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collaborate against Hédouville's meddling. However, those efforts soon came undone, as Hédouville intentionally treated Rigaud with more favor than
Toussaint, in an effort to sow tension between the two leaders. In a letter to Rigaud, Hédouville criticized "the perfidy of General Toussaint Louverture" and absolved Rigaud of Toussaint's authority as general-in-chief. He invited Rigaud to "take command of the Department of the South". Hédouville eventually fled Saint-Domingue, sailing from Le Cap in October 1798 due to threats by Toussaint resulting in a year fight between the two generals.
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563:). Although the term indigène in French refers to the native of the land, Dessalines utilized that term to separate themselves from the French philosophy and slave-based economy and to galvanize the affranchi, bossale, and creoles around one common goal, the independence of Hayti. A precedent to the term indigène was Dessalines' first army known as Armée des Incas referring to the
707:. While they were seeking their rights as Frenchmen, the slaves also engaged in acts of cruelty, such as rape, poison, and murder against the white plantation owners. In a couple of weeks, the number of slaves participating in the rebellion was over 100,000. By 1792, a third of Saint-Domingue was under the control of the rebels, and France was ready to quell the rebellion.
618:. An agriculturally potent landmass, France regarded the colony as a highly valuable asset and the shining star of its imperial crown, producing most of the world's sugar and coffee by the 1780s. A forced labor plantation economy, historians note that the chattel slavery established within the colony was brutal, with torture being commonplace. Disease, such as
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blancs, and as a result, fighting broke out between the two groups. Because of this, the poorer gens de couleur, like the slaves, were also resentful of grands blancs, who were in the way of what was the beginning of equality for everyone in Saint-Domingue. They gave political rights to the gen de couleur, and sent
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While the blacks are fighting for the end of slavery the mulattos was asking France to recognize them as full citizen and give them the right to participate in the colony's political life. The wealthy gens de couleur were given citizenship in May 1791, which caused tension between them and the grands
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After the assassination of the emperor
Jacques 1st, a civil war ensued between the Christophe followers in the north with royalist ambitions and Alexandre S. Pétion and Étienne E. Gérin in the south with republican ambitions. Both factions organize the armed forces similarly with a difference in the
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In July 1798, Toussaint and Rigaud traveled in a carriage together from Port-au-Prince to Le Cap to meet the recently arrived representative Théodore-Joseph d'Hédouville, sent by France's new
Directory regime. Oral tradition asserts that during this carriage ride, Toussaint and Rigaud made a pact to
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While all of this was happening, Toussaint
Louverture was training his own army in the ways of guerilla warfare, and helping the Spanish, who declared war against France in 1793; various outside powers assisted the Haitian insurgents during the early years of the revolution in hopes that they could
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These series of meetings culminated in the renaming of the army, Armée Indigène, and the basis of the
Haitian flag. Saint-Domingue's flag changed to a red and blue flag with the slogan “Liberte a la Mort” (Liberty or Death) in white lettering. Bonaparte would try to reestablish the slave regime by
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Following his victory over Rigaud, Toussaint declared a general amnesty in July 1800. But
Toussaint's general Jean-Jacques Dessalines became infamous during this period for carrying out brutal reprisals and massacres against Rigaud's supporters. Some historians have asserted that Toussaint himself
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organized the troops in 15 regiments with the first three known as the
Regiment of the King (Henry 1st), Regiment of the Queen (Marie-Louise Croix-David), and Regiment of the Royal-Prince ( Victor Henry) the rest were simply referred to as the regiment of the communes they are cantoned in such as
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During the revolutions, Haitians did not have the time nor the need to organize a marine force. Mainly because since the war was declared between France and
England again, the Indigène troops only had to force the French troops to admit their capitulation, accord them a cease-fire to gather their
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of France and the Swiss army. However, an underlying issue existed between the maroon troops and the creole troops relating to the respect of command. The maroon also called Congo troops did not organize their troops based on established corps such as infantry, cavalry, or artillery but based on
2249:. JJD place his HD on habitation Lenormand de Mézy the same place where the Bwakayiman ceremony happened, he sent Paul Romain and Henry Christophe to Vigie through Port-Francais and Cappois, Vernet, and Charlotin to Cape-Heights (Haut-du-Cap) thus on November 19, 1803, freeing the department of
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by participating in the
Savannah Battle alongside the Americans against the British, this situation would help in the War of Knives when the British Navy would block the supply of the French troops in favor of Toussaint's Army. The period reach its height when the mulatto commander like Pétion,
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gave hope to the gens de couleur that France would look at every citizen equally, regardless of position or race, giving them better living conditions and rights. However, the vague interpretation of the
Declaration would leave the gens de couleur's social position unchanged. In fact, the grand
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With 300 armed gens de couleur and affranchis, Vincent Oge led an insurrection, which attempted to disarm the white men of Grande-Rivière. Taking place on 29 October 1790, this event became known as the Oge Rebellion, and ended in failure. Oge and his rebels were executed on the wheel, and his
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By 1798, Toussaint and Rigaud had jointly contained both external and internal threats to the colony. In April 1798, British commander Thomas Maitland approached Toussaint to negotiate a British withdrawal, which was concluded in August. In early 1799, Toussaint also independently negotiated
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to Saint-Domingue, but were decisively defeated by the military superiority of the Armée Indigène, though racist historians unwilling to accept this stunning fact claimed it was because of an outbreak of yellow fever. Because of this, the Armée Indigène was now known as the army that freed
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After the Haitians discover the secret plan of the French was to reinstate slavery and killed all males over the age of 14 both the old Toussaint's troops and Rigaud's troops. This is the last step toward the Independence of Hayti but many obstacles were on the way to glory, notably the
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principles that advocated for the equality of all Frenchmen, the Haitian Revolution had many casualties. Both sides suffered losses from their own violence. The Haitians suffered about 200,000 casualties, while their French opponents suffered tens of thousands of casualties, mostly to
2199:. Dessalines established its HQ in Turgeau, Louis Gabart was along rue St-Martin with his troops from the shore to Fort-National, Pétion was on St-Gérard hill with the artillery, and Cangé after taking Fort-Bizoton set up a battery Fort-Mercredi hill thus freeing the department of
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One of the first decrees of Dessalines after the Independence was to organize the army and their uniforms. The recruitment of young men in the army continued because there was still a threat of French invasion. The constitution of 1805 further organize the army and conscription:
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By the end of the 18th century, a century after the Treaty of Ryswick the social tension in St-Domingue have reach a level enough, and the different maniel or doco (independent maroon communities) have gained a level of organization all around the island to start a revolution.
