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methodical progression from worse theories to better theoriesâa stipulation overlooked by what
Lakatos terms "dogmatic falsificationism". Methodological assertions in the strict sense, pertaining to which methods are valid and which are invalid, are, themselves, contained within the research programmes that choose to adhere to them, and should be judged according to whether the research programmes that adhere to them prove progressive or degenerative. Lakatos divided these "methodological rules" within a research programme into its "negative heuristics", i.e., what research methods and approaches to avoid, and its "positive heuristics", i.e., what research methods and approaches to prefer. While the "negative heuristic" protects the hard core, the "positive heuristic" directs the modification of the hard core and auxiliary hypotheses in a general direction.
1879:'s development of Marxism in his auxiliary theory of colonial exploitation had been "Lakatos-scientific" because it was "accompanied by a wealth of novel predictions (the arrival and structure of monopolies being one of them)". And he continued by claiming that both Rosa Luxemburg's and Trotsky's developments of Marxism were close to what Lakatos regarded as scientific: "And whoever has read Rosa Luxemburg's reply to Bernstein's criticism of Marx or Trotsky's account of why the Russian Revolution took place in a backward country (cf. also Lenin , vol. 19, pp. 99ff.) will see that Marxists are pretty close to what Lakatos would like any upstanding rationalist to do..." .
1027:'s theory, falsificationism, proposed that scientists put forward theories and that nature "shouts NO" in the form of an inconsistent observation. According to Popper, it is irrational for scientists to maintain their theories in the face of nature's rejection, as Kuhn had described them doing. For Lakatos, however, "It is not that we propose a theory and Nature may shout NO; rather, we propose a maze of theories, and nature may shout INCONSISTENT". The continued adherence to a programme's "hard core", augmented with adaptable auxiliary hypotheses, reflects Lakatos's less strict standard of falsificationism.
1871:'s theoretical development of Marxism was scientific, and commented that "Nobody has ever undertaken a critical history of Marxism with the aid of better methodological and historiographical instruments. Nobody has ever tried to find an answer to questions like: were Trotsky's unorthodox predictions simply patching up a badly degenerating programme, or did they represent a creative development of Marx's programme? To answer similar questions, we would really need a detailed analysis which takes years of work. So I simply do not know the answer, even if I am very interested in it." However, in his 1976
938:. Lakatos is concerned that historians of mathematics should not judge the evolution of mathematics in terms of currently fashionable theories. As an illustration, he examines Cauchy's proof that the sum of a series of continuous functions is itself continuous. Lakatos is critical of those who would see Cauchy's proof, with its failure to make explicit a suitable convergence hypothesis, merely as an inadequate approach to Weierstrassian analysis. Lakatos sees in such an approach a failure to realize that Cauchy's concept of the continuum differed from currently dominant views.
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957:. Popper's standard of falsificationism was widely taken to imply that a theory should be abandoned as soon as any evidence appears to challenge it, while Kuhn's descriptions of scientific activity were taken to imply that science is most fruitful during periods in which popular, or "normal", theories are supported despite known anomalies. Lakatos' model of the research programme aims to combine Popper's adherence to empirical validity with Kuhn's appreciation for conventional consistency.
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research programme indicates that a new and more progressive system of theories should be sought to replace the currently prevailing one, but until such a system of theories can be conceived of and agreed upon, abandonment of the current one would only further weaken our explanatory power and was therefore unacceptable for
Lakatos. Lakatos's primary example of a research programme that had been successful in its time and then progressively replaced is that founded by
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and it is even possible to make scientific progress in doing so, as long as we remain receptive to a better research programme that may eventually be conceived of. In this sense, it is, for
Lakatos, an acknowledged misnomer to refer to "falsification" or "refutation", when it is not the truth or falsity of a theory that is solely determining whether we consider it "falsified", but also the availability of a
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whilst its competitor degenerated â was satisfied. Indeed, for the historical case studies in his 1968 article "Criticism and the
Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes" he had openly admitted as much, commenting: "In this paper it is not my purpose to go on seriously to the second stage of comparing
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on the one hand, whilst on the other providing a historiographical framework for rationally reconstructing the history of science as anything more than merely inconsequential rambling. The article started with his now renowned dictum "Philosophy of science without history of science is empty; history
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While
Lakatos dubbed his theory "sophisticated methodological falsificationism", it is not "methodological" in the strict sense of asserting universal methodological rules by which all scientific research must abide. Rather, it is methodological only in that theories are only abandoned according to a
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resistance group. In May of that year, the group was joined by Ăva IzsĂĄk, a 19-year-old Jewish antifascist activist. Lakatos, considering that there was a risk that she would be captured and forced to betray them, decided that her duty to the group was to commit suicide. Subsequently, a member of the
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Lakatos claimed that not all changes of the auxiliary hypotheses of a research programme (which he calls "problem shifts") are equally productive or acceptable. He took the view that these "problem shifts" should be evaluated not just by their ability to defend the "hard core" by explaining apparent
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The
Lakatosian research programme deliberately provides a framework within which research can be conducted on the basis of "first principles" (the "hard core"), which are shared by those involved in the research programme and accepted for the purpose of that research without further proof or debate.
