411:
substantially from semantic elaboration during study (e.g., Craik & Tulving, 1975; Jacoby & Craik, 1979). In contrast, the results of several experiments suggest that performance on implicit memory tests does not benefit from elaborative processing relative to nonelaborative processing. This finding was observed initially with a word-identification task, which requires subjects to identify words from extremely brief presentations (Jacoby & Dallas, 1981), and has since been demonstrated with various other implicit memory tests. For example, on a word-completion task, which requires completing fragments of recently presented words and new words (e.g., rea___ for reason), the magnitude of priming effects is comparable after an elaborative study task (e.g., rating the pleasantness of a word) and a nonelaborative study task (e.g., counting the number of vowels in a word; Graf et al., 1982). Similarly, when subjects study linguistic idioms (e.g., sour grapes) and are then given a free association test (e.g., sour—?), they show similar amounts of priming following elaborative and nonelaborative study tasks (Schacter, 1985b). Finally, it has also been demonstrated that elaborative versus nonelaborative processing activities have little or no influence on priming effects in a lexical decision task (Carroll & Kirsner, 1982).
379:) to study brain-injured patients, and has shown that explicit memory relies on the integrity of the medial temporal lobe (rhinal, perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex), the frontal–basal areas and the bilateral functionality of the hippocampus. The amygdala is mainly responsible for the emotional component in the process of information storage (see Gazzaniga, 1999; Mancia, 2000b, 2004, in press), and can modulate both the encoding and the storage of hippocampal-dependent memories (Phelps, 2004). Implicit memory, by contrast, is not conscious and concerns data that can be neither remembered nor verbalized. It presides over the learning of various skills: a) priming, which is the ability of an individual to choose an object to which he has previously been exposed subliminally; b) procedural memory, which concerns cognitive and sensorimotor experiences such as motor skills learning, everyday activities, playing instruments or playing certain sports: c) emotive and affective memory, which concerns emotional experiences, as well as the phantasies and defences linked to the first relations of the child with the environment and in particular with the mother.
386:
them in some way. For some of these words, subjects were asked to interact with the words in a relatively superficial way, such as counting the number of letters in each given word. For one set of words, subjects performed tasks that required elaborative processing (denotation), such as answering questions about a word's meaning. They were then given a test that assessed their ability to recognize whether they had seen the word in the studying part of the experiment. Because depth of processing aids in the explicit memory of a word, subjects showed better memory for the words that required elaborative processing on this test. When implicit memory was tested through flashing words on a screen and asking subjects to identify them, however, the priming effect was extremely similar for the words that involved elaborative processing as compared to the words that did not. This suggests that implicit memory does not rely on depth of processing as explicit memory does.
359:
the recollection of explicit and implicit memories. This premise led investigators to create different functional neural components that seek to explain the activation of memory (explicit and implicit) in the human brain. (#) (1) The existent possibility of one homogeneous system in the brain in matters of memory performance and that explicit memory has more representability in terms of neural resources than implicit memory. (2) The implicit memory process constitutes a different subsystem from explicit memory, however as these processes differ in the internal organization of its functions, they both share relation on how interrelated they are. Results on patients with traumatic brain injuries demonstrated that the neural architecture of the brain can be separated at the time of studying how the memory systems differ at the time of using “memory recalling visual implicit memory” , “explicit memory for words” and “conceptual implicit memory for words”
346:. Participants in this experiment were provided a list of names in the first session. In the second session, participants were given one of the two kinds of tasks. In the 'exclusion task', participants were told that none of the names they read in session one belonged to famous people and they should respond "no" when judging fame in the second session. In the 'inclusion task' condition, participants were informed that the names from the first session were famous but obscure and they should respond "yes" for famous if they remember a name from the first session or otherwise know it to be famous. Theoretically, the probability of saying "yes" in the exclusion condition is the probability of the name being remembered only unconsciously. The probability of saying "yes" in the inclusion condition was the probability of a name being remembered either consciously or unconsciously. Comparison of these two yields an estimate of conscious influences.
210:
for only a particular kind of memory. The implication was that memory is not a single entity but consists of multiple processes or systems. Converging evidence about the selective role of the hippocampal formation in memory is now available from rats, monkeys, and humans. It took time for the idea of multiple memory systems to become firmly established. In 1962, the severely impaired amnesic patient H. M. was reported to be capable of day-to-day improvement in a hand–eye coordination skill, despite having no memory for the practice sessions (Milner, 1962). Nevertheless, subsequent discussions of memory in general and amnesia in particular tended to set aside motor skill learning and to focus on the unitary nature of the rest of memory. Amnesia was considered to impair memory globally, with the recognition that an exception should be made for motor skills.
149:
unrepressed unconscious opens new and stimulating perspectives for an integration of neuroscience with psychoanalysis, and for a possible anatomic localization of the functions of these two different forms of unconscious. This depends on a presupposition: that the experiences, emotions, phantasies, and defences that help organize an individual's unconscious psychic reality, from birth throughout life, are stored in the nervous structures concerning memory, both implicit and explicit. This is, after all, in line with Freud's conviction: 'latent conceptions, if we have any reason to suppose that they exist in the mind—as we had in the case of memory—let them be denoted by the term "unconscious"' (1912, p. 260).
106:& Brooks argued that perceptual identity effects reflect very rapid, context-specific learning. Unconscious influences of memory were found to alter the subjective experiences of participants. In one such study, participants judged that the white background noise was lower when they read words they had already been presented, thus misattributing their ease of perceiving the word to less noisy environment. This provided evidence for specific and long-living influences of past memory even when participants were unaware of its influence. Similar effects have been found with studies where participants made judgments about difficulty of anagrams and recognized famous names.