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The Haitians used their knowledge of the land to wage a full fledge guerilla warfare. Toussaint and Dessalines were inspired by the maroons such as Enriquillo and Boukman and ordered several mountaintop fortresses to be built over each plaine in the mountain ranges of Haiti.
2424:. After the US invasion of Haiti, one of the first decrees put an end to the Indigène Army and disarm the civil population. Although Charlemagne Péralte, commander of Léogane refuses to be a witness of this act against the sovereignty of Haiti. He organized and led the
622:, was epidemically prevalent, contributing to the high slave mortality rate. In efforts to save money, some plantation owners hastened the death of sickly slaves through intentional starvation, aware that replacements would be shipped to the colony. Enforced by the
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The emperor then ordered all division-general to build forts and docos in the mountains controlling all the major plains, bays, and all interior roads. Nowadays, most forts are still in place although they are not used for military purposes the most famous are:
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Regiment of Dondon. He also organized the Royal Navy, Royal Artillery, and Royal Cavalry. The royal's bodyguards are a light cavalry corps. He also had a corps of rural police known as the Royal Daomay which recruited only men at least 6 ft tall.
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take over Saint-Domingue from the French amidst the confusion of the French Revolutionary Wars. Louverture, alongside Dessalines and his army, would go back to the French in 1794, a while after France abolished slavery in the colonies.
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The actions of the Armée Indigène in the Haitian Revolution would serve as inspiration to the slaves in the United States. Haiti was finally recognized by France in 1825, and later by the United States, in 1862. South American leader
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Despite their free status, the gens de couleur were unprotected from discrimination. Petits blancs (poor whites) resented the gens de couleur because of their wealth and power, gained by the ability to buy other slaves. In 1789, The
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After the Independence of Hayti, the Haitians were preparing for an eventual return of French troops, and Dessalines decide to reorganize the country. The basic of administrative division of the country went from parish to
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gathers a division of 20 000 men from the 2nd, 6th, 8th, 4th, 7th, 3rd, 11th, 14th, 20th, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, the Regiment of Dragoons of Artibonite and an artillery regiment under the command of Zenon freed the city of
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blancs would take advantage of the Declaration and use it to gain independence from trade regulations. In addition, slavery was not officially abolished. Since the 1780s, free men of color such as
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2405:. Later on, after France officially recognized Haitian Independence, there was no need for such an extensive army, and gradually the troops were reduced to half of its wartime size. President
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After the revolution and the establishment of the Haitian State under Dessalines, Christophe, Pétion, Geffrard, and so forth would organize a naval fleet (barge) for defense and cabotage.
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was promised freedom at the end. Unfortunately, they were captured and brought to Jamaica, near Port-Royal to be sold where they refused to buy them. They were then brought to
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853:"Toussaint's Clause" with the United States government, allowing American merchants to trade with Saint-Domingue despite the ongoing Quasi-War between the U.S. and France.
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from Cayes through Tiburon with the 18th. One column led by Bazile walked to the city through Marfranc and Férou continued through Abricot thus freeing the department of
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art 17. These generals of division shall be independent of one another and shall correspond directly with the Emperor or the general in chief appointed by his majesty.
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By 1915, the army was a shadow of its past glory due to political turmoils, budget cuts, and indiscipline within the ranks. The regimental system is famous for its
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to Saint-Domingue as its new governor; he was a man against slavery and the plantation owners. Many gens-de-couleur gained military experience within the
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891:, the French realized they can not win against Louverture on the battlefield and decided to use a ruse to capture him. They invited him to a meeting in
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3104:(Picture of Toussaint Louverture is named Le général Toussaint Louverture. The artist is unknown, and it is currently in the New York Public Library)
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barbaric death would cause even more tension amongst the free people of color and eventually the enslaved, who already had the mindset of revolution.
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Later on, the number of half-brigades went from 29 to 38, with 4 artillery regiments, 86 detached artillery companies, and 64 gendarmerie companies.
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ordered massacres, but delegated the killing to his generals to avoid culpability. Many of Rigaud's generals were exiled to France and some to Cuba.
