1422:'s Image Size dialog, the image editor allows the user to manipulate both pixel dimensions and the size of the image on the printed document. These parameters work together to produce a printed image of the desired size and quality. Pixels per inch of the image, pixel per inch of the computer monitor, and dots per inch on the printed document are related, but in use are very different. The Image Size dialog can be used as an image calculator of sorts. For example, a 1600 × 1200 image with a resolution of 200 ppi will produce a printed image of 8 × 6 inches. The same image with 400 ppi will produce a printed image of 4 × 3 inches. Change the resolution to 800 ppi, and the same image now prints out at 2 × 1.5 inches. All three printed images contain the same data (1600 × 1200 pixels), but the pixels are closer together on the smaller prints, so the smaller images will potentially look sharp when the larger ones do not. The quality of the image will also depend on the capability of the printer.
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871:, the enhancement of an image is the process of improving the quality of a digitally stored image by manipulating the image with software. It is quite easy, for example, to make an image lighter or darker, or to increase or decrease contrast. Advanced photo enhancement software also supports many filters for altering images in various ways. Programs specialized for image enhancement are sometimes called image editors.
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575:. Cropping creates a new image by selecting a desired rectangular portion from the image being cropped. The unwanted part of the image is discarded. Image cropping does not reduce the resolution of the area cropped. Best results are obtained when the original image has a high resolution. A primary reason for cropping is to improve the image composition in the new image.
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edges when selecting images. There are a number of ways to silhouette an image with soft edges, including selecting the image or its background by sampling similar colors, selecting the edges by raster tracing, or converting a clipping path to a raster selection. Once the image is selected, it may be
264:. These are called automatic because generally they happen without user interaction or are offered with one click of a button or mouse button or by selecting an option from a menu. Additionally, some automatic editing features offer a combination of editing actions with little or no user interaction.
1397:
to describe the photographic process of capturing multiple bracketed exposures of a land or cityscape over a specific span of time in a changing natural or artificial lighting environment. Once captured, the exposure brackets are manually blended together into a single High
Dynamic Range image using
609:
Using a selection tool, the outline of the figure or element in the picture is traced/selected, and then the background is removed. Depending on how intricate the "edge" is this may be more or less difficult to do cleanly. For example, individual hairs can require a lot of work. Hence the use of the
1045:
The Clone Stamp tool selects and samples an area of your picture and then uses these pixels to paint over any marks. The Clone Stamp tool acts like a brush so you can change the size, allowing cloning from just one pixel wide to hundreds. You can change the opacity to produce a subtle clone effect.
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artifacts can be removed; dust and scratches can be removed and an image can be de-speckled. Noise reduction merely estimates the state of the scene without the noise and is not a substitute for obtaining a "cleaner" image. Excessive noise reduction leads to a loss of detail, and its application is
906:
Another form of image sharpening involves a form of contrast. This is done by finding the average color of the pixels around each pixel in a specified radius, and then contrasting that pixel from that average color. This effect makes the image seem clearer, seemingly adding details. An example of
1004:
Image editors usually have a list of special effects that can create unusual results. Images may be skewed and distorted in various ways. Scores of special effects can be applied to an image which include various forms of distortion, artistic effects, geometric transforms and texture effects, or
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Gamma correction is particularly useful for bringing details that would be hard to see on most computer monitors out of shadows. In some image editing software, this is called "curves", usually, a tool found in the color menu, and no reference to "gamma" is used anywhere in the program or the
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A more recent tool in digital image editing software is the image slicer. Parts of images for graphical user interfaces or web pages are easily sliced, labeled and saved separately from whole images so the parts can be handled individually by the display medium. This is useful to allow dynamic
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of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in the digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as
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coding) by which the greater the compression, the more information is lost, ultimately reducing image quality or detail that can not be restored. JPEG uses knowledge of the way the human visual system perceive color to make this loss of detail less noticeable.
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with the layers below, without affecting any of the elements on the other layers. This is a fundamental workflow which has become the norm for the majority of programs on the market today, and enables maximum flexibility for the user while maintaining
1373:, which occurs when flash photos are taken when the pupil is too widely open (so that light from the flash that passes into the eye through the pupil reflects off the fundus at the back of the eyeball), can also be eliminated at this stage.
