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composition. Some incubators have a means of circulating the air inside of them to ensure even distribution of temperatures. Many incubators built for laboratory use have a redundant power source, to ensure that power outages do not disrupt experiments. Incubators are made in a variety of sizes, from tabletop models, to warm rooms, which serve as incubators for large numbers of samples.
212:
In the 19th century, researchers finally began to recognize that the use of incubators could contribute to medical advancements. They began to experiment to find the ideal environment for maintaining cell culture stocks. These early incubators were simply made up of bell jars that contained a single
272:
Incubators serve a variety of functions in a scientific lab. Incubators generally maintain a constant temperature, however additional features are often built in. Many incubators also control humidity. Shaking incubators incorporate movement to mix cultures. Gas incubators regulate the internal gas
256:
incubators to identify and study pathogens found in patients' bodily fluids. To do this, a sample was harvested and placed onto a sterile dish and into the incubator. The air in the incubator was kept at 37 degrees
Celsius, the same temperature as the human body, and the incubator maintained the
182:
were invented thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt and China, where they were used to keep chicken eggs warm. Use of incubators revolutionized food production, as it allowed chicks to hatch from eggs without requiring that a hen sit on them, thus freeing the hens to lay more eggs in a shorter
161:
From aiding in hatching chicken eggs to enabling scientists to understand and develop vaccines for deadly viruses, the laboratory incubator has seen numerous applications over the years it has been in use. The incubator has also provided a foundation for medical advances and experimental work in
110:
The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater, typically going up to 60 to 65 °C (140 to 149 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more than 100 °C). The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such as the frequently used
264:. Scientists could create biologically essential proteins, such as insulin, with the use of incubators. Genetic modification could now take place on a molecular level, helping to improve the nutritional content and resistance to pestilence and disease of fruits and vegetables.
169:
While many technological advances have occurred since the primitive incubators first used in ancient Egypt and China, the main purpose of the incubator has remained unchanged: to create a stable, controlled environment conducive to research, study, and cultivation.
199:
The incubator received an update in the 16th century when Jean
Baptiste Porta drew on ancient Egyptian design to create a more modern egg incubator. While he eventually had to discontinue his work due to the Spanish Inquisition,
183:
period of time. Both early
Egyptian and Chinese incubators were essentially large rooms that were heated by fires, where attendants turned the eggs at regular intervals to ensure even heat distribution.
224:
In the late 19th century, doctors realized another practical use for incubators: keeping premature or weak infants alive. The first infant incubator, used at a women's hospital in Paris, was heated by
204:
took up the challenge in the middle of the 17th century. Reaumur warmed his incubator with a wood stove and monitored its temperature using the
Reaumur thermometer, another of his inventions.
217:
2153:
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232:, an American physician often considered to be the father of neonatology, designed an electric infant incubator that closely resembles the infant incubators in use today.
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119:(99 °F), as these organisms grow well under such conditions. For other organisms used in biological experiments, such as the budding yeast
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319:"Artificial Incubation of Poultry Eggs - 3,000 Years of History -", CEVA Sante Animale, Malaysia, September 2005, Retrieved on 29 October 2018
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More elaborate incubators can also include the ability to lower the temperature (via refrigeration), or the ability to control humidity or
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lit candle. Cultures were placed near the flame on the underside of the jar's lid, and the entire jar was placed in a dry, heated oven.
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incubator was introduced to the market. Demand came when doctors realized that they could use CO
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content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for much experimental work in
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levels. This is important in the cultivation of mammalian cells, where the relative
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atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen levels necessary to promote cell growth.
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The next innovation in incubator technology came in the 1960s, when the CO
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Device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures
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is typically >80% to prevent evaporation and a slightly acidic
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123:, a growth temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) is optimal.
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356:"An Electric-Heated Water-Jacketed Infant Incubator and Bed"
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107:, gas composition, or ventilation within that chamber.
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An incubator is made up of a chamber with a regulated
280:
394:"Improvements in CO2 Incubators for Cell Cultures"
260:At this time, incubators also began to be used in
433:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 359–369.
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115:as well as for mammalian cells is approximately
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1413:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
360:Journal of the American Medical Association
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1778:Instruments used in medical laboratories
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1294:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
14:
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1342:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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52:is a device used to grow and maintain
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2102:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
157:History of the laboratory incubator
68:and other conditions such as the CO
24:
1337:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
60:. The incubator maintains optimal
25:
2367:
2228:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
2035:biochemical and immunologic tests
424:"Incubation and Incubators"
414:
372:10.1001/jama.1915.25710390003011c
311:
202:Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur
2256:Minimum inhibitory concentration
1948:Manual testing: basic techniques
1382:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
1192:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
283:
103:. Some incubators also regulate
1439:
141:is achieved by maintaining a CO
2164:Novobiocin susceptibility test
2154:Bacitracin susceptibility test
386:
354:Hess, Julius H. (1915-03-27).
