734:, and the provincial and federal governments tend to squabble over funding. All levels of government are pressured to limit spending while maintaining equitable and accessible services for disabled and dependent persons. The result is a fragile system of provincially run community care services that ration medical care while avoiding the complex social issue of long-term community care reform. Canadian policymakers talk about a social model of disability and typically recognise that this model is preferred by disabled persons, however, the policy reality of independent living falls closer to a model that combines biomedical and neoliberal ideologies while neglecting social and environmental determinants of ability. Independent living remains difficult for many people and institutionalisation is offered as an ongoing practical solution to meeting care needs. Noticeable in the ideological push for independent living is the marketisation of institutional care as independent living in 21st century Canada. Funding is through a decentralised mix of publicly paid, private-for-profit, and private-not-for-profit systems. Beyond home care, community care is offered through a variety of service delivery models including supportive living, assisted living, and long-term care.
678:. His biggest educational challenge came when he was accepted at college. After struggling to get accepted, the UCBerkeley refused to give Roberts financial aid. He then sued Berkeley for access and integration. Although he won the case, Roberts was housed in school's infirmary instead of the dorms. As others with disabilities started attending the school and living in the infirmary, an activist group called the Rolling Quads was formed. They ended up starting the Disabled Students' Program, a resource for those with disabilities that was run by people with disabilities. This program led to the first independent living center in America being made, the Berkeley Center for Independent Living. These centers flourished across the United States and are a huge part of why Ed Roberts was so instrumental in the start of the Independent Living Movement. As well, a major project in Berkeley, California led by Roberts and others at the Center for Independent Living led to curb cuts up and down Telegraph and Shattuck Avenues creating an extensive path of travel.
695:
changed when farm workers and their families, replaced by technology on farms, migrated from small rural communities to large urban centres in search of gainful employment in industry. The redistribution of paid agricultural labour to industry created a shortage of unpaid domestic care for disabled and dependent persons whose caregivers also became occupied with paid industrial labour. The taken-for-granted economy of care (previously unpaid and supported by families and small rural communities) was disrupted, and industrialised communities suffered ballooning levels of homelessness and poverty as a consequence of an industrialised social structure.
686:"Independent Living does not mean that we want to do everything by ourselves, do not need anybody or like to live in isolation. Independent Living means that we demand the same choices and control in our every-day lives that our non-disabled brothers and sisters, neighbors and friends take for granted. We want to grow up in our families, go to the neighborhood school, use the same bus as our neighbors, work in jobs that are in line with our education and interests, and raise families of our own. We are profoundly ordinary people sharing the same need to feel included, recognized and loved."
674:) and of course, early friends and collaborators in the 1970s (Julie Ann Racino) and university and government supporters throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Ed Roberts was a quadriplegic who dealt with discrimination in many different aspects of his life. His fight for acceptance in schools, however, is what Roberts is most well known for. In high school, Roberts was stopped from graduating because he could not complete his gym requirement, as he was paralyzed and spent most of his time in an
25:
2404:
509:
2414:
714:. Neoliberal thinkers oppose state interventions such as institutional care, promoting competitive market-based care delivery systems as cost-effective solutions to care for dependent and disabled persons. With support from both movements, community care gained popularity as a moral and cost-effective alternative to institutional care.
786:, and are run and controlled by persons with disabilities. According to the IL approach, the example of a peer, somebody who has been in a similar situation, can be more powerful than a non-disabled professional's interventions in analyzing one's situation, in assuming responsibility for one's life and in developing coping strategies.
