Civil Rights Act of 1968

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disabilities to make reasonable modifications to the premises, at their own expense, if they need the modification to have full enjoyment of the premises. For example, an individual with a disability may require grab bars installed in order to have access to take a shower. The landlord must allow the tenant to install the grab bars to allow access to take a shower. However, technically, the landlord may require the tenant remove the grab bars at the end of the tenancy, at the tenant's own expense. However, the regulations specify that in rental housing, a landlord may not condition widening a bathroom doorway to provide wheelchair access, to its return to its former narrow state upon the end of the tenancy, since it will not interfere with the next tenants use and enjoyment of the premises.

40: 1005: 10062: 4901: 945:(b)(2), which permits federal prosecution of anyone who "willingly injures, intimidates or interferes with another person, or attempts to do so, by force because of the other person's race, color, religion or national origin" because of the victim's attempt to engage in one of six types of federally protected activities, such as attending school, patronizing a public place/facility, applying for employment, acting as a juror in a state court or voting. 2560:"TO PASS H. RES. 1100, A RESOLUTION PROVIDING THAT IMMEDIATELY ON THE ADOPTION OF THIS RESOLUTION, THE BILL (H.R. 2516) PRESCRIBING PENALTIES FOR INTERFERING WITH ANY PERSON IN THE PERFORMANCE OF HIS CIVIL RIGHTS, AND MAKING CERTAIN ANTIRIOT LEGISLATION, SHALL, TOGETHER WITH A SENATE AMENDMENT THERETO, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR DISCRIMINATION IN THE SALE OR RENT OF HOUSING, BE TAKEN FROM THE SPEAKER'S TABLE, TO THE END THAT SAID AMENDMENT IS AGREED TO" 1085:

including the amenities of the dwelling, which may involve common areas. For example, a building with a “No Pets” policy would violate the FHA if it did not allow a blind person to have their seeing eye dog live with them as a reasonable accommodation to the policy. Similarly, a wheelchair user could request an assigned, accessible parking space as a reasonable accommodation in a “first come first serve” parking lot attached to an apartment complex.

1824:

whites receive the same assistance. The conditions include inferior city-provided facilities and services, little or no new or newer residential housing, large numbers of seriously substandard structures, noxious environmental conditions, substandard or completely absent neighborhood service facilities, high crime rates, inadequate access to job centers, and little or no investment of new capital in the area by public and private entities.

1109:), which makes it a federal crime to use interstate or foreign commerce routes or facilities (such as by crossing state lines or through mail, use of the Internet, or phone calls) to incite a riot, organize, promote or participate in a riot or to extend activities of a riot, or to aid and abet any person performing such activities. The provision has been informally referred to as the "H. Rap Brown Law" since the arrest and trial of 861: 1142:

Federal officers (or Federal grand jury) to investigate possible violations in this section. In this section of the bill sets the standard for preventing any kind of threat of force by someone who willfully injures, intimidates, interferes with or even attempts any of these actions upon a person of color (full discrimination set as race, color, religion, or national origin) when the minority in question is:

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discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. It was not until February 2021 that Housing and Urban Development issued a rule change under President Joe Biden to implement this decision. In addition, many states, cities and towns have passed laws prohibiting discrimination in housing based on sexual orientation and gender identity.

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headmen and 10 officers of the United States Army, the sovereignty of the Navajo Tribe was officially recognized. (It was later ratified by the Senate on July 23 and proclaimed by President Andrew Johnson on August 12). With this treaty, it brought the end to a four-year period of the hardships and exile brought upon the Navajo Tribe.

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As the title states, this section of the bill sets the standard for preventing any kind of threat of force by someone who willfully injures, intimidates, interferes with or even attempts any of these actions upon a person of color (full discrimination set as race, color, religion, or national origin)

1575:(FHEO) and HUD's Office of General Counsel. FHEO is one of the United States' largest federal civil rights agencies. It has a staff of more than 600 people located in 54 offices around the United States. As of August 2017, the head of FHEO is Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 1414:

Unless Congress provides otherwise, the sovereignty of federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribes generally extends over their federally recognized geographic territory (e.g., reservations, allotments, trust and restricted Indian lands, and other Indian country), including over the

1306:

involved a request to stop denying tribal membership to those children born to female (not male) tribal members who married outside of the tribe. The mother who brought the case pleaded that the discrimination against her child was solely based on sex, which violated the ICRA. The courts decided that

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deny to any person in a criminal proceeding the right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and at his own expense to have the assistance

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helped establish the principles. There were other court cases over the following years to continue the thoughts "that tribes were not arms of the federal government when punishing tribal members for criminal acts and that Indian tribes were exempt from many of the constitutional protections governing

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has stated that buyers and renters may discriminate and may request real estate agents representing them to limit home searches to parameters that are discriminatory. The primary purpose of the Fair Housing Act is to protect the buyer's (and renter's) right to seek a dwelling anywhere they choose. It

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Further extends the protection to include dwellings with children and mobile home parks. That is meant to protect renters and sellers from discriminating based on number of children in a family. Currently the Fair Housing Act protects against discrimination of race, color, national origin, religion,

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Although he ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, Judge Davis nevertheless disputed the allegations of discrimination. He said he based his ruling in part on the city's failure to prove that the area had a higher crime rate and lower property values than other parts of the city. The city "did not act in

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Section 233 covers preemption. None of the provisions contained in the title are intended on the part of Congress to occupy the state or local laws with the same subject matter nor are constructed to invalidate any provision of state law unless it is inconsistent. This section also holds an edit for

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Section 406 covers special elections. State jurisdiction is created by a majority vote of adult Indians in a special election. For this special election, the Secretary of the Interior calls the rules and regulations for the election, when the tribal council or other governing body requests to do so.

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The Fair Housing Act provides several specific protections for buyers and tenants with disabilities. Landlords and sellers cannot make a dwelling unit unavailable or deny a dwelling to a buyer or renter because of their disability or the disability of any person who intends to reside in the dwelling

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Only certain kinds of discrimination are covered by fair housing laws. Landlords are not required by law to rent to any tenant who applies for a property. Landlords can select tenants based on objective business criteria, such as the applicant's ability to pay the rent and take care of the property.

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in addition to the inequality in the actual housing provided to low-income African-American families under the federal programs, the neighborhoods in which they receive assistance are usually subject to various adverse conditions not found in the neighborhoods surrounding the housing units in which

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In this title, there are two materials mentioned to help strengthen the constitutional rights of Native Americans: "Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties" and "Federal Indian Law". This Act only mentions for these documents to be revised and printed on September 1, 1967. However, it is crucial to truly

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The act also requires tribal courts to afford due process and other civil liberties. Also, Native American courts try to provide a setting similar to that of a US courtroom, which is familiar to lawyers. That aided the attorneys and helped to divert non-Indian ridicule and established the view that

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The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 granted Native Americans full access to the United States Bill of Rights. The first minor section focuses on re-establishing amendments now granted to Native Americans. The main portion of the section focuses on Native Americans in the United States legal system.

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to seek redress. The 1968 act provides for federal solutions while the 1866 act provides for private solutions (i.e., civil suits). The act also made it a federal crime to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone... by reason of their race, color, religion,

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The "Federal Indian Law" material, on the other hand, is much broader than the other source. Basically, "Federal Indian Law" contains treaties, statutes, executive orders, administrative decisions and court cases that defines the political and legal status of federally recognized Native Americans.

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Section 404 covers consent to amend state laws. The United States is given to the people of any state to amend their state constitution or existing statutes, in order to remove any legal impediment to the assumption of civil or criminal jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of this title.

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There are an estimated 2 million cases of housing discrimination each year according to HUD. The National Fair Housing Alliance, the largest fair housing non-profit in the country, estimates that number to be closer to 4 million per year, excluding instances of discrimination due to disability or

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The ICRA incorporated many constitutional protections, but it modified others or did not include them at all: "The law did not impose the establishment clause, the guarantee of a republican form of government, the requirement of a separation of church and state, the right to a jury trial in civil

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Persons violating this law face a fine or imprisonment of up to one year or both. If bodily injury results or if such acts of intimidation involve the use of firearms, explosives or fire, individuals can receive prison terms of up to 10 years, while crimes involving kidnapping, sexual assault, or

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The House Judiciary Committee cleared HR 2516 (civil rights bill) and HR 10805 (extended life of Civil Rights Commission for another five years). House Judiciary Subcommittee No. 5 June 22 approved a package combining HR 2516 and HR 421 (Administration bill) in order to strengthen protections for

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The "Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties" material is full of treaties between Natives and the U.S. government. For this bill, however, the protection was originally created by the Treaty of Peace between the Navajo Indian Tribe and the United States. On June 1, 1868, with the signing by 29 Navajo

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Section 101 holds that Chapter 13, civil rights, title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting a new section (Section 245) called Federally protected activities. It establishes that this section isn't set as an intent on the part of Congress, or is constructed to limited the authority of

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declared all people born in the United States are legally citizens. That means they could rent, hold, sell and buy property. It was meant to help former slaves, and those who refused to grant the new rights to ex-slaves were guilty and punishable under law. The penalty was a fine of $ 1000 or a

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Section 401 covers assumptions by states. It's the main foundation for Indian rights. It states that Indians shall not be alienated or deprived of any right, privilege, or immunity afforded under Federal treaty, agreement, or statute with respect to hunting, trapping, or fishing or the control,

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In the 1960s, Congress held a series of hearings on the subject of the authority of tribal governments. The hearings told about the abuses that many tribal members had endured from the "sometimes corrupt, incompetent, or tyrannical tribal officials." In response, the Indian Civil Rights Act was

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The second protection offered by the FHA includes the requirement that no one can refuse to make reasonable accommodations to “rules, policies, practices, or services, when the accommodation is necessary to afford” a person with a disability “equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling unit,”

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An Indian, Indian tribe, Indian council, or any group of Indians have a right for the employment of legal counsel, and includes the choice of counsel and the fixing of fees. If any application made requiring the approval of the Secretary of Interior or the Commissioner of Indian Affairs is not

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Section 402 covers assumptions by states of civil jurisdiction. The main point to focus on here is to note how the States don't have jurisdiction over civil causes of action between Indians or Indian parties. However, this section also brings up more Indian rights. It states that nothing shall

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violate the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable search and seizures, nor issue warrants, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or thing to be

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The rest of the sections in this title are based around amendments to this legislative Act. For example, besides Section 245, Section 2101 called Riots has also been added. In this section, it focuses on putting a penalty behind any related riot actions, where a person can be fined $ 10,000 or

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The Fair Housing Act defines a person with a disability in the same manner as the Americans with Disabilities Act – “a person with a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities; a record of such an impairment; or being regarded as having such an

1041:

In 2012, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity issued a regulation prohibiting LGBT discrimination in federally assisted housing programs. The Supreme Court ruled in 2020 that discrimination on the basis of "sex" includes

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Section 405 covers actions not to abate. It states that no action pending immediately prior to any cession of jurisdiction shall abate by reason of that section. For the action or proceeding, such cession shall take place on the day after the date of the final determination of the action or

1319:

The Secretary of Interior is supposed to recommend (to Congress) a model code to govern the administration of justice when it comes to Indian offenses on Indian reservations on July 1, 1968. The title also mentions some provisions for individuals being tried in the court of Indian offenses:

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The Fair Housing Act (FHA) provides some specific protections for people with disabilities that facilitate independence and community living. First, the FHA allows tenants to make reasonable modifications to the existing premises. It makes it illegal for landlords to not allow people with

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only if the residence contains living quarters occupied or intended to be occupied by three or more other families living independently of each other, such as an owner-occupied rooming house. Restrictions on discriminatory advertising do apply to all landlords without reservation.