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became highly influential on new work in the philosophy of mathematics, although few agreed with
Lakatos' strong disapproval of formal proof. Before his death he had been planning to return to the philosophy of mathematics and apply his theory of research programmes to it. Lakatos, Worrall and Zahar
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Lakatos realized and admitted that the existing standards of rationality, standards of logic included, were too restrictive and would have hindered science had they been applied with determination. He therefore permitted the scientist to violate them (he admits that science is not "rational" in the
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theory. A theory cannot be rightfully "falsified", according to
Lakatos, until it is superseded by a better (i.e. more progressive) research programme. This is what he says is happening in the historical periods Kuhn describes as revolutions and what makes them rational as opposed to mere leaps of
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Lakatos' model provides for the possibility of a research programme that is not only continued in the presence of troublesome anomalies but that remains progressive despite them. For
Lakatos, it is essentially necessary to continue on with a theory that we basically know cannot be completely true,
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Lakatos and
Feyerabend planned to produce a joint work in which Lakatos would develop a rationalist description of science, and Feyerabend would attack it. The correspondence between Lakatos and Feyerabend, where the two discussed the project, has since been reproduced, with commentary, by Matteo
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However, neither Lakatos himself nor his collaborators ever completed the first part of this dictum by showing that in any scientific revolution the great majority of the relevant scientific community converted just when Lakatos's criterion â one programme successfully predicting some novel facts
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has yet been found. Once a counterexample is found, we adjust the theorem, possibly extending the domain of its validity. This is a continuous way our knowledge accumulates, through the logic and process of proofs and refutations. (If axioms are given for a branch of mathematics, however, Lakatos
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proposed by Lakatos, a theory is pseudoscientific if it fails to make any novel predictions of previously unknown phenomena or its predictions were mostly falsified, in contrast with scientific theories, which predict novel fact(s). Progressive scientific theories are those that have their novel
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research programme lies, for Lakatos, in whether the recent changes to its auxiliary hypotheses have achieved this greater explanatory/predictive power or whether they have been made simply out of the necessity of offering some response in the face of new and troublesome evidence. A degenerative
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organized an international conference in Greece in 1975, and went ahead despite his death. It was devoted entirely to historical case studies in Lakatos's methodology of research programmes in physical sciences and economics. These case studies in such as Einstein's relativity programme,
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our usual idea of corroboration as requiring the successful prediction of novel facts... Darwinian theory was not strong on temporally novel predictions. ... however familiar the evidence and whatever role it played in the construction of the theory, it still confirms the theory.
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In his 1970 article "History of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions" Lakatos proposed a dialectical historiographical meta-method for evaluating different theories of scientific method, namely by means of their comparative success in explaining the actual
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In this regard, it is similar to Kuhn's notion of a paradigm. Lakatos sought to replace Kuhn's paradigm, guided by an irrational "psychology of discovery", with a research programme no less coherent or consistent, yet guided by Popper's objectively valid
969:. Auxiliary hypotheses are considered expendable by the adherents of the research programmeâthey may be altered or abandoned as empirical discoveries require in order to "protect" the "hard core". Whereas Popper was generally read as hostile toward such
979:, i.e. productive, when they enhance the programme's explanatory and/or predictive power, and that they are at least permissible until some better system of theories is devised and the research programme is replaced entirely. The difference between a
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anomalies, but also by their ability to produce new facts, in the form of predictions or additional explanations. Adjustments that accomplish nothing more than the maintenance of the "hard core" mark the research programme as degenerative.
1159:, attempted to establish that Darwinian theory was empirically scientific in respect of at least being supported by evidence of likeness in the diversity of life forms in the world, explained by descent with modification. She wrote that
1030:
Lakatos saw himself as merely extending Popper's ideas, which changed over time and were interpreted by many in conflicting ways. In his 1968 article "Criticism and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes", Lakatos contrasted
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of theoretical assumptions that cannot be abandoned or altered without abandoning the programme altogether. More modest and specific theories that are formulated in order to explain evidence that threatens the "hard core" are termed
645:, were published by Cambridge University Press in two separate volumes in 1976, one devoted to physical sciences and Lakatos's general programme for rewriting the history of science, with a concluding critique by his great friend
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Method of proofs and refutations, methodology of scientific research programmes, methodology of historiographical research programmes, positive vs. negative heuristics, progressive vs. degenerative research programmes,
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In his 1973 Scientific Method Lecture 1 at the London School of Economics, he also claimed that "nobody to date has yet found a demarcation criterion according to which Darwin can be described as scientific".
2085:
Lakatos, I.: Cauchy and the continuum: the significance of nonstandard analysis for the history and philosophy of mathematics. Math. Intelligencer 1 (1978), no. 3, 151â161 (paper originally presented in
1035:, the "naive falsificationist" who demanded unconditional rejection of any theory in the face of any anomaly (an interpretation Lakatos saw as erroneous but that he nevertheless referred to often);
475:
After the war, from 1947, he worked as a senior official in the Hungarian ministry of education. He also continued his education with a PhD at Debrecen University awarded in 1948 and also attended
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and, despite his young age, had an important role between 1945 and 1950 (his own arrest and jailing) in building up the Communist rule, especially in cultural life and the academia, in Hungary.