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Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the better graphics manipulation programs. The list is by no means all-inclusive. There are a myriad of choices associated with the application of most of these features.
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of images. Common color depths are 2, 4, 16, 256, 65,536 and 16.7 million colors. The JPEG and PNG image formats are capable of storing 16.7 million colors (equal to 256 luminance values per color channel). In addition,
501:
Leonardo da Vinci's
Vitruvian Man overlaid a soft light layer Moses Harris's Color Wheel and a soft light layer of Ignaz Schiffermüller's Color Wheel. Soft light layers have a darker, more translucent look than screen
180:. These pixels contain the image's color and brightness information. Image editors can change the pixels to enhance the image in many ways. The pixels can be changed as a group, or individually, by the sophisticated
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When selecting a raster image that is not rectangular, it requires separating the edges from the background, also known as silhouetting. This is the digital-analog of cutting out the image from a physical picture.
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post-processing software. Dynamic
Blending images serve to display a consolidated moment. This means that while the final image may be a blend of a span of time, it visually appears to represent a single instant.
493:
Leonardo da Vinci's
Vitruvian Man overlaid with Goethe's Color Wheel using a screen layer in Adobe Photoshop. Screen layers can be helpful in graphic design and in creating multiple exposures in photography.
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threshold are brightened, thereby brightening underexposed shadows without affecting the rest of the image. The exact transformation that is applied to each color channel can vary from editor to editor.
2106:"Fantasy, fairy tale and myth collide in images: By digitally altering photos of landscapes, artist Anthony Goicolea creates an intriguing world", The Vancouver Sun (British Columbia); June 19, 2006.
887:. Portraits often appear more pleasing when selectively softened (particularly the skin and the background) to better make the subject stand out. This can be achieved with a camera by using a large
969:, all but the parts to be merged are hidden from the layer, giving the impression that these parts have been added to the background layer. Performing a merge in this manner preserves all of the
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to reduce file size and save storage space. Digital compression of images may take place in the camera, or can be done in the computer with the image editor. When images are stored in
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In addition to the capability of changing the images' brightness and/or contrast in a non-linear fashion, most current image editors provide an opportunity to manipulate the images'
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to calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values. Images for
Internet use are kept small, say 640 x 480 pixels which would equal 0.3
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Some image editors have color swapping abilities to selectively change the color of specific items in an image, given that the selected items are within a specific color range.
1046:
Also, there is a choice between Clone align or Clone non-align the sample area. In
Photoshop this tool is called Clone Stamp, but it may also be called a Rubber Stamp tool.
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and grayscale, can be added to an image. In addition, more complicated procedures such as the mixing of color channels are possible using more advanced graphics editors.
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Most image editors can be used to remove unwanted branches, etc., using a "clone" tool. Removing these distracting elements draws focus to the subject, improving overall
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part(s) of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire picture. Most graphics programs have several means of accomplishing this, such as:
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image using it. While this technique can increase the information content of an image, there is no guarantee that the upscaled features exist in the original image and
232:. Vector images can be modified more easily because they contain descriptions of the shapes for easy rearrangement. They are also scalable, being rasterizable at any
2024:
1785:. 21st International Conference, Granada, Spain, September 16–20, 2018, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11070. pp. 529–536.
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Many graphics applications are capable of merging one or more individual images into a single file. The orientation and placement of each image can be controlled.
1103:
is useful for reducing the file size dramatically when the original photographic print was monochrome, but a color tint has been introduced due to aging effects.
907:
this effect can be seen to the right. It is widely used in the printing and photographic industries for increasing the local contrasts and sharpening the images.
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program documentation. Strictly speaking, the curves tool usually does more than simple gamma correction, since one can construct complex curves with multiple
681:
Noise tends to invade images when pictures are taken in low light settings. A new picture can be given an 'antiqued' effect by adding uniform monochrome noise.
520:(each containing separate elements that make up a combined picture), stacked on top of each other, each capable of being individually positioned, altered and
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should not be used in analytical applications with ambiguous inputs. These methods can hallucinate image features, which can make them unsafe for medical use.