289:
artificial language practice, and assessment sessions”were used. In this experiment all participants knew only one language (English). Further results in the experiment demonstrated that language learning abilities are potentially present during declarative and procedural learning. The study showed that “declarative memory was more associated with the rules and syntactic meaning of the words in the early language acquisition process” whereas, procedural memory was associated with the latter stages. This experiment can shed new light about the different outcomes of language acquisition and grammatical development in learners.
315:. Patients showed this improvement over time even while claiming on each occasion to have never seen the puzzle before. This result indicates that the mechanism for long-term declarative memory does not have a similar effect on implicit memory. Furthermore, studies on priming in amnesic patients also reveal the possibility of an intact implicit memory despite a severely impaired explicit memory. For example, amnesic patients and a control group showed similar improvements in word completion as a result of priming, even if they had no memory of being involved in a previous test. That
136:
recall the game, these patients were able to dream of it at sleep onset. This observation is interesting as it shows that learning can be memorized without the contribution of explicit memory, which requires the activation of the hippocampus and of the temporal and basal cortex. In the cases observed by
Stickgold et al., the explicit memory was definitely impaired, but a non-explicit and non-conscious kind of memory was left and could emerge in dreams. This observation shows that an experience can be stored in the implicit memory and can be represented symbolically in dreams.
184:
Roediger, 1990b; Schacter, 1987). The critical development during the past decade has been the systematic demonstration, exploration, and attempted explanation of dissociations between explicit and implicit memory. Some of these dissociations have been provided by experiments demonstrating that brain-damaged amnesic patients with severe impairments of explicit memory can exhibit intact implicit memory; others come from studies showing that specific experimental variables produce different and even opposite effects on explicit and implicit memory tasks.
327:
be involved in only one kind of memory appeared independently in the animal literature, on the basis of the selective effects of limbic lesions (Gaffan, 1974; Hirsch, 1974; O'Keefe & Nadel, 1978; Olton et al., 1979). The sections that follow suggest that the findings from humans and experimental animals, including rats and monkeys, are now in substantial agreement about the kind of memory that depends specifically on the hippocampus and related structures.
115:
presented with familiar
American folk songs and the other half were presented with songs made using the tunes of the same songs from group 1 but mixed with new lyrics. Results show that participants in group 1 had a much higher chance of recalling the songs as being familiar, even though in both groups, the tunes of the songs were the same. This study shows that people are even implicitly making connections amongst their memories. Much memory study focuses on
398:
the work of reconstruction, which relies on the autobiographic memory, can facilitate the emergence in the transference and in the dreams of the most archaic experiences, with their relevant phantasies and defences, stored in the implicit memory of the patient. This corresponds to Davis's (2001) description of declarative and non-declarative processes in the psychoanalytic perspective.
2704:
2692:
368:
ages, in different stages of development, do not exhibit the same increase in performance in implicit memory tasks the way they always do with explicit memory tasks. The same is true for elderly people. Studies show that as people grow older, their performance on explicit memory tasks declines, however their performance on implicit memory tasks does not decline at all.
132:
and
Damasio, 1986; Heindel et al., 1988). This possible double dissociation involving HD and DAT patients suggests that different implicit memory tasks are mediated by distinct neural systems and that these tasks can be used to differentiate some of the so-called "cortical" (e.g., DAT) from "subcortical" (e.g., HD) dementias (Cummings and Benson, 1984).
323:
been lost except the ability to engage in conscious remembering. However, by analogy to the loss of form vision in blindsight, it is suggested here that a specific ability has also been lost in amnesia. What has been lost is the ability to store a particular kind of memory, a kind of memory that is flexible and available to conscious recollection.
397:
Both implicit and explicit memory experiences can be present in transference, influencing each other just as they do in the normal development of the infantile mind (Siegel, 1999). If the work on implicit memory can facilitate the emergence of phantasies and memories stored in the explicit memory, so
310:
The strongest evidence that suggests a separation of implicit and explicit memory focuses on studies of amnesic patients. As was previously discussed in the section on procedural memory, amnesic patients showed unimpaired ability to learn tasks and procedures that do not rely on explicit memory. In
275:
In another experiment two groups of people were given a flavored carbonated drink. The first group was later exposed to motion sickness, and these participants developed a taste aversion against the carbonated drink, even if they were made aware that the drink didn't lead to the motion sickness. This
148:
Modern discoveries in neuropsychology concerning the organization of memory allow us to hypothesize that some synaptical cortical and subcortical circuits form the seat of unconscious mental functions. The possibility of identifying, in the explicit and implicit memory respectively, the repressed and
401:
A later study showed that attempts to interfere with the memory of a list of words significantly impacted subjects' ability to recognize the words in a test of explicit recognition, but the interference did not have a similar effect on the subject's implicit memory of the words. Also, there seems to
367:
Besides the study of amnesic patients, other evidence also indicates a separation between implicit and explicit memory. Basic patterns that exist for explicit memory development do not apply to implicit memory, implying that the two are two different processes. Children tested at various increasing
241:
As the illusion-of-truth effect occurs even without explicit knowledge, it is a direct result of implicit memory. Some participants rated previously heard sentences as true even when they were previously told that they were false. The illusion-of-truth effect shows in some ways the potential dangers
218:
Jacoby and Kelly posited that memory could serve as both an object and a tool. Memory is treated as an object in recall or recognition; it can be inspected and described to others. In this case, the focus is on the past. However, memory (from the past) can be used as a tool to perceive and interpret
209:
Progress in identifying the structures and connections that make up the medial temporal lobe memory system has been paralleled by gains in understanding how this system participates in memory functions. An important step in this achievement was the insight that the hippocampal formation is important
187:
The discovery of implicit memory was made by
Warrington and Weiskrantz (1974) who studied with priming experiments patients affected by Korsakov's amnesia, in which the structures of explicit memory are damaged. Subsequently, the procedural dimension of implicit memory has been confirmed. As well as
135:
A more recent contribution to the study of implicit memory comes from the experiments with a spatial organization computer game on amnesic patients (Stickgold et al., 2000). Damage to the bilateral temporal lobe and hippocampus had caused the loss of explicit memory. However, despite being unable to
389:
The same study also tested the effect on memory by priming the words via an auditory test and then testing through visual stimuli. In this case, there was little decline in the priming effect when patients were tested explicitly by merely being asked whether they recognized hearing the word in the
326:
The tradition of work with amnesic patients explains why the idea of multiple memory systems led naturally to a consideration of what kind of memory depends on the integrity of the brain structures, including hippocampus, that are damaged in amnesia. In addition, the idea that the hippocampus might
279:
It is debated whether implicit attitudes (that is, attitudes people have without being consciously aware of them) belong under the category of implicit memory or if this merely involves a pragmatic approach to asserting knowledge. In some ways, implicit attitudes resemble procedural memory as they
205:
The multiple memory system theory ascribes the differences in implicit and explicit memory to the differences in the underlying structures. The theory says that explicit memories are associated with a declarative memory system responsible for the formation of new representations or data structures.
