Indigenous people of the Everglades region

441: 327:. The Glades I culture, lasting from 500 BCE to 800 CE, was apparently focused around Gordon Pass and is considered the least sophisticated due to the lack of artifacts. What has been found—primarily pottery—is gritty and plain. With the advent of a well-established culture in 800 CE, the Glades II period is characterized by more ornate pottery, wide use of tools throughout the South Florida region, and the appearance of religious artifacts at burial sites. By 1200, the Glades III culture exhibited the height of their development. Pottery became ornate enough to be subdivided into types of decoration. More importantly, evidence of an expanding culture is revealed through the development of ceremonial ornaments made from shell, and the construction of large 734: 687: 346: 612: 3967: 749: 535:. Family bonds promoted the hierarchy, and marriage between siblings was common among the elite. Fontaneda wrote, "These Indians have no gold, no silver, and less clothing. They go naked except for some breech cloths woven of palms, with which the men cover themselves; the women do the like with certain grass that grows on trees. This grass looks like wool, although it is different from it". Only one instance of structures was described: Carlos met Menéndez in a large house with windows and room for over a thousand people. 730:. In the early 19th century, a US Indian agent explained the Seminoles this way: "The word Seminole means runaway or broken off. Hence ... applicable to all the Indians in the Territory of Florida as all of them ran away ... from the Creek ... Nation". Linguistically, the term "Seminole" comes from a corruption of the Spanish word "cimarron," likening their migratory history to wild horses. The traditional Muskogee Creek Language lacks a rhotic phoneme. There was a metathesis of the penultimate and ultimate syllables. 2174: 2186: 3919: 4151: 1818: 520:, and spears. Most villages were located at the mouths of rivers or on key islands. They used canoes for transportation, as evidenced by shell mounds in and around the Everglades that border canoe trails. South Florida tribes often canoed through the Everglades, but rarely lived in them. Canoe trips to Cuba were also common. 513:

The Calusa, like their predecessors, were hunter-gatherers who existed on small game, fish, turtles, alligators, shellfish, and various plants. Finding little use for the soft limestone of the area, they made most of their tools from bone or teeth, although they also found sharpened reeds effective.

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from 1835 to 1842. The U.S. military pursued the Seminole into the region, which resulted in some of the first recorded European-American explorations of much of the area. Federally recognized Seminole tribes continue to live in the Everglades region. Since the late 20th century, they have developed

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who lived to the east of Lake Okeechobee, paid regular tributes to Carlos. The Spanish suspected the Calusa of harvesting treasures from shipwrecks and distributing the gold and silver between the Ais and Jaega, with Carlos receiving the majority. The main village of the Calusa, and home of Carlos,

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The Spanish found Carlos uncontrollable, as their priests and the Calusa fought almost constantly. Carlos was killed when a Spanish soldier shot him with a crossbow. Following Carlos' death, leadership of the society passed to the war chief Felipe, who was also killed by the Spanish shortly after.

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Humans first inhabited the peninsula of Florida approximately 14,000 to 15,000 years ago; it looked vastly different at that time and had a different climate. The west coast extended about 100 miles (160 km) to the west of its current location. The landscape had large dunes and sweeping winds

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Between the end of the Third Seminole War and 1930, a few hundred Seminoles continued to live in relative isolation in the Everglades area. Flood control and drainage projects in the area beginning in the early 20th century opened up much land for development and significantly altered the natural

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to be educated, and the chief's brother to Spain. After Menéndez visited, there are few records of the Tequesta: a reference to them in 1673, and further Spanish contact to convert them. The last reference to the Tequesta during their existence was written in 1743 by a Spanish priest named Father

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The Spanish described the Tequesta as greatly feared by their sailors, who suspected the natives of torturing and killing survivors of shipwrecks. Spanish priests wrote that the Tequesta performed child sacrifices to mark the occasion of making peace with a tribe with whom they had been fighting.

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settling agreements between rival towns. Menéndez, however, was already married and expressed discomfort with the union. Unable to avoid the marriage, he took Carlos' sister to Havana where she was educated, and where one account reported that she died years later, the marriage never consummated.

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and the Florida Keys was common, or that Ponce de León was not the first Spaniard to make contact with the native people of Florida. During his second visit to South Florida, Ponce de León was killed by the Calusa, and the tribe gained a reputation for violence, causing future explorers to avoid

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Villages were not large, due to the limited size of hammocks, which on average measured between one and 10 acres (40,000 m). In the center of the village was a cook-house, and the largest structure was reserved for eating. When the Seminoles lived in northern Florida, they wore animal-skin

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Carlos described by Fontaneda was the most powerful chief during Spanish colonization. Menéndez married his sister in order to facilitate relations between the Spanish and the Calusa. This arrangement was common in societies in South Florida people. Polygamy was a method of solving disputes or

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which bisected the Everglades in 1930, simultaneously ended old ways of life and introduced new opportunities. A steady stream of white developers and tourists came to the area, and the native people began to work in local farms, ranches, and souvenir stands. They cleared land for the town of

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Estimated numbers of Calusa at the beginning of the occupation of the Spanish ranged from 4,000 to 7,000. The society endured a decline of power and population after Carlos; by 1697 their number was estimated to be about 1,000. In the early 18th century, the Calusa came under attack from the

788:—a similar tribe who spoke a different language—who lived in The Big Cypress. Unlike the Calusa and Tequesta, the Seminole depended more on agriculture and raised domesticated animals. They hunted for what they ate, and traded with European-American settlers. They lived in structures called 71:. The earliest written descriptions of these people come from Spanish explorers, who sought to convert and conquer them. Although they lived in complex societies, little evidence of their existence remains today. The Calusa were more powerful in number and political structure. 273:

at the onset of the Early Archaic era that lasted until the Middle Archaic period. Although the population decreased overall on the peninsula, their use of tools increased significantly during this time. Artifacts demonstrate that these people used drills, knives, choppers,

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The Seminole Wars increased the U.S. military presence in the Everglades, which resulted in the exploration and mapping of many regions that had not previously been recorded. The military officers who had done the mapping and charting of the Everglades were approached by

1808: 654:. Finding the Tequesta unwelcoming, he left to make contact with the Calusa. Menéndez met the Tequesta in 1565 and maintained a friendly relationship with them, building some houses and setting up a mission. He also took the chief's nephew to 417:

found him in 1566. Menéndez took Fontaneda to Spain where he wrote about his experiences. Menéndez approached the Calusa with the intention of establishing relations with them to ease the settlement of the future Spanish colony. The chief, or

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died, his servants were sacrificed to join him. Each year a Christian was required to be sacrificed to appease a Calusa idol. The building of shell mounds of varying sizes and shapes was also of spiritual significance to the Calusa. In 1895

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that was composed of several constructed terraces hundreds of yards long. Cushing unearthed over a thousand Calusa artifacts. Among them he found tools made of bone and shell, pottery, human bones, masks, and animal carvings made of wood.