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Plaine-du-Nord, in the Grand-Nord region, Dutty Boukman, and Cecile Fatiman commanded thousand of maroon and rebel slave to ravage the crops;
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883:. When the troops arrived in St-Domingue many Haitian generals refused to give access to the French navy to disembark and famously
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freedmen alike), the rebels were not officially titled the Armée indigène until January 1803, under the leadership of then-general
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This rich military history made Haiti a very martial country; this influence can be seen in multiple aspects of Haitian culture.
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had six military divisions each administratively autonomous from each under the general guidance of Jacques 1st, resulting in a
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and Vincent Oge had tried to get free people of color the rights that belonged to them by representing the colonies in the
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favors the idolization of the colonel (chief of half-brigades) who in turn use his influence over the troops to execute a
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Plaine des Cayes, in the Tiburon Peninsula region, the Macaya-Marrons attacked the city of Les Cayes for closed to a year.
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and declared war on each order, Dessalines capitalized on that concluding a deal with the British Navy, resulting in a
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In 1803 the marrons leaders Sansousi and Lamour Dérance and troops were formally incorporated in the Armée Indigène.
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of the major bays of the island and seizing any French boat leaving the cities of Haiti to seek refuge elsewhere.
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art 9. No person is worth being a Haitian who is not a good father, a good son, a good husband, and especially a
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did not accept this claim, and sent a troop of more than 30 000 men under the leadership of his brother-in-law
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Later, Louverture would establish a Haitian constitution the Constitution of 1801 being the first constitution
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The Guard of Honor of Toussaint Louverture is composed of 2000 men, including 400 mounted men and music bands.
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art 15. The Empire of Hayti is one and indivisible. Its territory is distributed into six military divisions.
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people no longer existed in any discernible number at the advent of the Haitian Revolution. Rather, the word
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647:. One of these rights was the right to vote; however, free people of color were still denied of this right.
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rather burned the city on their commandment than betray Toussaint. After the Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot in
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disorganization of the Haitian troops. In 1802 Pétions left the French side and meet J-J Dessalines in
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Following the French and British model at that time, the Armée Indigène followed a regimental system.
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troops and French civilians, and the British Navy in the bays would then take them as prisoners.
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have been organized by JJD the troops could now focus and conquering Hayti back from the French.
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4th half-brigade under the leadership of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the commander-chief, based in
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3rd half-brigade under the leadership of Lamartinière, the hero of Crête-à-Pierrot, based in
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and later on in the speech he declared by chasing out the French troops he then avenges the
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Germain Frère and Frontiste of the 11th and 12th controls the area of La Coupe, modern-day
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Twin forts Jacques and Alexandre over the city of Port-au-Prince and the Cul-de-Sac plaine
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The maroons of Haiti military style and role in the indigenous army are similar to the
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African Americans and the Haitian revolution selected essays and historical documents
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For the accomplishment of these civil rights, a corps of fewer than 300 men, 197
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The first mass rebellion broke out in August 1791, when religious Vodoun priest
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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The Haitian revolution, 1791 to 1804; or, Side lights on the French Revolution
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on galvanizing the troops of Artibonite and West and vote on the Haitian flag.
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2577:, Commander-in-chief (1793-180, governor-general of Saint-Domingue 1801–1803)
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When marching for the campaign the troops are usually organized as such: the
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the Royal bodyguards were incorporated into the Presidential Guards as the
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art 16. Each military division shall be commanded by a general of division.
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Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection
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chasing the last troops out of Haiti and French general Louis Noailles;
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2979:"Case Study 1: St. Domingue - Vincent Oge & Toussaint l'Ouverture"
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Dragoons of l'Artibonite under the leadership of Charlotin Marcadieu;
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Plaine de Léoganes and Jacmel, in West region, Romaine-la-Prophétesse
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controlled the Artibonite and use it as the base for the operations;
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which form most of the army are the infantry troops and lastly the
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post-revolution, was founded on the western half of the island of
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with the 3rd, 11th, 12th, 4th, 7th, 20th and 21st marched toward
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Platon Citadelle over the city of Les Cayes and the Cayes plaine
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kingdoms are known for their commanding and strategic skills.
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Beauvais, Pinchinnat, and more gained the battle of Pernier.
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or artillery troops in case of marching against a fort. the
2884:. Flag Heritage Foundation.org. Accessed February 22, 2018.
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with a battalion of the 9th demi-brigade freed the city of
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3004:. The Haitian Revolution 1791. Accessed February 22, 2018.
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organized the Navy based in Bizoton with gunboats such as
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traveled to Hayti looking for military support for the
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While the actions of the Armée Indigène were fueled by
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ethnic groups. Some of the most famous groups are the:
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Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau
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in France locked up Louverture, where he would die in
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reduced its size and created an elite corps known as
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In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the
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Despite its name, the moniker had no relation to the
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over the city of Cap-Haitian and the northern plains
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Plaine du-Cul-de-Sac, in the West region, Sanglaou;
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Toussaint Louverture, general of the Armée Indigène
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2218:the 13th and 15th, thus freeing the department of
1954:and Étienne Gérin with the 13th freed the city of
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3002:"Haitian Revolution Begins August–September 1791"
790:are known for their knowledge of natural remedies
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3044:. December 18, 2017. Accessed February 22, 2018.
2949:. December 28, 2017. Accessed February 22, 2018.
2136:with the 21st, 22nd, 23rd conquered the city of
2866:. February 7, 2018. Accessed February 22, 2018.
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1999:with the 8th, thus freeing the region of Haut-
932:. After that Dessalines traveled all over the
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2882:"History of the Haitian Flag of Independence"
3060:. University of Chicago Press. p. 252.