694:
Canada's history of independence, home living, and the independent living movement can be traced back to the industrial revolution of the 19th century. The industrial revolution precipitated rapid changes in the structure of society and the paid and unpaid labour economies. The distribution of labour
610:
contribute to negative attitudes towards people with disabilities, portraying them as sick, defective and deviant persons, as objects of professional intervention, or as a burden for themselves and their families. These images have consequences for disabled people's opportunities for raising families
737:
These newer forms of institutional care attempt to maximise independent living while minimising care provided, both to support disabled and dependent person's identified needs and to control costs in the formal care economy. Unmet needs of deinstitutionalised care-dependent people may be absorbed by
698:
Urban communities pushed governments for an ethical solution to the problem of uncared for disabled and dependent persons. Provincial governments responded by building and funding medical institutions, however, institutional care was deeply flawed. Institutionalised care created a paternalistic and
796:
There is a fundamental set of services (Core
Services) found in all of the Centers, but there is some variation in the programs that are offered, the funding sources, and the staffing, among other things. Depending on the public services in the community, Centers might assist with housing referral
702:
In the late 20th century, a social movement called the independent living movement fought to re-identify disabled and dependent persons as people with beliefs, values, dreams, and identities that extended beyond their medical diagnoses. The overarching goal of the movement was to gain choice and
717:
Deinstitutionalisation coincided with an economic downturn in the 1980s. The goals of the independent living movement - choice, control, and quality care - were essentially co-opted by neoliberal ideals of cost-control, self-sufficiency, and minimalist state intervention. Deinstitutionalisation
793:– can learn to take more initiative and control over their lives. For example, peer support is used in Independent Living Skills classes where people living with their families or in institutions learn how to run their everyday lives in preparation for living by themselves.
729:
Home care, or home-based community care, came into effect in the 1980s in most
Canadian Provinces as one policy solution to bridge the gap between institutional and community care. The transition is ongoing and contentious. Home care is not covered under the 1984
725:
independent, or at least have families that could provide support. Community care has been structured as a compromise between neoliberal values and the lived realities of disabled and dependent persons of the independent living movement.
711:
718:
occurred alongside health and welfare service restructuring in a concerted effort to reduce public spending and improve the efficiency of formal care. Service reductions were justified by neoliberal beliefs that all people
1993:
2029:
1526:
1339:
237:
2009:
912:
2122:
2019:
813:
654:
developed by people with disabilities themselves. The first
Independent Living ideologists and organizers were people with extensive disabilities (e.g.,
820:(NCIL, 1989–2011) as a project, which became a spin-out independent organisation in the early 2000s before merging with two other organisations to form
2050:
907:
699:
segregated system that medicalised the identities of disabled and dependent persons and actively participated in the abuse of their human rights.
703:
control for dependent and disabled persons in the delivery of health and social care through state-supported community re-integration and care.
801:. Typically, Centers work with local and regional governments to improve infrastructure, raise awareness about disability issues and lobby for
35:
2024:
987:
Illario, Maddalena; Vollenbroek-Hutten, Miriam M. R.; Molloy, D. William; Menditto, Enrica; Iaccarino, Guido; Eklund, Patrik (14 June 2018).
547:
1862:
1397:
374:
2213:
1416:
938:
DiGennaro Reed, Florence D.; Strouse, Michael C.; Jenkins, Sarah R.; Price, Jamie; Henley, Amy J.; Hirst, Jason M. (11 June 2014).
643:
227:
2248:
2112:
2014:
1730:
2355:
1735:
817:
738:
families and communities via the unpaid care economy, into existing systems of acute and primary care, or be left unaddressed.
1562:
619:, which may result in persons with disabilities living in poverty. The alternative to the Medical Model of Disability is the
626:
With the rise in Senior population, Independent Living facilities have risen in popularity as an option for aging citizens.
2081:
338:
2324:
1089:
872:
2218:
2117:
2071:
414:
809:. Effective centers have proven to be in states like California, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.
2417:
1750:
1500:
1472:
518:
69:
1916:
1778:
540:
404:
247:
144:
2319:
1855:
1740:
1697:
892:
802:
606:
In most countries, proponents of the
Independent Living Movement claim preconceived notions and a predominantly
2233:
2177:
1798:
1745:
1366:
1189:
409:
266:
2284:
2045:
1921:
1829:
1163:
222:
197:
2289:
2086:
1211:
343:
2091:
2066:
1895:
1783:
1725:
607:
533:
358:
353:
110:
2443:
2360:
2152:
1988:
1900:
1848:
1605:
902:
857:
825:
790:
635:
620:
270:
217:
115:
2076:
1931:
1555:
877:
862:
363:
157:
139:
2253:
2228:
1610:
242:
51:
2367:
2314:
2309:
2238:
1760:
887:
867:
491:
47:
2350:
2243:
1755:
1115:
707:
481:
1413:
1941:
1717:
789:
According to the IL Movement, with peer support, everyone – including persons with extensive
771:
751:
655:
232:
43:
2274:
2258:
2223:
2157:
1681:
1661:
1600:
1548:
882:
821:
775:
284:
192:
120:
8:
2438:
2407:
1926:
1793:
1532:
1290:"A critical policy analysis of an emerging agenda for home care in one Canadian province"
513:
167:
1038:
DeJong, Gerben (1979). "Independent Living: From Social
Movement to Analytic Paradigm".