168:
are only capable of implicit memory because they are unable to intentionally draw knowledge from pre-existing memories. As people mature, they are usually capable of intentional recollection of memory, or explicit memory. However, amnesic patients are usually the exception to developing memory, but
410:
One of the key findings from the foregoing research that implies a fundamental difference between implicit and explicit memory is provided by studies that have examined the effects of elaborative processing on these two forms of memory. It is well known that explicit recall and recognition benefit
385:
Many experiments have been performed to demonstrate the differences between implicit and explicit memory. One such method of differentiation is revealed through the depth-of-processing effect. In a 1981 study by Jacoby and Dallas, subjects were first given a list of words and asked to engage with
358:
The neural components of memory have demonstrated to be extensive in its operating characteristics. In order to obtain more information on the different memory systems that exist within the brain, research done by
Gabrieli et al (1995) used the cases of patients with brain injuries associated with
196:
Activation processing is one of two parts in
Mandler's dual processing theory. According to Mandler, there are two processes that operate on mental representations. The first is activation, where increased activity causes a memory to be more distinctive. This increases the familiarity component of
131:
priming tasks, while patients with
Huntington's disease (HD) were able to demonstrate normal priming ability (Shimamura et al., 1987; Salmon et al., 1988). In contrast, HD patients evidenced little learning on a pursuit-rotor task that was easily mastered by both amnesic and DAT patients (Eslinger
322:
In amnesia, damage has occurred to the hippocampus, or related structures, and the capacity is lost for one kind of neuroplasticity (LTP in hippocampus) and for one kind of memory. The fact that residual learning abilities are accomplished implicitly could be taken to mean that nothing at all has
219:
present events. When riding a bicycle, one's focus is on travelling down the road, rather than the specifics of keeping balance. A bicyclist may not even be able to specify the particulars of balancing. In this case, the past memory of keeping one's balance serves as a tool rather than an object.
237:
The illusion-of-truth effect states that a person is more likely to believe a familiar statement than an unfamiliar one. In a 1977 experiment participants were asked to read 60 plausible statements every two weeks and to rate them based on their validity. Some of these statements, both true and
152:
There are usually two approaches to studying implicit memory. The first is to define a characteristic associated with explicit memory. If a person with a normal working memory can solve the task (e.g. remembering a list of words), then they are consciously recalling a memory. The second approach
349:
The process dissociation procedure provides a general framework for separating the influences of automatic processes from the intentional processes and can be applied to a variety of domains. Later, Visser & Merikle also employed the process dissociation method to demonstrate the effects of
222:
When used as a tool, the use of a memory is unconscious because the focus is not on the past, but on the present that is being aided by the past memory. Memory can serve as a tool even when one is unable to recall or recognize the influence of the past memory. This distinction between the two
183:
Although the explicit–implicit distinction was introduced during the 1980s, the sort of contrast that it captures is not new; related distinctions between conscious and unconscious memories, to take just one example, have been around for more than a century (for historical considerations, see
114:
The effect of implicit memory was tested employing priming procedures. Several studies confirm implicit memory as a separate entity. In one such experiment, participants were asked to listen to several songs and decide if they were familiar with the song or not. Half of the participants were
288:
In order to understand the individual references on learning a language on individual adults Morgan-Short et al (2014) designed a study that included seven test sessions in which “cognitive, measures of declarative and procedural learning, intelligence, language training, practice (grammar),
267:
puzzle (a complex problem-solving game that requires thirty-one steps to complete). The first group showed the same improvements over time as the second group, even if some participants claimed that they didn't even remember having seen the puzzle before. These findings strongly suggest that
144:
According to Daniel L. Schacter, "The question of whether implicit and explicit memory depend on a single underlying system or on multiple underlying systems is not yet resolved." The findings display such a variety of phenomena that there has not yet been a theory to account for all of the
238:
false ones, were presented more than once in different sessions. Results showed that participants were more likely to rate as true statements the ones they had previously heard (even if they didn't consciously remember having heard them), regardless of the actual validity of the statement.
297:
Evidence strongly suggests that implicit memory is largely distinct from explicit memory and operates through a different process in the brain. Recently, interest has been directed towards studying these differences, most notably by studying amnesic patients and the effect of
406:
effect to aid performance in identifying previously seen words in tests of word completion. All of these results strongly indicate that implicit memory not only exists, but exists as its own entity, with its own processes that significantly differ from explicit memory.
197:
the memory, which explains results from priming effects. The second is elaboration, which is a conscious memory used to encode explicit memories that involves activation, but also creating new relationships amongst existing memories.