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2899:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery
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378:Action of 28 June 1803 (Môle-Saint-Nicolas)
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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3656:Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande
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2457:In Lakoun Souvnans a Vodoun community in
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1977:, thus cutting all French supply between
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186:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
3752:United States and the Haitian Revolution
3681:Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville
2917:Jackson, Maurice, and Jacqueline Bacon.
2851:Lawless, Robert, and James A. Ferguson.
952:to organize the troops of the West with
868:and declared himself governor for life.
793:
452:
131:This article includes a list of general
3025:
3023:
3017:. New York: Russell & Russell, 1971
2374:In the rest of Hayti (West and South),
1029:are in front scouting, followed by the
513:. Predated by insurrectionists such as
229:
3793:
3143:
3053:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2869:
2626:, and the 1st division of South region
2568:
2168:On there way to siege Port-au-Prince,
766:are known for their tenacity and pride
553:was used in French as a euphemism for
3117:
2952:
2654:
2397:At the reunification of Hayti, under
2298:After France and Britain break their
2203:against the French general Lavalette;
2102:, thus freeing the department of Bas-
654:
16:1791–1806 Haitian abolitionist rebels
3641:Thomas-Antoine de Mauduit du Plessis
3020:
2797:
2620:and the 2nd division of North region
2600:and the 1st division of North region
2587:
2117:with 1st, 6th conquered the city of
1915:
1001:Chasseurs-Volontaires de St-Domingue
814:Chasseurs-Volontaires de St-Domingue
543:indigenous populations of Hispaniola
212:Jean-Jacques Dessalines Coat of arms
117:
59:
18:
3417:Haitian Declaration of Independence
2991:
2636:and the 1st division of West region
2610:and the 2nd division of West region
2563:
1985:and freeing the department of Haut-
1962:against the French general Bernard;
1599:20th (Polonais Noir/ Black Polish)
497:). Encompassing both black slaves,
13:
3731:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
3485:Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture
2901:. 1. A - K. 1997. ABC-CLIO. p.229
2692:Jean-Louis François, commander of
2285:is declared by the Armée Indigéne.
2222:against the French general Brunet;
2144:against the French general Pageot;
2106:aiganst the French generals Hénin;
594:Pre-Haitian Revolution and context
370:2nd Siege of Port-au-Prince (1803)
137:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3822:
3078:
2749:
2268:, thus freeing the department of
2172:run Lux and the 5th light out of
2140:, thus freeing the department of
2121:, thus freeing the department of
2045:, thus freeing the department of
1958:, thus freeing the department of
34:This article has multiple issues.
3774:
3096:
3084:
2513:
999:is formed from the union of the
843:
231:
122:
64:
23:
3762:Women in the Haitian Revolution
3646:Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume
2895:"Tacky's Rebellion (1760–1761)"
2394:along with military hospitals.
2309:
881:Charles-Victor Emmanuel Leclerc
42:or discuss these issues on the
3490:Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
2962:. S.l.: Yale Univ Press, 2017.
2911:
2887:
2736:Toussaint-Brave, commander of
1047:which are the cavalry troops.
976:to organize the troops in the
889:Petite-Rivière de L'Artibonite
330:Capture of Fort-Dauphin (1794)
1:
2833:
2321:
1219:Innocent/ Fin-du-Monde/ Doco
703:ordered the slaves to attack
659:
362:Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres
326:Battle of Cap-Français (1793)
3671:Louis-Marie Stanislas Fréron
2921:. New York: Routledge, 2010.
1883:
1856:
1836:Sansousi/ Petit-Noel Prieur
1832:
1811:
1790:
1769:
1747:
1725:
1702:
1677:
1650:
1625:
1598:
1574:
1549:
1525:
1496:
1471:
1446:
1421:
1396:
1371:
1347:
1320:
1296:
1271:
1247:
1223:
1196:
1167:
1136:
1107:
928:to convince him to lead the
780:are known for their tenacity
752:are known for their tenacity
536:
318:Battle of Croix-des-Bouquets
7:
3636:Gabriel, comte d'Hédouville
3407:Armistice of March 30, 1798
2821:
2289:
2253:against the French general
2134:Magloire Ambroise and Cangé
2125:against the French general
2096:Louis Gabart and Dessalines
2039:Louis Gabart and Dessalines
1050:Some famous regiments are:
798:Battle of Vertières in 1803
322:1st Siege of Port-au-Prince
10:
3827:
3390:Blockade of Saint-Domingue
3054:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2007).
2730:J. J. Herne, commander of
2502:Until 1915, every Haytian
1889:
1886:
1862:
1859:
1838:
1835:
1816:
1814:
1795:
1793:
1774:
1772:
1753:
1750:
1731:
1728:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1631:
1628:
1618:
1604:
1601:
1580:
1577:
1569:
1555:
1552:
1531:
1528:
1520:
1502:
1499:
1491:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1452:
1449:
1441:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1377:
1374:
1353:
1350:
1342:
1328:
1323:
1302:
1299:
1291:
1277:
1274:
1253:
1250:
1229:
1226:
1218:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1173:
1170:
1158:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1113:
1110:
936:to organize the troops of
588:
374:Blockade of Saint-Domingue
342:Battle of Port-Républicain
3811:Military history of Haiti
3770:
3744:
3736:Denmark Vesey's rebellion
3718:
3698:
3623:
3515:Marie-Jeanne Lamartinière
3437:
3430:
3360:Saint-Domingue expedition
3187:
3151:
2431:
1084:
919:Organization of the troop
872:Expedition of St-Domingue
410:
392:
387:
366:Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot
358:Saint-Domingue expedition
313:
303:
291:
281:
273:
263:
245:
225:
217:
205:
200:
3520:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
2786:Joseph Balthazar Inginac
2499:is a testament to that.