347:
331:"Incubator | Encyclopedia.com"
323:
13:
1:
2047:Amino acid decarboxylase test
919:
304:
88:and are used to culture both
18:Incubator (laboratory device)
2159:Optochin susceptibility test
2122:Sulfide indole motility test
2107:Phenylalanine deaminase test
187:In the 16th and 17th century
7:
480:
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152:A Bacteriological incubator
10:
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220:Incubator invented by Hess
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2203:Polymerase chain reaction
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1537:Time-domain reflectometer
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1304:Liquid chromatograph (LC)
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421:Mudge, George P. (1911).
2193:Analytical profile index
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121:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
54:microbiological cultures
1372:Melting-point apparatus
753:Cryogenic storage dewar
430:Encyclopædia Britannica
174:The earliest incubators
2351:Microbiology equipment
2127:Triple sugar iron test
1309:Mass spectrometer (MS)
1299:Gas chromatograph (GC)
245:
221:
196:
153:
45:
2185:point-of-care testing
1866:Cultures by body site
1819:clinical microbiology
1684:Acid-resistant gloves
1365:differential scanning
243:
228:. Fifty years later,
219:
194:
151:
33:
2346:Laboratory equipment
2144:Voges–Proskauer test
2052:Bile solubility test
1907:Cultures by organism
1840:Isolation techniques
1261:Analytical chemistry
763:Laminar flow cabinet
469:Laboratory equipment
335:www.encyclopedia.com
2251:McFarland standards
2241:Disk diffusion test
2236:Beta-lactamase test
2169:Lancefield grouping
2149:X and V factor test
2117:Salt tolerance test
1992:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
1955:Colonial morphology
1633:Personal protective
542:Meker–Fisher burner
262:genetic engineering
236:In the 20th century
208:In the 19th century
195:Reaumur thermometer
180:earliest incubators
2320:Inoculation needle
1476:Function generator
1459:Bench power supply
1398:Analytical balance
1159:Ostwald viscometer
1154:Graduated cylinder
893:Inoculation needle
398:www.biocompare.com
317:Paniago, Marcelo.
246:
222:
197:
154:
46:
41:incubator used in
2356:Medical equipment
2328:
2327:
2305:Biosafety cabinet
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2112:Reverse CAMP test
1932:
1931:
1914:Bacterial culture
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1744:Fire extinguisher
1734:Biosafety cabinet
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1542:Transistor tester
1532:Spectrum analyzer
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1122:Measuring devices
944:Soxhlet extractor
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858:Spectrophotometer
853:Pipeclay triangle
605:Mortar and pestle
366:(13): 1068–1069.
299:Egyptian egg oven
244:Shaking incubator
164:molecular biology
86:molecular biology
16:(Redirected from
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2315:Inoculation loop
2213:Rapid strep test
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898:Inoculation loop
768:Microtiter plate
708:Test tube holder
600:Magnetic stirrer
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2033:Manual testing:
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1987:India ink stain
1977:Acid-fast stain
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1878:Genital culture
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1857:Selective media
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1689:Eyewash station
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1635:equipment (PPE)
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1452:Control devices
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1134:Conical measure
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560:Vacuum dry box
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522:Heating mantle
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415:External links
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291:Biology portal
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230:Julius H. Hess
226:kerosene lamps
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34:Interior of a
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2306:
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2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:Anaerobic jar
2286:
2282:
2281:Growth medium
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2218:Monospot test
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1924:Viral culture
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1898:Wound culture
1896:
1894:
1893:Urine culture
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Blood culture
1871:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1824:
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1807:
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1800:
1798:
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1792:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1760:
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1737:
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1732:
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1715:
1712:
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1707:
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1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1668:Safety shower
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1578:Wire stripper
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
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1525:
1523:
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1502:
1498:
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1470:
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1465:
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1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:Spiral plater
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
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1358:
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1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:Compositional
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
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1214:
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1198:
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1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
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1177:
1175:
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1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
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1147:
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1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
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1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
976:
972:
966:
963:
962:
960:
956:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:Balance brush
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
796:
790:Weighing dish
789:
787:Weighing boat
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
743:
737:
734:
733:
730:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
703:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
679:
678:Burette clamp
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
663:
662:
660:
654:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
580:
574:
571:
570:
567:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:Bunsen burner
510:
508:
505:
504:
502:
496:
493:
492:
489:
485:
478:
474:
470:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
443:
440:
432:
431:
425:
419:
418:
399:
395:
389:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
350:
336:
332:
326:
320:
314:
310:
300:
297:
296:
292:
286:
281:
274:
265:
263:
258:
242:
233:
231:
227:
218:
214:
205:
203:
193:
184:
181:
171:
167:
165:
162:cellular and
150:
146:
140:
136:
132:
124:
122:
118:
114:
108:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
63:
59:
58:cell cultures
55:
51:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2341:Cell biology
2309:
2092:Nitrite test
2062:Citrate test
2003:Rapid tests
1982:Giemsa stain
1852:Streak plate
1739:Fire blanket
1677:Eye and hand
1663:Rubber apron
1527:Oscilloscope
1491:Potentiostat
1418:Plate reader
1314:pH indicator
1284:CHN analyzer
1279:AutoAnalyzer
1072:Round-bottom
965:Boston round
828:Filter paper
783:Refrigerator
757:
700:Retort stand
668:Clamp holder
664:Beaker clamp
630:Vortex mixer
625:Stirring rod
620:Static mixer
550:Teclu burner
428:
401:. Retrieved
397:
388:
363:
359:
349:
338:. Retrieved
334:
325:
313:
271:
259:
247:
223:
211:
198:
177:
168:
160:
145:level of 5%.