807:(1835–1842) resulted in almost 4,000 Seminoles in Florida being displaced or killed. The Seminole Wars pushed the Indians farther south and into the Everglades. Those who did not find refuge in the Everglades were relocated to Oklahoma 663:

surveyor described multiple deserted villages in the region where the Tequesta had lived. Archeologist John Goggin suggested that by the time European Americans settled the area in 1820, any remaining Tequesta were assimilated into the

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Following the demise of the Calusa and Tequesta, Native Americans in southern Florida were referred to as "Spanish Indians" in the 1740s, probably due to their friendlier relations with Spain. Between the Spanish defeat in the

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to the east of the freshwater sloughs habitable. To the north, their territory was bordered by the Ais and Jaega. Like the Calusa, the Tequesta societies centered on the mouths of rivers. Their main village was probably on the

52:. They were better suited for environmental changes than their ancestors, and created many tools with the resources they had. Approximately 5,000 years ago, the climate shifted again to cause the regular flooding from 3332: 1806: 822:. Long considered to consist primarily of Calusas that had remained in Florida, they are now regarded as being descended from Mucogean-speakers who had arrived in southern Florida early in the 18th century. 265:

who depended on smaller game and fish. They relied on plants for food more than their ancestors. They were able to adapt to the shifting climate and the resulting changes in animal and plant populations.

94:. Both societies were well adapted to live in the various ecosystems of the Everglades regions. Their people often traveled through the heart of the Everglades, though they rarely lived within it. 1807: 3955: 905:

branch of the Seminoles became closely associated with the Everglades, simultaneously seeking privacy and serving as a tourist attraction, wrestling alligators, selling crafts, and giving

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or Little River. A large shell mound on the Little River marks where a village once stood. Though little remains of the Tequesta society, a site of archeological importance called the

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to the north; many asked to be removed to Cuba, where almost 200 died of illness. Some of these later relocated to Florida, and remnants may have been eventually assimilated into the

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lasted from 1855 to 1859. Over its course, 20 Seminoles were killed and 240 were removed. By 1913, Seminoles in the Everglades numbered no more than 325. They made their villages in

97:

After more than 210 years of relations with the Spanish, both indigenous societies lost cohesiveness. Official records indicate that survivors of war and disease were transported to

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associated with burial rituals. From the Glades III culture developed two distinct tribes that lived in and near the Everglades in the historic period: the Calusa and the Tequesta.

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Like the Calusa, the Tequesta hunted small game, but depended more upon roots and less on shellfish in their diets. They did not practice cultivated agriculture. They were skilled

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clothing similar to their Creek predecessors. The heat and humidity of the Everglades influenced their adapting a different style of dress. Seminoles replaced their heavier

377:, the largest and most powerful tribe in South Florida. Ponce de León found at least one of the Calusa fluent in Spanish. The explorer assumed the Spanish-speaker was from 3327: 413:. Fontaneda was a 13-year-old boy who was the only survivor of a shipwreck off the coast of Florida in 1545. For seventeen years he lived with the Calusa until explorer 48:

6,500 years ago brought a wetter landscape. The Paleo-Indians slowly adapted to the new conditions. Archaeologists call the cultures that resulted from the adaptations

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Morgan, Gary S. (2002). "Late Rancholabrean Mammals from Southernmost Florida, and the Neotropical Influence in Florida Pleistocene Faunas". In Emry, Robert J. (ed.).

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is credited as the first European to have contact with Florida's indigenous people in 1513. Ponce de León met with hostility from tribes that may have been the

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with Spanish colonists in the late 18th century, after Great Britain took over some of the territory. Isolated groups may have been assimilated into the

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United States Congress Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (2003). "Miami Circle/Biscayne National Park: report (to accompany S. 111)",

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Alaña, who described their ongoing assault by another tribe. The survivors numbered only 30, and the Spanish transported them to Havana. In 1770 a

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north of Lake Okeechobee. They soon ranged farther south, where they numbered approximately 300 in the Everglades region, including bands of

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allowed an increase in population. Cultural development also took place. Florida Indians formed into three similar but distinct cultures:

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them. In the more than 200 years the Calusa had relations with the Spanish, they were able to resist their attempts to missionize them.

4743: 2828: 1922: 1907: 870: 803:. After Florida became a U.S. territory and settlement increased, conflicts between colonists and Seminoles became more frequent. The 109:

consolidated surviving members of pre-Columbian societies in Florida into their own group to become a distinct tribe, in a process of

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described the three periods after examining shell mounds. He excavated one on Matecumbe Key, another at Gordon Pass near modern-day

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characteristic of an arid region, and pollen samples show foliage was limited to small stands of oak and scrub bushes. As Earth's

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invaded the Florida peninsula, conquering and assimilating what was left of pre-Columbian societies into the Creek Confederacy.

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counties. They may have been controlled by the Calusa, but accounts state that they sometimes refused to comply with the Calusa

4588: 3337: 2819: 2662: 2248: 1999: 1994: 440: 4733: 4123: 3314: 1755: 1070: 1049:

Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.).

998: 971: 3994: 2583: 2350: 2316: 2009: 1877: 1038:. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 93. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 15–38. 910: 3989: 776:, and found their way into the tribe. Seminoles originally settled in the northern portion of the territory, but the 1823 569:(also called Tekesta, Tequeste, and Tegesta). They occupied the southeastern portion of the lower peninsula in modern-day 4548: 4393: 2766: 2240: 4563: 4398: 4388: 4278: 2223: 1769: 587:, which resulted in war. Like the Calusa, they rarely lived within the Everglades, but found the coastal prairies and 3437: 2771: 2657: 2553: 2512: 1741: 1727: 1713: 1699: 1685: 604:. It may be the remains of a Tequesta structure. Its significance has yet to be determined, though archeologists and 459:

Fontaneda explained in his 1571 memoir that Carlos controlled fifty villages located on Florida's west coast, around

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Bateman, Rebecca (Winter, 1990). "Africans and Indians: A Comparative Study of the Black Carib and Black Seminole",

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gambling on six reservations in the state, which generate revenues for the welfare and education of their tribes.