2340:
1890:
1636:
1461:
1261:
1234:"Reconciling tensions: Needing formal and family/friend care but feeling like a burden"
1015:
988:
964:
939:
588:
474:
100:
2294:
2197:
2147:
1958:
1819:
1788:
1496:
1489:
1468:
1311:
1306:
1289:
1265:
1253:
1085:
1047:
1020:
969:
731:
639:
584:
319:
279:
162:
16:
Housing and community arrangements that maximize independence and self-determination
2448:
2387:
2382:
2279:
2192:
1936:
1824:
1707:
1676:
1301:
1245:
1010:
1000:
959:
951:
747:
647:
450:
445:
314:
187:
2096:
1641:
1615:
1521:
1420:
852:
600:
289:
2345:
1953:
1651:
1595:
1077:
842:
806:
663:
486:
460:
348:
1249:
1170:. Ontario Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services. March 18, 2018.
955:
940:"Barriers to Independent Living for Individuals with Disabilities and Seniors"
2432:
2182:
1948:
1656:
1516:
897:
837:
304:
152:
1434:
1233:
2299:
2167:
2127:
1702:
1671:
1398:"Resetting normal: Women, decent work, and Canada's fractured care economy"
1315:
1257:
1024:
1005:
973:
917:
779:
592:
419:
368:
294:
2377:
1803:
1051:
671:
455:
2372:
2187:
1885:
1871:
1585:
986:
847:
783:
659:
616:
580:
572:
437:
309:
85:
599:, independent living is seen as a step in the continuum of care, with
2172:
1646:
1571:
798:
675:
667:
612:
596:
299:
638:, which began in the 1960s. The IL Movement works at replacing the
2304:
1140:
651:
568:
2030:
1983:
1666:
1238:
Canadian
Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement
937:
576:
424:
105:
1536:
1337:
706:
The independent living movement found significant support for
1840:
1590:
1540:
1364:
824:
in
January 2012. All these organisations subscribe to the
583:, and a worldwide movement of disabled people working for
34:
deal primarily with USA and Europe and do not represent a
1340:"Home care in Canada: From the margins to the mainstream"
989:"Active and Healthy Ageing and Independent Living 2016"
913:
Timeline of disability rights outside the United States
1367:"From bad to worse: Residential elder care in Alberta"
758:
denounced human rights violations of disabled people.
2020:
Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities
1287:
642:
and rehabilitation experts' concepts of integration,
1491:
ABC-CLIO Companion to the
Disability Rights Movement
1084:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. p. 38.
814:
British Council of Organisations of Disabled People
1488:
1460:
908:Timeline of disability rights in the United States
1435:"Independent Living for Disabilities and Seniors"
1365:Campanella, D.; Bower, S. S. (November 6, 2013).
797:and adaptation, personal assistance referral, or
761:
2430:
634:The Independent Living Movement grew out of the
1072:
1070:
920:– social integration beyond independent living
710:through another ideological movement known as
2025:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
1856:
1556:
1064:Richard Scotch, www.jstor.org/stable/3350150.
803:legislation that promotes equal opportunities
541:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
1495:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
1104:Richard Scotch, www.jstor.org/stable/3350150
770:was founded by disability activists, led by
1067:
2413:
2214:Augmentative and alternative communication
1863:
1849:
1563:
1549:
1113:
548:
534:
1467:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1458:
1305:
1082:A Disability History of the United States
1014:
1004:
963:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
1525:) is being considered for deletion. See
1338:Canadian Healthcare Association (2009).
2249:Disproportionality in special education
1731:Nursing home care in the United Kingdom
1414:cripple tribunal on disabilityworld.org
1395:
1294:Health and Social Care in the Community
1076:
778:. These Centers were created to offer
2431:
1736:Nursing home care in the United States
1452:
1231:
1037:
818:National Centre for Independent Living
145:Individualized Education Program (IEP)
1844:
1544:
1486:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1205:
1203:
1190:"Disability right movement in Canada"
1187:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
415:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)
1209:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
689:
339:Social Security Disability Insurance
18:
2356:Disability in children's literature
873:List of disability rights activists
13:
2219:Emotional or behavioral disability
1432:
1380:
1349:
1322:
1272:
1218:
1200:
1174:
14:
2460:
1751:Social care in the United Kingdom
1529:to help reach a consensus. ›
1510:
1145:
1114:Williamson, Bess (26 June 2012).