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or other tools. The color balance can be improved, which is important if the picture was shot indoors with daylight film, or shot on a camera with the
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can often be improved by using this feature. Recent advances have allowed more intelligent exposure correction whereby only pixels below a particular
1670:
Grant-Jacob, James A; Mackay, Benita S; Baker, James A G; Xie, Yunhui; Heath, Daniel J; Loxham, Matthew; Eason, Robert W; Mills, Ben (2019-06-18).
815:(or "transform") the shape of an image. While this might also be useful for special effects, it is the preferred method of correcting the typical
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965:. The background image is used as the bottom layer, and the image with parts to be added are placed in a layer above that. Using an image
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copied and pasted into another section of the same file, or into a separate file. The selection may also be saved in what is known as an
1853:
91:, are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image editing programs are also used to
1649:
Johnson, Justin; Alahi, Alexandre; Fei-Fei, Li (2016-03-26). "Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style
Transfer and Super-Resolution".
895:
is an extremely common technique used to make images appear sharper, although purists frown on the result as appearing unnatural.
1933:
1808:
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2016:
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The color of images can be altered in a variety of ways. Colors can be faded in and out, and tones can be changed using
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and barrel distortions. The corrections are in most cases subtle, but can improve the appearance of some photographs.
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1418:(ppi) variable that is stored in the image file and sometimes used to control the size of the printed image. Within
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Camera or computer image editing programs often offer basic automatic image enhancement features that correct color
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1781:. In Alejandro F. Frangi; Julia A. Schnabel; Christos Davatzikos; Carlos Alberola-López; Gabor Fichtinger (eds.).
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hence subject to a trade-off between the undesirability of the noise itself and that of the reduction artifacts.
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477:, and color and channel-based extraction. The border of a selected area in an image is often animated with the
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to perform super-resolution. In particular work has been demonstrated showing the transformation of a 20x
2109:"It's hard to tell where pixels end and reality begins", The San Francisco Chronicle; September 26, 2006.
2003:
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a raster image; how to go about vectorizing a raster image is the focus of much research in the field of
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may be used to add silhouetted images to vector graphics or page layout files that retain vector data.
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from scratch. The term "image editing" usually refers only to the editing of 2D images, not 3D ones.
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Image editors are capable of altering an image to be rotated in any direction and to any degree.
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graphics editors, which are often used to alter photographs and other raster graphics. However,
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adjustments are made. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained.
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1338:, but when no dedicated gamma correction tool is provided, it can achieve the same effect.
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Graphics programs can be used to both sharpen and blur images in a number of ways, such as
396:, which means no information is lost when the file is saved. By contrast, the more popular
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Controlling the print size and quality of digital images requires an understanding of the
8:
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610:"green screen" technique (chroma key) which allows one to easily remove the background.
2017:"A Dynamic Blending and Post Processing Workshop With Travel Photographer Elia Locardi"
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Before and After example of
Advanced Dynamic Blending Technique created by Elia Locardi
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effect to help the user to distinguish the selection border from the image background.
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subject. Care is needed while performing this task, as the image is reprocessed using
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swapping via interactivity or animating parts of an image in the final presentation.
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One of the prerequisites for many of the applications mentioned below is a method of
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1818:
1779:"Distribution Matching Losses Can Hallucinate Features in Medical Image Translation"
1111:
1032:
2112:"Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion", MIT Press 2002; Cambridge, Massachusetts
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208:, are used to create and modify vector images, which are stored as descriptions of
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1723:. IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 6228–6237.
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a marquee tool for selecting rectangular or other regular polygon-shaped regions,
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functionality available in most image editing software; PhotoshopEssentials.com
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Photo manipulation packages have functions to correct images for various lens
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images are stored in a computer in the form of a grid of picture elements, or
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on both layers to more easily enable future changes in the new merged image.
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Perspective control: original (left), perspective distortion removed (right).