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The US Supreme Court had made clear that tribal internal affairs concerning tribal members' individual rights were not covered by the Fifth Amendment to the US constitution. However, the tribes were ultimately subjected to the power of Congress and the Constitution. The court case

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In 2017, a federal judge ruled that sexual orientation and gender identity are protected classes under the Fair Housing Act. As of May 2018, there is an additional pending effort to amend the Fair Housing Act to make this explicit (HR 1447). In a meeting on May 16, 2018 with the

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On May 17, 1968, Congress, with a joint resolution, requested the President for a centennial signing of the treaty. Therefore, President Lyndon B. Johnson established the centennial of the signing of the 1868 Treaty of Peace between the Navajo Indian Tribe and the United States.

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also has jurisdiction to file cases on behalf of the United States where there is a pattern and practice of discrimination or where HUD has found discrimination in a case and either party elects to go to federal court instead of continuing in the HUD administrative process.

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agencies where "substantially equivalent" fair housing laws are in place. Under such agreements, FHEO refers complaints to the state or locality where the alleged incident occurred, and those agencies investigate and process the case instead of FHEO. That is known as FHEO's

1552:(NAR), Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-Calif.), who was campaigning for his 16th term, said he believed that homeowners should be allowed to refuse to sell their home to gay and lesbian homebuyers. The NAR disagreed and withdrew its endorsement of the Congressman over the matter. 1020:

Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of their race, color, religion or national origin. Discrimination on the basis of sex was added in 1974, and people with disabilities and families with children were added to the list of protected classes in

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and families with children. Pregnant women are also protected from illegal discrimination because they have been given familial status with their unborn child being the other family member. Victims of discrimination may use both the 1968 act and the 1866 act's

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Coercing, threatening, intimidating, or interfering with a person's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of fair housing

1031:

1263:

require excessive bail, impose excessive fines, inflict cruel and unusual punishments, and in no event impose for conviction of any one offense any penalty or punishment greater than imprisonment for a term of one year and a fine of $ 5,000, or

900:) with 5 members voting present or abstaining. The House agreed to the Senate amendments by a vote of 250–172 (100–84 in the House Republican Conference and 150–88 in the House Democratic Caucus) with 10 members voting present or abstaining. 746:

enacted federal legislation of local registration polls and if anyone obstructed someone's right to vote, there were severe penalties. It also extended the Civil Rights Commission, so it could oversee registration and voting practices. The

1439:. The goal is a unitary housing market in which a person's background (as opposed to financial resources) does not arbitrarily restrict access. Calls for open housing were issued early in the twentieth century, but it was not until after 1718:. But the Fair Housing Act was also amended in 1988 to allow plaintiffs' attorneys to recover attorney's fees. Additionally, the 1988 amendment added people with disabilities and families with children to the classes covered by the Act. 1434:

intended to protect the buyer or renter of a dwelling from seller or landlord discrimination. Its primary prohibition makes it unlawful to refuse to sell, rent to, or negotiate with any person because of that person's inclusion in a

2532:"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON ENGAGED IN ONE OF THE 8 ACTIVITIES PROTECTED UNDER THIS BILL MUST BE RACIALLY MOTIVATED TO INCUR THE BILL'S PENALTIES" 868:

In 1966, President Johnson proposed a new civil rights bill, but it was not passed through by the Senate. On February 17, 1967, the bill was introduced in the House by Rep. Manny Celler and in the Senate by Senator Philip A. Hart.

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proceeding. Also, it states that no cession made by the United States shall deprive any court to hear, determine, render judgment, or impose sentence in any criminal action instituted against any person for any offense committed.

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imprisoned for 5 years (or both). There is a definition section (Section 2102) for defining: riot and to incite a riot. Also, This section also holds an edit for the United States Code, where a chapter called Riots is inserted.

1874: 3245:"President Signs Civil Right Bill; Pleads for Calm – Acts a Day After Final Vote on Measure That Stresses Open Housing in Nation – Finds Much to be Done – In White House Ceremony, He Calls for Enactment of Rest of His Program" 837:

urging passage of the Fair Housing Act. The Rules Committee, "jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door," finally ended its hearings on April 8. With newly urgent attention from legislative director

799:

advocated for the bill in Congress, but noted that over successive years, a federal fair housing bill was the most filibustered legislation in US history. It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators, as well as the

1056:. Landlords must be consistent in the screening, treat tenants who are inside and outside the protected classes in the same manner, and should document any legitimate business reason for not renting to a prospective tenant. 684:

to "travel in interstate commerce...with the intent to incite, promote, encourage, participate in and carry on a riot." That provision has been criticized for "equating organized political protest with organized violence."

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outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. Unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation, and employment discrimination were also prohibited. The

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strongly recommended "a comprehensive and enforceable federal open housing law," and was cited regularly by Congress members arguing for the legislation. The final breakthrough came in the aftermath of the April 4, 1968

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or because of the disability of anyone with whom they are associated. Landlords cannot deny a person with a disability all of the privileges provided in connection with the dwelling, because of the person's disability.

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prohibited discrimination in housing, there were no federal enforcement provisions. The 1968 act expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on

8032: 3425: 4681: 756:, similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibited racial discrimination in voting. The Act was later expanded to help protect the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country (mainly the South). 1701:

Section 232 covers definitions in this title. The definitions that are defined are: civil disorder, commerce, federally protested function, firearm, explosive or incendiary device, and law enforcement officer.

1027:

Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference of discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin. This provision was also amended to include sex, disability, and having

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bad faith or fraudulently," Davis wrote. It "did not discriminate against any minority or low or moderate income person and did not violate any person's Due Process, Equal Protection or other Civil Rights."

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make or enforce any law prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition for a redress of

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and houses. The only exception to the act is if an owner of a small rental building lives in the same building he lets. Since he owns the building and also resides there, he can decide who lives there.

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Note: Most of the information provided in this Section was paraphrased from the Titles. If you are interested at looking through the original titles, feel free to look at the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

1638:

has been strengthened since its adoption in 1968, but enforcement continues to be a concern among housing advocates. According to a 2010 evaluation of Analysis of Impediments (AI) reports done by the

1353:

Section 403 covers retrocession of jurisdiction by states. The United States is authorized to accept a retrocession by any state of all or any measure of the criminal or civil jurisdiction (or both).

2546:"TO PASS H.R. 2516, A BILL TO PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION IN SALE OR RENTAL OF HOUSING, AND TO PROHIBIT RACIALLY MOTIVATED INTERFERENCE WITH A PERSON EXERCISING HIS CIVIL RIGHTS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" 1290:

cases, or the right of indigents to appointed counsel in criminal cases." The provisions were excluded because the government recognized the different political and cultural status of the tribes.

3776: 1422:*Note: The legal principles are sourced from the "Federal Indian Law" material, resourced from the "Federal Indian Law and Policy Affecting American Indian and Alaska Native Education" document 1146:

Voting or qualifying to vote, qualifying or campaigning as a candidate for elective office, or qualifying or acting as a poll watcher, or any legally authorized election official in any election

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Even though the federal government respected their individuality in this respect, the establishment of the ICRA caused the tribal governments to "mirror" modern American courts and procedures.

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Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference, limitation, or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, disability or national origin.

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related to both the Unite the Right rally and other protests in California, ruled that the Anti-Riot Act was unconstitutional in that it was "overbroad in violation of the First Amendment."

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Teaching or demonstrating to any other person the use, application, or making of any firearm or explosive or incendiary device, or technique capable of causing injury or death to people

3625:"Redevelopment Proposal Shot Down in Court : Hawthorne: A judge invalidates a plan for construction in the north end, but disagrees with plaintiffs' allegations of discrimination" 3274: 9446: 2356: 1411:

American Indian and Alaska Native tribes that are recognized by the federal government are independent sovereign governments, separate from the states and from the federal government.

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Within this material, the relationship of tribes and the U.S. government is defined as well as what the role of tribes are in states and the federal government. The three fundamental

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Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 is commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act of 1968. Since 1968 its protections have been expanded significantly by amendment. The

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Any citizen who has been ordered to discourage these citizens from aiding/encouraging other persons to participate without discrimination in any activities listed above will be:

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Any citizen who has been ordered to discourage these citizens from aiding/encouraging other persons to participate without discrimination in any activities listed above will be:

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authorize the alienation, encumbrance, or taxation of any real or personal property, including water rights, belonging to any Indian or any Indian tribe, band, or community.

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Landlords can lawfully discriminate against tenants with bad credit histories or low incomes, and (except in some areas) do not have to rent to tenants who will be receiving

2413:"Honorable Charles Mathias, Jr. "Fair Housing Legislation: Not an Easy Row To Hoe" US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research" 969:

The last section of this act points out other materials related to more constitutional rights of Native Americans, such as the "Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties" doctrine.

1694:

Transporting or manufacturing for transportation in commerce any firearm, or explosive or incendiary device, knowing that it will be used in furtherance of a civil disorder

1582:

Individuals who believe they have experienced housing discrimination can file a complaint with FHEO at no charge. FHEO funds and has working agreements with many state and

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Discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, or national origin in the terms, conditions or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling.

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According to the US Government Publishing Office, in "imprisonment for a term of one year and a fine of $ 5,000, or both" in paragraph 7, "and" should probably be "or."

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ultimately strengthened tribal self-determination by further proving that generally, the federal government played no enforcement role over the tribal governments.

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Reid, Heather G. (2014). "'Mature Person Preferred': The Circuit Split on the 'Ordinary Reader' Standard for Advertisements in Violation of the Fair Housing Act".

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tribal courts were legitimate courts. Tribal courts adopted rules of evidence, pleading, and other requirements similar to those in state and federal courts.

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Traveling in or using airy facility of interstate commerce, or using any vehicle, terminal, or facility of any common carrier by motor, rail, water, or air

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This shows what accessible housing looks like and some of the changes residents might make under the Fair Housing Act to make their living units accessible

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familial status. Housing projects have also come under fire by researchers and NGOs alike. Housing advocates Elizabeth Julian and Michael Daniel state:

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by bringing suit under the Fair Housing Act. Previous litigation under the Act had largely been limited to discrimination in buying or renting housing.

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In order to carry out these provisions, the Secretary of Interior was also encouraged to consult with Indians, Indian tribes, and agencies of the U.S.

3244: 2446:"The Unmaking of the President: Lyndon Johnson believed that his withdrawal from the 1968 presidential campaign would free him to solidify his legacy" 10122: 8930: 8065: 2419: 1324:

Any individual being tried shall have the same rights, privileges, and immunities as any other individual granted by the United States Constitution.

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deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws or deprive any person of liberty or property without due process of law;

9424: 7870: 7610: 7374: 4466: 2475: 993: 421: 271: 4099: 3448:"Fair housing ruling: Denver federal Judge Raymond Moore ruled that a landlord's refusal to rent to a lesbian couple violated federal housing law" 2151: 10102: 9972: 9212: 7936: 5627: 5518: 4938: 3186: 1373:

Amends section 1153 of title 18 of the United States Code. With the new addition, it reads: "weapon assault resulting in serious bodily injury".

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The sovereignty of federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribes is inherent and exists unless and until Congress takes it away.

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Though sexual orientation and gender identity were also excluded from this law, they are included in a more recent Federal hate-crime law, the

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deny to any person accused of an offense punishable by imprisonment the right, upon request, to a trial by jury of not less than six persons.

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The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 applies to the Indian tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the

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Whoever commits or attempts to commit any of these acts will be fined no more than $ 10,000 or imprisoned no more than 5 years, or both.

