851:, or Bhasha Andolon, was started by students at schools, colleges and universities. The success of this movement forced Pakistan to change its policies and fueled the emergence of Bengali ethno-nationalism, which led to the creation of Bangladesh as an independent state and the breakup of Pakistan in 1971. When the movement began to challenge West Pakistani domination in East Pakistan, the citizens and the press in West Pakistan thought that it was orchestrated by Hindus, communists and anti-state elements trying to destabilize the state. Thousands of young Bengali boys and girls from schools and universities in Dhaka assembled on the campus of Dhaka University marching and shouting slogans like "Bengali as a national language!" (rastrabhdsa bamla cai!). As soon as the students passed the campus gates, armed policemen baton-charged them; the students retaliated by throwing bricks before policemen fired tear gas into the crowd as a response. Many were injured while five people died; demonstrations, killings, and arrests would continue for a few more days. A memorial was then erected on the spot where the first killings had taken place. A 1984 textbook introduces the language movement with the following, "February 21 of 1952 was the first united expression of Bangladesh's collective consciousness and a first bold step toward the independence movement". The language movement became a symbol for Bengali nationalism; the claim by Bengali textbooks is that 'Bengali' became the primary marker of Bangladesh's identity.
845:
elite faced a difficult task of uniting all its citizens into a united
Pakistani nation, and one immediate question that arose with the new state was about the language that would be used to conduct Pakistan's state business. The Pakistan Educational Conference of November 1947 proposed Urdu as the national language even though it was spoken by only 3% of Pakistanis, compared to 56% who spoke Bengali. The first population census revealed that Pakistan had 78 million inhabitants, of whom 44 million (55%) lived in East Pakistan. However, the country's rulers were concentrated in West Pakistan and used Islam to dismiss Bengali's protests as un-Islamic or anti-Islamic. Students in East Pakistan held meetings and demonstrations and formed the Language Action Committee in December 1947 when they learned about the plans to make Urdu the national language.
690:
134:
598:
35:
338:
486:
574:, which accused prominent East Pakistanis of trying to separate the country with help from India, in 1968. The 1969 East Pakistan mass uprising saw the charges in the Agartala conspiracy case being dropped. In a party meeting on 5 December 1969, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman proposed to name East Pakistan "Bangladesh" if it became independent.
899:
languages. The language of books was distinct, and without a trace of the popular, based on
Sanskrit. This fact took a turn with Tekchand Thakur's "Alarer Ghorer Dulal", which was written in the language that everyone understood. From that moment on, books began to be written in the learned and popular languages in Bangladesh.
721:
The launch of
Operation Searchlight and declaration of Independence marked the start of Bangladesh Liberation War on 26 March 1971. The war lasted nine months and ended on 16 December 1971. The Pakistan Army targeted religious minorities and political supporters of the Independence of Bangladesh. The
890:
The independence of
Bangladesh in December 1971 regarded the national identity as a regional one, rather than a religious one like Pakistan's foundation. The new Bengali elite envisioned the society that was taking place in the delta as distinctly Bengali, where Bangladesh stood as a nation-state, a
844:
Language played a key role in the independence movement of
Bangladesh and became a key feature in nation-building after the Liberation War against Pakistan. Since the foundation and independence of Pakistan in 1947, language was a key dividing issue in the newly established state. The new Pakistani
605:
Awami League, led by Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman, won 288 seats out of 300 seats in the provincial assembly. It won 167 of 300 seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan. Despite the overwhelming victory, the Awami League was not allowed to form a government by the military administration of Pakistan led
524:
demanded autonomy for East Bengal in 1953 and won the provincial election against the
Pakistan Muslim League in 1954. A. K. Fazlul Huq, leader of the Krishak Sramik Party, becomes the chief minister of East Pakistan. On 31 May 1954, the Krishak Sramik Party was removed from power. Chief Minister A.
823:
It is maintained by same officers that a single House elected on population basis should have been envisaged, and we should cease to think in terms of
Bengalis, Pathans, Balochis, Sindhis, Punjabis etc. The parity between West & East Pakistan will ultimately result in the division of Pakistan
913:
There is some dispute between the Awami League and the
Bangladesh Nationalist party, founded by Ziaur Rahman, on who declared the Independence of Bangladesh. When a different party comes to power, they change the history books of Bangladesh to either prefer Sheikh Mujibur Rahman or Ziaur Rahman.
