:
2920:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2894:
2876:Soviet Union
2868:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2836:
2816:
2801:
2789:jugular vein
2781:
2777:
2757:
2744:
2728:
2721:
2710:to coin the
2705:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:Mahmud Ahmed
2672:
2652:
2616:Soviet Union
2613:
2601:
2569:
2558:
2548:
2534:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2419:
2412:
2411:In his book
2404:
2397:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2348:
2335:
2320:Please help
2312:
2174:
2161:
2154:
2111:
2083:
2069:
2062:
2058:Sherman Tank
2031:62nd Cavalry
2027:18th Cavalry
2015:16th Cavalry
1984:
1965:
1924:tanks, some
1910:World War II
1907:
1896:A Pakistani
1884:Lahore Front
1843:
1819:
1810:Folland Gnat
1749:
1745:Folland Gnat
1736:Sajad Haider
1718:Sabre Slayer
1714:Folland Gnat
1711:
1700:
1685:F-86F Sabres
1679:. The PAF's
1658:
1643:
1608:sector near
1594:
1581:
1578:AA, 1965 War
1566:
1555:
1528:
1519:
1503:World War II
1495:Patrick Dunn
1480:
1448:
1434:
1410:
1377:
1367:
1360:World War II
1348:
1316:
1293:
1282:
1259:
1214:bulge, COAS
1209:
1185:
1182:
1163:
1124:
1096:
1055:military aid
1036:
1024:
1008:
972:Soviet Union
958:
943:
939:
937:
925:J&K 2019
920:Balakot 2019
908:
907:
866:
865:
844:
843:
813:
801:
682:Punjab Front
667:
660:
642:
612:
541:
540:
516:
515:
494:
493:
487:72x 3.7" How
469:
468:
459:308 Shermans
447:
444:280 aircraft
443:
441:(whole army)
438:
437:
423:
422:
407:66x 3.7" How
401:
400:
370:
366:
364:(whole army)
361:
360:
320:Z. C. Bakshi
259:Belligerents
170:Top, bottom:
169:
146:Part of the
133:
118:
112:January 2024
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
15360:Paralympics
15255:Nationalism
15250:Gun culture
15109:Immigration
14955:Aurat March
14736:Agriculture
14654:Foreign aid
14622:Electricity
14447:Martial law
14404:High Courts
14320:Parliament
14313:Legislative
14150:earthquakes
14078:sanctuaries
14031:Environment
13997:Coal fields
13964:Indus Plain
13954:Arabian Sea
13808:Project-706
13664:Durand Line
13654:British Raj
13618:Sikh Empire
13515:Rai dynasty
13440: [
13027:Mughal rule
12902:Anti-piracy
12860:Bosnian War
12800:Middle East
12743:Afghanistan
12673:Martial law
12304:(Hyderabad)
12293:Annexations
12278:Devi Shakti
12014:Coast Guard
11547:Indian Navy
11534:Indian Army
11349:Observances
11152:2016 strike
10776:Arjan Singh
10534:Records of
10200:12 November
9771:24 December
9745:26 February
9719:24 December
9689:24 December
9452:21 February
8705:13 February
8666:13 February
8637:17 November
8619:M. J. Akbar
8544:McGarr 2013
8498:McGarr 2013
8123:Daily Times
8097:8 September
8091:India Today
7866:23 December
7730:11 February
7383:29 December
7304:11 February
6826:21 December
6496:|last=
6060:12 November
5170:21 December
5144:21 December
5118:21 December
4640:26 February
4506:McGarr 2013
4494:McGarr 2013
4482:McGarr 2013
4318:McGarr 2013
4089:15 November
4048:15 November
4004:12 November
3930:McGarr 2013
3749:Praagh 2003
3729:15 November
3335:Assal Uttar
3267:Abdul Hamid
3172:Defence Day
3165:another war
3121:Tariq Majid
3081:Defence Day
2999:Defence Day
2819:Air Marshal
2712:protologism
2638:signed the
2194:Casualties
2035:3rd Cavalry
2023:2nd Lancers
1999:M3A3 Stuart
1995:M4 Shermans
1930:M36 Jackson
1926:M24 Chaffee
1914:Patton M-47
1673:EE Canberra
1604:and in the
1501:during the