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29:. For the restoration of physical photographs using digital techniques, see
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and brightness imbalances as well as other image editing features, such as
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For the uses, cultural impact, and ethical concerns of image editing, see
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Image editors may feature a number of algorithms which can add or remove
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An image that has been digitally edited to include additional rose blooms
1783:
Medical Image
Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2018
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An example of contrast correction. Left side of the image is untouched.
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afterwards, in order to remove the resulting gaps at the image edges.
785:(of a building, for example), or both. Rotated images usually require
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cameras can produce large images which are often reduced in size for
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to modify photographs or editing illustrations with any traditional
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Advanced
Dynamic Blending is a concept introduced by photographer
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An example of some special effects that can be added to a picture
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A popular way to create a composite image is to use transparent
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Another feature common to many graphics applications is that of
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format, compression has already taken place. Both cameras and
2004:
GIMP source code for brightness and contrast image filtering.
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use. Image editor programs use a mathematical process called
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distortion which results from photographs being taken at an
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An example of color adjustment using raster graphics editor
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Image editors have provisions to simultaneously change the
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Image sharpening: original (top), image sharpened (bottom).
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Image editors can resize images in a process often called
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An example of converting an image from color to grayscale
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Cohen, Joseph Paul; Luck, Margaux; Honari, Sina (2018).
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within the image editors. This article mostly refers to
1672:"A neural lens for super-resolution biological imaging"
25:. For the process of culling and archiving images, see
1025:" effect, better known in photographic circles as the
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Using custom Curves settings in Image editors such as
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Image orientation (from left to right): original, 30°
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1648:
1095:or less can be created, usually via conversion and
831:of adjacent pixels, which may reduce overall image
386:Some compression algorithms, such as those used in
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1082:It is possible, using the software, to change the
1012:A complex effect in the first image from the right
933:to give the impression that it is a real landscape
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605:Cutting out a part of an image from the background
1410:Control printed image by changing pixels-per-inch
2123:
1997:
383:allow the user to set the level of compression.
1776:
1304:is the input color value in the 0..1 range and
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516:, which are analogous to sheets of transparent
63:. Traditional analog image editing is known as
765:can be created and images can be horizontally
454:in the image defined by proximity of color or
239:
1718:
720:The eye is drawn to the center of the globe.
465:as well as more advanced facilities such as
79:programs, which can be broadly grouped into
624:Image editors have provisions to create an
339:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
300:
267:
141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
925:Photomontage of 16 photos which have been
102:
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1728:
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1654:
1628:Learn how and when to remove this message
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359:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1754:"The AI Tools Making Images Look Better"
1591:This article includes a list of general
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2088:from the original on September 22, 2016
2027:from the original on September 11, 2016
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1362:incorrectly set. Special effects, like
710:Notice the branch in the original image
541:, making them larger, or smaller. High
2124:
1719:Blau, Yochai; Michaeli, Tomer (2018).
839:, which achieves a similar correction
47:encompasses the processes of altering
1977:
1487:Comparison of raster graphics editors
1069:
811:Some image editors allow the user to
280:There is promising research on using
2058:from the original on October 8, 2016
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1439:
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976:
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337:adding citations to reliable sources
304:
288:image of pollen grains into a 1500x
139:adding citations to reliable sources
106:
2078:"HDR photography with Elia Locardi"
2014:
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1315:
1040:
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443:for freehand selection of a region,
275:Super-resolution imaging § Research
220:instead of pixels. It is easier to
13:
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1721:The perception-distortion tradeoff
1597:it lacks sufficient corresponding
1123:and brighten or darken the image.
991:
846:
793:Perspective control and distortion
658:
14:
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1978:Guyer, Jeff (24 September 2013).
1951:
1676:Journal of Physics Communications
835:. The effect mimics the use of a
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1443:
1061:Image after stamp tool processed
406:compression algorithm (based on
309:
273:This section is an excerpt from
111:
2070:
2039:
2008:
1986:from the original on 2019-01-09
1971:
1960:from the original on 2016-03-05
1537:Image development (visual arts)
1107:Contrast change and brightening
1048:
911:Selecting and merging of images
875:Sharpening and softening images
701:
631:
577:
1982:. Digital Photography School.
