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agricultural knowledge and technology in the 18th century made them more commonplace. Because tenants, or even copyholders, had legally enforceable rights on the land, substantial compensation was provided to extinguish them; thus many tenants were active supporters of enclosure, though it enabled landlords to force reluctant tenants to comply with the process.
647:"Enclosure" and "inclosure" are words that are frequently used interchangeably, but there is a fundamental difference between them: an "enclosure" is a physical boundary around a piece of land; "inclosure" is the legal term that refers to the conversion of common land into private land. All British acts of Parliament use the term "Inclosure".
342:
were often abused by landowners: the preliminary meetings where enclosure was discussed, intended to be held in public, often took place in the presence of only the local landowners, who regularly chose their own solicitors, surveyors and commissioners to decide on each case. In 1786 there were still
319:
Any individual might possess several strips of land within the manor, often at some distance from one another. Seeking better financial returns, landowners looked for more efficient farming techniques. Enclosure acts for small areas had been passed sporadically since the 12th century, but advances in
288:
by all manorial tenants. "Waste" was land without value as a farm strip – often very narrow areas (typically less than a yard wide) in awkward locations (such as cliff edges, or inconveniently shaped manorial borders), but also bare rock, and similar. "Waste" was not officially used by anyone, and so
350:– at the very moment new technological advances required large numbers of workers, a concentration of large numbers of people in need of work had emerged; the former country tenants and their descendants became workers in industrial factories within cities.
758:
1155:
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Before the enclosures in
England, a portion of the land was categorized as "common" or "waste". "Common" land was under the control of the lord of the manor, but certain rights on the land such as
1120:
404:
556:
501:
1150:
934:
The Act for the
Enclosure of Commons in England and Wales: With a Treatise on the Law of Rights of Commons, in Reference to this Act: and Forms as Settled by the Commissioners, Etc
304:, which exercised some collective control. What might now be termed a single field would have been divided under this system among the lord and his tenants; poorer peasants (
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The remaining land was organised into a large number of narrow strips, each tenant possessing a number of disparate strips throughout the manor, as would the
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With legal control of the land, landlords introduced innovations in methods of crop production, increasing profits and supporting the
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c. 118) instituted the appointment of
Inclosure Commissioners, who could enclose land without submitting a request to Parliament.
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An
Analytical Digest of the Reports of Cases Decided in the Courts of Common Law, and Equity, of Appeal, and Nisi Prius. By
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63:
324:
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1009:
Parliamentary Papers, House of
Commons and Command, Volume 12. By Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons
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The tenants displaced by the process often left the countryside to work in the towns. This contributed to the
17:
732:
343:
250,000 independent landowners, but in the course of only thirty years their number was reduced to 32,000.
156:
339:
1029:
327:; higher productivity also enabled landowners to justify higher rents for the people working the land.
806:
1255:
954:"Agriculture, Transportation and the Timing of Urbanization: Global Analysis at the Grid Cell Level"
1072:
1051:
134:
90:
905:
Boyle, James (2003). "The Second
Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain".
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https://libcom.org/files/Rocker%20-%20Anarcho-Syndicalism%20Theory%20and%20Practice.pdf
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Chambers, Jonathan D. "Enclosure and labour supply in the industrial revolution",
1133:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Rosemary Sweet, Murray Pittock & Mark Overton (
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1037:
932:
461:
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Series of Acts that empowered enclosure of open fields and common land in
England
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A poem from the 18th century reads as a protest against the inclosure acts:
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Acts of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning England and Wales
952:
Motamed, Mesbah J.; Florax, Raymond J. G. M; Masters, William A. (2014).
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251:
918:
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were held variously by certain nearby properties, or (occasionally)
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The
Parliamentary Debates, Volume 80. By Great Britain. Parliament.
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281:
242:
created legal property rights to land previously held in common in
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277:
273:
76:
1071:
Alienated tithes in appropriated and impropriated parishes.
947:. Vol. 12. H.M. Stationery Office. 1919. p. 588.
664:). Holdings described as waste or not in use paid no tax.
1151:
Lists of legislation by short title and collective title
1096:
The Magna Carta
Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All
1038:
The English Peasantry and the Enclosure of Common Fields
951:
831:
1018:Edinburgh Review, Or, Critical Journal, Volume 62.
258:public land were passed, affecting 28,000 km.
254:. Between 1604 and 1914 over 5,200 individual acts
148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
756:
1098:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
411:c. 109) was passed to tidy up previous acts. The
1142:
1121:Parliamentary enclosure – Surrey County Council
1059:. By Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company
1024:The Pictorial History of England, Volume 6. By
757:Clark, Gregory; Anthony Clark (December 2001).
1241:Agriculture legislation in the United Kingdom
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
660:records various manors as waste (Latin:
387:Who steals the goose from off the common
373:Who take things that are yours and mine.
360:Who steals the goose from off the common
101:of all important aspects of the article.
752:
750:
601:Commonable Rights Compensation Act 1882
289:was often farmed by landless peasants.