2054:Congress of Camp-Gérrard
1791:Artillery of Artibonite
1087:
1018:
980:under the leadership of
810:Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
3757:Haiti Independence Debt
3706:Joaquín García y Moreno
3676:Louis Jean Nicolas Abbé
3460:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
3109:Mapping Haitian History
3042:Encyclopædia Britannica
2947:Encyclopædia Britannica
2864:Encyclopædia Britannica
2581:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
2411:Tirailleurs de la Garde
1987:Nord-Ouest (department)
1967:Francois Lamort Cappois
1812:Artillery of the South
1770:Artillery of the North
1442:Forteresse des Platons
1325:Francois Lamort Cappois
1201:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
606:, later established as
511:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
483:Armée de Saint-Domingue
404:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
346:Battle of Saint-Raphaël
152:more precise citations.
3600:Jean-Pierre Louverture
3595:Jean-François Papillon
3580:Charles Rivière-Hérard
3159:Devastations of Osorio
3031:"Toussaint Louverture"
2761:Jean-François Papillon
2339:After the Independence
2214:conquered the city of
2150:conquered the city of
2098:conquered the city of
1969:conquered the city of
1726:Dragoon of Artibonite
803:Gens de Couleur rights
799:
482:
479:Army of Saint-Domingue
474:
466:
458:
308:Grenadiers a l'assaut!
3422:1804 Haitian massacre
2880:Fombrun, Odette Roy.
2828:Nicolas Pierre Mallet
2282:Independence of Hayti
1748:Dragoon of the South
1703:Dragoon of the North
797:
477:), also known as the
456:
3666:Jean Augustin Ernouf
3565:Jean-Baptiste Belley
3495:Henriette Saint Marc
3445:Toussaint Louverture
2936:"Haitian Revolution"
2776:Louis Michel Pierrot
2742:Yayou, commander of
2575:Toussaint Louverture
2510:was a military man.
2403:Carabiniers à Cheval
2277:Congress of Gonaives
2132:September 17, 1803,
2008:Congress of Arcahaie
1729:Charlotin Marcadieu
1475:Jean-Louis Francois
738:was an Allada prince
732:Toussaint Louverture
681:Massif the Baoruco (
527:Toussaint Louverture
399:Toussaint Louverture
350:Battle of Jean-Rabel
3365:Ravine-à-Couleuvres
2791:Charlotin Marcadieu
2569:Commanders-in-chief
2392:Guard of the Senate
2127:Pamphile de laCroix
2109:September 9, 1803,
2094:September 4, 1803,
1952:Nicolas Geffrad Sr.
1392:Jacques/ Alexandre
1351:Jean-Philippe Daut
1251:Augustin Clerveaux
1088:Commanding officer
382:Battle of Vertières
3801:Haitian Revolution
3726:Louisiana Purchase
3545:Jean-Louis Pierrot
3412:Law of 20 May 1802
3395:Môle-Saint-Nicolas
3385:2nd Port-au-Prince
3215:1st Port-au-Prince
3200:Croix-des-Bouquets
3188:Battles and events
3174:François Mackandal
3145:Haitian Revolution
3036:2020-04-21 at the
2984:2018-03-23 at the
2941:2018-03-27 at the
2858:2018-03-15 at the
2744:Grande Riv du Nord
2688:Jean-Philippe Daut
2670:Étienne Élie Gerin
2655:Brigadier-generals
2523:and department to
2497:Dominican Republic
2388:Presidential Guard
2260:December 4, 1803,
2206:October 16, 1803,
2174:Croix-des-Bouquets
1995:freed the city of
1973:and the island of
1950:January 16, 1803,
1920:After the troops,
1891:Massif de la Hotte
1751:Guillaume Lafleur
1521:Réfléchit/ Débois
877:Napoleon Bonaparte
866:to abolish slavery
800:
687:Sierra the Baoruco
683:Massif de la Selle
655:Haitian Revolution
515:François Mackandal
487:Haitian Revolution
459:
444:Augustin Clerveaux
429:Étienne Élie Gerin
394:Commander-in-chief
338:Battle of Gonaïves
334:Battle of the Acul
286:Liberté ou la Mort
3788:
3787:
3714:
3713:
3575:Magloire Ambroise
3560:Philippe Guerrier
3555:Faustin Soulouque
3465:Jean-Pierre Boyer
3438:Rebels and allies
3169:French Revolution
3067:978-0-226-67582-4
2907:978-0-87436-885-7
2893:Rodriguez, J. P.