122:
Some clues as to the anatomical basis of implicit memory have emanated from recent studies comparing different forms of dementia. Patients with dementia of the
Alzheimer type (DAT) have been reported to be severely impaired on both
188:
this, the emotional and affective dimension of implicit memory is of particular interest for psychoanalysis. It is linked to the earliest, most significant experiences of the infant with the mother and the surrounding environment.
119:, or memories formed between two entities, linking them together in the brain. This study shows that people implicitly make a strong associative connection between a song's tune and its lyrics that they can't separate later.
1506:
Gabrieli, John D.E.; Fleischman, Debra A.; Keane, Margaret M.; Reminger, Sheryl L.; Morrell, Frank (March 1995). "Double
Dissociation Between Memory Systems Underlying Explicit and Implicit Memory in the Human Brain".
169:
are still capable of undergoing priming, to some extent. Since procedural memory is based on automatic responses to certain stimuli, amnesic patients are not affected by their disability when behaving habitually.
263:
In one experiment two groups of people, one composed of amnesic patients with heavily impaired long-term memory, and the other composed by healthy subjects, were asked several times to solve a
339:
as a procedure to separate the contributions of different types of processes to performance of a task. This method uses the 'dissociation' paradigm of comparing performance on two tasks.
153:
invokes neither a conscious nor an unconscious response. This approach is dependent on many independent variables that affect the response of a person's implicit and explicit memory.
311:
one study, amnesic patients showed a severely impaired ability in verbal long-term memory, but no impairment in their memory for learning how to solve a certain motor task called a
77:, a process whereby subjects are measured by how they have improved their performance on tasks for which they have been subconsciously prepared. Implicit memory also leads to the
94:
Advanced studies of implicit memory began only in the 1980s. In early research, subjects were presented with words under different conditions and were given two types of tests:
382:
Implicit memory does not depend on explicit memory. Notions of unconscious memory are related to the concept of implicit memory (J. Breuer, Z. Freud The Study of
Hysteria).
1594:
Mancia, Maria (2006). "Implicit memory and early unrepressed unconscious: Their role in the therapeutic process (How the neurosciences can contribute to psychoanalysis)".
901:
Mancia, Mauro (2006). "Implicit memory and early unrepressed unconscious: Their role in the therapeutic process (How the neurosciences can contribute to psychoanalysis".
859:
Mancia, Mauro (2006). "Implicit memory and early unrepressed unconscious: Their role in the therapeutic process (How the neurosciences can contribute to psychoanalysis".
99:
206:
In contrast, implicit memories are associated with a procedural memory system where memories are just modifications of existing procedures or processing operations.
1154:
Begg, I.M.; Anas, A.; Farinacci, S. (1992). "Dissociation of processes in belief: source recollection, statement familiarity, and the illusion of truth".
124:
1140:
845:
2292:
1107:
81:, which suggests that subjects are more likely to rate as true those statements that they have already heard, regardless of their truthfulness.
796:"Neuropsychological evidence for multiple implicit memory systems: a comparison of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease patients"
402:
be no statistical correlation between a person's ability to explicitly remember a list of words and their ability to subconsciously use the
1875:
861:
457:
260:. Procedural memory lets us perform some actions (such as writing or riding a bike) even if we are not consciously thinking about it.
1664:
Tulving, E.; Schacter, D.L.; Stark, H.A. (1982). "Priming effects in word-fragment completion are independent of recognition memory".
2156:
1699:
Schacter & Graf, D.L. & P. (1986). "Effects of elaborative processing on implicit and explicit memory for new associations".
1281:
Roediger, H.L.; Nairne, J.S.; Neath, I.; Surprenant, A.M. (2003). "The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G. Crowder".
319:
occurs without the involvement of explicit memory again suggests that the two types of memory have different functions in the brain.
1308:
Morgan-Short, Kara; Faretta-Stutenberg, Mandy; Brill-Schuetz, Katherine A.; Carpenter, Helen; Wong, Patrick C. M. (January 2014).
102:
tests. These studies provided evidence that effects of memory on perceptual identification was independent of recognition memory.
180:. Word knowledge grows rapidly, perhaps at one a day. These processes are currently poorly understood, and may be unconscious.
1246:
Arwas, S.; Rolnick, A.; Lubow, R.E. (1989). "Conditioned taste aversion in humans using motion-induced sickness as the US".
751:
Crowder, Robert G.; Mary Louise Serafine; Bruno H. Repp (April 1984). "Integration of Melody and Test in Memory for Songs".
1629:
Graf, P.; Schacter, D.L. (1987). "Selective effects of interference on implicit and explicit memory for new associations".
1309:
276:
shows that there appears to be an implicit, procedural memory that subconsciously links the sickness and the drink flavor.
51:; for example, remembering how to tie one's shoes or ride a bicycle without consciously thinking about those activities.
1463:
Visser & Merikle, Troy AW & Philip M. (1999). "Conscious and unconscious processes: The effects of motivation".
2366:
1398:
Graf, P.; Schacter, D.L. (1985). "Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects".
1751:
116:
2239:
950:
1436:
Jacoby, L.L (1991). "A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory".
582:
Graf, P.; Mandler, G. (1984). "Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable".
1063:
Squire, L.R. (1992). "Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans".
343:
2287:
2188:
2075:
1584:
Jacoby, L. L., & Witherspoon. D. Remembering without awareness. Canadian Journal of Psychology. (1982)
372:
641:
Jacoby, L.L.; Dallas, M. (1981). "On the relationship between autobiographical and perceptual learning".
1015:
Mandler, George; Jennifer Dorfman (1994). "Implicit and explicit forgetting: When is gist remembered?".
2413:
2338:
2171:
609:
Hasher, L.; Goldstein, D.; Toppino, T. (1977). "Frequency and the conference of referential validity".
376:
425:
2451:
2396:
2371:
2201:
2178:
2128:
2033:
793:
394:
effect was severely reduced by the change in modality from the studying part to the testing part.