404:, known for his thesis of the fallibility of mathematics and its "methodology of proofs and refutations" in its pre-axiomatic stages of development, and also for introducing the concept of the "
621:, which J. O. Wisdom had built up before departing in 1965, and he continued as editor until his death in 1974, after which it was then edited jointly for many years by his LSE colleagues
1677:, section 2, in which he defines a Euclidean system to be one consisting of all logical deductions from an initial set of axioms and writes that "a Euclidean system may be claimed to be true".
1867:
Marxism as pseudoscientific, as opposed to Marxism in general. In fact, at the very end of his last LSE lectures on Scientific Method in 1973, he finished by posing the question of whether
1839:
Theoretical progressiveness is if the new theory has more empirical content than the old. Empirical progressiveness is if some of this content is corroborated. (Lakatos ed., 1970, p. 118).
1600:
Feyerabend, Paul; Lakatos, Imre (1999). "For and Against Method: Including Lakatos's Lectures on Scientific Method and the Lakatos-Feyerabend Correspondence". In Motterlini, Matteo (ed.).
1085:"A given fact is explained scientifically only if a new fact is predicted with it... The idea of growth and the concept of empirical character are soldered into one." See pages 34â35 of
1047:(and who is therefore essentially Lakatos himself). It is, therefore, very difficult to determine which ideas and arguments concerning the research programme should be credited to whom.
1081:
facts confirmed, and degenerate scientific theories, which can degenerate so much that they become pseudo-science, are those whose predictions of novel facts are refuted. As he put it:
946:
Lakatos's second major contribution to the philosophy of science was his model of the "research programme", which he formulated in an attempt to resolve the perceived conflict between
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the concept of "heuristic" was not well developed, although Lakatos gave several basic rules for finding proofs and counterexamples to conjectures. He thought that mathematical "
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of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science, London, 1965. Published in 1970, the 1965 Colloquium included well-known speakers delivering papers in response to
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into Hungarian. Still nominally a communist, his political views had shifted markedly, and he was involved with at least one dissident student group in the lead-up to the
1011:'s idea that one can always protect a cherished theory (or part of one) from hostile evidence by redirecting the criticism toward other theories or parts thereof. (See
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and later reached England. He lived there for the rest of his life however he never achieved a British citizenship. He received a PhD in philosophy in 1961 from the
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Lakatos, Imre. (1970). "Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes". In: Lakatos, Musgrave eds. (1970), pp. 91â195.
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1043:, the "sophisticated methodological falsificationist" that Lakatos claims is the logical extension of the correctly interpreted ideas of
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from 1950 to 1953. More of Lakatos' activities in Hungary after World War II have recently become known. In fact, Lakatos was a hardline
1234:â they must be progressive... I have argued that this demand no longer restricts scientific practice. Any development agrees with it.
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914:(1893) to answer one of the major problems perceived by critics, namely that the pattern of mathematical research depicted in
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773:). The dialogue is meant to represent the actual series of attempted proofs that mathematicians historically offered for the
812:, a further distinct process. These distinct strategies have been taken up in qualitative physics, where the terminology of
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For and against Method: including Lakatos's Lectures on Scientific Method and the Lakatos-Feyerabend Correspondence
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1421:, lecture on the philosophy of science of Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos, delivered to master's students at the
863:" are a valid way to discover mathematical conjectures and proofs, and sometimes called his philosophy "quasi-
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like the elements of a methodology". He argued that Lakatos's methodology was no different in practice from
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However, he also conceived of the mathematical community as carrying on a kind of dialectic to decide which
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was set up by the school in his memory. His last lectures along with some correspondance were published in
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is final or perfect. This means that we should not think that a theorem is ultimately true, only that no
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in 1949. When he returned, however, he found himself on the losing side of internal arguments within the
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persecution of Jews by changing his surname to MolnĂĄr. His mother and grandmother were murdered in
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718:. But its first chapter is Lakatos' own revision of its chapter 1 that was first published as
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2002:
Method and Appraisal in the Physical Sciences: The Critical Background to Modern Science 1800â1905
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Method and Appraisal in the Physical Sciences: The Critical Background to Modern Science 1800â1905
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After his release, Lakatos returned to academic life, doing mathematical research and translating
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at the London School of Economics (with audio recordings and references to further resources)
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1379:"ĂrpĂĄd SzabĂł and Imre Lakatos, Or the relation between history and philosophy of mathematics"
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2015:
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Lakatos' Philosophy of Mathematics: A Historical Approach. Amsterdam etc.: North Holland.
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Lakatos, Imre. (1968). "Criticism and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes".
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Poincaré, H. (1893). "Sur la Généralisation d'un ThéorÚme d'Euler relatif aux PolyÚdres",
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does not faithfully represent most of the actual activity of contemporary mathematicians.