629:
2412:
2403:
2402:
1779:Caring in intimate relationships
1307:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00616.x
1288:Duncan, S.; Reutter, L. (2006).
1141:http://www.independentliving.org
508:
507:
405:National Telecommuting Institute
23:
1741:Home care in the United Kingdom
1698:Caring for people with dementia
1426:
1407:
893:Post-Polio Health International
816:(BCODP, 1981–2017) started the
2234:Disability and LGBT identities
1870:
1799:Unlicensed assistive personnel
1746:Home care in the United States
1570:
1463:The Disability Rights Movement
1396:Faraday, F. (April 15, 2020).
1188:Galer, D. (February 5, 2015).
1133:
1107:
1098:
1058:
1031:
980:
931:
762:Centers for Independent Living
410:Society for Disability Studies
267:Unlicensed assistive personnel
1:
2046:Services for mental disorders
1830:Distress in cancer caregiving
1514:
1120:Boom: A Journal of California
944:Behavior Analysis in Practice
924:
768:Center for Independent Living
741:
681:
2051:Services for disabled people
344:Supplemental Security Income
106:Ableism / Disablism
7:
2334:Arts, media, culture, sport
1784:Direct support professional
1726:Nursing home care in Canada
1210:Dyck, E. (April 28, 2014).
1164:"The Industrial Revolution"
831:
359:Disabled students allowance
354:Disability Living Allowance
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2465:
2361:Disability in horror films
2153:Activities of daily living
1606:Activities of daily living
903:Social model of disability
858:Disability rights movement
826:Social Model of Disability
791:developmental disabilities
636:disability rights movement
621:Social Model of Disability
608:medical view of disability
218:Disability rights movement
2398:
2333:
2267:
2206:
2140:
2105:
2059:
2038:
2002:
1976:
1969:
1909:
1878:
1812:
1771:
1716:
1690:
1624:
1578:
1459:Fleischer, Doris (2001).
1250:10.1017/S0714980816000672
1194:The Canadian Encyclopedia
993:Journal of Aging Research
956:10.1007/s40617-014-0011-6
878:Mainstreaming (education)
863:Independent senior living
364:Disabled Persons Railcard
2254:Sexuality and disability
2229:Disability and disasters
2141:Structural and assistive
1611:Long-term care insurance
1527:templates for discussion
1212:"Deinstitutionalization"
1116:"The People's Sidewalks"
377:the Severely Handicapped
333:Socioeconomic assistance
243:Sexuality and disability
2368:Disability in the media
2239:Disability and religion
2178:Personal Care Assistant
888:Person-centred planning
868:Intellectual disability
492:Disability in the media
2351:Disability in the arts
2244:Disability and poverty
2183:Physical accessibility
1813:Support for caregivers
1691:Special considerations
708:deinstitutionalisation
611:of their own, getting
575:, a way of looking at
482:Disability in the arts
305:Physical accessibility
1942:driver rehabilitation
1718:Caregiving by country
1168:Government of Ontario
1040:Arch Phys Med Rehabil
752:Amnesty International
603:being the next step.
233:People-first language
211:Societal implications
2275:Models of disability
2259:Youth and disability
2224:Invisible disability
2173:Orthotics and braces
2158:Assistive technology
1970:Rights, law, support
1682:Retirement community
1601:Occupational therapy
1487:Pelka, Fred (1997).
1423:Retrieved 2012-01-21
1006:10.1155/2016/8062079
883:Occupational therapy
822:Disability Rights UK
776:Berkeley, California
595:. In the context of
300:Orthotics and braces
285:Assistive technology
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
1927:Learning disability
1794:Sandwich generation
1772:Types of caregivers
1625:Living arrangements
1579:Background concepts
1232:Barken, R. (2017).