2804:Guy-Joseph Bonnet
2798:Adjutants-general
2722:Magloire Ambroise
2614:Augustin Clervaux
2588:Division generals
2549:Fortification of
2525:military division
2521:military garrison
2275:January 1, 1804,
2262:Vincent Pourcelly
2179:October 9, 1803,
2156:Ouest-Mériddional
2115:Auguste Clerveaux
1916:Conquest of Haiti
1910:
1909:
1655:Magloire Ambroise
1500:Étienne E. Gérin
1417:National/ Touron
966:Magloire Ambroise
645:National Assembly
448:
447:
433:Magloire Ambroise
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
170:
116:
115:
108:
57:
3818:
3806:Disbanded armies
3781:Haiti portal
3779:
3778:
3777:
3570:Étienne Polverel
3530:Henri Christophe
3525:Alexandre Pétion
3435:
3434:
3260:Port-Républicain
3164:Slavery in Haiti
3138:
3131:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3100:
3088:
3072:
3071:
3051:
3045:
3027:
3018:
3011:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2976:
2963:
2960:Liberty or Death
2956:
2950:
2933:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2867:
2849:
2793:Chief of Cavalry
2756:Jacques Maurepas
2717:Laurent Bazelais
2624:Nicolas Geffrard
2604:Alexandre Pétion
2594:Henry Christophe
2564:List of generals
2533:quasi-federalism
2529:Empire of Hayiti
2476:Loa-grenadye or
2418:esprit the corps
2407:Nicolas Geffrard
2376:Alexandre Pétion
2176:on September 19.
2079:August 4, 1803,
2070:Boisrond Tonerre
1965:April 12, 1803,
1141:Christophe Henry
1111:Toussaint Brave
1082:
1081:
1056:Port-Républicain
1012:Saint-Domingue.
1007:sending general
982:Nicolas Geffrard
903:et another boat
885:Henry Christophe
774:Bissagos Islands
545:, as the native
437:Jacques Maurepas
421:Henri Christophe
417:Alexandre Pétion
254:
241:
237:
235:
234:
210:
198:
197:
191:
184:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
148:this article by
139:inline citations
126:
125:
118:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3826:
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3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3766:
3740:
3710:
3694:
3661:Charles Leclerc
3619:
3610:Gaou Louverture
3605:Paul Louverture
3590:Victoria Montou
3550:François Capois
3450:Georges Biassou
3426:
3380:Crête-à-Pierrot
3183:
3147:
3142:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3038:Wayback Machine
3028:
3021:
3013:Steward, T. G.
3012:
3008:
2999:
2992:
2986:Wayback Machine
2977:
2966:
2958:McPhee, Peter.
2957:
2953:
2943:Wayback Machine
2934:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2860:Wayback Machine
2850:
2841:
2836:
2824:
2800:
2781:Hyacinthe Moïse
2766:Georges Biassou
2752:
2724:, commander of
2710:, commander of
2701:, commander of
2681:, commander of
2679:François Capois
2672:, commander of
2663:, commander of
2657:
2642:, commander of
2632:, commander of
2616:, commander of
2606:, commander of
2596:, commander of
2590:
2571:
2566:
2544:Citadelle Henry
2516:
2434:
2341:
2324:
2312:
2292:
2266:Mole-St-Nicolas
2111:Toussaint Brave
2083:marched toward
2037:June 30, 1803,
1983:Mole-St-Nicolas
1918:
1887:Gilles Bambara
1864:Massif la Selle
1860:Lamour Dérance
1620:Crête-à-Pierrot
1578:Gilles Béneche
1553:Laurent Férrou
1161:Citadelle-Henry
1021:
1009:Charles Leclerc
921:
874:
846:
834:Mole St-Nicolas
805:
712:Mountain Troops
662:
657:
596:
591:
539:
463:Indigenous Army
451:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
425:François Capois
423:
419:
412:
402:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
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356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
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328:
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320:
255:
249:
232:
230:
213:
201:Indigenous Army
192:
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180:
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174:
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157:
154:
144:Please help to
143:
127:
123:
112:
101:
95:
92:
81:
75:has an unclear
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
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3814:
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3808:
3803:
3786:
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3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3719:Related events
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3683:
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3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3615:Armée Indigène
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Julien Raimond
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Catherine Flon
3507:
3505:Charles Bélair
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Cécile Fatiman
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
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3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:Petite-Rivière
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:Grande-Rivière
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
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3126:
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3111:
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3101:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3079:External links
3077:
3074:
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3066:
3046:
3029:Fagg, John E.
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2771:Jeannot Bullet
2768:
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2758:
2751:
2750:Other generals
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2449:Liberation of
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2197:Port-au-Prince
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2107:
2092:
2077:
2052:July 5, 1803,
2050:
2035:
2006:May 18, 1803,
2004:
1990:
1963:
1948:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1902:Mountain troop
1900:
1897:
1888:
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1875:Mountain troop
1873:
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1840:Massif du Nord
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1425:Coco JJ Herne
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1404:Port-au-Prince
1401:
1400:Germain Frère
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641:Julien Raimond
604:Saint-Domingue
595:
592:
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538:
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491:Saint-Domingue
471:Haitian Creole
467:Armée Indigène
449:
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3500:Sanité Bélair
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3455:Dutty Boukman
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3355:War of Knives
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3320:2nd Verrettes
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3300:1st Verrettes
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2699:Laurent Férou
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2526:
2522:
2514:Fortification
2511:
2509:
2508:Michel Oreste
2505:
2504:head-of-state
2500:
2498:
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2479:
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2469:Loa-chasè or
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2440:Simon Bolivar
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2328:Enlightenment
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2081:Laurent Férou
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1492:Bonnet-Carré
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1450:André Vernet
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997:Indigène Army
993:
991:
990:Étienne Gérin
987:
986:Laurent Férou
983:
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844:War of Knives
841:
839:
835:
831:
828:known as the
827:
823:
818:
815:
811:
796:
789:
788:Kongo kingdom
785:
782:
779:
778:Guinea-Bissau
775:
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702:
701:Dutty Boukman
699:
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579:
574:
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569:South America
566:
562:
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552:
548:
544:
534:
532:
531:French troops
528:
524:
523:Dutty Boukman
520:
516:
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508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
455:
450:Military unit
442:
441:Sanité Belair
438:
434:
430:
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422:
418:
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409:
405:
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354:War of Knives
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78:
73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3772:
3475:Dédée Bazile
3470:André Rigaud
3270:2nd Tannerie
3255:Les Gonaïves
3230:Fort-Dauphin
3220:Cap-Français
3210:1st Tannerie
3103:
3091:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3014:
3009:
3000:Shen, Kona.