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He remained at LSE until his sudden death in 1974 of a heart attack at the age of 51. The
576:. It was Agassi who first introduced Lakatos to Popper under the rubric of his applying a
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1714:, pp. 106â126, note that PoincarĂ©'s formal proof (1899) "ComplĂšment Ă l'Analysis Situs",
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Great readings in clinical science: essential selections for mental health professionals
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argued that Lakatos's methodology was not a methodology at all, but merely "words that
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set in a mathematics class. The students are attempting to prove the formula for the
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See Lakatos's 5 Jan 1971 letter to Paul Feyerabend pp. 233â234 in Motterlini's 1999
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PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association
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The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Philosophical Papers Volume 1
1251:, an approach to programming influenced by Lakatos's work on research programmes
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standards). However, he demanded that research programmes show certain features
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recognized as approaches to the refinement of the analysis of a physical issue.
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1268:, author of "Shokolad" which was formative of Lakatos' early political thinking
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is based on the first three chapters of his 1961 four-chapter doctoral thesis
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The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes: Criticisms and Conjectures
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1797:. Lilienfeld, Scott O., 1960â, O'Donohue, William T. Boston: Pearson. 2012.
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The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and Sexual Selection from Darwin to Today
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Lakatos proposed an account of mathematical knowledge based on the idea of
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260:
232:
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He assumed the name 'MolnĂĄr Tibor' during the time in the resistance group
930:, Lakatos re-examines the history of the calculus, with special regard to
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Almost 20 years after Lakatos's 1973 challenge to the scientificity of
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479:'s weekly Wednesday afternoon private seminars. He also studied at the
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2093:, ed. by Matteo Motterlini, Chicago University Press, (451 pp), 1999,
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Zahar, Elie (1973) "Why Einstein's programme superseded Lorentz's",
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Mathematics, Science and Epistemology: Philosophical Papers Volume 2
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has been applied to apparent counterexamples, and the techniques of
2859:
2577:
1675:
A renaissance of empiricism in the recent philosophy of mathematics
1567:"Review. Matteo Motterlini (ed). Imre Lakatos. Paul K. Feyerabend.
1039:, the more nuanced and conservatively interpreted philosopher; and
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878:
and which are not. Therefore, he fundamentally disagreed with the "
727:
421:
78:
2557:
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p. 144, as cited in Lakatos, Worrall and Zahar, p. 162.
1021:). This aspect of falsification had been acknowledged by Popper.
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and distinguished three ways of handling these objects: Firstly,
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Lakatos termed the polyhedral counterexamples to Euler's formula
739:
564:. The LSE philosophy of science department at that time included
450:
445:
429:
1754:
Economics, Culture, and Education: Essays in Honor of Mark Blaug
1511:, Philosophy and education, vol. 13, Springer, p. 42,
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faith or periods of deranged social psychology, as Kuhn argued.
660:. His last lectures along with parts of his correspondence with
2624:
1300:
Kostas Gavroglu, Yorgos Goudaroulis, P. Nicolacopoulos (eds.),
782:
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by Matteo Motterlini (ed.), University of Chicago Press, 1999.
781:. Often the students paraphrase famous mathematicians such as
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1102:
837:
746:, namely that for all polyhedra the number of their vertices
2503:
2363: (archived January 5, 2008) is also held at the School.
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Proofs and Refutations: The Logic of Mathematical Discovery
457:
365:
333:
2337:
devoted to articles on this topic, with article abstracts.
339:
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are held at the London School of Economics. His personal
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Appraising Lakatos: Mathematics, Methodology, and the Man
703:'s theory of knowledge, and by the work of mathematician
417:
327:
2017:
Appraising Lakatos: Mathematics, Methodology and the Man
1890:
For and Against Method: Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend
1571:. (On the threshold of Science: for and against method)"
975:
theoretical amendments, Lakatos argued that they can be
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and the revolutionary structure of science described by
934:
and the concept of uniform convergence, in the light of
687:
Lakatos' philosophy of mathematics was inspired by both
408:" in his methodology of scientific research programmes.
2251:(Tr Ungar) Reidel & Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1978
1363:
K. Gavroglu, Y. Goudaroulis, P. Nicolacopoulos (eds.),
827:
What Lakatos tried to establish was that no theorem of
2292:(Transcript and audio recording) â Lakatos' 1973
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See/hear Lakatos' 1973 Open University BBC Radio talk
2179:
18 Unconventional Essays on the Nature of Mathematics
1319:"History of Science and Its Rational Reconstructions"
368:
342:
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Comptes Redus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences
1183:
of science without philosophy of science is blind".
549:, published after his death, is based on this work.
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336:
324:
1491:György Kampis, L. Kvasz, Michael Stöltzner (eds.),
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1508:Gallery of Scholars: A Philosopher's Recollections
1191:with actual history for any lack of historicity."
1169:Rational reconstructions of the history of science
523:invaded Hungary in November 1956, Lakatos fled to
2308:
1638:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
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1575:The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
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1093:Lakatos's own key examples of pseudoscience were
1087:The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes
921:
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428:, in 1922. He received a degree in mathematics,
16:Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science
2020:, Vienna Circle Institute Library, Kluwer 2002
1569:Sull'orlo della scienza: pro e contro il metodo
552:In 1960, he was appointed to a position in the
1452:
1365:Imre Lakatos and Theories of Scientific Change
1302:Imre Lakatos and Theories of Scientific Change
960:A Lakatosian research programme is based on a
901:On its first publication as an article in the
2382:
2145:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
2123:Objective knowledge: an evolutionary approach
1316:
903:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
785:, as noted in Lakatos's extensive footnotes.
724:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
716:Essays in the Logic of Mathematical Discovery
618:British Journal for the Philosophy of Science
537:Essays in the Logic of Mathematical Discovery
195:Essays in the Logic of Mathematical Discovery
2219:. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
1863:Lakatos notably only condemned specifically
1155:, LSE lecturer and ex-colleague of Lakatos,
676:
588:to mathematics in his Cambridge PhD thesis.
3272:Academics of the London School of Economics
2331:Lakatos's Hungarian intellectual background
2151:Einstein's Revolution: A Study in Heuristic
1919:
1765:Lakatos, Musgrave eds. (1970), p. 130.
1716:Rediconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo
1376:
970:
416:Lakatos was born Imre (Avrum) Lipsitz to a
389:; 9 November 1922 â 2 February 1974) was a
2389:
2375:
2268:
2205:Jancis Long (1998). "Lakatos in Hungary",
1289:The Historical Turn in Analytic Philosophy
800:, whereby by making a re-appraisal of the
53:
3352:Hungarian emigrants to the United Kingdom
3347:Hungarian expatriates in the Soviet Union
3045:
3008:Relationship between religion and science
2396:
2075:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2052:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2038:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1504:
1419:Philosophy of Science: Popper and Lakatos
1255:List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors
1215:, Feyerabend's own position. He wrote in
894:, which defines proof simply in terms of
615:In January 1971, he became editor of the
19:For other people with the same name, see
1905:, Cambridge University Press, 1993. pp.
882:" conception of proof that prevailed in
726:. It is largely taken up by a fictional
449:group took her to Debrecen and gave her
2320:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2068:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
1922:"How to Defend Society Against Science"
1779:Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
1773:
1771:
808:to obey the proposed theorem. Thirdly,
609:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
464:. He changed his surname once again to
456:During the occupation, Lakatos avoided
3244:
2165:Chocolate and Chess. Unlocking Lakatos
2138:Karl Popper, Science and Enlightenment
1283:
1281:
941:
649:, and the other devoted to economics.
3297:20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
2370:
2217:Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason
2036:Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
671:
597:Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge
384:
2014:Kampis, Kvaz & Stoltzner (eds.)
1873:On the Critique of Scientific Reason
1768:
1756:. Aldershot: Elgar, 1991 pp. 95â107.
1335:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1970.495757
1312:
1310:
629:, Lakatos's ex-research assistant.
3267:20th-century Hungarian philosophers
3262:20th-century Hungarian male writers
2280:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2249:The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics
1703:Lakatos, Worrall and Zahar (1976),
1440:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1278:
777:, only to be repeatedly refuted by
13:
2333:The Autumn 2006 MIT Press journal
2157:
1428:
1138:
14:
3363:
3028:Sociology of scientific knowledge
3023:Sociology of scientific ignorance
2976:History and philosophy of science
2269:Musgrave, Alan; Pigden, Charles.
2262:
2207:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
2140:, UCL Press, London. Free online.
2125:, Oxford (Clarendon Press) 1972 (
2108:Method and Appraisal in Economics
1550:Method and Appraisal in Economics
1307:
491:and was imprisoned on charges of
3225:
3213:
2120:
2110:Cambridge University Press 1976
2089:Lakatos, I., and Feyerabend P.,
2004:Cambridge University Press 1976
1989:Dictionary of National Biography
1123:'s quantum mechanics post-1924,
1067:
750:minus the number of their edges
722:in four parts in 1963â64 in the
358:
317:
1957:
1936:
1912:
1895:
1882:
1857:
1842:
1833:
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1742:
1733:
1697:
1680:
1667:
1646:
1593:
1555:
1538:
1525:
1498:
1485:
836:claimed that proofs from those
754:plus the number of their faces
539:, and his doctoral advisor was
3322:Moscow State University alumni
2417:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
2127:bibliographic summary, no text
1618:(inactive 12 September 2024).
1476:
1446:
1412:
1370:
1357:
1294:
1221:(after Lakatos's death) that:
922:Cauchy and uniform convergence
295:sophisticated falsificationism
1:
3342:University of Debrecen alumni
2167:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
1981:
1249:Scientific community metaphor
1199:
556:(LSE), where he wrote on the
283:mathematical quasi-empiricism
172:Historiographical internalism
168:Mathematical quasi-empiricism
1673:See, for instance, Lakatos'
1194:
641:'s wave theory of light and
595:, he edited the often cited
215:Other academic advisors
38:when mentioning individuals.