1560: 1451: 1013: 983: 3217:"'Mature Person Preferred': The Circuit Split on the 'Ordinary Reader' Standard for Advertisements in Violation of the Fair Housing Act" 3145: 2122: 10004: 8948: 8943: 7530: 5597: 5299: 4581: 4566: 4288: 3753:

Human Rights Violations in the United States: A Report on U.S. Compliance with The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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Human Rights Violations in the United States: A Report on U.S. Compliance with The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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Neglecting maintenance and repairs of the units rented by people based on race, religion, sex, or any other discriminatory demographic.

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There is also a network of private, non-profit fair housing advocacy organizations throughout the country. Some are funded by FHEO's

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of 1990). In certain circumstances, the law allows limited exceptions for discrimination based on sex, religion, or familial status.

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Enjoying the. goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any inn, hotel, motel, or other establishment

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protects the buyer's right to discriminate by prohibiting certain discriminatory acts by sellers, landlords, and real estate agents.

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The Fair Housing Act (Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968) introduced meaningful federal enforcement mechanisms. It outlaws:

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Williams, Richard; Nesiba, Reynold; Mcconnell, Eileen Diaz (May 2005). "The Changing Face of Inequality in Home Mortgage Lending".

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and familial status (the presence or anticipated presence of children under 18 in a household) were added (further codified in the

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Applying for or participating in any service, organization, or facility relating to the business of selling or renting dwellings

1609:

Victims of housing discrimination need not go through HUD or any other governmental agency to pursue their rights, however. The

10036: 10031: 9999: 9769: 9673: 9636: 9583: 9417: 5468: 4609: 4601: 4543: 4470: 4339: 2057: 1603: 1592: 1536:

only on the basis of race, color, religion, and national origin. Sex was added as a protected characteristic in 1974. In 1988,

877: 834: 10117: 9994: 9952: 9764: 8312: 8178: 8173: 8058: 7916: 7841: 7817: 7387: 6839: 4959: 4326: 4056: 3583: 3364: 3228: 1999: 656: 628: 10092: 9942: 9927: 9791: 9700: 9695: 9629: 8090: 7498: 7367: 7225: 5689: 5637: 5583: 4985: 4726: 4561: 932: 414: 4378: 3924:

Symposium, the Fair Housing Act after 40 Years: Continuing the Mission to Eliminate Housing Discrimination and Segregation

2582: 2116:"Darren Miles "Everett Dirksen's Role in Civil Rights Legislation" Western Illinois Historical Review, Vol. I Spring 2009" 9917: 9754: 9724: 9506: 9085: 8297: 7805: 7466: 7203: 5632: 5568: 4931: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4649: 4644: 4450: 4074: 2986: 1839: 1614: 4390: 4384: 3606:"Housing and Community Grants: HUD Needs to Enhance Its Requirements and Oversight of Jurisdictions' Fair Housing Plans" 2211:"Nikole Hannah-Jones, "Living Apart: How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law" Propublica, Oct. 28, 2012" 9907: 9801: 9717: 9561: 9342: 9142: 8293: 8271: 8025: 7853: 5642: 5617: 5602: 5331: 4999: 4373: 3012: 2476:"Text of President's Civil Rights Message to Congress Asking Open Housing Law; Johnson Appeals for Justice for Negroes" 2269:"Matthew J. Termine "Promoting Residential Integration Through the Fair Housing Act" 79 Fordham Law Review 1367 (2011)" 1327:

Any individual being tried will be advised and made aware of these rights and any other tribal constitution applicable.

1102: 1094: 938: 804:. A proposed "Civil Rights Act of 1966" collapsed completely because of its fair housing provision. Mondale commented: 294: 173: 168: 163: 3781: 2453: 435: 10054: 8444: 8095: 7975: 7570: 7434: 7148: 7021: 5495: 5272: 4035: 4014: 3993: 3963: 3942: 3892: 3873: 3852: 3814: 3761: 3740: 3703: 2604: 2340: 635:

applicable within the tribes. (That Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code).

602: 711:

in 1863, which declared that "all persons held as slaves... shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free...". The

9982: 9947: 9932: 9690: 9292: 8536: 8506: 8322: 8051: 7522: 7183: 6925: 5396: 5283: 1639: 1599: 1549: 843: 776: 199: 4718: 4213: 1763:, the Anti-Riot Act had been used to prosecute organizers of various rallies that had turned violent, such as the 1661:

Participating or encouraging others to participate in any of the activities, services, organizations or facilities

9989: 9912: 9707: 9551: 9282: 9147: 8852: 8491: 7360: 7210: 7198: 5674: 5612: 4439: 4411: 3447: 1970:"Civil Rights Act of 1866 & Civil Rights Act of 1871 – CRA – 42 U.S. Code 21 §§1981, 1981A, 1983, & 1988" 1588: 1541: 1472: 1038:

Restricting access to services and amenities on the basis of the renter's race, gender, religion, or nationality.

590: 407: 141: 133: 2851: 2268: 2174:"Burt Folkart "James Groppi, Ex-Priest, Civil Rights Activist, Dies" The Los Angeles Times, November 05, 1985|B" 1155:

Serving, or attending upon any court in connection with possible service, as a grand or petit juror in any court

9759: 9653: 9568: 9172: 7959: 7562: 4924: 4571: 4551: 3912: 2295:""Selected U.S. Senate proceedings and debates on fair housing, 1965-1971" University of Minnesota Law Library" 1459: 1298: 1121:

in 2021 struck down in those circuits the portions of the law which prohibit "urging" a riot on the grounds of

911: 610: 4006:

The Fight for Fair Housing: Causes, Consequences, and Future Implications of the 1968 Federal Fair Housing Act

1767:

in 2017. However, in June 2019, a federal district court in California, overseeing the case of members of the

10087: 9796: 9729: 9712: 9658: 9607: 9546: 9451: 9412: 9352: 9152: 8541: 8521: 8328: 8307: 7793: 7220: 7163: 6962: 5304: 5277: 5095: 3932: 2698: 460: 284: 2785: 9619: 9595: 9590: 9573: 9541: 9484: 8597: 8546: 8379: 7980: 7835: 7674: 7383: 7342: 7308: 7215: 7071: 7056: 6680: 6200: 5724: 5525: 5432: 5321: 4331: 2329:

Judgment days : Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the laws that changed America

1918: 1860: 1751:, but had not faced strict legal scrutiny. In the late 2010s, with growing concerns over activities of the 1198: 1158:

Participating in or enjoying the benefits of any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

893: 632: 306: 2412: 1024:

Discrimination against a person in the terms, conditions or privilege of the sale or rental of a dwelling.

9884: 9876: 9819: 9734: 9222: 9127: 8983: 8965: 8867: 8526: 8496: 8221: 8141: 8120: 7990: 7775: 7115: 6849: 6610: 5607: 5573: 5553: 5437: 5316: 5023: 4802: 4745: 4531: 4359: 4125: 1496: 1202: 1185:

There is a similar section that also involved prevention for intimidation in fair housing, in Title XII.

904: 881: 784: 725: 490: 103: 3624: 2173: 10107: 9902: 9839: 9829: 9379: 9137: 9097: 8454: 8148: 7410: 7193: 7061: 7031: 6015: 5770: 5659: 5589: 5060: 4904: 4404: 4107: 3175: 2147: 577: 4309: 9811: 9624: 9456: 9017: 8516: 8354: 8161: 7769: 7696: 7554: 6859: 6690: 6660: 6595: 6080: 5719: 5699: 5669: 5578: 5512: 5485: 5451: 5194: 4975: 4576: 3676:"Dr. King's Dream Denied: Forty Years of Failed Federal Enforcement: 2008 Fair Housing Trends Report" 2734: 753: 708: 534: 524: 450: 9501: 9065: 8978: 8622: 8411: 8226: 8156: 8082: 7921: 7823: 7626: 6760: 6720: 6245: 6150: 5558: 5500: 5473: 5413: 5294: 5204: 5128: 4852: 4504: 4499: 4276: 3790: 1455: 897: 830: 812:…. This came right to the neighborhoods across the country. This was civil rights getting personal. 760: 748: 743: 731: 712: 694: 664: 651: 643: 617: 519: 485: 470: 50:

An Act to prescribe penalties for certain acts of violence or intimidation, and for other purposes.

7352: 4280: 4228: 3162: 1937: 126: 9834: 9384: 9038: 9007: 8787: 8727: 8592: 8335: 7970: 7781: 7110: 6525: 6295: 5960: 5940: 5855: 5810: 5386: 5343: 5326: 5164: 5133: 5085: 5006: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4775: 4488: 4335: 885: 821: 1471:

The Fair Housing Act was enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, and codified at

9749: 9479: 8717: 8511: 8501: 8439: 8249: 8188: 7985: 7888: 7763: 7642: 7546: 7482: 7442: 6565: 6300: 6285: 6280: 6155: 6010: 5850: 5795: 5365: 5215: 5138: 5109: 5071: 3732:

Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws That Changed America

3477: 3036:

Robert J. McCarthy, "Civil Rights in Tribal Courts; The Indian Bill of Rights at 30 Years," 34

849: 764: 2959: 2332: 2324: 9824: 9337: 9202: 9157: 8973: 8692: 8657: 8476: 8459: 8266: 8183: 7733: 7650: 7426: 7158: 6695: 6510: 6140: 6045: 6025: 5995: 5684: 5679: 5426: 5391: 5289: 5253: 4947: 4731: 4296: 3693: 3216: 3140: 2483: 2115: 1834: 1790:

Extends the protection to marital status and age, aimed to prevent non-racial discrimination.

1764: 1747:

The Anti-Riot Act of Title I had been rarely used; it notably had been used to prosecute the

720: 431: 385: 368: 351: 334: 315: 3902: 1897:- Post-war project that was involved in controversy for refusing to admit African-Americans. 1655:

Selling, purchasing, renting, financing, occupying, contracting, or negotiating for the sale

39: 10066: 9474: 9237: 9048: 9000: 8872: 8762: 8667: 8434: 8424: 8396: 8261: 8115: 7418: 7178: 7066: 6864: 6745: 6650: 6460: 6090: 5248: 4980: 4846: 4379:

113 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 113, Part 17 (August 10, 1967 to August 21, 1967)

2658: 2053: 1675:

Fined $ 10,000 or imprisoned for ten years (or both) if there was any sort of bodily injury

1178:

Fined $ 10,000 or imprisoned for ten years (or both) if there was any sort of bodily injury

889: 455: 399: 3538: 1382:

granted or denied within 90 days, then the approval shall be deemed to have been granted.

1004: 8: 9849: 9207: 9122: 8602: 8391: 8281: 8211: 7926: 7402: 6941: 6902: 6450: 6410: 6360: 6270: 6230: 6205: 6160: 5965: 5920: 5765: 5745: 5714: 5709: 5652: 5563: 5358: 5311: 5261: 5222: 4834: 4822: 1768: 1737: 1529:

A guide to legal and illegal acts in selling one's home under the Act is available here:

1053: 852:, the bill (which was previously stalled) passed the House by a wide margin on April 10. 792: 9854: 4391:

114 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 114, Part 8 (April 10, 1968 to April 26, 1968)

4204: 1875:

Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc.

9922: 9859: 9602: 9060: 8827: 8807: 8712: 8637: 8464: 8369: 8359: 8347: 8238: 8135: 8110: 7965: 7946: 7751: 7739: 7727: 7721: 7688: 7258: 7026: 7010: 7003: 6982: 6974: 6968: 6931: 6765: 6675: 6655: 6580: 6560: 6550: 6530: 6445: 6330: 6275: 6220: 6125: 5905: 5820: 5479: 5463: 5443: 5209: 5174: 5101: 4771: 4494: 4385:

114 Congressional Record (Bound) - Volume 114, Part 5 (March 6, 1968 to March 15, 1968)

4233: 4218: 4200: 4171: 4142: 3509:"Refusing to sell homes to gay people is okay, GOP congressman says. Realtors disagree" 3061: 2298: 2087: 1901: 1687:

Section 231 covers civil disorders. The civil disorders mentioned in this section are:

716:

maximum of one year in jail. The 1866 act provided no means to enforce the provisions.