1945:
1915:
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1832:
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1712:
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1642:
1517:Digital photograph restoration
1136:applies the following formula:
1036:A pseudo-solarised color image
773:. A small rotation of several
596:Lily cropped from larger image
508:Layers (digital image editing)
31:Digital photograph restoration
1:
1954:"Skin Improvement Technology"
1573:
777:is often enough to level the
1801:10.1007/978-3-030-00928-1_60
1752:Zeeberg, Amos (2023-08-23).
1527:Graphics file format summary
843:without loss of definition.
685:Removal of unwanted elements
650:Histogram of Sunflower image
613:
571:Digital editors are used to
529:principles and ease of use.
423:
371:Many image file formats use
294:deep convolutional upscalers
290:scanning electron microscope
16:Processes of altering images
7:
1474:
1401:
586:Uncropped image from camera
282:deep convolutional networks
240:Automatic image enhancement
10:
2168:
2048:"Blending moments in time"
1429:
1425:
1319:
1099:from a full-color image.
987:Slicing (interface design)
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272:
57:photo-chemical photographs
20:
1838:Detailed introduction to
484:
408:discrete cosine transform
67:, using tools such as an
1921:Implementations include
1880:Implementations include
1697:10.1088/2399-6528/ab267d
1502:Digital image processing
1312:are in the −1..1 range.
1139:
837:perspective control lens
450:that selects objects or
301:Digital data compression
268:Super-resolution imaging
27:Digital asset management
2147:Photographic techniques
1739:10.1109/CVPR.2018.00652
1612:more precise citations.
1567:Photograph manipulation
527:non-destructive editing
461:vector-based pen tools,
260:features and automatic
224:a vector image than to
103:Basics of image editing
85:raster graphics editors
81:vector graphics editors
2152:Science of photography
2052:cedricdeboom.github.io
1980:"The Sabattier Effect"
1452:This section is empty.
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1005:combinations thereof.
1001:
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855:including pincushion,
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757:rotation, and flipped.
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740:Selective color change
729:Selective color change
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1532:Homomorphic filtering
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1021:, one can mimic the "
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927:digitally manipulated
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533:Image size alteration
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415:Image editor features
39:
1522:Graphic art software
1101:Grayscale conversion
333:improve this section
135:improve this section
2132:Digital photography
2021:blog.xritephoto.com
1688:2019JPhCo...3f5004G
1125:Underexposed images
1023:pseudo-solarisation
917:Digital compositing
799:Perspective control
400:file format uses a
53:digital photographs
51:, whether they are
1939:2008-06-03 at the
1928:2008-05-09 at the
1909:2018-05-13 at the
1898:2022-02-09 at the
1867:2017-03-17 at the
1856:2017-03-18 at the
1845:2017-03-17 at the
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1121:contrast of images
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1080:
1070:Change color depth
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949:, allows for soft
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673:in an image. Some
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192:software, such as
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23:Photo manipulation
2046:Cedric, De Boom.