7:
3327:Philosophers of mathematics
2750:Hypothetico-deductive model
2725:Deductive-nomological model
2710:Constructivist epistemology
2346:
1752:" in G. K. Shaw ed. (1991)
1608:University of Chicago Press
1242:
440:in 1944. In March 1944 the
10:
3368:
1997:Cambridge University Press
1748:Bruce J. Caldwell (1991) "
1726:Euler's conjecture into a
1548:by Colin Howson (ed.) and
1505:Scheffler, Israel (2007),
1398:10.1162/posc.2006.14.3.282
1291:, Springer, 2016: ch. 4.2.
1266:Alexander Tarasov-Rodionov
680:
632:Lakatos and his colleague
554:London School of Economics
182:London School of Economics
25:
18:
3204:
3036:
2938:
2868:
2811:Semantic view of theories
2730:Epistemological anarchism
2682:
2667:dependent and independent
2404:
2289:Science and Pseudoscience
1944:Science in a Free Society
1851:Science and Pseudoscience
1552:by Spiro J. Latsis (ed.).
1495:, Springer, 2013, p. 296.
1304:, Springer, 2012, p. 211.
1218:Science in a Free Society
1213:epistemological anarchism
996:forming the "hard core".
677:Philosophy of mathematics
558:philosophy of mathematics
514:1956 Hungarian Revolution
489:Hungarian communist party
483:under the supervision of
300:
270:
249:Philosophy of mathematics
242:
224:
214:
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187:
177:
149:
139:
129:
125:
105:
89:
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52:
45:
2553:Intertheoretic reduction
2542:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
2519:Functional contextualism
2325:University of St Andrews
2193:Lakatos: An Introduction
1942:Paul Feyerabend (1978).
1875:Feyerabend claimed that
1544:These were respectively
1459:. Routledge. p. 3.
1456:Lakatos: An Introduction
1367:, Springer, 2012, p. 61.
1272:
1189:rational reconstructions
1101:'s planetary cosmogony,
928:Cauchy and the continuum
742:about the properties of
468:(Locksmith) in honor of
34:. This article uses
26:The native form of this
21:Lakatos (disambiguation)
3332:Philosophers of science
3038:Philosophers of science
2816:Scientific essentialism
2765:Model-dependent realism
2700:Constructive empiricism
2593:Evidence-based practice
2335:Perspectives on Science
2191:Brendan Larvor (1998).
1995:The Ant and the Peacock
1963:Motterlini, M. (1999).
1453:Brendan Larvor (2013).
1386:Perspectives on Science
1262:set up in memory of him
1153:The Ant and the Peacock
664:have been published in
623:John W. N. Watkins
529:University of Cambridge
481:Moscow State University
442:Germans invaded Hungary
411:
386:[ËlÉkÉtoÊËimrÉ]
279:rational reconstruction
134:20th-century philosophy
119:University of Cambridge
115:Moscow State University
3302:Hungarian philosophers
3121:Alfred North Whitehead
3111:Charles Sanders Peirce
2234:Teun Koetsier (1991).
2050:Proofs and Refutations
1993:Cronin, Helena (1991)
1965:For and Against Method
1825:: CS1 maint: others (
1705:Proofs and Refutations
1603:For and Against Method
1533:For and Against Method
1317:Lakatos, Imre (1970).
1236:
1180:scientific revolutions
1166:
1133:neoclassical economics
1007:Lakatos was following
971:
916:Proofs and Refutations
907:Proofs and Refutations
857:Proofs and Refutations
720:Proofs and Refutations
712:Proofs and Refutations
683:Proofs and Refutations
666:For and Against Method
643:neoclassical economics
438:University of Debrecen
381:
110:University of Debrecen
3277:Critical rationalists
3220:Philosophy portal
2971:Hard and soft science
2966:Faith and rationality
2835:Scientific skepticism
2615:Scientific Revolution
2398:Philosophy of science
2353:Imre Lakatos's papers
2341:Official Russian page
2303:Lakatos' profile page
2227:; author's web site:
2215:John Kadvany (2001).
2195:. London: Routledge.
2177:Reuben Hersh (2006).
2121:Popper, K R, (1972),
1654:"Lakatosian Monsters"
1616:10.7208/9780226467030
1223:
1161:
936:non-standard analysis
932:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
562:philosophy of science
253:philosophy of science
3282:Hungarian communists
2946:Criticism of science
2821:Scientific formalism
2705:Constructive realism
2610:Scientific pluralism
2583:Problem of induction
2311:Robertson, Edmund F.
1926:The Galilean Library
1423:University of Sussex
1377:Andrås Måté (2006).
967:auxiliary hypotheses
829:informal mathematics
732:Euler characteristic
3312:Jewish philosophers
3287:Hungarian defectors
3013:Rhetoric of science
2951:Descriptive science
2695:Confirmation holism
2588:Scientific evidence
2548:Inductive reasoning
2477:Demarcation problem
2309:O'Connor, John J.;
2299:talk on the subject
2212:, pp. 244â311.
2163:Alex Bandy (2010).
2149:Zahar, Elie (1988)
2000:Howson, Colin, Ed.
1784:(1):149â186 (1968).
1099:Immanuel Velikovsky
1014:Confirmation holism
942:Research programmes
872:mathematical proofs
861:thought experiments
156:Analytic philosophy
3307:Hungarian refugees
3232:Science portal
3161:Carl Gustav Hempel
3116:Wilhelm Windelband
3003:Questionable cause
2826:Scientific realism
2647:Underdetermination
2482:Empirical evidence
2472:Creative synthesis
1730:of vector algebra.