388: 371: 354: 337: 325: 318: 2634: 2559: 2545: 2531: 2236: 1205:. The Act appears today in Title 25, sections 1301 to 1303 of the United States Code. 242: 232: 222: 9369: 9090: 8752: 8722: 8317: 8074: 7941: 7666: 7578: 7450: 7126: 7041: 7036: 6996: 6869: 6640: 6625: 6590: 6370: 6290: 6235: 6020: 5184: 5179: 5051: 5037: 5030: 4991: 4810: 4521: 4427: 4146: 4052: 4031: 4010: 3989: 3959: 3938: 3908: 3888: 3869: 3863: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3757: 3736: 3730: 3699: 3648: 3224: 3176:"Federal Indian Law and Policy Affecting American Indian and Alaska Native Education" 2677: 2336: 2178: 1760: 1756: 1622: 1576: 1462: 1415:

activities and conduct of tribal members and non-tribal members within that territory

1271: 1122: 915: 833:

across the country following King's death. On April 5, Johnson wrote a letter to the

817: 613: 554: 252: 4916: 4183:

Massey, Douglas S. (May 2005). "Racial Discrimination in Housing: A Moving Target".

2900:"24 CFR § 100.202 - General prohibitions against discrimination because of handicap" 2749:

R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

2384:"182 – Letter to the Speaker of the House Urging Enactment of the Fair Housing Bill" 808:

A lot of civil rights was about making the South behave and taking the teeth from

9525: 9496: 9491: 9389: 9357: 9330: 9055: 8672: 8642: 8632: 8627: 8194: 7303: 7288: 7278: 7248: 6989: 6936: 6785: 6770: 6735: 6600: 6545: 6535: 6430: 6305: 6240: 6115: 6030: 5990: 5980: 5970: 5955: 5950: 5925: 5815: 5199: 5114: 5077: 4258: 4192: 4163: 4134: 3644:"Judge dismisses federal charges against 3 members of H.B.-based white power group" 3360:"40 Years Ago: Fair Housing Act Amended to Prohibit Discrimination on Basis of Sex" 2807:"Biden administration extends fair housing protections to LGBTQ Americans Politics" 2237:"Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders – Summary of Report" 2088:"Image 1 of The first edition of Abraham Lincoln's final emancipation proclamation" 1912: 1583: 1500: 1385: 586: 203: 8033:

United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes

3575: 3539:"PN1349 — Gustavo Velasquez Aguilar — Department of Housing and Urban Development" 2945: 2922: 2899: 2876: 1995: 1714:

In 1988, Congress voted to weaken the ability of plaintiffs to prosecute cases of

1476: 1106: 1098: 9520: 9347: 9257: 9252: 9183:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

9033: 8988: 8842: 8832: 8812: 8797: 8697: 8572: 8562: 8201: 7953: 7682: 7602: 7506: 7474: 7298: 7283: 7268: 7086: 6715: 6705: 6665: 6645: 6605: 6480: 6470: 6435: 6395: 6380: 6315: 6180: 6130: 6060: 5945: 5895: 5880: 5870: 5865: 5845: 5830: 5825: 5800: 5740: 5664: 5267: 5238: 5233: 5189: 5169: 5148: 5120: 4891: 4873: 4789: 4751: 4511: 4363: 4351: 4313: 4284: 4154:"The Indian Bill of Rights and the Constitutional Status of Tribal Governments". 4046: 4025: 4004: 3983: 3953: 3842: 3751: 3149: 3068: 2855: 2575:"Lyndon B. Johnson: "Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Act.," April 11, 1968" 1881: 1849: 1512: 1436: 1247: 1216: 942: 839: 704: 660: 3071:." US History Encyclopedia. © 2006 through a partnership of Answers Corporation. 2487: 631:

tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of the guarantees of the

9957: 9362: 9325: 9315: 9075: 9070: 9012: 8847: 8777: 8707: 8702: 8206: 8130: 8010: 7787: 7458: 7337: 7318: 6907: 6755: 6740: 6670: 6620: 6585: 6570: 6555: 6515: 6495: 6485: 6440: 6425: 6405: 6175: 6145: 6135: 6105: 6095: 6005: 5975: 5775: 5401: 5353: 5243: 4526: 3805:

Carpenter, Kristen A.; Fletcher, Matthew L. M.; Riley, Angela R., eds. (2012).

2574: 1801:

sex, familial status, and disability. The law applies to all types of housing,

1533: 1149:

Participating in or enjoying any benefit, service, privilege, program, facility

809: 796: 703:

The first shift towards equality for African Americans occurred when President

506: 195: 4082: 3921: 2051: 10081: 8915: 8897: 8887: 8857: 8802: 8757: 8742: 8687: 8677: 8662: 8612: 8607: 8577: 8374: 8302: 8125: 8015: 8000: 7618: 7313: 7243: 7091: 6957: 6780: 6710: 6615: 6465: 6400: 6385: 6375: 6335: 6260: 6250: 6210: 6195: 6085: 6075: 6035: 5985: 5860: 5785: 5755: 4880: 4262: 4196: 3833: 1748: 1431: 950: 606: 3418:"Federal fair housing law protects LGBT couples, court rules for first time" 1706:

the United States Code, where a chapter called Civil Disorders is inserted.

1645: 1621:

The Fair Housing Act applies to landlords renting or leasing space in their

9227: 8995: 8920: 8892: 8877: 8862: 8817: 8792: 8772: 8682: 8652: 8647: 8617: 8567: 8419: 8105: 7829: 7273: 7253: 6775: 6730: 6725: 6685: 6520: 6500: 6455: 6390: 6325: 6310: 6225: 6215: 6170: 6120: 6110: 6100: 6070: 6065: 6055: 6040: 6000: 5935: 5915: 5910: 5890: 5885: 5875: 5835: 5790: 5760: 5143: 4781: 4739: 3865:

The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972

2608: 1447: 1440: 1314: 1307:"tribal common-law sovereign immunity prevented a suit against the tribe." 1136: 1110: 788: 698: 4138: 4045:

Reina, Vincent J.; Pritchett, Wendell E.; Wachter, Susan M., eds. (2020).

3985:

From Redlining to Reinvestment: Community Responses to Urban Disinvestment

3605: 2357:""History of Fair Housing" US Department of Housing and Urban Development" 2020: 1606:"), and some operate with private donations or grants from other sources. 1571:

has delegated fair housing enforcement and compliance activities to HUD's

9247: 9232: 9080: 9043: 8882: 8837: 8822: 8587: 8582: 8429: 7931: 7293: 7263: 6890: 6854: 6795: 6790: 6750: 6700: 6635: 6630: 6540: 6490: 6420: 6415: 6355: 6340: 6190: 6185: 6050: 5930: 5900: 5840: 5805: 5066: 4759: 4381:, Congressional Record House August 16, 1967 vote roll call p. 22778 3558:"Senate clears Trump economic nominees before clearing out of Washington" 2400:

We should pass the Fair Housing law when the Congress convenes next week.

1889:

Chicago Lawyers' Committee For Civil Rights Under Law v. Craigslist, Inc.

1806: 1802: 1794: 768: 4387:, Congressional Record Senate March 11, 1968 vote roll call p. 5992 1340: 8782: 8767: 8737: 8732: 8481: 8449: 8288: 8256: 8005: 6917: 6575: 6505: 6475: 6345: 6320: 6265: 6165: 5780: 5750: 4858: 4393:, Congressional Record House April 10, 1968 vote roll call p. 9621 4175: 4075:"Racial Steering? Black Family Says They Were Kept Out of Gross Pointe" 1642:, enforcement is particularly inconsistent across local jurisdictions. 1537: 1253:

compel any person in any criminal case to be a witness against himself;

9118:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

2764:"The Supreme Court's Ruling on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity" 594: 145: 9396: 9242: 8747: 8531: 8469: 8364: 7757: 7745: 6895: 6365: 6350: 4516: 4368: 4291: 3844:

Living Apart: How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law

2848: 2722: 1854: 1752: 1256:

take any private property for a public use without just compensation;

8043: 4396: 4167: 3826:

The Civil Rights Act of 1968: Background and Title-By-Title Analysis

9869: 9864: 9374: 7382: 6255: 3391:"Exemptions to the Fair Housing Act? Not Many -- But Here Are Some" 1613:

confers jurisdiction to hear cases on federal district courts. The

1504: 1296:

The impact of ICRA was greatly limited by the Supreme Court by the

9133:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

3301:"HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)" 3130:. Boston: W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated, 2006. pg. 290. 2923:"24 CFR § 100.203 - Reasonable modifications of existing premises" 2021:

Michael Bronski; Ann Pellegrini; Michael Amico (October 2, 2013).

1678:

Imprisoned for any term of years or for life if death has occurred

1181:

Imprisoned for any term of years or for life if death has occurred

8486: 7706:

List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes

6844: 4123:

Henderson, A. Scott (2001). "Race Matters: The Folks Next Door".

1868:

Fair Housing Council of San Fernando Valley v. Roommates.com, LLC

860: 772: 3934:

American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass

3161:

Civil Rights Act of 1968, Pub L. No. 90-284 82 Stat. 73 (1968).

1386:

Title VII—materials relating to constitutional rights of Indians

1125:, leaving in place bans on inciting and participation in riots. 9320: 6912: 3163:

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-343/pdf/COMPS-343.pdf

1234:

No Indian tribe in exercising powers of self-government shall—

1012:

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibited the following forms of

730:

paved the way for the passage of a few civil rights bills. The

681: 4610:

United States House of Representatives special elections, 1937

3955:

Moving toward Integration: The Past and Future of Fair Housing

1736:

successfully challenged an urban renewal plan on the basis of

1113:

in 1967 for carrying a gun across state lines. Rulings by the

958:

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

9132: 5647: 4356: 1998:. Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute. 1161:

Enrolling in or attending any public school or public college

888:) with 12 members voting present or abstaining, while in the 3907:. American Civil Liberties Union, Human Rights Watch. 1993. 2023:"Hate Crime Laws Don't Prevent Violence Against LGBT People" 1495:

Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of

1228: 1101:(with its key terms, "riot" and "incite a riot," defined in 429: 9177: 4306: 1563:

with the statutory authority to administer and enforce the

1532:

When the Fair Housing Act was first enacted, it prohibited

7587:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

2572: 4319:

Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Act, April 11, 1968

3221:

New England Law Review: Volume 49, Number 4 - Summer 2015

2935:

Fair Housing Act Amendments Regulations. 24 CFR § 100.204

2912:

Fair Housing Act Amendments Regulations. 24 CFR § 100.203

2889:

Fair Housing Act Amendments Regulations. 24 CFR § 100.202

2866:

Fair Housing Act Amendments Regulations. 24 CFR § 100.201

2847:

letter from HUD to Jill D. Levine, Esq. dated 10-02-1996

2831:"Housing Discrimination and Persons Identifying as LGBTQ" 2811: 1646:

Title IX—prevention of intimidation in fair housing cases

1557:

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

1508: 1481:

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

1368: 1061:

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development

759:

Another impetus for the law's passage came from the 1966

740:

United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division

598: 1996:"42 USC § 1983 – Civil action for deprivation of rights" 1943:. U.S. Government Publishing Office. November 14, 2018. 1315:

Title III—model code governing courts of Indian offenses

1137:

Title I—interference with federally protected activities

963: 7097:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

6875:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 4248: 3922:

Indiana University School of Law--Indianapolis (2008).