2959:
2954:
2946:
2918:
2913:
2898:
2889:
2863:
2738:Fort-Liberté
2708:Pierre Cangé
2683:Port-de-Paix
2640:Louis Gabart
2630:Andre Vernet
2537:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2501:
2490:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:Indépendance
2379:
2373:
2364:
2350:good soldier
2349:
2342:
2333:yellow fever
2325:
2317:
2313:
2310:Naval Forces
2297:
2293:
2281:
2276:
2261:
2247:Cap-Francais
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2211:
2207:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2147:
2133:
2119:Fort-Liberté
2114:
2110:
2095:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1992:
1979:Cap-Francais
1971:Port-de-Paix
1966:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1937:André Vernet
1936:
1930:demi-brigade
1919:
1911:
1330:Port-de-Paix
1227:Paul Romain
1115:Fort-Liberté
1070:Port-de-Paix
1049:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1005:
996:
994:
989:
985:
981:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
941:
937:
929:
922:
913:Fort de Joux
904:
901:Cap-Francais
896:
875:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
837:
829:
825:
821:
819:
806:
783:
769:
755:
741:
719:
711:
709:
697:
695:
692:
663:
649:
632:
620:yellow fever
597:
577:
576:
572:
558:
550:
540:
478:
475:Lame Endijèn
462:
460:
307:
295:
285:
182:
164:
155:
136:
102:
93:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3686:French Army
3310:Las Cahobas
3295:3rd Tiburon
3250:2nd Tiburon
3245:La Bombarde
3235:1st Tiburon
3195:Bois Caïman
3179:Vincent Ogé
2674:Anse-à-Veau
2661:Paul Romain
2483:Loa-gad or
2422:coup-d'état
2163:Pétionville
1956:Anse-à-Veau
1685:Petit-Goave
1508:Anse-à-Veau
1038:Carabiniers
748:kingdom in
705:Bois Caïman
698:ougan-sanba
573:St-Domingue
565:Inca Empire
519:Vincent Ogé
505:(black and
401:(1791-1802)
314:Engagements
297:Le Bicolore
268:Land forces
259:(1804–1915)
253:(1791–1803)
221:1803 – 1804
150:introducing
3795:Categories
3340:Jean-Rabel
3330:2nd Dondon
3315:Mirebalais
3275:Saint-Marc
3265:1st Dondon
3205:Morne Pelé
3152:Background
2834:References
2648:Artibonite
2551:Dessalines
2463:Artibonite
2384:le Vengeur
2322:Casualties
2255:Rochambeau
2242:Dessalines
2226:Christophe
2212:Coco Herne
2193:Dessalines
2142:North-West
2123:North-East
2104:Artibonite
2089:Grand'Anse
2074:Dessalines
2043:Mirebalais
2032:Dessalines
1945:Dessalines
1775:Cap-Hayti
1533:Port-Salut
1467:Bayonnais
1375:Frontiste
1355:Mirebalais
1206:Dessalines
1132:St-Joseph
1032:Grenadiers
942:Christophe
762:people of
736:Gaou Ginou
734:'s father
660:Maroon War
612:Hispaniola
602:colony of
503:affranchis
413:commanders
388:Commanders
246:Allegiance
133:references
96:March 2018
88:footnoting
39:improve it
3400:Vertières
3375:Plaisance
3345:2nd Irois
3335:1st Irois
3225:Marmelade
2808:Chevalier
2732:Les Cayes
2618:Marmelade
2471:chasseurs
2399:J-P Boyer
2368:Henry 1st
2230:Clerveaux
1842:/ Dondon
1823:Artillery
1802:Artillery
1781:Artillery
1709:Cap-Hayti
1570:Marfranc
1504:Miragoane
1179:Cap-Hayti
1159:Picolet/
1146:Cap-Hayti
1085:Regiment
1026:Chasseurs
995:Thus the
974:Les Cayes
938:Clerveaux
926:Plaisance
838:Saliniers
826:mulattoes
786:from the
772:from the
758:from the
744:from the
722:from the
624:Code Noir
616:Caribbean
560:indigénat
555:non-white
537:Etymology
481:(French:
465:(French:
406:(1803–06)
45:talk page
3745:See also
3631:Napoleon
3034:Archived
2982:Archived
2939:Archived
2856:Archived
2822:Officers
2817:Papalier
2646:and the
2634:Gonaives
2608:Arcahaie
2506:outside
2478:genadier
2459:Gonaives
2390:and the
2304:blockade
2290:Strategy
2208:Geffrard
2058:Geffrard
1997:Arcahaie
1922:regiment
1899:Southern
1872:Southern
1868:Kenscoff
1845:Northern
1796:St-Marc
1778:Northern
1732:St-Marc
1713:Northern
1692:Infantry
1681:Lamarre
1667:Infantry
1664:Southern
1640:Infantry
1613:Infantry
1606:Verettes
1589:Infantry
1586:Southern
1564:Infantry
1561:Southern
1540:Infantry
1537:Southern