1565:(September 1996).
1176:history of science
1019:DuhemâQuine thesis
1002:logic of discovery
822:monster-adjustment
810:exception handling
798:monster-adjustment
736:algebraic topology
672:Philosophical work
406:research programme
287:logical positivism
257:history of science
144:Western philosophy
36:Western name order
3239:
3238:
3081:
3080:
2993:Normative science
2850:Uniformitarianism
2605:Scientific method
2499:Explanatory power
2187:978-0-387-29831-3
2173:978-963-05-8819-5
2153:, Open Court 1988
2134:Maxwell, Nicholas
1920:Paul Feyerabend.
1563:Donald A. Gillies
1425:in November 2014.
1117:Lysenko's biology
1072:According to the
992:, with his three
541:R. B. Braithwaite
304:
303:
229:Donald A. Gillies
225:Doctoral students
209:R. B. Braithwaite
59:Lakatos, c. 1960s
3359:
3337:Stateless people
3230:
3229:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3191:Bas van Fraassen
3146:Hans Reichenbach
3126:Bertrand Russell
3043:
3042:
2869:Philosophy of...
2652:Unity of science
2445:Commensurability
2391:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2327:
2284:
2275:Zalta, Edward N.
2130:
2104:Latsis, Spiro J.
2071:Lakatos (1978).
2062:Lakatos (1978).
2048:Lakatos (1976).
1976:
1967:. Chicago: UCP.
1961:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1932:on 7 April 2008.
1928:. Archived from
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485:Sofya Yanovskaya
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204:Doctoral advisor
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3200:
3181:Paul Feyerabend
3141:Michael Polanyi
3077:
3063:Galileo Galilei
3032:
3018:Science studies
2934:
2864:
2855:Verificationism
2760:Instrumentalism
2745:Foundationalism
2720:Conventionalism
2678:
2514:Feminist method
2400:
2395:
2361:Wayback Machine
2349:
2294:Open University
2265:
2229:johnkadvany.com
2160:
2158:Further reading
1984:
1979:
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1946:. London: NLB.
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1299:
1295:
1287:E. Reck (ed.),
1286:
1279:
1275:
1245:
1232:in the long run
1205:Paul Feyerabend
1202:
1197:
1171:
1141:
1139:Darwin's theory
1108:, 20th-century
1070:
944:
926:In a 1966 text
924:
818:monster-barring
794:monster-barring
779:counterexamples
759:
685:
679:
674:
662:Paul Feyerabend
647:Paul Feyerabend
591:With co-editor
580:methodology of
533:doctoral thesis
509:How to Solve It
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2315:"Imre Lakatos"
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2271:"Imre Lakatos"
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2263:External links
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846:logically true
833:counterexample
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3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Auguste Comte
3084:
3083:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:Francis Bacon
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:Pseudoscience
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
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2964:
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2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Structuralism
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:Received view
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2738:
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2733:
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2728:
2726:
2723:
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2718:
2716:
2715:Contextualism
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2701:
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2116:0-521-21076-3
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2044:0-521-07826-1
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2029:
2027:
2026:1-4020-0226-2
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2010:0-521-21110-7
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1973:9780226467757
1970:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1952:0-86091-008-3
1949:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1891:
1888:Published in
1885:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1810:
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1804:9780205698035
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1712:0-521-21078-X
1709:
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1520:
1518:9781402027109
1514:
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1466:9781134765140
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1313:
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1261:
1260:Lakatos Award
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
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1219:
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1157:Helena Cronin
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1107:
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1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:pseudoscience
1076:criterion of
1075:
1068:Pseudoscience
1065:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
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737:
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717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
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694:
690:
684:
669:
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663:
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655:
654:Lakatos Award
650:
648:
644:
640:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
619:
613:
611:
610:
606:
605:Thomas Kuhn's
602:
598:
594:
593:Alan Musgrave
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Joseph Agassi
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
547:
542:
538:
535:was entitled
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
510:
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500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:György Lukåcs
473:
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467:
463:
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387:
383:
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355:
347:
314:
308:
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296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
272:Notable ideas
269:
266:
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241:
238:
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230:
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108:
104:
92:
88:
84:
80:
67:
63:
56:
51:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:personal name
22:
3196:Larry Laudan
3176:Imre Lakatos
3175:
3131:Otto Neurath
3106:Karl Pearson
3096:Pierre Duhem
3068:Isaac Newton
2998:Protoscience
2956:Epistemology
2830:Anti-realism
2828: /
2809: /
2800: /
2786: /
2784:Reductionism
2782: /
2755:Inductionism
2735:Evolutionism
2540:
2427:a posteriori
2426:
2422:
2334:
2318:
2288:
2278:
2248:
2235:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2192:
2181:. Springer.
2178:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2122:
2107:
2090:
2072:
2063:
2049:
2035:
2034:ed. (1970).
