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composition. Some incubators have a means of circulating the air inside of them to ensure even distribution of temperatures. Many incubators built for laboratory use have a redundant power source, to ensure that power outages do not disrupt experiments. Incubators are made in a variety of sizes, from tabletop models, to warm rooms, which serve as incubators for large numbers of samples.
201:
In the 19th century, researchers finally began to recognize that the use of incubators could contribute to medical advancements. They began to experiment to find the ideal environment for maintaining cell culture stocks. These early incubators were simply made up of bell jars that contained a single
261:
Incubators serve a variety of functions in a scientific lab. Incubators generally maintain a constant temperature, however additional features are often built in. Many incubators also control humidity. Shaking incubators incorporate movement to mix cultures. Gas incubators regulate the internal gas
245:
incubators to identify and study pathogens found in patients' bodily fluids. To do this, a sample was harvested and placed onto a sterile dish and into the incubator. The air in the incubator was kept at 37 degrees
Celsius, the same temperature as the human body, and the incubator maintained the
171:
were invented thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt and China, where they were used to keep chicken eggs warm. Use of incubators revolutionized food production, as it allowed chicks to hatch from eggs without requiring that a hen sit on them, thus freeing the hens to lay more eggs in a shorter
150:
From aiding in hatching chicken eggs to enabling scientists to understand and develop vaccines for deadly viruses, the laboratory incubator has seen numerous applications over the years it has been in use. The incubator has also provided a foundation for medical advances and experimental work in
99:
The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater, typically going up to 60 to 65 °C (140 to 149 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more than 100 °C). The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such as the frequently used
253:. Scientists could create biologically essential proteins, such as insulin, with the use of incubators. Genetic modification could now take place on a molecular level, helping to improve the nutritional content and resistance to pestilence and disease of fruits and vegetables.
158:
While many technological advances have occurred since the primitive incubators first used in ancient Egypt and China, the main purpose of the incubator has remained unchanged: to create a stable, controlled environment conducive to research, study, and cultivation.
188:
The incubator received an update in the 16th century when Jean
Baptiste Porta drew on ancient Egyptian design to create a more modern egg incubator. While he eventually had to discontinue his work due to the Spanish Inquisition,
172:
period of time. Both early
Egyptian and Chinese incubators were essentially large rooms that were heated by fires, where attendants turned the eggs at regular intervals to ensure even heat distribution.
213:
In the late 19th century, doctors realized another practical use for incubators: keeping premature or weak infants alive. The first infant incubator, used at a women's hospital in Paris, was heated by
193:
took up the challenge in the middle of the 17th century. Reaumur warmed his incubator with a wood stove and monitored its temperature using the
Reaumur thermometer, another of his inventions.
206:
2142:
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221:, an American physician often considered to be the father of neonatology, designed an electric infant incubator that closely resembles the infant incubators in use today.
1797:
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108:(99 °F), as these organisms grow well under such conditions. For other organisms used in biological experiments, such as the budding yeast
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448:
308:"Artificial Incubation of Poultry Eggs - 3,000 Years of History -", CEVA Sante Animale, Malaysia, September 2005, Retrieved on 29 October 2018
319:
115:
More elaborate incubators can also include the ability to lower the temperature (via refrigeration), or the ability to control humidity or
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1677:
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lit candle. Cultures were placed near the flame on the underside of the jar's lid, and the entire jar was placed in a dry, heated oven.
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incubator was introduced to the market. Demand came when doctors realized that they could use CO
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content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for much experimental work in
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levels. This is important in the cultivation of mammalian cells, where the relative
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atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen levels necessary to promote cell growth.
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The next innovation in incubator technology came in the 1960s, when the CO
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Device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures
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is typically >80% to prevent evaporation and a slightly acidic
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112:, a growth temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) is optimal.
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345:"An Electric-Heated Water-Jacketed Infant Incubator and Bed"
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96:, gas composition, or ventilation within that chamber.
145:
88:
An incubator is made up of a chamber with a regulated
269:
383:"Improvements in CO2 Incubators for Cell Cultures"
249:At this time, incubators also began to be used in
422:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 359–369.
2321:
104:as well as for mammalian cells is approximately
175:
1791:
442:
1402:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
349:Journal of the American Medical Association
1798:
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435:
162:
1767:Instruments used in medical laboratories
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456:
228:
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136:
18:
1283:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
2322:
1331:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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41:is a device used to grow and maintain
1779:
1608:
1427:
1247:
907:
468:
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2091:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
146:History of the laboratory incubator
57:and other conditions such as the CO
13:
1326:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
49:. The incubator maintains optimal
14:
2356:
2217:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
2024:biochemical and immunologic tests
413:"Incubation and Incubators"
403:
361:10.1001/jama.1915.25710390003011c
300:
191:Rene-Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur
2245:Minimum inhibitory concentration
1937:Manual testing: basic techniques
1371:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
1181:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
272:
92:. Some incubators also regulate
1428:
130:is achieved by maintaining a CO
2153:Novobiocin susceptibility test
2143:Bacitracin susceptibility test
375:
343:Hess, Julius H. (1915-03-27).