223:
functions of memory set the stage for understanding the role of unconscious (or implicit) memory.
145:
observations. Instead, two theories have been presented to explain different subsets of the data.
2138:
1904:
716:
Jacoby & Kelley, L.L & D.M (1987). "Unconscious influences of memory for a prior event".
561:
390:
first part of the experiment. On the word identification test of implicit memory, however, the
2545:
2505:
2406:
2375:
2013:
1801:
488:
2560:
2275:
2161:
2133:
2118:
2113:
1951:
1134:
839:
232:
78:
47:, which allows people to perform certain tasks without conscious awareness of these previous
1310:"Declarative and procedural memory as individual differences in second language acquisition"
2444:
2428:
2307:
2065:
2018:
2008:
1796:
1744:
1202:
972:
Schacter, D.L. (1992). "Understanding implicit memory: A cognitive neuroscience approach".
403:
391:
316:
299:
74:
8:
2575:
2475:
2166:
2050:
1998:
1966:
1946:
1191:"Different memory systems underlying acquisition of procedural and declarative knowledge"
242:
of implicit memory as it can lead to unconscious decisions about a statement's veracity.
177:
1206:
2672:
2657:
2495:
2440:
2433:
2401:
2302:
2297:
2249:
2227:
2196:
2023:
1716:
1681:
1646:
1611:
1550:
Roediger, Henry L. (September 1990). "Implicit Memory: Retention without remembering".
1532:
1520:
1488:
1380:
1337:
1228:
1215:
1190:
1171:
1088:
1040:
997:
918:
878:
822:
812:
795:
776:
733:
693:
534:
480:
430:
269:
161:
95:
55:
1126:
622:
595:
362:
2708:
2696:
2667:
2515:
2386:
2361:
2317:
2244:
2222:
2123:
2060:
2028:
2003:
1971:
1956:
1866:
1836:
1774:
1685:
1567:
1524:
1480:
1449:
1415:
1372:
1368:
1341:
1329:
1263:
1259:
1220:
1080:
1032:
989:
946:
827:
768:
764:
737:
658:
526:
257:
251:
44:
1720:
1650:
1615:
1536:
1384:
1307:
1232:
1092:
922:
882:
780:
697:
538:
522:
2647:
2600:
2570:
2525:
2381:
2312:
2265:
2070:
2045:
1931:
1891:
1779:
1708:
1673:
1638:
1603:
1559:
1516:
1492:
1472:
1445:
1407:
1364:
1321:
1290:
1255:
1210:
1163:
1122:
1072:
1044:
1024:
1001:
981:
910:
870:
817:
807:
760:
725:
685:
650:
618:
591:
518:
484:
472:
128:
28:
1175:
2729:
2585:
2565:
2540:
2530:
2485:
2480:
2234:
2206:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1784:
1737:
940:
420:
336:
280:
rely on an implicit, unconscious piece of knowledge that was previously learned.
103:
67:
59:
32:
1607:
1563:
1167:
914:
874:
676:
Jacoby & Witherspoon, L.L & D. (1982). "Remembering without awareness".
654:
507:"Contributions of memory circuits to language: the declarative/procedural model"
2652:
2616:
2510:
2108:
2055:
1881:
1851:
1831:
1818:
1712:
1411:
1294:
1076:
985:
476:
264:
1677:
1642:
1325:
1028:
553:
292:
2723:
2631:
2621:
2595:
2590:
2550:
2535:
2500:
2423:
2270:
2098:
1961:
1936:
1899:
1856:
1846:
1841:
1826:
1528:
1333:
729:
63:
794:
Heindel, W., Salmon, D., Shults, C., Walicke, P., & Butters, N. (1989).
283:
2662:
2626:
2580:
2490:
2333:
2148:
2103:
2090:
2080:
2040:
1760:
1484:
1476:
530:
1571:
1419:
1376:
1267:
1224:
1084:
1036:
993:
831:
772:
662:
2520:
2391:
2345:
1355:
Brooks, D.N.; Baddeley, A.D. (1976). "What can amnesic patients learn?".
750:
2555:
2418:
1985:
48:
20:
353:
1791:
689:
2280:
1701:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
1666:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
1631:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
1400:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
506:
465:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
363:
Other evidence for differences between implicit and explicit memory
40:
711:
709:
707:
54:
The type of knowledge that is stored in implicit memory is called
1993:
173:
36:
1105:
1729:
1505:
1189:
Cohen, N.J.; Eichenbaum, H.; Deacedo, B.S.; Corkin, S. (1985).
704:
172:
Childhood is when knowledge representation grows quickly. New
165:
1280:
1188:
293:
Evidence for the separation of implicit and explicit memory
70:
of factual information, previous experiences and concepts.
371:
Neuropsychology has used imaging techniques such as PET (
284:
Declarative and Procedural memory in language acquisition
934:
932:
675:
1014:
1431:
1429:
1108:"Frequency and the Conference of Referential Validity"
1058:
1056:
1054:
608:
305:
213:
938:
929:
896:
894:
892:
176:
are formed from experience through poorly understood
1663:
1462:
1698:
1426:
1051:
715:
354:
Double Dissociation on Explicit and Implicit memory
350:motivation on conscious and unconscious processes.
256:A form of implicit memory used every day is called
16:
One of the two main types of long-term human memory
889:
1245:
1153:
2721:
1017:The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
335:Process dissociation is a framework proposed by
84:
942:The Development of Implicit and Explicit Memory
268:procedural memory is somewhat independent from
1354:
1115:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
611:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
584:Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
451:
449:
447:
445:
330:
1745:
458:"Implicit memory: history and current status"
1628:
1397:
1139:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
844:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
640:
636:
634:
632:
58:, implicit memory's counterpart is known as
1876:The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
1596:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis
903:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis
862:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis
643:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
581:
442:
226:
62:or declarative memory, which refers to the
1752:
1738:
1438:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1195:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
718:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1214:
1106:Hasher, Goldstein, & Toppino (1977).