2016:
2001:
1994:
1964:
1959:
1943:
1938:
1930:the original
1925:
1914:
1902:
1901:Cronin, H.,
1897:
1889:
1884:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1648:
1602:
1595:
1578:
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1568:
1557:
1549:
1545:
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1532:
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1507:
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1455:
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1430:
1414:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1326:
1322:
1301:
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1237:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1185:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1110:
1092:
1086:
1071:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1012:
1009:Pierre Duhem
1006:
998:
990:Isaac Newton
985:degenerative
984:
980:
976:
966:
961:
959:
945:
927:
925:
915:
906:
905:in 1963â64,
902:
900:
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856:
850:
842:tautological
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:it could be
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
768:
764:
760:
755:
751:
747:
723:
719:
715:
711:
709:
705:George PĂłlya
686:
665:
651:
634:Spiro Latsis
631:
627:John Worrall
616:
614:
607:
600:
596:
590:
574:J. O. Wisdom
551:
544:
536:
521:Soviet Union
518:
507:
504:George PĂłlya
501:
474:
470:GĂ©za Lakatos
465:
455:
415:
382:Lakatos Imre
307:Imre Lakatos
306:
305:
261:epistemology
237:John Worrall
233:Spiro Latsis
198: (1961)
194:
178:Institutions
95:(1974-02-02)
47:Imre Lakatos
40:
32:Lakatos Imre
31:
3257:1974 deaths
3252:1922 births
3186:Ian Hacking
3171:Thomas Kuhn
3156:Karl Popper
3136:C. D. Broad
3053:Roger Bacon
2981:Non-science
2923:Linguistics
2903:Archaeology
2798:Rationalism
2788:Determinism
2775:Physicalism
2740:Fallibilism
2690:Coherentism
2620:Testability
2573:Observation
2568:Objectivity
2529:alternative
2460:Correlation
2450:Consilience
1606:. Chicago:
1482:Bandy 2010.
1097:astronomy,
1074:demarcation
981:progressive
977:progressive
701:Karl Popper
601:Proceedings
586:refutations
582:conjectures
578:fallibilist
566:Karl Popper
543:. The book
493:revisionism
398:mathematics
394:philosopher
164:Fallibilism
121:(PhD, 1961)
112:(PhD, 1948)
3246:Categories
3073:David Hume
3046:Precursors
2928:Psychology
2908:Economicsâ
2802:Empiricism
2793:Pragmatism
2780:Positivism
2770:Naturalism
2640:scientific
2524:Hypothesis
2487:Experiment
2081:0521217695
1982:References
1659:18 January
1329:: 91â136.
1200:Feyerabend
1129:psychiatry
1121:Niels Bohr
1061:less false
898:validity.
865:empiricism
853:heuristics
775:conjecture
519:After the
434:philosophy
420:family in
71:1922-11-09
2913:Geography
2881:Chemistry
2840:Scientism
2635:ladenness
2455:Construct
2433:Causality
2297:BBC Radio
2030:Lakatos,
1821:cite book
1813:720560483
1728:tautology
1634:cite book
1351:145197122
1226:sense of
1195:Criticism
1125:astrology
1095:Ptolemaic
962:hard core
880:formalist
744:polyhedra
697:dialectic
497:Stalinist
462:Auschwitz
436:from the
391:Hungarian
378:Hungarian
291:formalism
106:Education
3208:Category
2860:Vitalism
2683:Theories
2657:Variable
2578:Paradigm
2465:function
2423:A priori
2412:Analysis
2405:Concepts
2347:Archives
2032:Musgrave
1724:rewrites
1406:53941387
1243:See also
1103:Freudian
948:Popper's
912:Poincaré
892:logicism
814:monsters
790:monsters
728:dialogue
560:and the
422:Debrecen
265:politics
79:Debrecen
2918:History
2886:Physics
2876:Biology
2674:more...
2662:control
2558:Inquiry
2359:at the
2357:library
2277:(ed.).
2136:(2017)
1987:Oxford
1869:Trotsky
1442:. 2021.
1113:Marxism
1089:, 1978.
1045:Popper1
1041:Popper2
1037:Popper1
1033:Popper0
888:Russell
886:'s and
844:, i.e.
802:monster
740:theorem
691:'s and
639:Fresnel
466:Lakatos
451:cyanide
446:Marxist
430:physics
426:Hungary
402:science
83:Hungary
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1131:, and
1111:Soviet
1025:Popper
983:and a
972:ad hoc
896:formal
838:axioms
783:Cauchy
758:is 2 (
599:, the
531:; his
525:Vienna
432:, and
418:Jewish
189:Thesis
151:School
140:Region
2273:. In
2106:Ed.
1907:31â32
1583:JSTOR
1581:(3).
1402:S2CID
1382:(PDF)
1347:S2CID
1339:JSTOR
1273:Notes
1228:these
1209:sound
884:Frege
876:valid
855:. In
840:were
699:, by
689:Hegel
2534:null
2504:Fact
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2022:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1918:See
1827:link
1809:OCLC
1799:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1661:2015
1640:link
1620:ISBN
1513:ISBN
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1327:1970
1178:and
1017:and
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806:made
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572:and
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