3828:. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. 1376: 1333:

Provide training for judges through educational classes

1330:

Establish proper qualifications for the office of judge

787:. and the 1967 Milwaukee fair housing campaigns led by 7848:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

7812:

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

7121:

African American founding fathers of the United States

5474:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

5339:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

3804: 3334:"Title VIII: Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity - HUD" 2052:

Peter Babcox; Noam Chomsky; Judy Collins; Harvey Cox;

1795:

Section 236 and 237 of the New York State Property Law

1443:

that concerted efforts to achieve it were undertaken.

996:

is charged with administering and enforcing this law.

892:

the final vote with amendments was 71–20 (29–3 in the

864:

President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act of 1968

650:, which expanded housing funding programs.) While the 4946: 4615:

1938 United States House of Representatives elections

4044: 3013:"Court narrows law used to target white supremacists" 2501:"President Proposes Broad Civil Rights Legislation". 2452:. p. 3,5 and 6 in online version. Archived from 1813: 1664:

Participating lawfully in speech or peaceful assembly

1579:, whose appointment was confirmed on August 3, 2017. 1341:

Title IV—jurisdiction over criminal and civil actions

7659:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

7539:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

4100:"Major Realty Firm Accused Of Racial Discrimination" 3885:

Black Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration

663:, and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects 7860:

Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art

7515:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

7169:

Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

4374:HUD's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 4303:, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 2761: 2699:"How the Fair Housing Act Prevents Discrimination" 2646: 2644: 1784: 1430:The 1968 Fair Housing Act is a federal act in the 1046: 972: 949:murder can be punishable by life in prison or the 673:or national origin, handicap or familial status." 578: 10138:United States federal Native American legislation 4214:"Walter Mondale: The Civil Rights Law We Ignored" 3128:Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations 3095:"25 U.S.C. 15 - Constitutional Rights of Indians" 3084:. St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 2004 pg. 354–355 2786:"Fair Housing Act Prohibits LGBTQ Discrimination" 2205: 2203: 2201: 1093:The Act included the "Anti-Riot Act," enacted at 999: 10079: 9168:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 7611:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield 5705:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 3681:. National Fair Housing Alliance. April 8, 2008. 2148:"Erin Eberlin "What is Fair Housing?" About.com" 1895:Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village#Controversy 1672:Fined $ 1,000 or imprisoned for a year (or both) 1175:Fined $ 1,000 or imprisoned for a year (or both) 994:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 9213:Black players in professional American football 9163:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 7937:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 5695:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 5628:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 5519:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 3478:"H.R.1447 - Fair and Equal Housing Act of 2017" 2641: 1221:the actions of state and federal governments." 7491:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 7174:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 3931:Massey, Douglas S.; Denton, Nancy A. (2003) . 2946:"24 CFR § 100.204 - Reasonable accommodations" 2198: 1246:subject any person for the same offense to be 8059: 7368: 7082:List of lynching victims in the United States 5420:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 4932: 4660:Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1960 4412: 1192: 827:assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. 638:Titles VIII and IX are commonly known as the 415: 277:Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 10098:Anti-discrimination law in the United States 8926:Historically black colleges and universities 7595:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc. 4640:United States Senate special elections, 1941 4301:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 4229:"Report Alleges Bias by a Real Estate Giant" 3930: 3904:Human Rights Violations In The United States 3840: 3122: 3120: 2581:. University of California - Santa Barbara. 2437: 1573:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 990:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity 779:in California, which had been backed by the 548:District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co. 5549:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 3685: 2375: 1452:housing discrimination in the United States 1067: 984:Housing discrimination in the United States 10133:United States federal criminal legislation 8066: 8052: 7531:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission 7375: 7361: 5598:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 4939: 4925: 4582:Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs 4567:Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park 4419: 4405: 3099:United States Government Publishing Office 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 1682: 1569:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 1425: 937:The Civil Rights Act of 1968 also enacted 802:National Association of Real Estate Boards 646:. (This is different legislation than the 422: 408: 9143:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 7154:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 4357:The National Fair Housing Advocate Online 4122: 3887:. University Press of Mississippi, 1973. 3117: 2318: 2316: 2110: 2108: 1908:Department of Fair Employment and Housing 1446:The legislation was the culmination of a 1391:understand what these materials contain. 1229:Provisions of the Indian Civil Rights Act 1088: 977: 648:Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 361:Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. 10123:Housing legislation in the United States 7189:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 5229:University of Georgia desegregation riot 4704:1960 United States presidential election 4557:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum 4323:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum 3641: 3010: 2987:"Court pares back federal Anti-Riot Act" 2984: 2382:Johnson, Lyndon Baines (April 5, 1968). 2058:"The Committee to Defend the Conspiracy" 1734:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund 1467:assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. 1208: 1003: 859: 736:United States Commission on Civil Rights 642:, which was meant as a follow-up to the 496:President Kennedy's civil rights address 7884:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 7103:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 6840:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 6835:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 4345:File a housing discrimination complaint 4211: 4097: 4002: 3981: 3975:The Fair Housing Act after Twenty Years 3972: 3809:. UCLA American Indian Studies Center. 3749: 3691: 3488:from the original on September 19, 2019 3415: 3393:. Fox Rothschild LLP. January 4, 2011. 3192:from the original on September 6, 2015. 3043: 2381: 1845:Racial segregation in the United States 926: 816:Two developments revived the bill. The 14: 10103:April 1968 events in the United States 10080: 10042:Topics related to the African diaspora 9148:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 7017:African-American women in the movement 5469:White House Conference on Civil Rights 5300:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 4340:United States House of Representatives 4182: 4023: 3951: 3882: 3861: 3823: 3783:TITLE 18—CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 3622: 3555: 3519:from the original on November 22, 2018 3397:from the original on February 27, 2018 3328: 3326: 3275:"Fair Housing - It's Your Right - HUD" 2682:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2425:from the original on December 27, 2014 2313: 2275:from the original on December 18, 2014 2249:from the original on December 22, 2014 2154:from the original on December 18, 2014 2128:from the original on December 23, 2014 2105: 2033:from the original on November 20, 2013 1938:""Civil Rights Act of 1968" full text" 1369:Title V—offenses within Indian country 855: 835:United States House of Representatives 164:Title 18—Crimes and Criminal Procedure 10022:Landmark African-American legislation 8073: 8047: 7818:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 7635:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 7388:Native Americans in the United States 7356: 5458:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 4920: 4426: 4400: 4327:The Texas Archive of the Moving Image 4307:National Fair Housing Advocate Online 4226: 3458:from the original on November 7, 2018 3173: 2443: 2068:from the original on October 19, 2011 964:Title II–VII: Indian Civil Rights Act 403: 10128:Indigenous politics in North America 9153:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 7499:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 7226:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 5690:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 5638:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 5584:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 5061:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 4986:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 4727:Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture 4562:Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland 4098:Hartman, Kristyn (August 22, 2006). 4072: 4051:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3926:. Indiana University, School of Law. 3807:The Indian Civil Rights Act at Forty 3728: 3506: 3255:from the original on January 6, 2019 3214: 3202: 2819:from the original on August 8, 2022. 2331:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 2322: 1976:from the original on October 5, 2013 1915:(Fair housing campaign in the 1960s) 1377:Title VI—employment of legal counsel 933:Hate crime laws in the United States 10113:Events of the civil rights movement 9507:African-American Vernacular English 7806:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 7467:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 5633:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 5569:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 5239:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 4689:Democratic National Convention 1956 4645:1948 United States Senate elections 4451:Vice President of the United States 4440:36th President of the United States 3323: 2783: 2696: 1840:Public housing in the United States 1615:United States Department of Justice 1152:Applying for or enjoying employment 623:Titles II through VII comprise the 281:Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 24: 9425:U.S. cities with large populations 9128:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 7077:African-American churches attacked 5643:Montgomery Improvement Association 5618:Georgia Council on Human Relations 5603:Council of Federated Organizations 5574:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 5332:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 5290:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 5096:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 5000:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 4811:Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson 4369:The National Fair Housing Alliance 4212:Mondale, Walter (April 10, 2018). 3798: 3698:. Human Rights Watch. p. 23. 3586:from the original on April 2, 2019 3105:from the original on July 28, 2018 2985:Gerstein, Josh (August 24, 2020). 2966:from the original on June 16, 2019 2849:http://www.reintel.com/letters.htm 2585:from the original on March 5, 2017 2573:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. 2217:from the original on June 30, 2017 2186:from the original on March 6, 2016 2002:from the original on June 29, 2017 1814:Violations of the Fair Housing Act 1651:when the minority in question is: 1475:, with penalties for violation at 583:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 561:23rd U.S. Constitutional Amendment 515:24th U.S. Constitutional Amendment 174:Title 42—Public Health and Welfare 25: 10149: 8298:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 8294:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 8101:African American founding fathers 7976:National Indian Gaming Commission 7571:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe 7435:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 7149:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 7022:Jews in the civil rights movement 4270: 4227:Scott, Janny (October 11, 2006). 3656:from the original on June 4, 2019 3556:Lawler, Joseph (August 3, 2017). 3543:Congress.gov, Library of Congress 3082:American Indian Law in a Nutshell 2607:. January 1, 2011. Archived from 2605:"Civil Rights Division Home Page" 2505:. February 17, 1967. p. 239. 903:Bill H.R. 2516 was passed by the 723:(1954–1968), beginning after the 10060: 9178:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 8323:Nadir of American race relations 7523:Menominee Tribe v. United States 7343:Civil rights movement portal 7336: 7184:Freedom Riders National Monument 6926:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 5438:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 5397:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 5284:Second Emancipation Proclamation 4900: 4899: 3775: This article incorporates 3770: 3642:Sclafani, Julia (June 4, 2019). 3428:from the original on May 9, 2019 3368:, August 4, 2014, archived from 3336:. Portal.hud.gov. Archived from 3311:from the original on May 8, 2019 3277:. Portal.hud.gov. Archived from 3011:Gerstein, Josh (March 4, 2021). 2877:"24 CFR § 100.201 - Definitions" 2390:from the original on May 8, 2020 1950:from the original on May 8, 2020 1640:Government Accountability Office 1600:Fair Housing Initiatives Program 1550:National Association of Realtors 775:. Also influential was the 1963 239:House agreed to Senate amendment 38: 8184:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 8174:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 7730:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834) 7211:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 7199:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 5675:National Council of Negro Women 5613:Deacons for Defense and Justice 4292:Statute Compilations collection 4081:. Diversity Inc. Archived from 4073:Cole, Yoji (February 2, 2007). 4027:The Indian Bill of Rights, 1968 3722: 3668: 3635: 3616: 3598: 3568: 3549: 3531: 3500: 3470: 3440: 3416:Barbash, Fred (April 6, 2017). 3409: 3383: 3352: 3293: 3267: 3237: 3196: 3183:The Native American Rights Fund 3167: 3155: 3133: 3087: 3074: 3030: 3004: 2978: 2960:"Congress Passes Anti-Riot Act" 2952: 2938: 2929: 2915: 2906: 2892: 2883: 2869: 2860: 2841: 2823: 2799: 2777: 2755: 2741: 2727: 2716: 2690: 2623: 2597: 2579:The American Presidency Project 2566: 2552: 2538: 2524: 2509: 2494: 2468: 2405: 2386:. American Presidency Project. 2349: 2287: 2261: 2229: 2056:; et al. (June 19, 1969). 1785:New York State Human Rights Law 1589:Fair Housing Assistance Program 1542:Americans with Disabilities Act 1047:Types of allowed discrimination 973:Title VIII–IX: Fair Housing Act 676:Title X, commonly known as the 18:Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 9173:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 8179:Civil right movement 1896–1954 7960:In the Courts of the Conqueror 7563:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 5091:Mansfield school desegregation 4572:Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 3174:McCoy, Melody (October 2000). 3142:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 2520:. June 30, 1967. p. 1113. 2166: 2140: 2080: 2045: 2014: 1988: 1962: 1930: 1779: 1729:Trouillon v. City of Hawthorne 1629: 1299:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 1000:Types of banned discrimination 912:President of the United States 13: 1: 9353:Cherokee freedmen controversy 8329:The Negro Motorist Green Book 7842:Native American Languages Act 7221:National Voting Rights Museum 7164:Civil Rights Movement Archive 6963:Lynching in the United States 6850:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 5305:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 5278:University of Chicago sit-ins 5045:Davis v. Prince Edward County 4587:Memorial Grove on the Potomac 3841:Hannah-Jones, Nikole (2012). 3623:Kowsky, Kim (July 10, 1992). 3251:. April 12, 1968. p. 1. 1924: 1709: 1456:Chicago open housing movement 1407:in "Federal Indian Law" are: 761:Chicago Open Housing Movement 688: 285:Housing for Older Persons Act 194:in the House as H.R. 2516 by 10118:Housing in the United States 7981:Native American civil rights 7836:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 7675:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl 7216:National Civil Rights Museum 7072:March on Washington Movement 7057:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 5526:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 4332:The Fair Housing Act of 1968 4162:(6): 1343–1373. April 1969. 4048:Perspectives on Fair Housing 4003:Squires, Gregory D. (2017). 3982:Squires, Gregory D. (1992). 3958:. Harvard University Press. 3937:. Harvard University Press. 2516:"Civil Rights Legislation". 2062:The New York Review of Books 1919:Native American civil rights 1861:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 1561:federal executive department 894:Senate Republican Conference 307:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 7: 10093:90th United States Congress 9223:Black players in ice hockey 9158:National Urban League (NUL) 8984:American Society of Muslims 8222:Selma to Montgomery marches 8142:Brown v. Board of Education 7996:Recognition of sacred sites 7991:Native American Rights Fund 7896:Federally recognized tribes 7776:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act 6860:"This Little Light of Mine" 5608:Dallas County Voters League 5554:Atlanta Negro Voters League 5317:Letter from Birmingham Jail 5024:Brown v. Board of Education 4746:The Years of Lyndon Johnson 4126:Reviews in American History 3988:. Temple University Press. 3973:Schwemm, Robert G. (1989). 3952:Sander, Richard H. (2018). 3868:. Oxford University Press. 3862:Graham, Hugh Davis (1990). 3824:Celada, Raymond J. (1968). 3750:Shapiro, Steven R. (1993). 3692:Shapiro, Steven R. (1993). 