1131:Indian Army
819:War of 1971
814:War of 1965
553:20 aircraft
349:S. M. Anwar
337:A. H. Malik
306:Arjan Singh
242:Territorial
15522:Categories
15406:Cemeteries
15345:Motorsport
15330:Gillidanda
15193:Philosophy
15174:Literature
15051:Pakistanis
15007:Healthcare
14845:(currency)
14746:Automotive
14268:Ministries
14251:Government
14207:Governance
14043:Ecoregions
14012:Oil fields
14002:Gas fields
13974:Salt Range
13959:Gwadar Bay
13933:Waterfalls
13923:Topography
13833:Kargil War
13464:Indo-Greek
13432:Achaemenid
13427:Indo-Aryan
13080:Ravi River
13017:Hindu rule
12766:Soviet War
12357:Operation
12349:Operation
12309:Operation
12300:Operation
12276:Operation
12268:Operation
12250:Operation
12171:Operation
12156:Korean War
12126:Kargil War
12111:Operation
12103:Operation
12041:Operations
11569:Leadership
11415:Insurgency
11373:5 August—
11095:Operations
11008:Kargil War
10806:P. O. Dunn
10700:Asal Uttar
10694:Grand Slam
10462:B0000CQ9GQ
10282:31 January
10239:B0006EL2OI
10157:B0006FFBK8
9930:3 November
9802:12 October
9520:Pg 166–167
9109:27 January
8803:28 October
8353:29 October
8204:The Nation
7807:Bajwa 2013
7744:Bajwa 2013
7427:Steve Coll
6911:3 November
5743:Gupta 1967
5634:Gupta 1967
5622:Gupta 1967
5496:Gupta 1967
5484:Gupta 1967
5355:7 December
5298:Gupta 1967
5286:Gupta 1967
5274:Gupta 1967
5262:Gupta 1967
5047:8 November
4861:19 October
4800:19 October
4761:3 November
4687:(1): 140.
4568:3 November
3884:30 October
3419:References
3304:and three
3216:Padma Shri
3148:Bangladesh
3125:Zhou Enlai
3058:Grand Slam
2797:Yahya Khan
2628:Uzbekistan
2593:Auster AOP
2573:small arms
2565:resolution
2461:Dennis Kux
2383:Shadow War
2330:Wikisource
2130:parachuted
2056:Destroyed
2047:Asal Uttar
2007:17th Horse
1991:Centurions
1937:M4 Sherman
1922:M4 Sherman
1904:. in 1965.
1856:flying ace
1771:Saad Hatmi
1543:River Beas
1531:Khem Karan
1212:Uri-Poonch
1037:Since the
1033:Background
829:Kargil War
715:Asal Uttar
668:Grand Slam
490:AK Lt Btys
484:48x 8" How
478:234x 25pdr
378:Centurions
341:Yahya Khan
82:newspapers
15431:Libraries
15421:Gurdwaras
15295:Athletics
15245:Etiquette
15212:Lifestyle
15164:Festivals
15114:Languages
15104:Ethnicity
15012:Hospitals
14992:Feudalism
14980:Education
14833:Companies
14761:Husbandry
14731:Aerospace
14576:Air force
14534:Terrorism
14437:Feudalism
14427:Elections
14285:Governors
14225:President
14172:districts
14167:provinces
14017:Volcanoes
13908:Mountains
13865:Geography
13716:Partition
13638:Rebellion
13540:Ghaznavid
13402:Stone age
13259:Transport
13244:Gurdwaras
13219:Libraries
13209:Hospitals
13161:Festivals
13118:Education
13067:Geography
13032:Sikh rule
13012:Etymology
12914:Venezuela
12853:Worldwide
12781:1996-2001
12606:Air Force
12505:Documents
12470:Air Force
12392:Equipment
12351:Blue Star
12194:2016–2018
12189:2014–2015
12144:Conflicts
12142:External
12088:Naval War
12061:1947–1948
12009:Air Force
11984:Personnel
11888:Air Force
11576:President
11367:13 July—
11086:2020–2021
11059:2016–2018
11054:2014–2015
10963:1846–1946
10827:Musa Khan
10822:Ayub Khan
10687:Gibraltar
10548:Mohammed
10505:25 August
10472:25 August
10441:25 August
10333:25 August
10249:25 August
10167:25 August
10055:25 August
10012:25 August
9979:25 August
9862:16 August
8470:cite book
7691:26 August
7051:Brigadier
6452:18 August
6263:Jang News
6133:Dawn News
5900:25 August
5652:The Hindu
5399:pg.34-35.
