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260:) of psychological individual differences. This is distinguished from other aspects of psychology in that, although psychology is ostensibly a study of individuals, modern psychologists often study groups, or attempt to discover general psychological processes that apply to all individuals. This particular area of psychology was first named and still retains the name of "differential psychology" by
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traits and symptoms of psychiatric disorders). Other sets of methods include behavioural experiments, to see how different people behave in similar settings. Behavioural experiments are often used in personality and social psychology, and include lexical and self-report methods where people are asked
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To study individual differences, psychologists use a variety of methods. The method is to compare and analyze the psychology and behaviour of individuals or groups under different environmental conditions. By correlating observed psychological and behavioral differences with known accompanying
296:(or a well-known therapy) in a second, control group. In this context, differences between individuals in their reaction to the experimental and control manipulations are actually treated as errors rather than as interesting phenomena to study. This approach is applied because
368:(to name just a few). Although the United States has seen a decrease in individual differences research since the 1960s, researchers are found in a variety of applied and experimental fields. These fields include
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environments, the relative roles of different variables in psychological and behavioral development can be probed. Psychophysiological experiments on both humans and other mammals include
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and hormonal systems, caffeine and controlled drug challenges. These methods can be used for a search of biomarkers of consistent, biologically based behavioural patterns (
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While prominent psychologists, including Stern, have been widely credited for the concept of differential psychology, historical records show that it was
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studies the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it. It is a discipline that develops classifications (
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281:(1859) who first spurred the scientific interest in the study of individual differences. The interest was further pursued by half-cousin
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Importantly, individuals can also differ not only in their current state, but in the magnitude or even direction of response to a given
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Kanai, R. & Rees, G. (2011). "The structural basis of inter-individual differences in human behaviour and cognition".
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Cohen, R., Swerdlik, M. and
Sturman, E., 2013. Psychological Testing And Assessment. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
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For example, in evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy, the mean performance of the therapy in one
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response curves, place differential psychology at an important location in such endeavours as
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Jarl, Vidkunn
Coucheron (1958). "Historical Note on the Term Differential Psychology".
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depends upon statistical controls that are only defined upon groups of people.
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to complete paper-based and computer-based forms prepared by psychologists.
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Principles of Neural
Science, fourth edition. McGraw-Hill Companies
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in his attempt to quantify individual differences among people.
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Revelle, William; Wilt, Joshua; Condon, David M. (2013-03-12),
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The Wiley-Blackwell
Handbook of Individual Differences
2002:
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682:"Individual Differences and Differential Psychology"
763:Brady, ST; Siegel GJ, Albers RW, Price DL. (2012).
328:Individual differences research typically includes
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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945:
724:"The psychometric upgrade psychophysiology needs"
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292:might be compared to the mean effectiveness of a
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894:Chamorro-Premuzic, T. & Furnham, A. (2006).
845:Maltby, J.; Day, L. & Macaskill, A. (2007).
927:. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009.
805:
402:neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
274:(On the Psychology of Individual Differences).
688:, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1–38,
312:. Such phenomena, often explained in terms of
269:Über Psychologie der individuellen Differenzen
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998:Timeline of researchers and brief biographies
792:Kandel, ER; Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. (2000).
336:(neuro-chemically based behavioural traits),
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641:Larsen, Randy J.; Diener, Ed (1987-03-01).
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
382:Industrial and organizational psychology
84:This article includes a list of general
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856:Buss, D.M. & Greiling, H. (1999).
839:Introduction to Individual Differences
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993:. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
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304:Importance of individual differences
161:adding citations to reliable sources
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989:The psychology of human differences
812:Basic and Applied Social Psychology
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765:Basic Neurochemistry. McGill Press
647:Journal of Research in Personality
573:Fisher, A.J.; et al. (2018).
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1571:Human factors and ergonomics
904:Review of General Psychology
851:. London: Pearson Education.
659:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7
507:Resources in other libraries
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949:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
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917:10.1037/1089-2680.10.3.251
722:Clayson, Peter E. (2024).
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502:Resources in your library
172:"Differential psychology"
806:Richters, J. E. (2021).
398:developmental psychology
2040:Differential psychology
1536:Behavioral neuroscience
1100:Behavioral neuroscience
887:10.1111/1467-6494.00053
600:10.1073/pnas.1711978115
493:Differential psychology
254:Differential psychology
105:more precise citations.
1586:Psychology of religion
1526:Behavioral engineering
1463:Human subject research
1119:Cognitive neuroscience
1085:Affective neuroscience
865:Journal of Personality
471:Personality psychology
456:Educational psychology
386:personality psychology
378:educational psychology
298:psychological research
18:Individual differences
1962:Wiktionary definition
1498:Self-report inventory
1493:Quantitative research
318:personalized medicine
2035:Behavioural sciences
1488:Qualitative research
1443:Behavior epigenetics
985:Tyler, L.E. (1965).
157:improve this article
27:Branch of psychology
1967:Wiktionary category
1531:Behavioral genetics
1503:Statistical surveys
1360:Occupational health
1095:Behavioral genetics
591:2018PNAS..115E6106F
476:Behavioral genetics
408:Methods of research
394:behavioral genetics
370:clinical psychology
1939:Schools of thought
1842:Richard E. Nisbett
1722:Donald T. Campbell
1400:Sport and exercise
742:10.1111/psyp.14522
2000:
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1977:Wikimedia Commons
1904:Counseling topics
1867:Ronald C. Kessler
1857:Shelley E. Taylor
1782:Lawrence Kohlberg
1757:Stanley Schachter
1556:Consumer behavior
1438:Archival research
1206:Psycholinguistics
1090:Affective science
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437:experiments with
400:programs, in the
390:social psychology
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1797:Jerome Kagan
1787:Noam Chomsky
1727:Hans Eysenck
1697:Harry Harlow
1677:Erik Erikson
1576:Intelligence
1473:Neuroimaging
1216:Quantitative
1181:Mathematical
1176:Intelligence
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1909:Disciplines
1882:Susan Fiske
1772:Roger Brown
1672:Carl Rogers
1657:Jean Piaget
1622:Ivan Pavlov
1478:Observation
1458:Experiments
1405:Suicidology
1300:Educational
1255:Anomalistic
1226:Theoretical
1201:Personality
1131:Comparative
1114:Cognitivism
1105:Behaviorism
841:(Wilderdom)
653:(1): 1–39.
466:Temperament
443:temperament
366:self-esteem
344:, ability,
334:temperament
330:personality
213:August 2021
103:introducing
2029:Categories
2019:Psychology
1972:Wikisource
1817:Paul Ekman
1652:Kurt Lewin
1546:Competence
1468:Interviews
1448:Case study
1325:Humanistic
1305:Ergonomics
1290:Counseling
1265:Assessment
1247:psychology
1196:Perception
1156:Ecological
1072:psychology
1050:Philosophy
1034:Psychology
709:2023-02-15
482:References
338:motivation
314:inverted-U
258:taxonomies
183:newspapers
86:references
50:improve it
1992:Wikibooks
1982:Wikiquote
1852:Ed Diener
1637:Carl Jung
1541:Cognition
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1280:Community
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1295:Critical
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1275:Coaching
1270:Clinical
1245:Applied
1141:Cultural
1080:Abnormal
970:21407245
619:29915059
450:See also
425:-scans,
310:stimulus
1919:Outline
1415:Traffic
1410:Systems
1345:Medical
1171:Gestalt
1045:History
978:7103414
610:6142277
587:Bibcode
294:placebo
197:scholar
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1340:Media
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1186:Moral
974:S2CID
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