1515:Infantry
1512:Southern
1486:Infantry
1483:Southern
1461:Infantry
1454:Gonaives
1436:Infantry
1433:Southern
1411:Infantry
1386:Infantry
1362:Infantry
1337:Infantry
1334:Northern
1311:Infantry
1308:Northern
1304:Arcahaie
1286:Infantry
1262:Infantry
1259:Northern
1238:Infantry
1235:Northern
1213:Infantry
1186:Infantry
1163:/ Bréda
1153:Infantry
1150:Northern
1126:Infantry
1094:Division
1044:Dragoons
950:Arcahaie
905:le Héros
893:Gonaives
720:Dawonmen
583:Americas
551:indigène
282:Motto(s)
84:citation
3585:Jeannot
3370:Kellola
3290:Trutier
3280:Léogane
2853:"Haiti"
2814:Morelly
2712:Léogane
2703:Jérémie
2644:St-Marc
2445:Miranda
2234:Cappoix
2152:Léogane
2100:St-Marc
2085:Jérémie
1975:Tortuga
1926:brigade
1884:Maroon
1857:Maroon
1833:Maroon
1820:Western
1799:Western
1760:Cavalry
1757:Western
1738:Cavalry
1735:Western
1716:Cavalry
1689:Western
1646:Campan
1637:Western
1633:Léogane
1610:Western
1582:Tiburon
1557:Jérémie
1529:Vancol
1458:Western
1408:Western
1383:Western
1359:Eastern
1300:Larose
1283:Western
1279:St-Marc
1210:Western
1192:Drouet
1183:Western
1123:Eastern
1119:Lavaxon
1091:Commune
1063:St-Marc
946:Cappois
824:and 23
770:Bizango
764:Nigeria
750:Nigeria
724:Dahomey
614:in the
589:History
507:mulatto
499:maroons
411:Notable
226:Country
146:improve
3624:French
3540:Macaya
3431:People
3350:Jacmel
3064:
2905:
2811:Marion
2726:Jacmel
2650:region
2598:Dondon
2527:. The
2432:Legacy
2238:Romain
2210:, and
2189:Gabart
2181:Pétion
2138:Jacmel
2072:, and
2047:Centre
2030:, and
2028:Larose
2020:Vernet
2016:Gabart
2012:Pétion
1993:Larose
1960:Nippes
1941:Gabart
1928:, and
1817:Cayes
1754:Cayes
1698:Garry
1660:Jacmel
1629:Cangé
1255:Dondon
968:, and
962:Pétion
958:Vernet
954:Gabart
944:, and
897:Creole
822:blacks
746:Yoruba
728:Allada
600:French
501:, and
292:Colors
236:
218:Active
135:, but
3699:Other
2694:Aquin
2665:Limbé
2487:-loas
2485:guard
2473:-loas
2426:Cacos
2300:peace
2201:Ouest
2185:Cangé
2148:Cangé
2066:Gérin
2062:Férou
2056:with
2024:Cangé
2010:with
2001:Ouest
1895:Goavi
1678:24th
1651:22nd
1626:21st
1575:19th
1550:18th
1526:17th
1497:16th
1479:Aquin
1472:15th
1447:14th
1429:Cayes
1422:13th
1397:12th
1372:11th
1348:10th
1231:Limbé
1103:Fort
1100:Troop
1097:Corps
1019:March
978:South
970:Cangé
934:North
909:Brest
830:Swiss
784:Congo
628:Vodou
608:Haiti
578:Hayti
557:(cf.
547:Taíno
495:Haiti
493:(now
304:March
257:Haiti
239:Haiti
3690:Navy
3688:and
3240:Acul
3062:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2493:Rara
2480:loas
2443:and
2382:and
2279:the
2251:Nord
2240:and
2191:and
2113:and
1981:and
1943:and
1826:1000
1805:1000
1784:1000
1763:1000
1741:1000
1719:1000
1695:1500
1673:Ogé
1670:1500
1643:1500
1616:1500
1592:1500
1567:1500
1543:1500
1518:1500
1489:1500
1464:1500
1439:1500
1414:1500
1389:1500
1365:1500
1340:1500
1321:9th
1314:1500
1297:8th
1289:1500
1272:7th
1265:1500
1248:6th
1241:1500
1224:5th
1216:1500
1197:4th
1189:1500
1168:3rd
1156:1500
1137:2nd
1129:1500
1108:1st
776:and
760:Igbo
742:Nago
726:and
685:and
521:and
461:The
274:Size
264:Type
86:and
2220:Sud
2170:JJD
907:to
899:to
756:Ibo
575:to
567:in
489:in
3797::
3040:.
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2993:^
2967:^
2945:.
2926:^
2897:.
2871:^
2862:.
2842:^
2535:.
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2454:.
2428:.
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2228:,
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2183:,
2068:,
2064:,
2060:,
2026:,
2022:,
2018:,
2014:,
1939:,
1924:,
1893:/
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988:,
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960:,
956:,
940:,
915:.
840:.
585:.
525:,
517:,
473::
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2257:;
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2129:;
2091:;
2049:;
2003:;
1117:/
1072:;
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51:(
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