766:In 1972, the first
670:, Beverly Chapman,
585:equal opportunities
261:Personal assistance
168:Learning disability
2341:Disability culture
2268:Disability studies
2163:Independent living
1891:Disability studies
1637:Home modifications
1632:Independent living
1533:Independent living
1419:2010-11-23 at the
1374:Parkland Institute
1139:Dr. Adolf Ratzka,
589:self-determination
567:), as seen by its
561:Independent living
375:Assured Income for
2444:Disability rights
2426:
2425:
2295:Neuroqueer theory
2198:Web accessibility
2148:Accessible toilet
2136:
2135:
1989:Disability rights
1984:Ableism/disablism
1838:
1837:
1789:Family caregivers
746:Analogous to the
732:Canada Health Act
690:History in Canada
640:special education
558:
557:
320:Web accessibility
280:Accessible toilet
163:Special education
101:Disability theory
94:Theory and models
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
2456:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2388:Special Olympics
2280:Inspiration porn
2193:Universal design
1994:Pejorative terms
1974:
1973:
1937:Physical therapy
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1825:Caregiver stress
1708:End-of-life care
1677:Residential care
1565:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1506:
1494:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1433:Lucero, Adam K.
1430:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1008:
984:
978:
977:
967:
935:
756:cripple tribunal
748:Russell Tribunal
550:
543:
536:
511:
510:
451:Paralympic Games
446:Special Olympics
315:Universal design
238:Pejorative terms
82:
81:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2394:
2329:
2263:
2202:
2132:
2106:Activist groups
2101:
2055:
2034:
1998:
1965:
1905:
1874:
1869:
1839:
1834:
1808:
1767:
1712:
1686:
1642:Assisted living
1620:
1616:Dignity of risk
1574:
1569:
1530:
1513:
1503:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1421:Wayback Machine
1412:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1323:
1286:
1273:
1230:
1219:
1208:
1201:
1186:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1091:978-080702204-7
1075:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1046:(10): 435–446.
1036:
1032:
985:
981:
936:
932:
927:
853:Dignity of risk
834:
812:In the UK, the
764:
744:
692:
684:
632:
601:assisted living
554:
523:
497:
496:
477:
467:
466:
465:
440:
430:
429:
400:
399:
383:
382:
379:
376:
334:
326:
325:
324:
290:Assisted living
262:
254:
253:
252:
212:
204:
203:
202:
182:
174:
173:
172:
135:
127:
126:
125:
95:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2346:Disability art
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Carers' rights
1816:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:Aging in place
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:Long-term care
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1512:
1511:External links
1509:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1451:
1425:
1406:
1379:
1348:
1321:
1300:(3): 242–253.
1271:
1217:
1199:
1173:
1144:
1132:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1066:
1057:
1030:
979:
929:
928:
926:
923:
922:
921:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Aging in place
840:
833:
830:
807:discrimination
805:and prohibits
763:
760:
743:
740:
691:
688:
683:
680:
664:Judith Heumann
648:rehabilitation
631:
630:History in USA
628:
556:
555:
553:
552:
545:
538:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
522:
521:
516:
504:
499:
498:
495:
494:
489:
487:Disability art
484:
478:
473:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
461:Invictus Games
458:
453:
448:
442:
441:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
398:
397:
394:
390:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
380:
373:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
349:Ticket to Work
346:
341:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
275:
274:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
248:Women's health
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
201:
200:
195:
190:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
170:
165:
160:
158:Special school
155:
149:
148:
147:
142:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:Social issues
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:Special needs
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Mainstreaming
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Medical model
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Adult daycare
1660:
1658:
1657:Elder village
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1504:
1502:0-87436-834-0
1498:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1474:1-56639-812-6
1470:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
930:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:Self-advocacy
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Accessibility
836:
835:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
794:
792:
787:
785:
784:role modeling
781:
777:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
749:
739:
735:
733:
727:
724:
721:
715:
713:
712:neoliberalism
709:
704:
700:
696:
687:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:normalization
641:
637:
627:
624:
622:
618:
614:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
531:
529:
528:
520:
517:
515:
506:
505:
503:
502:
501:
500:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
434:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
396:Organizations
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
378:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
330:
329:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
272:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:Normalization
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
208:
207:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
178:
177:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
153:Special needs
151:
150:
146:
143:
141:
140:Mainstreaming
138:
137:
131:
130:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
111:Medical model
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
74:
71:
63:
53:
49:
45:
39:
37:
30:
21:
20:
2310:Anthropology
2300:Deaf studies
2290:Crip as verb
2168:Mobility aid
2162:
2128:Reach Canada
1901:Social model
1703:Elderly care
1672:Nursing home
1631:
1531:
1520:
1490:
1462:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1428:
1409:
1373:
1297:
1293:
1244:(1): 81–96.