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and became much wetter. Paleo-Indians spent more time in camps and less time traveling between sources of water.

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of their land. As of 2008, there were six Seminole and Miccosukee reservations throughout Florida; they feature

38:

landscape that supported plants and animals adapted to prairie and xeric scrub conditions. Large animals became

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of what is now the United States approximately 14,000 to 15,000 years ago, probably following large game. The

4630: 4508: 4228: 4158: 3971: 3417: 3387: 3149: 2931: 2761: 2669: 2652: 1979: 1912: 1265:

Cushing, Frank (December 1896). "Exploration of Ancient Key Dwellers' Remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida",

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During the Late Archaic period, the climate became wetter again and by approximately 3000 BCE, the rise of

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by the Spanish. Positions of importance in Calusa society were given the adopted names Carlos and Felipe,

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died out around 11,000 years ago. Around 6,500 years ago, the climate of Florida changed again during the

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in 1783, the United Kingdom ruled Florida. The first known use of the term "Seminolie" is from a British

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peoples of the Florida peninsula. They lived on after the extinction of most big game and were primarily

39: 1115:

Goggin, John (October 1947). "A Preliminary Definition of Archaeological Areas and Periods in Florida",

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What is known of the inhabitants of Florida after 1566 was recorded by European explorers and settlers.

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people. Common descriptions of Native Americans in Florida by 1820 identified only the "Seminoles".

4423: 3874: 3854: 3849: 3829: 3799: 3788: 3693: 3678: 3653: 3643: 3623: 3583: 3525: 3490: 3090: 2946: 2936: 2911: 2479: 1953: 1917: 1870: 1673: 1248:

Worth, John (January 1995). "Fontaneda Revisited: Five Descriptions of Sixteenth-Century Florida",

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The mixing of cultures is evident in the language influences present among the Seminoles: various

4583: 4107: 3894: 3889: 3814: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3718: 3658: 3648: 3618: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3568: 3495: 3475: 3465: 3382: 3362: 3357: 3239: 3164: 3107: 2627: 2286: 2276: 866: 574: 3137: 4503: 4408: 4163: 4057: 4032: 3899: 3879: 3869: 3839: 3809: 3794: 3783: 3773: 3768: 3708: 3688: 3683: 3668: 3628: 3608: 3545: 3540: 3515: 3427: 3372: 3342: 3117: 2961: 2926: 2642: 2595: 2301: 2216: 1984: 502: 298: 4615: 4403: 4117: 4092: 3884: 3824: 3638: 3633: 3573: 3445: 3264: 2966: 2871: 2622: 2505: 2296: 2291: 2126: 2075: 1507: 988: 961: 593: 247: 243: 91: 86:. The Tequesta lived on the southeastern coast of the Florida peninsula around what is today 3966: 643: 358: 4568: 4488: 3834: 3748: 3743: 3733: 3673: 3613: 3505: 3480: 3124: 2916: 2806: 2791: 2590: 2535: 2428: 2382: 2324: 2281: 2158: 2146: 2035: 1838: 761: 481: 324: 523:

Calusa villages often had more than 200 inhabitants, and their society was organized in a

8: 4728: 4533: 4478: 4328: 4263: 4253: 4112: 4067: 4047: 4022: 3738: 3578: 3530: 3485: 3322: 3176: 3142: 2387: 2355: 2268: 2177: 2050: 1863: 1650: 990:

An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century

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and Georgia fled to Florida, lured by Spanish promises of freedom should they convert to

700: 636: 294: 227: 120:. The Seminole were forced south and into the Everglades by the U.S. military during the 75: 1180:

Hann, John (October 1992). "Political Leadership Among the Natives of Spanish Florida",

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in a document dated 1771. The beginnings of the tribe are vague, but records show that

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One group in southern Florida before and during the Second Seminole War were known as

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meaning "black" or "powerful". Much of what is known about the Calusa was provided by

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Merzer, Martin (January 29, 2008). "Access to ancient site may come in near future",

1066: 994: 967: 578: 235: 764:, were known to incorporate conquered tribes into their own. Some Africans escaping 4448: 4313: 4218: 4062: 4042: 3510: 3470: 3460: 3294: 3082: 3061: 3051: 3026: 3021: 2996: 2986: 2607: 2545: 2498: 2474: 2106: 2040: 1963: 1948: 1058: 854: 808: 727: 316: 1779:

Man in the Everglades: 2000 Years of Human History in the Everglades National Park

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invaded Florida to hasten its annexation to the United States in what became the

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environment, inundating some areas while leaving former swamps dry and arable.

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have suggested that communication and trade between Calusa and native people in

4689: 4493: 4198: 4183: 4178: 4168: 4052: 4037: 3923: 3550: 3455: 3450: 3422: 3397: 3304: 3299: 3207: 3041: 3016: 3001: 2971: 2886: 2786: 2637: 2423: 2392: 2189: 2070: 812: 796: 773: 769: 712: 660: 601: 382: 302: 117: 79: 4722: 4684: 4573: 4513: 4318: 4308: 4082: 4077: 3279: 3269: 3219: 3056: 2756: 2418: 2141: 2085: 1943: 886: 488:

where the Caloosahatchee River meets the Gulf of Mexico. Fontaneda described

313: 230:

retreated, winds slowed and vegetation became more prevalent and varied. The

121: 116:

They also were joined by free blacks and escaped slaves, who became known as

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The Glades culture is divided into three periods based on evidence found in

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Cenozoic Mammals of Land and Sea: Tributes to the Career of Clayton E. Ray

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was created from a revision of this article dated 8 April 2009

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Skinner, Alanson (January–March 1913). "Notes on the Florida Seminole",

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diets consisted of small plants and available wild game, which included

4665: 4593: 4473: 4413: 4258: 4248: 3963: 3224: 2824: 2521: 1886: 906: 902: 785: 741: 681: 378: 370: 350: 193: 57: 1371:

Goggin, John (April 1940). "The Tekesta Indians of Southern Florida",

4338: 2377: 719: 524: 506: 485: 449: 402: 27: 4150: 740:

such as Charlie Cypress, shown in 1900, have made their home in the

639:. They lassoed the manatees and drove a stake through their snouts. 63:

From the Archaic peoples, two major tribes emerged in the area: the

4625: 4428: 2861: 2746: 2490: 2365: 2232: 792:, open-sided palm-thatched huts, probably adapted from the Calusa. 737: 723: 691: 677: 665: 619: 566: 556: 544: 496:

died, each resident gave up a child to be sacrificed, and when the

366: 102: 68: 2525: 2372: 1539:– via Digital Collections Florida International University. 789: 765: 757: 583: 540: 532: 420: 279: 270: 24: 1851:

State of Florida timeline of indigenous people in the Miami area

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The first contact with Spanish explorers occurred in 1513 when

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Archaeological subareas of tribes that lived in and around the

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American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene

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and hunted in the open ocean for what Fontaneda described as

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As metropolitan areas in South Florida began to grow, the

305:, named for the bodies of water where they were centered. 82:, as far east as Lake Okeechobee, and as far south as the 780:

forced them to live on a 5-million-acre (20,000 km)

155: 894:, and were "the best fire fighters could recruit" when 105:

nation, which formed in northern Florida when a band of

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Visions of the Everglades: History Ecology Preservation

963:

Visions of the Everglades: History Ecology Preservation

323:, and a third south of Lake Okeechobee near modern-day 2122:

Environmental Impact of the Big Cypress Swamp Jetport

833:, islands of hardwood trees that formed in rivers or 257:

The Paleo-Indians who survived are now known as the

1748:

Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present

1382: 1484: 1482: 1299: 1297: 1232: 1230: 547:culture, which developed during the 18th century. 1649:. Seminole Tribe of Florida. 2007. Archived from 1367: 1365: 1363: 1267:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 885:These projects, along with the completion of the 4720: 933:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands 845:roots, fish, turtles, venison, and small game. 1479: 1294: 1227: 959: 448:wood carving of an alligator head excavated in 4661:Protection of Native American sites in Florida 1360: 752:A Seminole man fishing in the Everglades, 1919 138:Cultural Periods in Prehistoric South Florida 3949: 2506: 2217: 2015:Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge 1871: 986: 953: 618:maintained a friendly relationship with the 397:by the Spanish, which may have sounded like 4656:Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region 3972:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida 1597:. Seminole Tribe of Florida. Archived from 1552:"The Spanish Fisheries of Charlotte Harbor" 993:. University of Georgia Press. p. 30. 432:from Spanish royal tradition. However, the 74:Their territory was centered on modern-day 3956: 3942: 2513: 2499: 2414:Indigenous people of the Everglades region 2224: 2210: 1878: 1864: 1571: 1569: 1506: 1390:United States Congress Senate Report 108-4 492:as a common practice: when the child of a 21:indigenous people of the Everglades region 2117:Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan 1111: 1109: 869:in 1848 to consult on the feasibility of 2451:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States 2005:Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge 1834:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 1817: 1734:The Everglades: An Environmental History 1592: 1244: 1242: 980: 871:draining the region for agricultural use 756:Creeks, who were centered in modern-day 747: 732: 685: 671: 610: 439: 344: 2137:South Florida Water Management District 1595:"Seminole Clothing: Colorful Patchwork" 1566: 1549: 1176: 1174: 938: 4721: 2249:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida 2000:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 1995:Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park 1106: 1048: 1031: 514:Weapons consisted of bows and arrows, 132: 3937: 3358:Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach 2494: 2205: 1859: 1239: 1042: 1025: 861:, or silk for more formal occasions. 42:in Florida around 11,000 years ago. 2520: 2010:Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge 1512:"Chakaika and the "Spanish Indians"" 1171: 960:Tommy Rodriguez (December 6, 2011). 531:, other strata included priests and 1405:(Florida), State and Regional News. 987:Jack E. Davis (February 15, 2009). 505:excavated a massive shell mound on 13: 4739:Native American history of Florida 4149: 3333:Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach 3328:Crestview-Fort Walton Beach-Destin 1804: 857:patchwork designs made of lighter 561:Second in power and number to the 14: 4760: 4744:Native American tribes in Florida 1785: 898:caught fire in times of drought. 454:Florida Museum of Natural History 16:Peoples of the Florida Everglades 4672:List of shell ring sites#Florida 3965: 3917: 2458:Seminole Nation v. United States 2184: 2173: 2172: 1816: 1373:The Florida Historical Quarterly 1250:The Florida Historical Quarterly 1182:The Florida Historical Quarterly 913:gaming that supports the tribe. 269:Florida experienced a prolonged 3423:Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater 1750:. University Press of Florida. 1736:. University Press of Florida. 1722:. University Press of Florida. 1708:. University Press of Florida. 1694:. University Press of Florida. 1667: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1586: 1543: 1500: 1491: 1470: 1453: 1444: 1435: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1395: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1285: 1276: 1259: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1162: 1153: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1097: 876: 694:family of Cypress Tiger in 1916 411:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda 393:The Calusa were referred to as 78:, and extended as far north as 3161:Puerto Rican-American culture 2782:Florida land boom of the 1920s 2153:The Everglades: River of Grass 1885: 1678:The Everglades: River of Grass 1088: 1079: 1016: 1007: 944: 837:. Seminole diets consisted of 1: 3383:Palm Bay-Melbourne-Titusville 3368:North Port-Sarasota-Bradenton 3363:Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island 1980:Big Cypress National Preserve 1690:Gannon, Michael, ed. (1996). 928:Indigenous peoples of Florida 475:). Smaller tribes of Ais and 4734:History of Key West, Florida 2231: 1781:. University of Miami Press. 1706:Archeology of the Everglades 1556:Florida Historical Quarterly 705:American War of Independence 7: 4189:Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge 4131:North peninsular Gulf coast 2254:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 2241:Federally recognized tribes 1063:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 966:. AuthorHouse. p. 19. 916: 703:in 1763 and the end of the 646:stopped at a bay he called 577:, and the southern half of 550: 452:in 1895, on display at the 10: 4765: 4439:Ortona Prehistoric Village 3393:Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent 2777:Florida East Coast Railway 2767:Plantations of Leon County 2112:Burmese pythons in Florida 1692:The New History of Florida 675: 600:was discovered in 1998 in 565:in South Florida were the 554: 338: 4698: 4643: 4607: 4142: 4008: 3978: 3913: 3559: 3436: 3378:Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford 3313: 3190: 3134:Haitian-American culture 3070: 2895: 2805: 2705: 2544: 2532: 2467: 2437: 2406: 2343: 2315: 2267: 2259:Seminole Tribe of Florida 2239: 2167: 2132:Friends of the Everglades 2094: 2023: 1990:Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary 1972: 1931: 1893: 1760:Rodriguez, Tommy (2011). 1746:Milanich, Jerald (1998). 1718:Hann, John (ed.) (1991). 334: 252:Holocene climatic optimum 4424:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery 4229:Cayson Mound and Village 2829:drainage and development 2480:Miccosukee Indian School 1954:Marjory Stoneman Douglas 1918:Everglades National Park 1908:Draining and development 1593:Blackard, David (2004). 896:Everglades National Park 853:with clothing of unique 778:Treaty of Moultrie Creek 726:, and Creek, as well as 616:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 415:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 3087:Cuban-American culture 1732:McCally, David (1999). 1680:. R. Bemis Publishing. 1577:American Anthropologist 1550:Hammond, E. A. (1972). 1525:: 63–64. Archived from 867:Thomas Buckingham Smith 4359:Letchworth-Love Mounds 4304:Hickory Ridge Cemetery 4164:Aqui Esta Burial Mound 4154: 4098:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 2962:1949 Florida hurricane 2952:Fort Lauderdale (1947) 1985:Biscayne National Park 1812: 1792:Listen to this article 1720:Missions to the Calusa 1704:Griffin, John (2002). 