564:
to join the freedom movement, the party was reluctant to join as they did not receive a positive response. In 1962, a separatist organization called the "Provisional East Bengal
Government" was formed which proposed the independence of East Pakistan. In 1963, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman wrote to prime
898:
was an institution established in the 1950s as a result of the language movement; after independence, it became a major publisher of textbooks, dictionaries, folk literature, etc. The written and the spoken language were two distinct languages, whose differences were greater than that of other
645:
and declared martial law, which was heard by only a limited number of people due to the broadcasting system used. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was detained by Pakistan Army soon after. On 27 March, Major Ziaur Rahman, officer of the East Bengal Regiment, declared the Independence of Bangladesh from
650:
on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and called the actions of Pakistan Army a massacre while asking for intervention of the United Nations. On 10 April, Bengals members of provincial and national assembly gathered in Kolkata and created a government in exile. It created the Proclamation of
569:
was going on. From 1963 to 1965, East Pakistan presented a case of economic deprivation with resources from the province benefitting West Pakistan at the cost of development in East Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, now leader of the Awami League, was arrested in 1966 and charged in the
614:
to resist the West Pakistan administration, through refusing to follow their orders and paying taxes. The crowd at the event chanted Jai Bangla (victory to Bengal). On 19 March, soldiers of Pakistan Army from East Pakistan and West Pakistan had a small skirmish at the
819:
To recommend that the head of the state should be a Muslim will unnecessarily create suspicions in minds of the minorities in Pakistan. The choice to select the head of the state should be left entirely to the people, to select without prejudice to caste, colour and
512:. This organization based in Dhaka wanted to engage in armed struggle with the help of Great Britain under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. East Pakistan, where Bengali was the language spoken by the majority, opposed the move by the founder of Pakistan,
815:
The creation of Committee of Ulema to veto the decisions taken in the House of People on religious matters, gives excess of powers to Ulema over the rights of elected representatives of the people. This gives an impression of Pakistan as being a theocratic
1648:
701:
is celebrated on 26 March on the day Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared the Independence of Bangladesh. Various programs are organised in the country to mark the occasion. The National Flag of Bangladesh is flown on all government buildings. The
706:
was introduced by the Government of Bangladesh in 1977. The award is given on the Independence Day of Bangladesh on 26 March. The first Independence Day was celebrated on 26 March 1972. President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed the nation.
857:, a Bangladeshi poet, wrote the poem "Our Language: The Language of Bengal" in 1952, during the time of the language movement; the poem shows how strongly language played a role in the national identity of the new state.
448:
was created to represent Bengali Muslims. The two Bengals were reunited in 1912 in a decision by the British which was unpopular among the Muslims which feared it would harm the interests of their community. The
956:
39:
The signing of the instrument of surrender took place in Dhaka (then Dacca), the capital of East Pakistan, at the Ramna Race Course, which is now known as the Suhrawardy Udyan on 16 December 1971.
677:
recognized Bangladesh on 11 January 1972, becoming the third country to do so. On 7 February, Israel recognised Bangladesh following a request by the foreign minister of Bangladesh,
1497:
565:
minister Nehru to discuss the declaration of independence of East Pakistan and the formation of a government-in-exile in London. But Nehru did not want to talk to Mujib as the
673:
Bhutan recognized Bangladesh on 6 December and was followed by India a few hours later on the same day. They were the first two countries to recognize independent Bangladesh.
891:
homeland to the Bengali community that had been unjustly treated in Pakistan. The main pillars of the new nation were language, a regional style, and a search for modernity.
578:
was created to press the government of Pakistan for the independence of East Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is released from prison on 22 February 1970 by President
1275:
1386:
594:
killed 300 to 500 thousand people in East Pakistan. The people of East Pakistan found relief efforts by Pakistan government inadequate and felt neglected.