1810:978-3-030-00927-4
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1637:
1630:
1492:Computer graphics
1472:
1471:
1342:Color adjustments
1336:inflection points
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977:Slicing of images
947:Alpha compositing
869:computer graphics
745:Image orientation
726:
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656:
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602:
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561:Cropping an image
475:alpha compositing
390:file format, are
381:computer programs
369:
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202:Xara Designer Pro
194:Adobe Illustrator
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1608:this article by
1599:inline citations
1586:
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1547:Image processing
1542:Image distortion
1507:Digital painting
1497:Digital darkroom
1467:
1464:
1454:You can help by
1447:
1440:
1395:Blame The Monkey
1377:Dynamic blending
1322:Gamma correction
1316:Gamma correction
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1041:Stamp Clone Tool
1027:Sabattier-effect
893:Edge enhancement
863:Enhancing images
702:
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620:Curve (tonality)
578:
567:Cropping (image)
543:image resolution
373:data compression
364:
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65:photo retouching
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1858:Wayback Machine
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1552:Image retrieval
1512:Dynamic imaging
1477:
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1430:Main articles:
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1420:Adobe Photoshop
1416:pixels-per-inch
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847:Lens correction
801:
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665:Noise reduction
661:
659:Noise reduction
640:Sunflower image
626:image histogram
622:
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915:Main article:
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769:or vertically
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318:This section
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256:adjustments,
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214:Bézier curves
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120:This section
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61:illustrations
58:
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46:
45:Image editing
38:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2090:. Retrieved
2082:www.cnet.com
2081:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2051:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2020:
2010:
1999:
1988:. Retrieved
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1947:
1917:
1882:Imagic Photo
1876:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1782:
1772:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1747:
1720:
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1679:
1675:
1665:
1644:
1624:
1615:
1596:
1460:
1456:adding to it
1451:
1413:
1393:in his blog
1391:Elia Locardi
1388:
1368:
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1325:
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1118:
1091:images of 8
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385:
370:
355:
346:
331:Please help
319:
243:
172:
157:
148:
133:Please help
121:
97:computer art
44:
43:
18:
1610:introducing
1482:Color space
1328:gamma value
1084:color depth
951:translucent
853:distortions
825:rectilinear
817:perspective
783:verticality
697:composition
573:crop images
89:3D modelers
2126:Categories
1990:2019-01-09
1964:2008-08-23
1923:FocusMagic
1840:histograms
1792:1805.08841
1763:2023-08-28
1730:1711.06077
1656:1603.08155
1618:March 2011
1593:references
1574:References
1562:Inpainting
1364:sepia tone
1306:brightness
1220:brightness
1181:brightness
1148:brightness
1129:luminosity
985:See also:
971:pixel data
967:layer mask
833:definition
781:, correct
691:Inpainting
555:megapixels
551:resampling
441:lasso tool
286:microscope
234:resolution
182:algorithms
95:or create
73:art medium
1934:Photoshop
1706:2399-6528
1089:grayscale
1019:Photoshop
931:Photoshop
841:in-camera
614:Histogram
456:luminance
430:selecting
424:Selection
349:June 2023
320:does not
254:sharpness
252:removal,
226:vectorize
222:rasterize
198:CorelDRAW
151:June 2023
122:does not
2086:Archived
2056:Archived
2025:Archived
1984:Archived
1958:Archived
1937:Archived
1926:Archived
1907:Archived
1896:Archived
1885:Archived
1865:Archived
1854:Archived
1849:and the
1843:Archived
1819:43919703
1475:See also
1436:Morphing
1402:Printing
1310:contrast
1259:contrast
889:aperture
787:cropping
547:Internet
393:lossless
262:cropping
206:Inkscape
69:airbrush
2092:Sep 11,
2062:Sep 11,
2031:Sep 11,
1952:JPFix.
1684:Bibcode
1606:improve
1426:Warping
857:fisheye
813:distort
779:horizon
775:degrees
771:flopped
767:flipped
522:blended
518:acetate
502:layers.
471:masking
452:regions
341:removed
326:sources
250:red eye
143:removed
128:sources
1932:, and
1902:, and
1893:Viesus
1862:curves
1851:levels
1817:
1807:
1704:
1595:, but
1356:curves
1300:where
963:layers
514:Layers
485:Layers
216:, and
186:bitmap
178:pixels
174:Raster
93:render
87:, and
49:images
1904:Topaz
1824:1 May
1815:S2CID
1787:arXiv
1725:arXiv
1651:arXiv
1302:value
1235:value
1226:value
1211:value
1196:value
1190:value
1166:value
1160:value
823:to a
671:noise
403:lossy
210:lines
59:, or
2094:2016
2064:2016
2033:2016
1860:and
1826:2022
1805:ISBN
1702:ISSN
1434:and
1369:The
1308:and
1187:else
1151:<
1134:GIMP
1093:bits
675:JPEG
398:JPEG
377:JPEG
324:any
322:cite
258:zoom
218:text
126:any
124:cite
1797:doi
1735:doi
1692:doi
1458:.
1292:0.5
1253:tan
1241:0.5
1175:1.0
1154:0.0
929:in
883:or
867:In
755:CCW
388:PNG
335:by
246:hue
204:or
137:by
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2050:.
2023:.
2019:.
1956:.
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