1508:Sturtevant, William C. 753: 745: 695: 623: 608:continue to study it. 503:Frank Hamilton Cushing 456: 354: 56:that gave rise to the 4616:Manasota Key Offshore 4599:Yon Mound and Village 4374:Mark Pardo Shellworks 4344:Kimball Island Midden 4153: 3353:Lakeland–Winter Haven 3323:Cape Coral–Fort Myers 3265:North Central Florida 2932:Treasure Coast (1933) 2127:Everglades Foundation 1898:Geography and ecology 1811: 1647:"Tourism/Enterprises" 835:pine rockland forests 751: 736: 689: 672:Seminole / Miccosukee 614: 443: 401:, a variation of the 348: 248:Pleistocene megafauna 4631:Warm Mineral Springs 4204:Bowers Bluff Middens 3408:Sebastian-Vero Beach 2957:South Florida (1948) 2792:Kennedy Space Center 2601:environmental issues 2429:Green Corn Rebellion 2383:Four Mothers Society 2351:Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum 2325:Afro-Seminole Creole 2147:Ten Thousand Islands 2036:Caloosahatchee River 1843:More spoken articles 939:Notes and references 635:, but were probably 4534:Shell Bluff Landing 4479:Pompano Beach Mound 4419:Myakkahatchee Creek 4369:Madira Bickel Mound 4349:Lake Jackson Mounds 4000:Post-Archaic period 2942:Dry Tortugas (1944) 2927:Florida Keys (1929) 2907:Florida Keys (1919) 2692:Tourist attractions 2388:Green Corn Ceremony 2356:Alligator wrestling 2178:Category:Everglades 2051:Indian River Lagoon 1562:(4): 355, 357, 359. 1159:Griffin, p.161–162. 805:Second Seminole War 722:languages, notably 471:(which they called 463:(which they called 139: 133:Prehistoric peoples 4584:Waddells Mill Pond 4529:Shark River Slough 4364:Little Salt Spring 4155: 3924:Florida portal 3150:Indigenous peoples 1959:Arthur R. Marshall 1813: 1117:American Antiquity 1057:. pp. 21–37. 923:History of Florida 827:Third Seminole War 801:First Seminole War 754: 746: 696: 644:Juan Ponce de León 624: 457: 359:Juan Ponce de León 355: 236:saber-toothed cats 137: 4714: 4713: 4706:Pre-Columbian era 4651:Beaver Lake point 4544:Third Gulf Breeze 4354:Lake Pithlachocco 4274:Fort Walton Mound 3931: 3930: 3343:Homosassa Springs 3285:Southwest Florida 2922:Okeechobee (1928) 2752:Florida Territory 2488: 2487: 2335:Muscogee language 2330:Mikasuki language 2199: 2198: 2066:Lake Worth Lagoon 1903:Indigenous people 1809: 1756:978-0-8130-1599-6 1450:McReynolds, p.12. 1273:(153), p.329–448. 1103:McCally, p.37–39. 1072:978-1-4020-8792-9 1000:978-0-8203-3071-6 973:978-1-4685-0748-5 831:hardwood hammocks 527:. Apart from the 353:from 1513 to 1743 282:made from stone, 223: 222: 4756: 4674: 4254:Devil's Den Cave 4219:Butcherpen Mound 4174:Bear Lake Mounds 4133: 4126: 3986: 3970: 3969: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3935: 3934: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3078:African-American 2947:Homestead (1945) 2937:Labor Day (1935) 2912:Tampa Bay (1921) 2515: 2508: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2475:Ahfachkee School 2438:Politics and law 2226: 2219: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2188: 2176: 2175: 2107:Biscayne Aquifer 2041:Fisheating Creek 1964:Garald G. Parker 1949:Hamilton Disston 1923:Invasive species 1880: 1873: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1833: 1831: 1820: 1819: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1775:Tebeau, Charlton 1764:. Author House. 1674:Douglas, Marjory 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1643: 1637: 1636:Tebeau, p.55–56. 1634: 1628: 1627:Tebeau, p.70–71. 1625: 1619: 1618:Tebeau, p.63–64. 1616: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1590: 1584: 1573: 1564: 1563: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1516: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403:The Miami Herald 1399: 1393: 1386: 1380: 1369: 1358: 1357:Milanich, p. 177 1355: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1282:Tebeau, p.38–41. 1280: 1274: 1263: 1257: 1246: 1237: 1234: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1215:Hann, p.289–290. 1213: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1178: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1113: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1029: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 984: 978: 977: 957: 951: 948: 809:Indian territory 701:Seven Years' War 369:before rounding 263:hunter-gatherers 244:spectacled bears 176:3,000–1,500 BCE 174:5,000–3,000 BCE 172:7,000–5,000 BCE 140: 136: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4694: 4670: 4639: 4609: 4603: 4589:Wakulla Springs 4569:Upper Tampa Bay 4484:Portavant Mound 4454:Persimmon Mound 4399:Mount Elizabeth 4144: 4138: 4129: 4122: 4108:Suwannee Valley 4010: 4004: 3982: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3932: 3927: 3918: 3916: 3909: 3791:(former county) 3555: 3526:West Palm Beach 3491:Fort Lauderdale 3432: 3309: 3235:Forgotten Coast 3215:Central Florida 3186: 3066: 2898: 2891: 2845:Lake Okeechobee 2801: 2720:Spanish Florida 2701: 2559:Ballot measures 2540: 2528: 2519: 2489: 2484: 2463: 2433: 2402: 2361:Black Seminoles 2339: 2311: 2263: 2235: 2230: 2200: 2195: 2163: 2102:Alligator Alley 2090: 2081:St. Lucie River 2061:Lake Okeechobee 2056:Kissimmee River 2024:Bodies of water 2019: 1973:Protected areas 1968: 1927: 1889: 1884: 1847: 1846: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1824:This audio file 1821: 1814: 1805: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1670: 1665: 1656: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1602: 1591: 1587: 1574: 1567: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1514: 1505: 1501: 1497:Tebeau, p.50–51 1496: 1492: 1488:Griffin, p.180. 1487: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441:Griffin, p.176. 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414:Griffin, p.174. 1413: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1379:(4), p.274–285. 1370: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348:Griffin, p.173. 1347: 1343: 1339:Griffin, p.170. 1338: 1334: 1330:Douglas, p.171. 1329: 1325: 1321:Griffin, p.165. 1320: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303:Griffin, p.171. 1302: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1264: 1260: 1256:(3), p.339–352. 1247: 1240: 1236:Griffin, p.164. 1235: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206:Griffin, p.316. 1205: 1201: 1197:Griffin, p.162. 1196: 1192: 1188:(2), p.188–208. 1179: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141:Griffin, p.161. 1140: 1136: 1132:Griffin, p.163. 1131: 1127: 1123:(2), p.114–127. 1114: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1073: 1047: 1043: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1001: 985: 981: 974: 958: 954: 949: 945: 941: 919: 879: 820:Spanish Indians 684: 676:Main articles: 674: 606:anthropologists 559: 553: 490:human sacrifice 484:at present-day 461:Lake Okeechobee 383:anthropologists 343: 337: 175: 173: 171: 167: 165: 163: 135: 54:Lake Okeechobee 50:Archaic peoples 46:Climate changes 23:arrived in the 17: 12: 11: 5: 4762: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4690:Suwannee point 4687: 4682: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4504:Roberts Island 4501: 4496: 4494:Princess Mound 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4329:Josslyn Island 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264:Douglass Beach 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4184:Big Mound City 4181: 4179:Big Heart West 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4148: 4146: 4143:Archaeological 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4058:Leon-Jefferson 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4033:Caloosahatchee 4030: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4009:Archaeological 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3995:Archaic period 3992: 3987: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 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3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3047:Michael (2018) 3044: 3039: 3037:Matthew (2016) 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3012:Frances (2004) 3009: 3007:Charley (2004) 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2832: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2787:Cape Canaveral 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2697:Transportation 2694: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2667: 2666: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2575:Congressional 2573: 2572: 2571: 2569:climate change 2561: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2445:List of chiefs 2441: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2424:Trail of Tears 2421: 2416: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2393:Seminole music 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2358: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2214: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2190:Portal:Florida 2181: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2071:Lostmans River 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1836: 1822: 1815: 1803: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786:External links 1784: 1783: 1782: 1772: 1770:978-1468507485 1758: 1744: 1730: 1716: 1702: 1688: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1638: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1585: 1565: 1542: 1499: 1490: 1478: 1469: 1452: 1443: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1394: 1381: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1293: 1291:McCally, p.39. 1284: 1275: 1258: 1238: 1226: 1224:McCally, p.40. 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1170: 1168:Douglas, p.68. 1161: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1125: 1105: 1096: 1094:McCally, p.36. 1087: 1085:McCally, p.35. 1078: 1071: 1041: 1024: 1022:McCally, p.34. 1015: 1006: 999: 979: 972: 952: 950:McCally, p.32. 942: 940: 937: 936: 935: 930: 925: 918: 915: 878: 875: 813:Indian Removal 797:Andrew Jackson 770:South Carolina 673: 670: 602:downtown Miami 589:pine rocklands 555:Main article: 552: 549: 430:transliterated 339:Main article: 336: 333: 299:Caloosahatchee 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 190: 186: 185: 184:1,500–500 BCE 182: 178: 177: 169: 159: 158: 152: 148: 147: 144: 134: 131: 118:Black Seminole 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4761: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4717: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4685:Simpson point 4683: 4681: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644:Miscellaneous 4642: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Melbourne Man 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4574:Useppa Island 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4524:Safety Harbor 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Rookery Mound 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 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4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3926: 3925: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3546:Miami Gardens 3544: 3542: 3541:Pompano Beach 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3516:Coral Springs 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280:South Florida 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3270:North Florida 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3220:Emerald Coast 3218: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3062:Idalia (2023) 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3052:Dorian (2019) 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3027:Dennis (2005) 3025: 3023: 3022:Jeanne (2004) 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2997:Andrew (1992) 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2987:Eloise (1975) 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:State forests 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2757:Seminole Wars 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2731:British Rule 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2419:Seminole Wars 2417: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2142:Tamiami Trail 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2086:Taylor Slough 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1944:Ernest F. Coe 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1825: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1742:0-8130-2302-5 1739: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1728:0-8130-1966-4 1725: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1714:0-8130-2558-3 1711: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1700:0-8130-1415-8 1697: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1686:0-912451-44-0 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1653:on 2008-02-03 1652: 1648: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1601:on 2008-03-16 1600: 1596: 1589: 1583:(1), p.63–77. 1582: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1532:on 2012-02-08 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1494: 1485: 1483: 1476:Tebeau, p.50. 1473: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1447: 1438: 1432:Tebeau, p.45. 1429: 1423:Tebeau, p.43. 1420: 1411: 1404: 1398: 1391: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1318: 1312:Tebeau, p.42. 1309: 1300: 1298: 1288: 1279: 1272: 1268: 1262: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1233: 1231: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1194: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1138: 1129: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1100: 1091: 1082: 1074: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1019: 1013:Gannon, p. 2. 1010: 1002: 996: 992: 991: 983: 975: 969: 965: 964: 956: 947: 943: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 920: 914: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 888: 887:Tamiami Trail 883: 874: 872: 868: 862: 860: 856: 852: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 750: 743: 739: 735: 731: 729: 725: 721: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 693: 688: 683: 679: 669: 667: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 621: 617: 613: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 586: 585: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 548: 546: 542: 536: 534: 530: 526: 521: 519: 518: 511: 508: 504: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 474: 470: 467:) and on the 466: 462: 455: 451: 447: 442: 438: 435: 431: 427: 424:, was called 423: 422: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 352: 347: 342: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 315: 314:archaeologist 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 272: 267: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240:ground sloths 237: 233: 229: 218: 215: 214: 210: 207: 206: 202: 199: 198: 195: 191: 188: 187: 183: 181:Transitional 180: 179: 170: 161: 160: 157: 154:10,000–7,000 153: 151:Paleo-Indian 150: 149: 145: 142: 141: 130: 128: 123: 122:Seminole Wars 119: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 70: 66: 61: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 41: 37: 33: 32:Paleo-Indians 29: 26: 22: 4716: 4559:Turtle Mound 4554:Turner River 4549:Thomas Creek 4539:Spruce Creek 4519:Ross Hammock 4489:Porter's Bar 4469:Platt Island 4434:Ormond Mound 4409:Mount Taylor 4379:Miami Circle 4334:Jungle Prada 4324:J&J Hunt 4299:Helen Blazes 4284:Garden Patch 4209:Bubba Midden 4194:Bird Hammock 4068:Mount Taylor 3990:Paleoindians 3983: 3915: 3714:Indian River 3704:Hillsborough 3446:Jacksonville 3428:The Villages 3348:Jacksonville 3260:Nature Coast 3245:Halifax area 3154: 3138:Delray Beach 3108:Demographics 3032:Wilma (2005) 2992:Elena (1985) 2982:Betsy (1965) 2977:Donna (1960) 2917:Miami (1926) 2797:Disney World 2740:West Florida 2735:East Florida 2628:Homelessness 2534: 2456: 2449: 2413: 2269:Reservations 2183: 2171: 2151: 2031:Biscayne Bay 1902: 1778: 1761: 1747: 1733: 1719: 1705: 1691: 1677: 1668:Bibliography 1655:. Retrieved 1651:the original 1641: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1603:. Retrieved 1599:the original 1588: 1580: 1576: 1559: 1555: 1545: 1534:. Retrieved 1527:the original 1522: 1518: 1502: 1493: 1472: 1467:(1), p.1–24. 