1241:
1237:
1193:
1167:
1135:
1125:22 September
1123:. Retrieved
1119:
1109:
1100:
1081:
1078:Nielsen, Kim
1060:
1043:
1039:
1033:
996:
992:
982:
950:(2): 70–77.
947:
943:
933:
918:Visitability
811:
795:
788:
780:peer support
767:
765:
755:
745:
736:
728:
722:
719:
716:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
633:
625:
605:
593:self-respect
564:
560:
559:
420:Visitability
369:Freedom Pass
295:Mobility aid
193:Occupational
121:Other models
116:Social model
66:
60:October 2020
57:
33:
2383:Paralympics
2378:Deaflympics
2188:Prosthetics
1879:Main topics
1804:Young carer
1515:‹ The
672:Lex Frieden
650:with a new
456:Deaflympics
310:Prosthetics
2439:Caregiving
2433:Categories
2373:Parasports
1910:Approaches
1886:Disability
1872:Disability
1586:Disability
1572:Caregiving
999:: 542183.
925:References
848:Camp Jened
772:Ed Roberts
742:In Germany
682:Philosophy
660:Hale Zukas
656:Ed Roberts
581:disability
573:philosophy
514:Disability
438:Parasports
86:Disability
2320:Education
2315:Geography
1959:education
1922:Inclusion
1647:Home care
1266:206277940
799:legal aid
676:iron lung
668:Peg Nosek
613:education
597:eldercare
569:advocates
223:Inclusion
134:Education
48:talk page
2408:Category
2325:Journals
2305:Eugenics
2285:Bodymind
2092:Students
2039:Services
1761:Scotland
1517:template
1417:Archived
1316:16650121
1258:28052791
1080:(2012).
1025:26346624
974:27294013
832:See also
652:paradigm
188:Physical
42:You may
2449:Housing
2060:Support
1756:England
1667:Hospice
1519:below (
1439:Seniors
1016:4545157
965:4711747
577:society
571:, is a
475:Culture
425:WeThe15
269: (
181:Therapy
1977:Rights
1954:school
1537:Curlie
1522:Curlie
1499:
1471:
1444:2 July
1314:
1264:
1256:
1088:
1052:496597
1050:
1023:
1013:
972:
962:
754:, the
591:, and
512:
393:Groups
198:Speech
2418:Lists
2123:MINDS
1591:Aging
1401:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1343:(PDF)
1262:S2CID
774:, in
723:to be
720:ought
519:Lists
50:, or
2097:CNIB
2082:SSDI
2077:Rail
2072:ODSP
2010:AODA
1497:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1446:2016
1312:PMID
1254:PMID
1127:2014
1086:ISBN
1048:PMID
1021:PMID
997:2016
970:PMID
782:and
646:and
617:work
615:and
579:and
271:ADLs
2118:DPI
2113:CCD
2087:SSI
2067:DLA
2015:ADA
2003:Law
1917:IEP
1535:at
1302:doi
1246:doi
1011:PMC
1001:doi
960:PMC
952:doi
750:by
2435::
1437:.
1382:^
1372:.
1351:^
1324:^
1310:.
1298:14
1296:.
1292:.
1274:^
1260:.
1252:.
1242:36
1240:.
1236:.
1220:^
1202:^
1192:.
1176:^
1166:.
1147:^
1118:.
1069:^
1044:60
1042:.
1019:.
1009:.
995:.
991:.
968:.
958:.
946:.
942:.
828:.
666:,
662:,
658:,
623:.
587:,
565:IL
1864:e
1857:t
1850:v
1564:e
1557:t
1550:v
1505:.
1477:.
1448:.
1403:.
1376:.
1345:.
1318:.
1304::
1268:.
1248::
1214:.
1196:.
1129:.
1094:.
1054:.
1027:.
1003::
976:.
954::
948:7
563:(
549:e
542:t
535:v
273:)
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.