14:
1236:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1882
1231:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1879
1226:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1878
1221:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1876
1216:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1868
1211:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1859
1206:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1857
1201:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1854
1196:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1852
1191:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1851
1186:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1849
1181:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1848
1176:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1847
1171:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1846
1166:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1845
1143:
440:The Inclosure Acts 1845 to 1882 mean:
364:That steals the common from the goose.
97:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1065:The Contemporary Review, Volume 67.
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371:But leaves the lords and ladies fine
358:They hang the man and flog the woman
146:adding citations to reliable sources
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70:
29:
382:Those who conspire to make the law.
24:
1131:The Enclosures of the 18th Century
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892:, section 2(1) and second schedule
832:Motamed, Florax & Masters 2014
759:"Common Rights to Land in England"
405:Inclosure (Consolidation) Act 1801
389:And geese will still a common lack
376:The poor and wretched don't escape
25:
1267:
1246:History of agriculture in England
1102:
796:
629:Primitive accumulation of capital
557:Inclosure, etc. Expenses Act 1868
385:The law locks up the man or woman
378:If they conspire the law to break
369:When we take things we do not own
362:Yet let the greater villain loose
45:This article has multiple issues.
502:Inclosure Commissioners Act 1851
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1251:History of agriculture in Wales
1126:Archive details and description
991:. Thomson Reuters Practical Law
882:
870:
849:
763:The Journal of Economic History
688:. Thomson Reuters Practical law
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391:Till they go and steal it back.
380:This must be so but they endure
133:needs additional citations for
89:may be too short to adequately
53:or discuss these issues on the
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99:provide an accessible overview
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907:Law and Contemporary Problems
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813:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc
367:The law demands that we atone
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579:Commons (Expenses) Act 1878
340:Parliament of Great Britain
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961:Journal of Economic Growth
330:The powers granted in the
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973:10.1007/s10887-014-9104-x
775:10.1017/S0022050701042061
300:, it was administered by
937:. London: Owen Richards.
634:
1086:Economic History Review
989:"Enclosure (Inclosure)"
811:Encyclopædia Britannica
735:. Hull Domesday project
686:"Enclosure (Inclosure)"
325:Agricultural Revolution
929:Cooke, George Wingrove
401:
890:Short Titles Act 1896
355:
348:Industrial Revolution
266:Further information:
1114:3 March 2016 at the
1088:5.3 (1953): 319–343
944:Parliamentary Papers
857:"Enclosing the Land"
708:"Enclosing the Land"
624:List of short titles
142:improve this article
1026:George Lillie Craik
834:, pp. 339–368.
807:"open-field system"
1094:Linebaugh, Peter.
546:Inclosure Act 1859
535:Inclosure Act 1857
524:Inclosure Act 1854
513:Inclosure Act 1852
491:Inclosure Act 1849
480:Inclosure Act 1848
469:Inclosure Act 1847
458:Inclosure Act 1846
447:Inclosure Act 1845
430:Inclosure Act 1773
413:Inclosure Act 1845
332:Inclosure Act 1773
1109:Thesaurus of Acts
712:www.parliament.uk
605:45 & 46 Vict.
594:42 & 43 Vict.
583:41 & 42 Vict.
572:39 & 40 Vict.
561:31 & 32 Vict.
550:22 & 23 Vict.
539:20 & 21 Vict.
528:17 & 18 Vict.
517:15 & 16 Vict.
506:14 & 15 Vict.
495:12 & 13 Vict.
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409:41 Geo. 3. (U.K.)
298:open-field system
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993:. Retrieved
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662:vasta, wasta
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140:Please help
135:verification
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86:lead section
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47:Please help
44:
1135:In Our Time
978:12 December
862:12 December
817:12 December
788:12 December
717:12 December
310:copyholders
252:common land
248:open fields
1161:Enclosures
1145:Categories
899:References
877:Boyle 2003
168:newspapers
50:improve it
1057:The Fence
783:154462400
739:22 August
672:Citations
434:13 Geo. 3
398:Anonymous
336:13 Geo. 3
268:Enclosure
256:enclosing
91:summarize
56:talk page
1112:Archived
1090:in JSTOR
995:20 March
931:(1846).
919:20059171
846:, p. 36.
692:20 March
613:See also
436:. c. 81)
396:—
286:in gross
282:estovers
733:"Waste"
475:c. 111)
453:c. 118)
278:pannage
274:pasture
262:History
182:scholar
1067:p. 703
1033:p. 781
1020:p. 327
1014:p. 380
1005:p. 483
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607:c. 15)
596:c. 37)
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563:c. 89)
552:c. 43)
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486:c. 99)
464:c. 70)
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1073:p. 38
1061:p. 21
1052:p. 40
1040:. By
957:(PDF)
915:JSTOR
779:S2CID
635:Notes
306:serfs
280:, or
189:JSTOR
175:books
997:2024
980:2013
888:The
864:2013
819:2013
790:2013
741:2019
719:2013
694:2024
656:The
599:The
588:The
577:The
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555:The
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533:The
522:The
511:The
500:The
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250:and
238:The
161:news
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969:doi
771:doi
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144:by
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