1464: 1461:Ethnohistory 1460: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1402: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1308: 1287: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1220: 1211: 1202: 1193: 1185: 1181: 1164: 1155: 1150:Hann, p.4–5. 1146: 1137: 1128: 1120: 1116: 1099: 1090: 1081: 1050: 1044: 1034: 1027: 1018: 1009: 989: 982: 962: 955: 946: 900: 884: 880: 877:Modern times 863: 847: 824: 817: 794: 755: 717: 709:Indian agent 697: 652:Biscayne Bay 647: 641: 625: 598:Miami Circle 582: 560: 537: 528: 522: 515: 512: 497: 493: 472: 469:Florida Keys 464: 458: 433: 419: 406: 398: 394: 392: 373:to meet the 356: 307: 291:water tables 288: 286:, and bone. 268: 256: 232:Paleo-Indian 224: 192:500 BCE–800 115: 111:ethnogenesis 96: 88:Biscayne Bay 73: 62: 60:ecosystems. 44: 20: 18: 4680:Shell works 4579:Velda Mound 4564:Twin Mounds 4449:Page-Ladson 4404:Mount Royal 4389:Monroe Lake 4289:Green Mound 4279:Galt Island 4269:Fort Center 4113:Swift Creek 4048:Fort Walton 4023:Belle Glade 3506:Gainesville 3481:Tallahassee 3418:Tallahassee 3403:Punta Gorda 3388:Panama City 3338:Gainesville 3315:Metro areas 3290:Space Coast 3230:First Coast 3118:Agriculture 3042:Irma (2017) 3017:Ivan (2004) 3002:Opal (1995) 2972:King (1950) 2967:Easy (1950) 2877:State parks 2643:LGBT rights 2596:Environment 2579:delegations 2536:Tallahassee 2398:Stomp dance 2287:Fort Pierce 2277:Big Cypress 2076:Shark River 2046:Florida Bay 1939:Guy Bradley 1913:Restoration 786:Miccosukees 782:reservation 774:Catholicism 594:Miami River 325:Belle Glade 317:John Goggin 312:. In 1947, 228:glacial ice 208:Glades III 92:Miami River 4729:Everglades 4723:Categories 4666:Shell ring 4594:Yent Mound 4509:Rock Mound 4499:River Styx 4414:Mullet Key 4259:Dismal Key 4249:Demere Key 4234:C. J. Ostl 4224:Cayo Pelau 4214:Burns Lake 4028:Cades Pond 3905:Washington 3845:Santa Rosa 3820:Palm Beach 3805:Okeechobee 3779:Miami‑Dade 3531:Clearwater 3486:Cape Coral 3240:Gold Coast 3225:Everglades 3155:Everglades 3130:Floridians 3057:Ian (2022) 2899:hurricanes 2825:Everglades 2653:newspapers 2648:Mass media 2633:Hurricanes 2623:Government 2302:Miccosukee 2159:U.S. Sugar 1887:Everglades 1839:Audio help 1830:2009-04-08 1657:2008-04-30 1605:2008-04-30 1536:2021-12-01 903:Miccosukee 892:Everglades 742:Everglades 682:Miccosukee 648:Chequescha 579:Palm Beach 482:Estero Bay 379:Hispaniola 371:Cape Sable 351:Everglades 329:earthworks 295:Okeechobee 219:1566–1763 211:1200–1566 200:Glades II 58:Everglades 4444:Otis Hare 4394:Mound Key 4384:Mill Cove 4339:Key Marco 4199:Blueberry 4169:Bay Pines 4124:McKeithen 4103:St. Johns 4088:Pensacola 3865:St. Lucie 3860:St. Johns 3729:Lafayette 3724:Jefferson 3699:Highlands 3664:Gilchrist 3604:Charlotte 3501:Hollywood 3275:Panhandle 3250:Heartland 3199:Big Bend 3170:Kissimmee 3125:Education 2862:Sinkholes 2807:Geography 2772:Civil War 2591:Education 2584:districts 2539:(capital) 2468:Education 2378:Fastachee 2317:Languages 2297:Immokalee 2292:Hollywood 907:eco-tours 851:buckskins 795:In 1817, 738:Seminoles 720:Muskogean 629:canoeists 525:hierarchy 507:Key Marco 486:Mound Key 480:bordered 450:Key Marco 403:Muskogean 216:Historic 203:800–1200 189:Glades I 162:Archaic: 76:Ft. Myers 34:found an 28:peninsula 4749:Seminole 4636:Windover 4626:Vero man 4464:Pineland 4429:Nocoroco 4063:Manasota 4043:Deptford 4011:cultures 3875:Suwannee 3855:Seminole 3850:Sarasota 3830:Pinellas 3800:Okaloosa 3789:Mosquito 3694:Hernando 3679:Hamilton 3654:Franklin 3644:Escambia 3624:Columbia 3584:Bradford 3561:Counties 3536:Lakeland 3521:Palm Bay 3295:Suncoast 3177:Politics 2747:Seminole 2725:missions 2715:Timeline 2366:Mascogos 2282:Brighton 2233:Seminole 2095:See also 1841: · 1777:(1968). 1676:(2002). 1519:Tequesta 1510:(1953). 1055:Springer 917:See also 790:chickees 728:Timucuan 724:Hitchiti 692:Seminole 678:Seminole 666:Seminole 637:manatees 620:Tequesta 584:caciques 567:Tequesta 557:Tequesta 551:Tequesta 545:Seminole 533:warriors 473:Martires 367:Tequesta 365:and the 103:Seminole 90:and the 69:Tequesta 67:and the 4702:Related 4610:remains 4073:Norwood 4018:Alachua 3984:Periods 3895:Wakulla 3890:Volusia 3815:Osceola 3764:Manatee 3759:Madison 3754:Liberty 3719:Jackson 3659:Gadsden 3649:Flagler 3619:Collier 3599:Calhoun 3594:Broward 3589:Brevard 3569:Alachua 3511:Miramar 3471:Hialeah 3461:Orlando 3413:Sebring 3192:Regions 3165:Orlando 3113:Economy 3103:Culture 3071:Society 2882:Straits 2867:Springs 2815:Beaches 2762:Slavery 2707:History 2670:Symbols 2618:Geology 2564:Climate 2526:Florida 2407:History 2373:Chickee 2344:Culture 1828: ( 1799:minutes 843:coontie 766:slavery 762:Georgia 758:Alabama 661:British 575:Broward 541:Yamasee 529:cacique 517:atlatls 498:cacique 494:cacique 465:Mayaimi 434:cacique 421:cacique 310:middens 284:antlers 276:atlatls 271:drought 259:Archaic 166:Middle 143:Period 40:extinct 25:Florida 4459:Pierce 4244:Cutler 4053:Glades 4038:Clovis 3900:Walton 3880:Taylor 3870:Sumter 3840:Putnam 3810:Orange 3795:Nassau 3784:Monroe 3774:Martin 3769:Marion 3709:Holmes 3689:Hendry 3684:Hardee 3669:Glades 3629:DeSoto 3609:Citrus 3203:region 3182:Sports 2887:Swamps 2857:Rivers 2546:Topics 1932:People 1768: 1754: 1740: 1726: 1712: 1698: 1684: 1069: 997: 970: 911:casino 859:cotton 855:calico 839:hominy 811:under 713:Creeks 656:Havana 633:whales 563:Calusa 446:Calusa 426:Carlos 395:Carlos 381:, but 375:Calusa 341:Calusa 335:Calusa 321:Naples 303:Glades 301:, and 278:, and 246:. The 242:, and 164:Early 146:Dates 127:casino 99:Havana 65:Calusa 4608:Human 4474:Plaza 4145:sites 3885:Union 3825:Pasco 3639:Duval 3634:Dixie 3574:Baker 3551:Davie 3456:Tampa 3451:Miami 3373:Ocala 3208:coast 3143:Miami 3096:Tampa 3091:Miami 3083:Crime 2897:Major 2840:Lakes 2820:Caves 2680:motto 2658:radio 2613:Flora 2608:Fauna 2554:Index 2522:State 2307:Tampa 1530:(PDF) 1515:(PDF) 768:from 650:, or 477:Jaega 405:word 399:Calos 168:Late 107:Creek 80:Tampa 3835:Polk 3749:Levy 3744:Leon 3734:Lake 3674:Gulf 3614:Clay 3255:Keys 2852:Reef 2835:Keys 2685:seal 2675:flag 1766:ISBN 1752:ISBN 1738:ISBN 1724:ISBN 1710:ISBN 1696:ISBN 1682:ISBN 1067:ISBN 995:ISBN 968:ISBN 841:and 825:The 760:and 690:The 680:and 571:Dade 407:kalo 387:Cuba 280:awls 84:Keys 36:arid 19:The 3739:Lee 3579:Bay 2638:Law 2524:of 1059:doi 363:Ais 156:BCE 113:. 4725:: 2663:TV 1797:26 1581:15 1579:, 1568:^ 1560:51 1558:. 1554:. 1523:13 1521:. 1517:. 1481:^ 1465:37 1463:, 1377:18 1375:, 1362:^ 1296:^ 1271:35 1269:, 1254:73 1252:, 1241:^ 1229:^ 1186:71 1184:, 1173:^ 1121:13 1119:, 1108:^ 1065:. 1053:. 873:. 815:. 573:, 444:A 297:, 238:, 194:CE 3957:e 3950:t 3943:v 2831:) 2827:( 2514:e 2507:t 2500:v 2225:e 2218:t 2211:v 1879:e 1872:t 1865:v 1845:) 1837:( 1832:) 1801:) 1794:( 1660:. 1608:. 1392:. 1075:. 1061:: 1003:. 976:. 744:. 622:.

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