821:
811:
629:
200:
1549:
971:
455:
191:
73:Evidence for implicit memory arises in
2722:
1593:
1435:
1062:
900:
858:
504:
342:Jacoby employed this technique in his
1733:
945:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
939:Harlene Rovee-Collier, Hayne (2001).
1314:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
551:
245:
306:Implicit memory in amnesic patients
214:Memory as tool vs. memory as object
139:
13:
1521:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00310.x
1216:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37579.x
1156:Journal of Experimental Psychology
813:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-02-00582.1989
109:
43:. One of its most common forms is
14:
2741:
2157:Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm
89:
2702:
2690:
1759:
27:is one of the two main types of
1692:
1657:
1622:
1587:
1578:
1543:
1499:
1456:
1391:
1348:
1301:
1274:
1239:
1182:
1147:
1099:
1008:
965:
852:
787:
564:from the original on 2021-12-15
523:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.10.008
2367:Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
2240:Memory and social interactions
1283:American Journal of Psychiatry
1248:Behaviour Research and Therapy
744:
678:Canadian Journal of Psychology
669:
602:
575:
545:
498:
156:
1:
1127:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80012-1
623:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80012-1
596:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90346-3
436:
85:Evidence and current research
2076:Retrieval-induced forgetting
1450:10.1016/0749-596x(91)90025-f
1369:10.1016/0028-3932(76)90012-9
1260:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90049-1
765:10.1016/0010-0277(84)90031-3
373:positron emission tomography
7:
1608:10.1516/39m7-h9ce-5lqx-yegy
1564:10.1037/0003-066x.45.9.1043
1465:Consciousness and Cognition
1168:10.1037/0096-3445.121.4.446
915:10.1516/39m7-h9ce-5lqx-yegy
875:10.1516/39m7-h9ce-5lqx-yegy
800:The Journal of Neuroscience
655:10.1037/0096-3445.110.3.306
554:"Measuring Implicit Memory"
414:
331:Process dissociation method
10:
2746:
2414:Levels of Processing model
2339:World Memory Championships
2172:Lost in the mall technique
2019:dissociative (psychogenic)
1713:10.1037/0278-7393.12.3.432
1412:10.1037/0278-7393.11.3.501
1295:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.396
1077:10.1037/0033-295x.99.2.195
986:10.1037/0003-066x.47.4.559
477:10.1037/0278-7393.13.3.501
377:magnetic resonance imaging
249:
230:
31:. It is acquired and used
2685:
2640:
2609:
2468:
2461:
2354:
2326:
2258:
2215:
2187:
2147:
2089:
1984:
1890:
1865:
1817:
1810:
1767:
1678:10.1037/0278-7393.8.4.336
1643:10.1037/0278-7393.13.1.45
1326:10.1017/S1366728912000715
1029:10.1080/14640749408401132
426:Implicit association test
100:perceptual identification
2452:The Seven Sins of Memory
2397:Intermediate-term memory
2202:Indirect tests of memory
2179:Recovered-memory therapy
2129:Misattribution of memory
730:10.1177/0146167287133003
456:Schacter, D. L. (1987).
227:Illusion-of-truth effect
2139:Source-monitoring error
560:. St. Peter's College.
2546:George Armitage Miller
2506:Patricia Goldman-Rakic
1477:10.1006/ccog.1998.0378
552:Hamilton, Marryellen.
201:Multiple memory system
29:long-term human memory
2709:Philosophy portal
2697:Psychology portal
2561:Henry L. Roediger III
2162:False memory syndrome
2134:Misinformation effect
2114:Imagination inflation
1552:American Psychologist
1509:Psychological Science
974:American Psychologist
344:false fame experiment
233:Illusory truth effect
192:Activation processing
79:illusory truth effect
2066:Motivated forgetting
1065:Psychological Review
2576:Arthur P. Shimamura
2476:Richard C. Atkinson
2293:Effects of exercise
2167:Memory implantation
2051:Interference theory
1967:Selective retention
1947:Meaningful learning
1207:1985NYASA.444...54C
505:Ullman, MT (2004).
178:inductive processes
2673:Andriy Slyusarchuk
2496:Hermann Ebbinghaus
2402:Involuntary memory
2303:Memory improvement
2288:Effects of alcohol
2250:Transactive memory
2228:Politics of memory
2197:Exceptional memory
431:Implicit cognition
270:declarative memory
162:Empirical evidence
117:associative memory
96:recognition memory
56:implicit knowledge
2717:
2716:
2681:
2680:
2668:Cosmos Rossellius
2516:Marcia K. Johnson
2387:Exosomatic memory
2372:Context-dependent
2362:Absent-mindedness
2245:Memory conformity
2223:Collective memory
2124:Memory conformity
2061:Memory inhibition
1980:
1979:
1972:Tip of the tongue
258:procedural memory
252:Procedural memory
246:Procedural memory
45:procedural memory
35:, and can affect
2737:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2648:Jonathan Hancock
2601:Robert Stickgold
2571:Richard Shiffrin
2526:Elizabeth Loftus
2466:
2465:
2382:Childhood memory
2189:Research methods
2071:Repressed memory
2046:Forgetting curve
2034:transient global
1905:Autobiographical
1815:
1814:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1558:(9): 1043–1056.