4717:144532810
4701:0095-327X
4409:211312207
4401:0140-2390
4359:0140-2390
4221:Mysteres.
4120:30 August
3964:2 October
3590:"Page 14"
3475:"Page 15"
3054:Gibraltar
2960:espionage
2939:In 2015,
2886:Aftermath
2555:Ceasefire
2509:John Keay
2502:exposed.
2326:Wikiquote
2313:contains
2146:Pathankot
2126:commandos
2011:4th Horse
1997:and some
1961:M3 Stuart
1827:Indonesia
1740:altitudes
1722:Pakistani
1600:opposite
1591:Stalemate
1585:Rajasthan
1547:Jalandhar
1323:air force
1319:air force
1234:, led by
1143:saboteurs
1066:build-up.
661:Gibraltar
547:3,800 men
522:3,000 men
448:756 tanks
371:720 tanks
237:Ceasefire
219:Rajasthan
15497:Category
15456:Stadiums
15411:Churches
15380:Swimming
15355:Olympics
15325:Football
15300:Baseball
15219:Clothing
15198:Textiles
15180:Mushaira
15169:Folklore
15099:Diaspora
15066:Religion
15031:Marriage
14997:Feminism
14814:Commerce
14793:Textiles
14756:Forestry
14723:Industry
14546:Military
14419:Politics
14374:Judicial
14340:Chairman
14085:Wildlife
14007:Minerals
13938:Wetlands
13893:Glaciers
13876:Features
13803:1971 War
13793:1965 War
13776:Republic
13757:1947 War
13730:Dominion
13647:Colonial
13510:Kambojas
13498:Medieval
13469:Gandhara
13412:Mehrgarh
13372:articles
13370:Pakistan
13326:Category
13249:Churches
13186:Shopping
13181:Religion
13166:Language
13085:Wildlife
13057:Timeline
13047:1965 War
12953:Pakistan
12834:Gulf War
12666:Domestic
12591:Category
12359:Woodrose
12318:Junagadh
12173:Parakram
11732:Commands
10958:Timeline
10837:Nur Khan
10815:Pakistan
10715:Chawinda
10710:Phillora
10672:Conflict
10552:(1983).
10518:Archived
10499:Archived
10466:Archived
10435:Archived
10382:archived
10327:Archived
10276:archived
10243:Archived
10194:Archived
10161:Archived
10049:Archived
10006:Archived
9973:Archived
9924:Archived
9856:archived
9796:Archived
9713:Archived
9683:Archived
9650:Archived
9608:Archived
9589:Archived
9567:Archived
9548:Archived
9504:(1972).
9446:Archived
9378:Archived
9341:Archived
9245:Archived
9214:Archived
9212:. 2015.
9162:Archived
9126:Archived
9100:archived
9073:Archived
9051:31 March
9041:BBC News
9003:Archived
8797:Archived
8741: –
8735:Archived
8699:Archived
8660:Archived
8631:Archived
8347:Archived
8269:Archived
8247:Archived
8225:Archived
8207:Archived
8148:Archived
8115:Archived
8064:Archived
8025:Archived
7996:Archived
7977:Archived
7966:Archived
7926:Archived
7821: –
7792:18 April
7786:archived
7724:archived
7685:Archived
7540:Archived
7444:Archived
7419:Archived
7410: –
7404:Archived
7341:(1991).
7322:Archived
7082:Archived
7053:(Retd.)
7043:Archived
7021:Archived
6962:Archived
6733:Archived
6708:Archived
6689:Archived
6646:26 March
6640:Archived
6615:26 March
6609:Archived
6548:Archived
6488:cite web
6446:Archived
6368:Archived
6358:Archived
6323:cite web
6235:Archived
6217:14 April
6183:14 April
6177:Archived
6141:Archived
6124:Archived
6099:History.