336:
320:"Incubator | Encyclopedia.com"
312:
1:
2036:Amino acid decarboxylase test
908:
293:
77:and are used to culture both
2148:Optochin susceptibility test
2111:Sulfide indole motility test
2096:Phenylalanine deaminase test
176:In the 16th and 17th century
7:
469:
265:
141:A Bacteriological incubator
10:
2361:
1609:
209:Incubator invented by Hess
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2215:
2192:Polymerase chain reaction
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1936:
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1526:Time-domain reflectometer
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1293:Liquid chromatograph (LC)
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557:
479:
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410:Mudge, George P. (1911).
2182:Analytical profile index
256:
110:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
43:microbiological cultures
1361:Melting-point apparatus
742:Cryogenic storage dewar
419:Encyclopædia Britannica
163:The earliest incubators
2340:Microbiology equipment
2116:Triple sugar iron test
1298:Mass spectrometer (MS)
1288:Gas chromatograph (GC)
234:
210:
185:
142:
34:
2174:point-of-care testing
1855:Cultures by body site
1808:clinical microbiology
1673:Acid-resistant gloves
1354:differential scanning
232:
217:. Fifty years later,
208:
183:
140:
22:
2335:Laboratory equipment
2133:Voges–Proskauer test
2041:Bile solubility test
1896:Cultures by organism
1829:Isolation techniques
1250:Analytical chemistry
752:Laminar flow cabinet
458:Laboratory equipment
324:www.encyclopedia.com
2240:McFarland standards
2230:Disk diffusion test
2225:Beta-lactamase test
2158:Lancefield grouping
2138:X and V factor test
2106:Salt tolerance test
1981:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
1944:Colonial morphology
1622:Personal protective
531:Meker–Fisher burner
251:genetic engineering
225:In the 20th century
197:In the 19th century
184:Reaumur thermometer
169:earliest incubators
2309:Inoculation needle
1465:Function generator
1448:Bench power supply
1387:Analytical balance
1148:Ostwald viscometer
1143:Graduated cylinder
882:Inoculation needle
387:www.biocompare.com
306:Paniago, Marcelo.
235:
211:
186:
143:
35:
30:incubator used in
2345:Medical equipment
2317:
2316:
2294:Biosafety cabinet
2253:
2252:
2101:Reverse CAMP test
1921:
1920:
1903:Bacterial culture
1773:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1733:Fire extinguisher
1723:Biosafety cabinet
1711:
1710:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1531:Transistor tester
1521:Spectrum analyzer
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1111:Measuring devices
933:Soxhlet extractor
899:
898:
895:
894:
847:Spectrophotometer
842:Pipeclay triangle
594:Mortar and pestle
355:(13): 1068–1069.
288:Egyptian egg oven
233:Shaking incubator
153:molecular biology
75:molecular biology
2352:
2304:Inoculation loop
2202:Rapid strep test
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1511:Network analyzer
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887:Inoculation loop
757:Microtiter plate
697:Test tube holder
589:Magnetic stirrer
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2076:Methyl red test
2023:
2022:Manual testing:
2017:
1976:India ink stain
1966:Acid-fast stain
1929:
1917:
1891:
1867:Genital culture
1850:
1846:Selective media
1818:
1810:
1804:
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1748:Solvent cabinet
1707:
1678:Eyewash station
1661:
1626:
1624:equipment (PPE)
1623:
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1484:
1475:Pulse generator
1441:Control devices
1432:
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1375:
1341:Thermochemistry
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1157:
1123:Conical measure
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872:Test tube brush
782:
767:Picotiter plate
730:
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712:Lab drying rack
671:Extension clamp
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2056:Coagulase test
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1927:Identification
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1908:Fungal culture
1905:
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1877:Throat culture
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1872:Sputum culture
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1806:Techniques in
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1743:Safety cabinet
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1703:Safety goggles
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1698:Safety glasses
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1693:Nitrile gloves
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1688:Medical gloves
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1501:Logic analyzer
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1031:Vacuum (Dewar)
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702:Test tube rack
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677:Funnel support
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584:Liquid whistle
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549:Vacuum dry box
546:
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511:Heating mantle
508:
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496:Alcohol burner
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404:External links
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284:
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280:Biology portal
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226:
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219:Julius H. Hess
215:kerosene lamps
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58:
26:
23:Interior of a
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2277:Anaerobic jar
2275:
2271:
2270:Growth medium
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2207:Monospot test
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1914:
1913:Viral culture
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1887:Wound culture
1885:
1883:
1882:Urine culture
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Blood culture
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1657:Safety shower
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1567:Wire stripper
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:Spiral plater
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:Compositional
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
967:
965:
961:
955:
952:
951:
949:
945:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:Balance brush
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
785:
779:Weighing dish
778:
776:Weighing boat
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
732:
726:
723:
722:
719:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
668:
667:Burette clamp
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
652:
651:
649:
643:
641:
638:
635:
634:
631:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
569:
563:
560:
559:
556:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:Bunsen burner
499:
497:
494:
493:
491:
485:
482:
481:
478:
474:
467:
463:
459:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
432:
429:
421:
420:
414:
408:
407:
388:
384:
378:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
339:
325:
321:
315:
309:
303:
299:
289:
286:
285:
281:
275:
270:
263:
254:
252:
247:
231:
222:
220:
216:
207:
203:
194:
192:
182:
173:
170:
160:
156:
154:
151:cellular and
139:
135:
129:
125:
121:
113:
111:
107:
103:
97:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
52:
48:
47:cell cultures
44:
40:
33:
29:
21:
2330:Cell biology
2298:
2081:Nitrite test
2051:Citrate test
1992:Rapid tests
1971:Giemsa stain
1841:Streak plate
1728:Fire blanket
1666:Eye and hand
1652:Rubber apron
1516:Oscilloscope
1480:Potentiostat
1407:Plate reader
1303:pH indicator
1273:CHN analyzer
1268:AutoAnalyzer
1061:Round-bottom
954:Boston round
817:Filter paper
772:Refrigerator
746:
689:Retort stand
657:Clamp holder
653:Beaker clamp
619:Vortex mixer
614:Stirring rod
609:Static mixer
539:Teclu burner
417:
390:. Retrieved
386:
377:
352:
348:
338:
327:. Retrieved
323:
314:
302:
260:
248:
236:
212:
200:
187:
166:
157:
149:
134:level of 5%.