366:
552:. Later, when the government arrested the leaders of the organization, it became inactive. In 1961, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called upon the leaders of the
1326:
908:
623:
refused to fire at crowds of protesting Bengalis. On 24 March, soldiers of East Pakistan Rifles raised the flag of independent Bangladesh in
500:. It was active in the 1950s with Indian help to separate East Bengal from Pakistan and form a new state. Members of the organisations from
1707:""Identity, Politics, and Nation-Building in History Textbooks in Bangladesh." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 6, no. 2"
1469:
641:
On 26 March 1971, after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared independence on radio, Pakistan launched a crackdown on East Pakistan called
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636:
384:
359:
198:
1411:
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to jointly agitate with the Awami League for the independence of East Pakistan. When a group of Communist Party leaders led by
1624:
1254:
981:
797:
575:
234:
1527:
1781:
352:
516:, to make Urdu the national language. The people of East Pakistan demanded Bengali be made a national language in the
133:
1786:
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214:
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173:
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and by coincidence its title contained the year in which the separation actually happened, almost 20 years later.
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in Bangladesh. There is a dispute along partisan line regarding who declared the independence of Bangladesh. The
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is on 16 December and it commemorates the surrender of Pakistan to Bangladesh India joint forces at the end of
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into two different groups, therefore, it is the very negation of one people, one country and one culture.
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957:"Muktijuddho (Bangladesh Liberation War 1971) - Declaration of Independence - History of Bangladesh"
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in 1909 which made the electorate system based on religion and East Bengal was largely Muslim. The
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84:
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582:. On 10 March 1970, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman demanded autonomy for East Pakistan based on the
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8:
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that will ultimately result in the division of Pakistan into two different groups.
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545:
566:
34:
1387:"Independence Day: Bangladesh remembers, pays homage to Liberation War martyrs"
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652:
477:
took place along religious lines with Muslim majority areas going to Pakistan.
1718:
832:
and many historians found strange that the cable was coincidentally numbered:
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316:
95:
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started on 26 March and lasted till 16 December 1971 which is celebrated as
674:
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ends a public event with the slogan East Pakistan Zindabad on 23 November.
561:
416:
408:
540:
formed a separatist organization called "East Bengal Liberation Front" in
1077:
854:
726:. During the war, 15 million refugees from East Pakistan moved to India.
462:
454:
437:
1755:
1739:
1673:
1685:
607:
557:
74:
453:
decided to partition Bengal and in 1947 Bengal was partitioned again.
533:
395:. The Independence Day of Bangladesh is celebrated on 26 March when
829:
793:
548:
for help in the war of independence, but he refused because of the
496:
An organization called "Inner Group" was formed in 1947 before the
392:
99:
26:
485:
432:
In 1905, the British Raj partitioned the Bengal Presidency into
785:. It is notable for the fact that it essentially predicted the
536:
imposed military rule in Pakistan in 1958, some members of
1412:"Celebration of Bangladesh's 52nd Independence Day begins"
1205:
529:
were placed under house arrest on charges of separatism.
932:"Bangladesh: Declaration of Independence and Falsehood!"
839:
630:
1579:"Why Do India Celebrate 'Vijay Diwas' On 16th December"
1276:"Bhutan, not India, was first to recognize Bangladesh"
1470:"Free Bangladesh celebrates first Independence Day"
773:communicated in December 1952 between the two main
1740:""The Bengali Language: The Language of Writing,""
1101:
1099:
909:Proclaimer controversy of Bangladeshi Independence
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
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1051:
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1047:
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1043:
1041:
1039:
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1035:
1033:
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1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
982:"Bangabandhu and the declaration of independence"
1773:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
610:. On 7 March 1971, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman gave a
1096:
1463:
1461:
1381:
1379:
1270:
1268:
1737:
1166:Bhattacharya, Partha Pratim (26 March 2023).
1130:
1128:
1126:
998:
601:Flag of the Bangladeshi Independence movement
399:declared the independence of Bangladesh. The
360:
1434:
1432:
1165:
693:The national monument to the Liberation War.
1458:
1376:
1265:
871:but down the road, smeared with their blood
722:actions culminated in what is known as the
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1301:"Bhutan was first to recognise Bangladesh"
1123:
525:K. Fazlul Huq and party general secretary
367:
353:
33:
1674:"Language, Power and Ideology 37, no. 45"
1491:
1489:
1429:
1324:
1196:
1134:
1678:Economic and Political Weekly, jstor.org
1646:
1107:"The Independence of Bangladesh in 1971"
688:
637:Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence
596:
484:
1595:
1515:
1197:Chowdhury, Sanjana (16 December 2018).