6092:Archived
6054:Archived
6016:Archived
6012:ThePrint
5984:Archived
5959:Archived
5920:Archived
5894:Archived
5855:Archived
5812:(2001).
5373:Archived
5346:Archived
5322:Archived
5241:Archived
5164:Archived
5138:Archived
5112:Archived
5081:Archived
4888:Archived
4794:Archived
4755:Archived
4721:Archived
4709:45346403
4634:Archived
4601:Archived
4131:Archived
4114:Archived
4083:Archived
4055:chagrin.
4042:Archived
3998:Archived
3958:Archived
3878:Archived
3796:Archived
3723:Archived
3666:14 April
3660:Archived
3449:archived
3369:See also
3356:Phillora
3350:Kalidhar
3283:Pakistan
3264:Havildar
3119:General
3023:Nur Khan
2993:Pakistan
2900:magazine
2880:Tashkent
2827:Nur Khan
2825:of PAF,
2804:war game
2626:(now in
2624:Tashkent
2262: –
2212: –
2136:General
2118:airbases
2086:flotilla
2039:Amritsar
2029:and the
1980:Chawinda
1775:Sargodha
1756:airstrip
1648:and the
1535:Amritsar
1515:Chawinda
1220:XV Corps
1122:region.
1027:Cold War
1004:armoured
1000:infantry
974:and the
966:through
948:Pakistan
915:LoC 2016
705:Chawinda
700:Phillora
572:sectors)
464:Chaffees
419:16x 7.2"
416:96x 5.5"
384:Shermans
355:Strength
333:Nur Khan
286:Pakistan
201:Location
148:Cold War
15446:Museums
15441:Mosques
15340:Kabaddi
15315:Cycling
15310:Cricket
15275:Symbols
15240:Cuisine
15203:Theatre
14975:Divorce
14970:Culture
14947:Society
14821:Banking
14805:Tourism
14751:Fishery
14741:Defence
14699:Bridges
14679:Poverty
14664:Housing
14637:Nuclear
14627:Thermal
14604:Economy
14569:Marines
14554:History
14355:Speaker
14332:Senate
14263:Cabinet
14140:Borders
14128:Climate
14123:Borders
14058:Forests
13989:Geology
13928:Valleys
13898:Islands
13888:Deserts
13883:Beaches
13608:Durrani
13575:Timurid
13560:Tughlaq
13530:Solanki
13407:Soanian
13395:Ancient
13384:History
13330:Commons
13239:Temples
13224:Mosques
13156:Cuisine
13138:Culture
13105:Economy
13075:Climate
13007:Origins
12999:History
12927:Portals
12909:Somalia
12786:2001-21
12776:1992-96
12771:1989-92
12533:History
12367:Kashmir
12105:Trident
12093:Air War
11403:Related
10860:Highest
10786:P C Lal
10742:Leaders
10728:Air War
10631:History
9659:11 July
9009:22 June
7474:, p. 26
7277:27 July
7168:27 July
7158:"onwar"
7142:27 July
7116:27 July
7057:'s book
7055:ZA Khan
7000:27 July
6717:US Army
6022:24 June
5965:17 June
5926:17 June
5702:13 July
5676:13 July
5607:12 July
5247:26 June
4607:8 March
4436:27 July
3610:14 July
3495:14 July
3353:OP Hill
3344:Hajipir
3152:Bengali
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2772:Karachi
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1814:Karachi
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1368:in fact
1335:Akhnoor
1327:Kashmir
1289:Akhnoor
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1192:Tithwal
1174:Rajouri
1170:Gulmarg
1135:Kashmir
1120:Kashmir
1051:Gujarat
984:Kashmir
909:Strikes
898:2020–21
888:2016–18
883:2014–15
731:Air War
695:Ichogil
629:Gujarat
570:Kashmir
566:Sialkot
533:Kashmir
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12302:Polo
12238:2020
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12199:2019
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12083:1971
12066:1965
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11860:Navy
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