114:
98:
87:
71:microbiology
67:cell biology
38:
36:
32:cell culture
2289:Durham tube
2121:Urease test
1930:and testing
1716:Other items
1642:Face shield
1489:Measurement
1470:Galvanostat
1430:Electronics
1380:Other items
1366:Thermometer
1349:Calorimeter
1278:Colorimeter
1222:Gas syringe
1205:Other items
1133:Eye dropper
1008:Watch glass
993:Evaporating
972:Cold finger
787:Other items
693:Screw clamp
685:Pinch clamp
674:Flask clamp
624:Wash bottle
579:Homogenizer
90:temperature
51:temperature
2324:Categories
2265:Agar plate
2061:DNAse test
1961:Gram stain
1647:Respirator
1588:Test probe
1506:Multimeter
1318:Microscopy
1138:Eudiometer
1102:Separatory
1071:Volumetric
1036:Erlenmeyer
964:Condensers
928:Dean–Stark
877:Wire brush
837:Microscope
832:Centrifuge
807:Cork borer
762:Petri dish
737:Agar plate
724:Containers
707:Wire gauze
544:Water bath
506:Desiccator
392:2019-12-02
329:2019-11-18
294:References
83:eukaryotic
2299:Incubator
2258:Equipment
2187:MALDI-TOF
2086:ONPG test
2046:CAMP test
1949:Hemolysis
1816:Isolation
1738:Fume hood
1683:Glove box
1536:Voltmeter
921:Apparatus
910:Glassware
799:Autoclave
794:Aspirator
747:Incubator
681:Iron ring
604:Sonicator
574:Chemostat
516:Hot plate
369:0002-9955
79:bacterial
39:incubator
2163:RPR test
2071:KOH test
2031:ALA test
2001:Catalase
1988:Wet prep
1956:Staining
1637:Lab coat
1562:Tweezers
1552:Heat gun
1308:pH meter
1217:Bell jar
1097:Dropping
1051:Florence
1041:Fernbach
1003:Syracuse
862:Scoopula
812:Crucible
521:Lab oven
266:See also
124:humidity
94:humidity
55:humidity
2282:Gas-pak
1996:Oxidase
1836:Asepsis
1821:culture
1576:General
1496:Ammeter
1196:Thistle
1153:Pipette
1128:Cuvette
1118:Burette
1087:BĂĽchner
1080:Funnels
1066:Schlenk
1046:Fleaker
1026:BĂĽchner
947:Bottles
867:Spatula
857:Stopper
827:Forceps
727:Storage
644:Holders
564:Shakers
535:Striker
483:Heaters
470:General
102:E. coli
85:cells.
2006:Indole
1610:Safety
1212:Beaker
1191:Thiele
1176:Cragie
1171:Drying
1092:Hirsch
1056:Retort
1018:Flasks
986:Dishes
977:Liebig
938:Kipp's
852:Splint
662:Tripod
640:Clamps
636:Stands
599:Shaker
561:Mixers
486:Dryers
367:
63:oxygen
2235:Etest
2197:VITEK
2126:rapid
2066:IMViC
1545:Tools
1163:Tubes
998:Petri
257:Today
106:37 °C
1819:and
1227:Vial
1186:Test
822:File
526:Kiln
365:ISSN
353:LXIV
167:The
81:and
73:and
61:and
2011:PYR
357:doi
45:or
37:An
2326::
416:.
385:.
363:.
351:.
347:.
322:.
155:.
128:pH
117:CO
69:,
53:,
25:CO
1799:e
1792:t
1785:v
450:e
443:t
436:v
395:.
371:.
359::
332:.
243:2
239:2
132:2
119:2
59:2
27:2
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