2747: 2733: 1828: 1721: 1260:of counsel for his defense; 1203:federally recognized tribes 905:90th United States Congress 882:House Republican Conference 726:Brown v. Board of Education 295:United States Supreme Court 104:90th United States Congress 10: 10154: 9380:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 9138:Nashville Student Movement 8149:Children of the plantation 7854:Indian Arts and Crafts Act 7411:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 7194:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 7062:Holt Street Baptist Church 7032:16th Street Baptist Church 6016:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 5660:Nashville Student Movement 5590:An Appeal for Human Rights 4517:Texas Broadcasting Company 3507:Wang, Amy (May 26, 2018). 3067:December 30, 2017, at the 2854:February 22, 2008, at the 2703:The Balance Small Business 2444:Risen, Clay (April 2008). 1486: 1346:licensing, or regulation. 1193:Title II—rights of Indians 981: 930: 880:was 327–93 (161–25 in the 692: 344:Kennerly v. District Court 10050: 10017:Index of related articles 9895: 9810: 9534: 9467: 9405: 9305: 9266: 9198: 9191: 9106: 9026: 9018:Doctrine of Father Divine 8964: 8906: 8555: 8410: 8402:Women's suffrage movement 8355:Reconstruction Amendments 8162:Voting Rights Act of 1965 8081: 7909: 7869: 7770:Indian Reorganization Act 7714: 7697:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta 7555:United States v. Antelope 7394: 7332: 7234: 7136: 6950: 6883: 6825: 6804: 6691:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 6661:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 5733: 5725:Women's Political Council 5720:Wednesdays in Mississippi 5715:United Auto Workers (UAW) 5700:Southern Regional Council 5670:Northern Student Movement 5579:Committee for Freedom Now 5539: 5486:Memphis sanitation strike 5452:Voting Rights Act of 1965 5374: 5195:Savannah Protest Movement 5157: 5015: 4976:Journey of Reconciliation 4968: 4955: 4868: 4801: 4717: 4600: 4577:Lyndon Baines Johnson Day 4540: 4481: 4434: 3883:Harvey, James C. (1973). 3215:Reid, Heather G. (2016). 2735:Bostock v. Clayton County 1774: 1128: 754:Voting Rights Act of 1965 709:Emancipation Proclamation 525:Voting Rights Act of 1965 466:Strom Thurmond filibuster 451:Journey of Reconciliation 443: 301: 293: 267: 262: 221:on August 16, 1967 ( 187: 182: 156: 151: 132: 122: 117: 109: 98: 54: 46: 37: 10067:United States portal 9502:African-American English 8931:Inventors and scientists 8623:George Washington Carver 8227:Chicago Freedom Movement 7922:Bureau of Indian Affairs 7824:Indian Child Welfare Act 7627:South Dakota v. Bourland 5559:Atlanta Student Movement 5508:Civil Rights Act of 1968 5433:1964–1965 Scripto strike 5414:Civil Rights Act of 1964 5312:1963 Birmingham campaign 5205:Civil Rights Act of 1960 5129:Civil Rights Act of 1957 4853:George Washington Baines 4505:Civil Rights Act of 1960 4500:Civil Rights Act of 1957 4350:October 5, 2013, at the 4277:Civil Rights Act of 1968 4263:10.1525/sp.2005.52.2.181 4205:10.1525/sp.2005.52.2.148 4197:10.1525/sp.2005.52.2.148 4030:. Taylor & Francis. 4024:Wunder, John R. (1996). 3791:United States Government 2762:Fair Housing Institute. 1479:. It is enforced by the 1274:or ex post facto law; or 1068:People with disabilities 921: 898:Senate Democratic Caucus 878:House of Representatives 876:The initial vote in the 777:Rumford Fair Housing Act 749:Civil Rights Act of 1964 744:Civil Rights Act of 1960 732:Civil Rights Act of 1957 713:Civil Rights Act of 1866 695:Chicago Freedom Movement 665:people with disabilities 652:Civil Rights Act of 1866 644:Civil Rights Act of 1964 618:King assassination riots 574:Civil Rights Act of 1968 530:Civil Rights Act of 1968 520:Civil Rights Act of 1964 486:Civil Rights Act of 1960 471:Civil Rights Act of 1957 241:on April 10, 1968 ( 231:on March 11, 1968 ( 33:Civil Rights Act of 1968 9990:African-American firsts 9039:Back-to-Africa movement 9008:Black Hebrew Israelites 8788:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 8336:Partus sequitur ventrem 7971:Long Walk of the Navajo 7901:State recognized tribes 7800:Indian Civil Rights Act 7111:Voter Education Project 6865:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 6526:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 5961:Josephine Dobbs Clement 5387:Chester school protests 5382:Twenty-fourth Amendment 5344:Detroit Walk to Freedom 5086:Tallahassee bus boycott 5007:Baton Rouge bus boycott 4841:Samuel Ealy Johnson Sr. 4829:Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. 4817:Lynda Bird Johnson Robb 4459:U.S. Senator from Texas 4336:Office of the Historian 4312:April 17, 2019, at the 3062:Indian Civil Rights Act 2631:"Civil Rights Statutes" 2518:Congressional Quarterly 2503:Congressional Quarterly 1726:In the early 1990s, in 1683:Title X—civil obedience 1426:Title VIII—fair housing 886:House Democratic Caucus 627:, which applies to the 625:Indian Civil Rights Act 611:United States President 491:Baldwin–Kennedy meeting 210:Committee consideration 61:Indian Civil Rights Act 9958:Spingarn Medal winners 9447:States and territories 9218:Black NFL quarterbacks 8718:Martin Luther King Jr. 8250:Dred Scott v. Sandford 8189:Montgomery bus boycott 7986:Native American gaming 7889:Legal status of Hawaii 7764:Indian Citizenship Act 7643:Idaho v. United States 7547:Bryan v. Itasca County 7483:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock 7443:Standing Bear v. Crook 7324:Movement photographers 6566:Bernice Johnson Reagon 6286:Martin Luther King Sr. 6281:Martin Luther King Jr. 5851:William Holmes Borders 5623:Highlander Folk School 5513:Poor People's Campaign 5366:St. Augustine movement 5216:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 5139:Katz Drug Store sit-in 5110:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 5072:Montgomery bus boycott 4755:(1991 television film) 4489:Early years and career 4362:March 5, 2005, at the 4079:Diversity Inc Magazine 3777:public domain material 3756:. Human Rights Watch. 3205:New England Law Review 3148:June 24, 2018, at the 3080:Canby Jr., William C. 2637:on September 14, 2010. 1826: 1716:housing discrimination 1511:, familial status, or 1458:, and was approved by 1280: 1201:applicable within the 1089:Title X: Anti-Riot Act 1014:housing discrimination 1009: 978:Housing discrimination 873:civil rights workers. 865: 814: 765:Martin Luther King Jr. 535:Poor People's Campaign 91:Stokely Carmichael Act 9268:Athletic associations 9203:Negro league baseball 8974:African-American Jews 8693:Ketanji Brown Jackson 8658:Henry Highland Garnet 8517:Negro National Anthem 8267:George Floyd protests 8232:Post–civil rights era 7794:Indian Relocation Act 7651:United States v. Lara 7427:Fellows v. Blacksmith 7159:Civil Rights Memorial 7047:Bethel Baptist Church 6696:Charles Kenzie Steele 6141:Audrey Faye Hendricks 6046:Myrlie Evers-Williams 6026:Patricia Stephens Due 5996:Abraham Lincoln Davis 5931:Colia Lafayette Clark 5685:Operation Breadbasket 5680:National Urban League 5427:Katzenbach v. McClung 5295:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 4948:Civil rights movement 4139:10.1353/rah.2001.0008 3576:"42 U.S. Code § 3603" 3281:on September 22, 2017 2815:. February 11, 2021. 2482:. February 16, 1967. 2301:on September 23, 2014 1835:Executive Order 11063 1821: 1765:Unite the Right rally 1454:, including the 1966 1248:twice put in jeopardy 1232: 1209:Events before passage 1007: 982:Further information: 931:Further information: 863: 806: 721:Civil Rights Movement 693:Further information: 432:Civil rights movement 206:) on January 17, 1967 79:Federal Anti-Riot Act 64:Indian Bill of Rights 10088:1968 in American law 9475:Afro-Seminole Creole 9001:Azusa Street Revival 8873:Booker T. Washington 8397:Underground Railroad 8262:Free people of color 8116:Atlantic slave trade 7419:Worcester v. Georgia 7204:other King memorials 7179:Freedom Rides Museum 7116:1960s counterculture 7067:Edmund Pettus Bridge 6746:Walter Francis White 6651:Alexander D. Shimkin 5165:New Year's Day March 5134:Ministers' Manifesto 4981:Executive Order 9981 4847:Joseph Wilson Baines 4287:) as amended in the 3735:. Houghton Mifflin. 3372:on September 2, 2018 3126:Wilkinson, Charles. 2784:Whitman, Elizabeth. 2664:on December 16, 2010 2450:Smithsonian Magazine 2325:"14. Another Martyr" 2182:. November 5, 1985. 2054:Edgar Z. Friedenberg 927:Title I: Hate crimes 847:Speaker of the House 541:District of Columbia 456:Executive Order 9981 9870:Trinidad and Tobago 9485:Black American Sign 9312:By African descent 9306:Ethnic subdivisions 9293:Southwestern (SWAC) 9208:Baseball color line 9123:Black Panther Party 9027:Political movements 8944:in computer science 8603:Carol Moseley Braun 8392:Tulsa race massacre 8385:Treatment of slaves 8217:March on Washington 8212:Birmingham movement 7966:Indian reservations 7927:Cherokee Commission 7403:Johnson v. McIntosh 6942:Mary McLeod Bethune 6903:Sermon on the Mount 6870:"We Shall Overcome" 6451:William Lewis Moore 6231:Frank Minis Johnson 6206:Richie Jean Jackson 6161:Donald L. Hollowell 5966:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 5771:Gwendolyn Armstrong 5766:William G. Anderson 5746:Victoria Gray Adams 5710:The Freedom Singers 5564:Black Panther Party 5349:March on Washington 5262:Garner v. Louisiana 5223:Boynton v. Virginia 4855:(great-grandfather) 4835:Sam Houston Johnson 4823:Luci Baines Johnson 4467:U.S. Representative 4085:on January 19, 2008 3847:. Open Road Media. 3729:Kotz, Nick (2006). 3562:Washington Examiner 3513:The Washington Post 3452:The Washington Post 3422:The Washington Post 2723:HUD LGBTQ Resources 2323:Kotz, Nick (2005). 2092:Library of Congress 1769:Rise Above Movement 1738:race discrimination 1473:42 U.S.C. 3601-3619 1465:one week after the 1302:court case (1978). 918:on April 11, 1968. 856:Legislative history 793:NAACP Youth Council 633:U.S. Bill of Rights 609:signed into law by 501:March on Washington 183:Legislative history 88:Civil Obedience Act 34: 9968:US representatives 9963:US cabinet members 9855:Dominican Republic 9442:Metropolitan areas 9283:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 9108:Civic and economic 9086:Self-determination 8907:Education, science 8828:Fred Shuttlesworth 8808:A. Philip Randolph 8713:Coretta Scott King 8638:Frederick Douglass 8465:Harlem Renaissance 8370:Separate but equal 8360:Reconstruction era 8348:Plessy v. Ferguson 8239:Cornerstone Speech 8153:Civil Rights Acts 8136:Black Lives Matter 8111:American Civil War 8026:Self-determination 8021:Tribal sovereignty 7947:Eagle-bone whistle 7740:Indian Removal Act 7728:Nonintercourse Act 7722:Blood quantum laws 7689:McGirt v. Oklahoma 7259:Michael Eric Dyson 7144:In popular culture 7027:Fifth Circuit Four 7011:Loving v. Virginia 7004:Hernandez v. Texas 6983:Buchanan v. Warley 6975:Separate but equal 6969:Plessy v. Ferguson 6932:Frederick Douglass 6766:Robert F. Williams 6676:Kelly Miller Smith 6656:Fred Shuttlesworth 6581:Frederick D. Reese 6561:George Raymond Jr. 6551:A. Philip Randolph 6531:Fay Bellamy Powell 6446:Queen Mother Moore 6331:Z. Alexander Looby 6276:Coretta Scott King 6221:Barbara Rose Johns 6201:Jimmie Lee Jackson 6126:William E. Harbour 5906:Stokely Carmichael 5821:Randolph Blackwell 5491:King assassination 5480:Loving v. Virginia 5464:March Against Fear 5444:How Long, Not Long 5322:Children's Crusade 5273:Cambridge movement 5210:Ax Handle Saturday 5175:Greensboro sit-ins 5102:Give Us the Ballot 4592:U.S. Postage stamp 4495:Southern Manifesto 4334:- Provided by the 4321:- Provided by the 4234:The New York Times 4219:The New York Times 4156:Harvard Law Review 3977:. Yale Law School. 3580:Cornell Law School 3484:. March 21, 2017. 3249:The New York Times 3223:. Quid Pro Books. 2611:on January 1, 2011 2480:The New York Times 2456:on January 4, 2013 1902:Buchanan v. Warley 1761:white supremacists 1757:white nationalists 1584:local governmental 1054:Section 8 vouchers 1010: 907:and signed by the 884:and 166–67 in the 866: 326:Hunter v. Erickson 70:Housing Rights Act 32: 10108:Civil Rights Acts 10075: 10074: 9903:African Americans 9775:Dallas–Fort Worth 9370:Black Southerners 9301: 9300: 8753:Thurgood Marshall 8723:Bernard Lafayette 8318:Million Man March 8075:African Americans 8041: 8040: 7942:Eagle feather law 7876:State recognition 7667:Cobell v. Salazar 7579:Solem v. Bartlett 7451:Ex parte Crow Dog 7350: 7349: 7127:Eyes on the Prize 7042:A.G. Gaston Motel 7037:Kelly Ingram Park 6997:Sweatt v. Painter 6681:Mary Louise Smith 6641:Cleveland Sellers 6626:Michael Schwerner 6591:Gloria Richardson 6371:Thurgood Marshall 6291:Bernard Lafayette 6021:John Wesley Dobbs 5535: 5534: 5254:Birmingham attack 5234:Rock Hill sit-ins 5185:Sibley Commission 5180:Nashville sit-ins 5052:Gebhart v. Belton 5038:Briggs v. Elliott 5031:Bolling v. Sharpe 4992:Sweatt v. Painter 4914: 4913: 4892:Hubert Humphrey → 4874:← John F. Kennedy 4522:Johnson Amendment 4428:Lyndon B. Johnson 4110:on April 18, 2009 4058:978-0-8122-5275-0 3649:Los Angeles Times 3629:Los Angeles Times 3454:. April 5, 2017. 3230:978-1-61027-818-8 2962:. June 12, 2013. 2363:on March 27, 2012 2213:. June 25, 2015. 2179:Los Angeles Times 1623:primary residence 1577:Anna Maria Farias 1463:Lyndon B. Johnson 1450:campaign against 1405:legal principles* 1272:bill of attainder 1123:freedom of speech 916:Lyndon B. Johnson 896:and 42–17 in the 818:Kerner Commission 614:Lyndon B. Johnson 569: 568: 555:Bolling v. Sharpe 461:Prayer Pilgrimage 446:National movement 398: 397: 378:Curtis v. Loether 255:on April 11, 1968 253:Lyndon B. Johnson 229:Passed the Senate 135:Statutes at Large 27:United States law 16:(Redirected from 10145: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10027:Lynching victims 9526:Louisiana Creole 9497:American English 9385:Louisiana Creole 9358:Choctaw freedmen 9196: 9195: 8733:Huddie Ledbetter 8673:Fannie Lou Hamer 8643:W. E. B. Du Bois 8633:Claudette Colvin 8628:Shirley Chisholm 8445:Family structure 8313:Military history 8195:Browder v. Gayle 8068: 8061: 8054: 8045: 8044: 7917:Aboriginal title 7734:Civilization Act 7670:(D.C. Cir. 2009) 7377: 7370: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7341: 7340: 7304:Charles M. Payne 7289:Steven F. Lawson 7279:David Halberstam 7249:Clayborne Carson 6990:Hocutt v. Wilson 6937:W. E. B. Du Bois 6786:Sammy Younge Jr. 6771:Q. V. Williamson 6736:Wyatt Tee Walker 6601:Bernice Robinson 6546:Lincoln Ragsdale 6536:Rodney N. Powell 6431:Douglas E. Moore 6306:Sanford R. Leigh 6241:J. Charles Jones 6116:Fannie Lou Hamer 6031:Joseph Ellwanger 5991:Jonathan Daniels 5981:Claudette Colvin 5971:Annie Lee Cooper 5956:Kathleen Cleaver 5951:Eldridge Cleaver 5926:Shirley Chisholm 5816:Gloria Blackwell 5407:workers' murders 5354:"I Have a Dream" 5249:Anniston bombing 5200:Greenville Eight 5115:Little Rock Nine 5078:Browder v. Gayle 4966: 4965: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4918: 4917: 4903: 4902: 4474: 4462: 4454: 4443: 4421: 4414: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4297:Official website 4266: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4223: 4208: 4179: 4150: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4106:. Archived from 4094: 4092: 4090: 4062: 4041: 4020: 3999: 3978: 3969: 3948: 3927: 3918: 3898: 3879: 3858: 3837: 3820: 3794: 3788: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3746: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3545:. 