125:
109:
98:
82:microbiology
78:cell biology
49:
47:
43:cell culture
2300:Durham tube
2132:Urease test
1941:and testing
1727:Other items
1653:Face shield
1500:Measurement
1481:Galvanostat
1441:Electronics
1391:Other items
1377:Thermometer
1360:Calorimeter
1289:Colorimeter
1233:Gas syringe
1216:Other items
1144:Eye dropper
1019:Watch glass
1004:Evaporating
983:Cold finger
798:Other items
704:Screw clamp
696:Pinch clamp
685:Flask clamp
635:Wash bottle
590:Homogenizer
101:temperature
62:temperature
2335:Categories
2276:Agar plate
2072:DNAse test
1972:Gram stain
1658:Respirator
1599:Test probe
1517:Multimeter
1329:Microscopy
1149:Eudiometer
1113:Separatory
1082:Volumetric
1047:Erlenmeyer
975:Condensers
939:Dean–Stark
888:Wire brush
848:Microscope
843:Centrifuge
818:Cork borer
773:Petri dish
748:Agar plate
735:Containers
718:Wire gauze
555:Water bath
517:Desiccator
403:2019-12-02
340:2019-11-18
305:References
94:eukaryotic
2310:Incubator
2269:Equipment
2198:MALDI-TOF
2097:ONPG test
2057:CAMP test
1960:Hemolysis
1827:Isolation
1749:Fume hood
1694:Glove box
1547:Voltmeter
932:Apparatus
921:Glassware
810:Autoclave
805:Aspirator
758:Incubator
692:Iron ring
615:Sonicator
585:Chemostat
527:Hot plate
380:0002-9955
90:bacterial
50:incubator
2174:RPR test
2082:KOH test
2042:ALA test
2012:Catalase
1999:Wet prep
1967:Staining
1648:Lab coat
1573:Tweezers
1563:Heat gun
1319:pH meter
1228:Bell jar
1108:Dropping
1062:Florence
1052:Fernbach
1014:Syracuse
873:Scoopula
823:Crucible
532:Lab oven
277:See also
135:humidity
105:humidity
66:humidity
2293:Gas-pak
2007:Oxidase
1847:Asepsis
1832:culture
1587:General
1507:Ammeter
1207:Thistle
1164:Pipette
1139:Cuvette
1129:Burette
1098:BĂĽchner
1091:Funnels
1077:Schlenk
1057:Fleaker
1037:BĂĽchner
958:Bottles
878:Spatula
868:Stopper
838:Forceps
738:Storage
655:Holders
575:Shakers
546:Striker
494:Heaters
481:General
113:E. coli
96:cells.
2017:Indole
1621:Safety
1223:Beaker
1202:Thiele
1187:Cragie
1182:Drying
1103:Hirsch
1067:Retort
1029:Flasks
997:Dishes
988:Liebig
949:Kipp's
863:Splint
673:Tripod
651:Clamps
647:Stands
610:Shaker
572:Mixers
497:Dryers
378:
74:oxygen
2246:Etest
2208:VITEK
2137:rapid
2077:IMViC
1556:Tools
1174:Tubes
1009:Petri
268:Today
117:37 °C
1830:and
1238:Vial
1197:Test
833:File
537:Kiln
376:ISSN
364:LXIV
178:The
92:and
84:and
72:and
2022:PYR
368:doi
56:or
48:An
2337::
427:.
396:.
374:.
362:.
358:.
333:.
166:.
139:pH
128:CO
80:,
64:,
36:CO
1810:e
1803:t
1796:v
461:e
454:t
447:v
406:.
382:.
370::
343:.
254:2
250:2
143:2
130:2
70:2
38:2
20:)
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