886:Will meet the demands of this our land.
792:The cable discussed the implication of
669:International recognition of Bangladesh
480:
1774:
1738:Chattopadhyay, Bankim Chandra (2014).
1671:
1576:
1495:
1486:
881:the simple language of a simple people
876:I hope freedom will come to this land:
800:, and the economic parity between the
411:claim Sheikh Mujibur Rahman while the
1496:Sheren, Syeda Momtaz (18 June 2021).
1467:
1227:
1067:
840:Bengali language as national identity
787:separation of Pakistan and Bangladesh
631:Proclamation by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1704:
1438:
1255:"Bhutan recognised Bangladesh first"
1200:āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ 'āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻļ' āĻšāĻ˛?
1138:āĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ: āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¸
235:Sarbadaliya Chhatra Sangram Parishad
1612:
1327:"BANGLADESH GAINS RECOGNITION BY 2"
1325:Schanberg, Sydney H. (1972-01-12).
1228:Ahmed, Helal Uddin (18 June 2021).
1169:'āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻļ' āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ā§
684:
576:Sarbadalia Chhatra Sangram Parishad
544:, they asked Indian prime minister
492:commemorates the language movement.
13:
1135:Ishtiaque, Ahmad (25 March 2024).
979:
14:
1813:
1468:Sajen, Shamsuddoza (2020-03-26).
866:drawn from the arms of our mother
710:
651:Independence which was read from
215:East Pakistan Renaissance Society
861:For our language many have died,
387:on 26 March 1971, celebrated as
336:
132:
1797:Political history of Bangladesh
1731:
1698:
1665:
1640:
1570:
1545:
1528:"The Bangladesh Liberation War"
1404:
1351:
1318:
1293:
1247:
794:One Unit and one culture policy
504:following the ideals of Netaji
502:Bengal Provincial Muslim League
446:Bengal Provincial Muslim League
240:Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad
1553:"Victory Day programmes today"
1439:Khan, Sanjida (18 June 2021).
1359:"Israel Recognizes Bangladesh"
1221:
1190:
1159:
973:
949:
924:
902:
769:was a high profile and secret
729:
699:Independence Day of Bangladesh
662:
1:
1647:Schendel, Willen van (2020).
1083:Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
1073:"Declaration of Independence"
917:
849:The Bengali language movement
828:The cable is notable for its
811:The cable's message read as:
753:
586:of the Awami League. Moulana
554:East Pakistan Communist Party
451:1946 Cabinet Mission to India
440:. The British introduced the
427:
230:East Pakistan Communist Party
413:Bangladesh Nationalist Party
199:Proclamation of Independence
7:
648:Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra
560:sought permission from the
245:Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra
174:East Pakistan mass uprising
10:
1818:
1782:Independence of Bangladesh
980:League, Bangladesh Awami.
906:
714:
666:
634:
422:
381:Independence of Bangladesh
266:Habibullah Bahar Chowdhury
179:Pakistani general election
126:Independence of Bangladesh
20:Independence of Bangladesh
1719:10.3167/jemms.2014.060203
1649:"A History of Bangladesh"
1363:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
777:branches of Pakistanâthe
748:
739:Bangladesh Liberation War
717:Bangladesh Liberation War
588:Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani
518:Bengali Language movement
401:Bangladesh Liberation War
327:International recognition
322:Bangladesh Liberation War
291:Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani
276:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
154:Bengali language movement
90:
80:
70:
62:
44:
32:
24:
1787:Foundations of countries
1498:"War of Liberation, The"
1199:
1168:
1137:
617:Gazipur Ordnance Factory
572:Agartala conspiracy case
498:independence of Pakistan
184:Non-cooperation movement
164:Agartala Conspiracy Case
1616:War in the Indian Ocean
1230:"Seventh March Address"
169:Eleven Points Programme
1802:Separatism in Pakistan
1672:Rahman, Tariq (2002).
1613:Roy, Mihir K. (1995).
741:. It is celebrated as
704:Independence Day Award
694:
602:
493:
50:; 53 years ago
1705:Gosh, Shreya (2014).