1547:
1541:
1540:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1357:Neuropsychologia
1352:
1346:
1345:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1218:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1130:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1060:
1049:
1048:
1012:
1006:
1005:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
936:
927:
926:
898:
887:
886:
856:
850:
849:
843:
835:
825:
815:
791:
785:
784:
748:
742:
741:
713:
702:
701:
690:10.1037/h0080638
673:
667:
666:
638:
627:
626:
606:
600:
599:
579:
573:
572:
570:
569:
549:
543:
542:
502:
496:
495:
493:
487:. Archived from
462:
453:
140:Current research
2745:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2677:
2658:Dominic O'Brien
2636:
2605:
2586:Susumu Tonegawa
2566:Daniel Schacter
2541:Eleanor Maguire
2531:Geoffrey Loftus
2486:Stephen J. Ceci
2481:Robert A. Bjork
2457:
2376:state-dependent
2350:
2322:
2254:
2235:Cultural memory
2211:
2207:Memory disorder
2183:
2143:
2085:
1976:
1886:
1861:
1806:
1763:
1758:
1728:
1697:
1693:
1662:
1658:
1627:
1623:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1548:
1544:
1504:
1500:
1461:
1457:
1434:
1427:
1396:
1392:
1353:
1349:
1306:
1302:
1279:
1275:
1244:
1240:
1187:
1183:
1152:
1148:
1132:
1131:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1061:
1052:
1013:
1009:
970:
966:
957:
955:
953:
937:
930:
899:
890:
857:
853:
837:
836:
792:
788:
749:
745:
714:
705:
674:
670:
639:
630:
607:
603:
580:
576:
567:
565:
550:
546:
517:(1–2): 231–70.
503:
499:
491:
460:
454:
443:
439:
421:Explicit memory
417:
365:
356:
333:
308:
295:
286:
254:
248:
235:
229:
216:
203:
194:
159:
142:
112:
110:Priming studies
92:
87:
60:explicit memory
25:implicit memory
17:
12:
11:
5:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Paul R. McHugh
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Ivan Izquierdo
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Hindsight bias
2106:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Memory erasure
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:post-traumatic
2011:
2006:
2001:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Personal-event
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1882:Working memory
1879:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:Motor learning
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1768:Basic concepts
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1726:
1707:(3): 432–444.
1691:
1672:(4): 336–342.
1656:
1621:
1586:
1577:
1542:
1498:
1455:
1444:(5): 513–541.
1425:
1406:(3): 501–518.
1390:
1363:(1): 111–129.
1347:
1300:
1273:
1254:(3): 295–301.
1238:
1181:
1162:(4): 446–458.
1146:
1098:
1071:(2): 195–231.
1050:
1023:(3): 651–672.
1007:
980:(4): 559–569.
964:
951:
928:
888:
851:
806:(2): 582–587.
786:
759:(3): 285–303.
743:
724:(3): 314–336.
703:
684:(2): 300–324.
668:
649:(3): 306–340.
628:
601:
590:(5): 553–568.
574:
544:
497:
494:on 2009-02-19.
471:(3): 501–518.
440:
438:
435:
434:
433:
428:
423:
416:
413:
364:
361:
355:
352:
332:
329:
307:
304:
294:
291:
285:
282:
265:Tower of Hanoi
250:Main article:
247:
244:
231:Main article:
228:
225:
215:
212:
202:
199:
193:
190:
158:
155:
141:
138:
111:
108:
91:
90:Early research
88:
86:
83:
66:, intentional
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2742:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:Clive Wearing
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Endel Tulving
2594:
2592:
2591:Anne Treisman
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Brenda Milner
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:James McGaugh
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Sigmund Freud
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:retrospective
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Muscle memory
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:Art of memory
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Memory biases
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Confabulation
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2091:Memory errors
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:post-hypnotic
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:Rote learning
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Hyperthymesia
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Active recall
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Consolidation
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:(1): 83–103.
1601:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:(1): 94–113.
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
954:
948:
944:
943:
935:
933:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:(1): 83–103.
908:
904:
897:
895:
893:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:(1): 83–103.
868:
864:
863:
855:
847:
841:
833:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
710:
708:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
635:
633:
624:
620:
616:
612:
605:
597:
593:
589:
585:
578:
563:
559:
555:
548:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
452:
450:
448:
446:
441:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
412:
408:
405:
399:
395:
393:
387:
383:
380:
378:
374:
369:
360:
351:
347:
345:
340:
338:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
313:pursuit rotor
303:
301:
290:
281:
277:
273:
271:
266:
261:
259:
253:
243:
239:
234:
224:
220:
211:
207:
198:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
170:
167:
163:
154:
150:
146:
137:
133:
130:
126:
120:
118:
107:
105:
101:
97:
82:
80:
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:unconsciously
30:
26:
22:
2663:Ben Pridmore
2581:Larry Squire
2491:Susan Clancy
2450:
2334:Memory sport
2259:Other topics
2149:False memory
2104:Cryptomnesia
2081:Weapon focus
2041:Decay theory
1941:
1802:Neuroanatomy
1761:Human memory
1704:
1700:
1694:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1580:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1515:(2): 76–82.
1512:
1508:
1501:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1441:
1437:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1320:(1): 56–72.
1317:
1313:
1303:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1201:(1): 54–71.
1198:
1194:
1184:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1135:cite journal
1118:
1114:
1101:
1068:
1064:
1020:
1016:
1010:
977:
973:
967:
956:. Retrieved
941:
906:
902:
866:
860:
854:
840:cite journal
803:
799:
789:
756:
752:
746:
721:
717:
681:
677:
671:
646:
642:
614:
610:
604:
587:
583:
577:
566:. Retrieved
557:
547:
514:
510:
500:
489:the original
468:
464:
409:
400:
396:
388:
384:
381:
370:
366:
357:
348:
341:
337:L. L. Jacoby
334:
325:
321:
312:
309:
296:
287:
278:
274:
262:
255:
240:
236:
221:
217:
208:
204:
195:
186:
182:
171:
160:
151:
147:
143:
134:
121:
113:
93:
72:
68:recollection
53:
24:
18:
2521:Eric Kandel
2469:Researchers
2441:Prospective
2392:Free recall
2346:Shas Pollak
1999:anterograde
1915:Declarative
1121:: 107–112.