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Archived from 2291: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2207: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1949: 1942: 1934: 1913:Seattle movement 1636:Fair Housing Act 1611:Fair Housing Act 1565:Fair Housing Act 640:Fair Housing Act 600: 584: 580: 438: 424: 417: 410: 401: 400: 263:Major amendments 235:) with amendment 219:Passed the House 169:Title 25—Indians 136: 73:Open Housing Act 67:Fair Housing Act 42: 35: 31: 21: 10153: 10152: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10061: 10059: 10046: 10012:Historic places 10005:US state firsts 9891: 9806: 9530: 9463: 9435:2010 majorities 9430:2000 majorities 9401: 9348:Black Seminoles 9297: 9288:Southern (SIAC) 9271: 9270:and conferences 9269: 9262: 9258:Serena Williams 9253:Jackie Robinson 9187: 9111: 9109: 9102: 9022: 8989:Nation of Islam 8960: 8908: 8902: 8843:Sojourner Truth 8833:Clarence Thomas 8798:Gabriel Prosser 8698:Michael Jackson 8573:Crispus Attucks 8563:Ralph Abernathy 8551: 8507:Musical theater 8406: 8272:Great Migration 8244:COVID-19 impact 8202:Sit-in movement 8077: 8072: 8042: 8037: 7954:Hunting license 7905: 7874: 7865: 7782:Nationality Act 7710: 7683:Sharp v. Murphy 7603:Hodel v. Irving 7507:Williams v. Lee 7475:Talton v. Mayes 7390: 7381: 7351: 7346: 7335: 7328: 7309:Thomas E. Ricks 7299:Diane McWhorter 7284:Vincent Harding 7269:Adam Fairclough 7236: 7230: 7132: 7087:Freedom Schools 6946: 6879: 6827: 6821: 6812:Omaha, Nebraska 6800: 6716:Hartman Turnbow 6706:Dorothy Tillman 6666:Glenn E. Smiley 6646:Charles Sherrod 6606:Jo Ann Robinson 6481:Charles Neblett 6471:Elijah Muhammad 6436:Harriette Moore 6396:Floyd McKissick 6381:Franklin McCain 6316:Stanley Levison 6181:T. R. M. Howard 6131:Vincent Harding 6061:Walter Fauntroy 5946:Xernona Clayton 5896:John H. Calhoun 5881:Aurelia Browder 5871:Stanley Branche 5866:Raylawni Branch 5846:Joseph E. Boone 5831:Ezell Blair Jr. 5826:Unita Blackwell 5801:Harry Belafonte 5741:Ralph Abernathy 5729: 5665:Nation of Islam 5541: 5531: 5370: 5327:Birmingham riot 5268:Albany Movement 5190:Atlanta sit-ins 5170:Sit-in movement 5153: 5149:Biloxi wade-ins 5121:Cooper v. Aaron 5011: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4915: 4910: 4888:← Richard Nixon 4881:Richard Nixon → 4864: 4797: 4713: 4596: 4542: 4536: 4512:Operation Texas 4477: 4465: 4457: 4446: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4364:Wayback Machine 4352:Wayback Machine 4314:Wayback Machine 4273: 4251:Social Problems 4239: 4237: 4185:Social Problems 4168:10.2307/1339250 4153: 4113: 4111: 4088: 4086: 4059: 4038: 4017: 3996: 3966: 3945: 3915: 3901: 3895: 3876: 3855: 3817: 3801: 3799:Further reading 3786: 3780: 3771: 3764: 3743: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3640: 3636: 3621: 3617: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3340:on July 8, 2015 3332: 3331: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3150:Wayback Machine 3138: 3134: 3125: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3075: 3069:Wayback Machine 3059: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856:Wayback Machine 2846: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2697:Eberlin, Erin. 2695: 2691: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2652:"Archived copy" 2650: 2649: 2642: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2442: 2438: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2393: 2391: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2321: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2276: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1882:Meyer v. Holley 1850:Racial steering 1831: 1816: 1797: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1724: 1712: 1685: 1648: 1632: 1513:national origin 1489: 1437:protected class 1428: 1388: 1379: 1371: 1343: 1317: 1231: 1217:Talton v. Mayes 1211: 1195: 1139: 1131: 1091: 1070: 1049: 1002: 986: 980: 975: 966: 935: 929: 924: 858: 840:Joseph Califano 822:1967 race riots 705:Abraham Lincoln 701: 691: 661:national origin 629:Native American 582: 570: 565: 481:2nd Youth March 476:1st Youth March 439: 436:Washington D.C. 430: 428: 394: 289: 258: 249:Signed into law 178: 134: 99:Enacted by 94: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10151: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10057: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9978:Visual artists 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9938:Mathematicians 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9879: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9816: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9762: 9757: 9755:South Carolina 9752: 9747: 9746: 9745: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9725:North Carolina 9722: 9721: 9720: 9710: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9670:Massachusetts 9668: 9667: 9666: 9656: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9622: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9605: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9571: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9549: 9544: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9514: 9512:social context 9509: 9499: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9477: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9444: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9393: 9392: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9363:Creek Freedmen 9360: 9355: 9350: 9340: 9338:Alabama Creole 9335: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9278:Central (CIAA) 9274: 9272: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9071:Pan-Africanism 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9041: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9013:Black theology 9010: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8954:in STEM fields 8951: 8946: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8910: 8909:and technology 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8848:Harriet Tubman 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8778:Michelle Obama 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8708:Barbara Jordan 8705: 8703:Harriet Jacobs 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8593:Amelia Boynton 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8556:Notable people 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8492:LGBT community 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8414: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8344: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8291: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8207:Freedom Riders 8204: 8199: 8191: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8151: 8146: 8138: 8133: 8131:Black genocide 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8087: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8071: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8018: 8013: 8011:Trail of Tears 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7880: 7878: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7788:Public Law 280 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7724:(1705 onwards) 7718: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7693: 7679: 7671: 7663: 7655: 7647: 7639: 7631: 7623: 7615: 7607: 7599: 7591: 7583: 7575: 7567: 7559: 7551: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7471: 7463: 7459:Elk v. Wilkins 7455: 7447: 7446:(D. Neb. 1879) 7439: 7431: 7423: 7415: 7407: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7380: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7348: 7347: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7319:Akinyele Umoja 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6908:Mahatma Gandhi 6905: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6817:South Carolina 6814: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6756:Hosea Williams 6753: 6748: 6743: 6741:Hollis Watkins 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6671:A. Maceo Smith 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6621:Bernie Sanders 6618: 6613: 6611:Angela Russell 6608: 6603: 6598: 6596:David Richmond 6593: 6588: 6586:Walter Reuther 6583: 6578: 6573: 6571:Cordell Reagon 6568: 6563: 6558: 6556:George Raymond 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6516:Charles Person 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6486:Huey P. Newton 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6441:Harry T. Moore 6438: 6433: 6428: 6426:Cecil B. Moore 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:James Meredith 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6236:Clarence Jones 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6176:Zilphia Horton 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6146:Lola Hendricks 6143: 6138: 6136:Dorothy Height 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6106:Lawrence Guyot 6103: 6098: 6096:Jack Greenberg 6093: 6088: 6083: 6081:Andrew Goodman 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6006:Joseph DeLaine 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5976:Dorothy Cotton 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5921:J. L. Chestnut 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5856:Amelia Boynton 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5776:Arnold Aronson 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5488: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5435: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5402:Freedom Summer 5399: 5394: 5392:Bloody Tuesday 5389: 5384: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4963: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4527:Box 13 scandal 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4463: 4455: 4444: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4354: 4342: 4329: 4316: 4304: 4294: 4272: 4271:External links 4269: 4268: 4267: 4257:(2): 181–208. 4246: 4224: 4209: 4191:(2): 148–151. 4180: 4151: 4133:(1): 119–125. 4120: 4095: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4021: 4015: 4000: 3994: 3979: 3970: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3928: 3919: 3913: 3899: 3893: 3880: 3874: 3859: 3853: 3838: 3821: 3815: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3768: 3762: 3747: 3741: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3704: 3684: 3667: 3634: 3615: 3597: 3567: 3548: 3530: 3499: 3469: 3439: 3408: 3382: 3351: 3322: 3292: 3266: 3236: 3229: 3195: 3185:. p. 10. 3166: 3154: 3132: 3116: 3086: 3073: 3042: 3029: 3003: 2977: 2951: 2937: 2928: 2914: 2905: 2891: 2882: 2868: 2859: 2840: 2822: 2798: 2776: 2754: 2740: 2726: 2715: 2689: 2640: 2622: 2596: 2565: 2551: 2537: 2523: 2508: 2493: 2467: 2436: 2404: 2374: 2348: 2341: 2312: 2286: 2260: 2228: 2197: 2165: 2139: 2104: 2079: 2044: 2013: 1987: 1961: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1910: 1905: 1898: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1864: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1805:, apartments, 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1723: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1647: 1644: 1631: 1628: 1534:discrimination 1527: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1503:, disability, 1488: 1485: 1477:42 U.S.C. 3631 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1316: 1313: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1227: 1210: 1207: 1199:Bill of Rights 1194: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1138: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1103:18 U.S.C. 1095:18 U.S.C. 1090: 1087: 1073:impairment.” 1069: 1066: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1001: 998: 979: 976: 974: 971: 965: 962: 939:18 U.S.C. 928: 925: 923: 920: 857: 854: 850:John McCormack 820:report on the 810:George Wallace 797:Walter Mondale 690: 687: 599:April 11, 1968 567: 566: 564: 563: 558: 551: 538: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 511: 510: 507:I Have a Dream 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 444: 441: 440: 427: 426: 419: 412: 404: 396: 395: 393: 392: 375: 358: 341: 322: 302: 299: 298: 291: 290: 288: 287: 282: 279: 274: 268: 265: 264: 260: 259: 257: 256: 246: 236: 226: 216: 207: 196:Emanuel Celler 188: 185: 184: 180: 179: 177: 176: 171: 166: 160: 158: 157:Titles amended 154: 153: 149: 148: 138: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 115: 114: 113:April 11, 1968 111: 107: 106: 100: 96: 95: 93: 92: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 62: 58: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10150: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10083: 10068: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10037:Neighborhoods 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10003: 10001: 10000:Sports firsts 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9803: 9802:West Virginia 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9739:Pennsylvania 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9719: 9718:New York City 9716: 9715: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9648: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9562:San Francisco 9560: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9535:By state/city 9533: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9480:American Sign 9478: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9413:Neighborhoods 9411: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9343:Black Indians 9341: 9339: 9336: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9265: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8963: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8921:Black schools 8919: 8917: 8916:Black studies 8914: 8913: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8898:Whitney Young 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8888:Oprah Winfrey 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8858:Denmark Vesey 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8803:Joseph Rainey 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8758:Toni Morrison 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8743:Joseph Lowery 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688:Jesse Jackson 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8678:Kamala Harris 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663:Marcus Garvey 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8613:Blanche Bruce 8611: 8609: 8608:Edward Brooke 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8598:James Bradley 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8578:James Baldwin 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8522:Neighborhoods 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8409: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8375:Silent Parade 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8303:Jim Crow laws 8301: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8126:Black cowboys 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8016:Treaty rights 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 8001:Seminole Wars 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7872: 7868: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619:Duro v. Reina 7616: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7331: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7314:Timothy Tyson 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7244:Taylor Branch 7242: 7241: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7092:Freedom songs 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Jim Crow laws 6956: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6855:"Oh, Freedom" 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6781:Whitney Young 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6761:Kale Williams 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721:Albert Turner 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711:A. P. Tureaud 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6616:Bayard Rustin 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466:William Moyer 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401:Joseph McNeil 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:Charles McDew 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:Benjamin Mays 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6361:Vivian Malone 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:Joseph Lowery 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6261:Clyde Kennard 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6251:Vernon Jordan 6249: 6247: 6246:Matthew Jones 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6211:T. J. Jemison 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6196:Jesse Jackson 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086:Robert Graetz 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:Golden Frinks 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036:Charles Evers 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986:Vernon Dahmer 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5941:Septima Clark 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861:Bruce Boynton 5859: 5857: 5854: 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2111: 2109: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1975: 1972:. findUSlaw. 1971: 1965: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1788: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749:Chicago Seven 1745: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1719: 1717: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1432:United States 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Wells 8868:David Walker 8863:C. T. Vivian 8818:Paul Robeson 8813:Hiram Revels 8793:Colin Powell 8773:Barack Obama 8728:James Lawson 8683:Jimi Hendrix 8653:James Farmer 8648:Medgar Evers 8618:Ralph Bunche 8568:Maya Angelou 8542:Middle class 8420:Afrofuturism 8346: 8334: 8327: 8248: 8193: 8166: 8140: 8106:Afrocentrism 8096:Abolitionism 7958: 7830:Diminishment 7799: 7695: 7687: 7681: 7673: 7665: 7657: 7649: 7641: 7633: 7625: 7617: 7609: 7601: 7593: 7585: 7577: 7569: 7561: 7553: 7545: 7537: 7529: 7521: 7513: 7505: 7497: 7489: 7481: 7473: 7465: 7457: 7449: 7441: 7433: 7425: 7417: 7409: 7401: 7334: 7274:David Garrow 7254:John Dittmer 7125: 7052:Brown Chapel 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6967: 6924: 6776:Andrew Young 6731:A. T. Walden 6726:C. T. Vivian 6686:Maxine Smith 6521:Homer Plessy 6501:James Orange 6456:Irene Morgan 6411:William Ming 6391:Ralph McGill 6326:Viola Liuzzo 6311:Jim Letherer 6296:James Lawson 6226:Vernon Johns 6216:Esau Jenkins 6171:Myles Horton 6121:Fred Hampton 6111:Prathia Hall 6101:Dick Gregory 6071:Marie Foster 6066:James Forman 6056:James Farmer 6041:Medgar Evers 6001:Angela Davis 5936:Ramsey Clark 5916:James Chaney 5911:Johnnie Carr 5891:Ralph Bunche 5886:H. Rap Brown 5876:Ruby Bridges 5836:Joanne Bland 5811:Claude Black 5791:Marion Barry 5761:Muhammad Ali 5588: 5524: 5517: 5507: 5478: 5456: 5425: 5418: 5260: 5221: 5214: 5144:Kissing Case 5119: 5076: 5059: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 4998: 4990: 4898: 4879: 4872: 4861:(son-in-law) 4790: 4782: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4740:Johnson cult 4732: 4719:Public image 4552:Bibliography 4532:Bashir Ahmad 4254: 4250: 4238:. Retrieved 4232: 4217: 4188: 4184: 4159: 4155: 4130: 4124: 4112:. Retrieved 4108:the original 4103: 4087:. 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