1619:. Lancer Publishers.
1577:Victor (2017-12-17).
1111:The National Archives
761:, otherwise known as
692:
643:Operation Searchlight
600:
527:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
510:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
488:
397:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
343:Bangladesh portal
286:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
261:Abul Kalam Shamsuddin
194:Operation Searchlight
104:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
85:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
798:religious fanaticism
621:East Bengal Regiment
522:Krishak Sramik Party
490:Shaheed Minar, Dhaka
481:Path to independence
442:Morley-Minto Reforms
1792:Bengali nationalism
724:Bangladesh Genocide
514:Mohammed Ali Jinnah
506:Subhas Chandra Bose
271:Mujibur Rahman Khan
149:Partition of Bengal
21:
1331:The New York Times
1282:. PTI. Dec 9, 2014
1280:The Times of India
1261:. 8 December 2014.
936:South Asia Journal
695:
603:
592:1970 Bhola cyclone
550:NehruâLiaquat Pact
494:
475:Partition of India
159:Six point movement
19:
1744:Indian Literature
1626:978-1-897829-11-0
1559:. UNB. 2016-12-16
1534:. 5 December 2021
1441:"National Awards"
830:highlighted title
657:Meherpur District
584:Six Point program
377:
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312:Lahore Resolution
296:Ataur Rahman Khan
281:Serajul Alam Khan
109:
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1071:(18 June 2021).
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685:Independence Day
625:Jessore District
546:Jawaharlal Nehru
389:Independence Day
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102:under president
94:Independence of
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1365:. 20 March 2015
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834:Cable/File 1971
771:military signal
763:Priority Signal
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55:26 March 1971
48:26 March 1971
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1759:. Retrieved
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1710:
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1583:SSBToSuccess
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1473:
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1444:
1420:. Retrieved
1418:. 2022-03-26
1415:
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1395:. Retrieved
1393:. 2022-03-26
1390:
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1307:. 2014-12-09
1304:
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1284:. Retrieved
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1233:
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1178:(in Bengali)
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1147:(in Bengali)
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1110:
1086:. Retrieved
1076:
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986:www.albd.org
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938:. 2021-03-30
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409:Awami League
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225:United Front
220:Awami League
125:
81:Participants
1632:10 December
1502:Banglapedia
1445:Banglapedia
1234:Banglapedia
1078:Banglapedia
903:Controversy
855:Sufia Kamal
743:Vijay Diwas
735:Victory Day
730:Victory day
663:Recognition
606:by General
463:East Bengal
455:West Bengal
438:West Bengal
434:East Bengal
405:Victory Day
253:Key persons
1776:Categories
1761:2023-11-26
1724:2023-11-26
1691:2023-11-26
1658:2023-11-26
1588:2022-12-07
1563:2022-12-07
1538:2022-12-07
1507:7 December
1479:2022-12-07
1450:7 December
1422:2022-12-07
1397:2022-12-07
1369:2022-12-07
1344:2022-12-07
1311:2022-12-07
1286:2022-12-07
1239:7 December
1116:2022-12-07
1088:7 December
991:2022-12-07
966:2022-12-07
942:2022-12-07
918:References
759:Cable 1971
754:Cable 1971
745:in India.
667:See also:
619:after the
608:Yahya Khan
558:Moni Singh
428:Background
75:Bangladesh
1711:jstor.org
1339:0362-4331
767:File 1971
580:Ayub Khan
534:Ayub Khan
469:becoming
1756:44753709
781:and the
542:Jamalpur
467:Pakistan
465:went to
457:went to
393:Pakistan
385:declared
117:a series
115:Part of
100:Pakistan
71:Location
66:23 years
63:Duration
27:Cold War
25:Part of
1686:4412816
1532:Origins
1213:29 June
1182:29 June
1151:29 June
423:History
391:, from
304:Related
91:Outcome
53: (
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820:creed.
816:state.
749:Causes
532:After
473:. The
141:Events
119:on the
1752:JSTOR
1682:JSTOR
459:India
98:from
1634:2016
1621:ISBN
1509:2022
1452:2022
1335:ISSN
1241:2022
1215:2024
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1090:2022
894:The
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697:The
461:and
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383:was
379:The
45:Date
1715:doi
1206:BBC
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