617:: 107–112.
558:youtube.com
375:) and MRI (
157:Development
49:experiences
2556:Lynn Nadel
2434:intertrial
2419:Metamemory
2407:flashbacks
2327:In society
2024:retrograde
1986:Forgetting
1957:Procedural
1867:Short-term
1837:Eyewitness
1289:(2): 396.
958:2012-04-18
952:9027251444
568:2012-04-21
437:References
98:tests and
41:behaviours
21:psychology
2308:Nutrition
2216:In groups
2029:selective
2004:childhood
1932:Flashbulb
1892:Long-term
1792:Attention
1686:143013790
1637:: 45–53.
1529:0956-7976
1342:145658985
1334:1366-7289
753:Cognition
738:145729162
511:Cognition
164:suggests
64:conscious
2724:Category
2610:Patients
2281:mnemonic
2276:chunking
1942:Implicit
1925:Semantic
1920:Episodic
1910:Explicit
1775:Encoding
1721:30683264
1651:38069255
1616:27268477
1537:14682523
1485:10072695
1385:12300915
1233:40037840
1093:14104324
923:27268477
883:27268477
781:43278146
698:45162856
562:Archived
539:14611894
531:15037131
415:See also
174:concepts
129:semantic
37:thoughts
2429:Priming
2355:Related
2298:Emotion
1994:Amnesia
1832:Eidetic
1819:Sensory
1780:Storage
1572:2221571
1493:8732095
1420:3160813
1377:1272505
1268:2730511
1225:3860122
1203:Bibcode
1085:1594723
1045:1828772
1037:7938670
1002:3812025
994:1595984
832:2521896
823:6569801
773:6541107
663:6457080
485:3728984
404:priming
392:priming
317:priming
300:priming
166:infants
125:lexical
75:priming
2730:Memory
2462:People
2447:memory
2378:memory
2318:Trauma
1857:Visual
1847:Iconic
1842:Haptic
1827:Echoic
1785:Recall
1719:
1684:
1649:
1614:
1570:
1535:
1527:
1491:
1483:
1418:
1383:
1375:
1340:
1332:
1266:
1231:
1223:
1176:229079
1174:
1091:
1083:
1043:
1035:
1000:
992:
949:
921:
881:
830:
820:
779:
771:
736:
696:
661:
537:
529:
483:
104:Jacoby
2641:Other
2313:Sleep
2266:Aging
1811:Types
1717:S2CID
1682:S2CID
1647:S2CID
1612:S2CID
1533:S2CID
1489:S2CID
1381:S2CID
1338:S2CID
1229:S2CID
1172:S2CID
1111:(PDF)
1089:S2CID
1041:S2CID
998:S2CID
919:S2CID
879:S2CID
777:S2CID
734:S2CID
694:S2CID
535:S2CID
492:(PDF)
481:S2CID
461:(PDF)
2443:and
2374:and
1568:PMID
1525:ISSN
1481:PMID
1416:PMID
1373:PMID
1330:ISSN
1264:PMID
1221:PMID
1141:link
1081:PMID
1033:PMID
990:PMID
947:ISBN
846:link
828:PMID
769:PMID
659:PMID
527:PMID
127:and
39:and
1709:doi
1674:doi
1639:doi
1604:doi
1560:doi
1517:doi
1473:doi
1446:doi
1408:doi
1365:doi
1322:doi
1291:doi
1287:160
1256:doi
1211:doi
1199:444
1164:doi
1160:121
1123:doi
1073:doi
1025:doi
982:doi
911:doi
871:doi
818:PMC
808:doi
761:doi
726:doi
686:doi
651:doi
647:110
619:doi
592:doi
519:doi
473:doi
19:In
2726::
2627:NA
2622:KC
2617:HM
1715:.
1705:12
1703:.
1680:.
1668:.
1645:.
1635:13
1633:.
1610:.
1600:87
1598:.
1566:.
1556:45
1554:.
1531:.
1523:.
1511:.
1487:.
1479:.
1467:.
1442:30
1440:.
1428:^
1414:.
1404:11
1402:.
1379:.
1371:.
1361:14
1359:.
1336:.
1328:.
1318:17
1316:.
1312:.
1285:.
1262:.
1252:27
1250:.
1227:.
1219:.
1209:.
1197:.
1193:.
1170:.
1158:.
1137:}}
1133:{{
1119:16
1117:.
1113:.
1087:.
1079:.
1069:99
1067:.
1053:^
1039:.
1031:.
1021:47
1019:.
996:.
988:.
978:47
976:.
931:^
917:.
907:87
905:.
891:^
877:.
867:87
865:.
842:}}
838:{{
826:.
816:.
802:.
798:.
775:.
767:.
757:16
755:.
732:.
722:13
720:.
706:^
692:.
682:36
680:.
657:.
645:.
631:^
615:16
613:.
588:23
586:.
556:.
533:.
525:.
515:92
513:.
509:.
479:.
469:13
467:.
463:.
444:^
302:.
272:.
23:,
1878:"
1874:"
1753:e
1746:t
1739:v
1723:.
1711::
1688:.
1676::
1670:8
1653:.
1641::
1618:.
1606::
1574:.
1562::
1539:.
1519::
1513:6
1495:.
1475::
1469:8
1452:.
1448::
1422:.
1410::
1387:.
1367::
1344:.
1324::
1297:.
1293::
1270:.
1258::
1235:.
1213::
1205::
1178:.
1166::
1143:)
1129:.
1125::
1095:.
1075::
1047:.
1027::
1004:.
984::
961:.
925:.
913::
885:.
873::
848:)
834:.
810::
804:9
783:.
763::
740:.
728::
700:.
688::
665:.
653::
625:.
621::
598:.
594::
571:.
541:.
521::
475::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.