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cigarettes, and do not undergo stringent regulation in the form of health warnings, product checks, or age verification. Studies highlight that increased tobacco taxes do not dissuade consumers from smoking, rather, consumers turn to cheaper brands and illegal cigarettes. Low costs of production and high levels of demand make illicit cigarettes one of the world's most trafficked illegal goods. In London alone, 85% of smuggled cigarettes were found to be counterfeit, while the UK Border Agency averages more than 1 million counterfeit cigarette seizures per day. Similarly, South Africa reports the incidence of illicit cigarettes has doubled the past 3 years, accounting for 25% of the total market in 2012. Public tolerance and acceptance of illegal cigarettes as a norm also factors into the continued purchase behavior among consumers, as they believe legitimate cigarettes are over-taxed and too expensive.
478:(26.7%) in the Asian continent. Although illegal cigarettes have been associated with low-income groups, its low price and accessibility also makes it attractive to smokers in general due to increasing tobacco taxes, and affordable for youths—who have lower disposable income. Brunei illustrates a unique case globally, where 89.8%, or 315.2 million of cigarettes consumed are illicit. After the government's 339% excise duty application in 2010, cigarette prices hit $ 6.1 per pack, one of the highest in the Asia Pacific after Singapore and Australia. This resulted in the withdrawal of major international tobacco firms, and a tax loss of $ 63 million due to the proliferating illicit market. Tobacco Atlas estimates that if illicit trade was eliminated, $ 31.3 billion in tax revenue would be gained, and 164,000 premature deaths would be avoided annually due to higher average cigarette prices. The
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360:—who openly peddle these goods in a thriving flea market full of smuggled illicit goods. Lax law enforcement further facilitates the prevalence of illicit trade and smuggled goods in this area, as the sale of these illicit goods are responsible for sustaining the livelihood of these illegal immigrants. The low salaries of responsible law enforcement units are highlighted as a contributing factor to the lack of smuggled cigarette seizures. cigarette smugglers are notified before raids are conducted by Insiders in law enforcement, providing ample time to conceal shipments of illicit cigarettes. With less than 2% of all shipment containers checked upon arrival at ports (due to high volumes of containers), and low penalties for illicit smuggling, this issue will remain prevalent in
942:(ATF), there is a "direct relationship between the increase in a state's tax and an increase in illegal trafficking". This is true with all psychotropic substances and, indeed, all forms of vice that may be desirable to individuals: the more the state or even the national government tries to repress the trade in any legal or illegal substance, the higher the prices, and with them the profit margins, become—and the greater the willingness of illicit marketers to meet the demand, and with it the willingness to commit other violent crimes to prevent the closure of the illicit markets, becomes. This is known as "the forbidden-fruit effect", among other references. The U.S. government foiled funding operations by
407:, which utilize these profits to finance terrorism around the world. since the 1980s. The WCO Illicit Trade Report 2012 highlights the illicit tobacco trade represents a good opportunity for organized crime groups and/or terrorists to generate large sums of criminal profits. Billingslea wrote, terrorist groups work with organized crime groups as well as International drug trafficking organisations due to their "established trafficking routes and business contacts for the transfer of commodity for profit", He adds, known and suspected Hezbollah and Hamas members have established front companies and legitimate businesses in the cigarette trade in Central and South America. The
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checks for tobacco sales to regulate availability, the prominence of illicit cigarette trade facilitates cigarette affordability for youth; with its lower-than-market price, and provision of easy channels for purchase in the form of small retailers and online. Internet sites have since become a core channel of distribution as it allows the selling and shipping of small quantities of cigarettes undetected by
Customs Officials. Numerous studies also draw a direct link between the availability of cheap illicit cigarettes and the high youth smoking rates. In Canada, illegal cigarettes accounted for 17.5% of all cigarettes smoked by adolescents, with greater prevalence in
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garner wide reach through diverse distribution channels in the form of small retailers and street vendors. While retailers may be charged in court if found to be in possession of cigarettes, it has been widely assumed that crime syndicates pay these fines in order to maintain cooperation with retailers, and sustain their distribution network. Beyond these traditional distribution channels, the resale of tobacco products on the
Internet is being actively developed—enabling greater reach, more discretion, and lesser chances of being caught. In 2012, French police disrupted this trend through deleting domain names of online trading sites selling tobacco products.
241:
452:, cigarette smuggling has become so increasingly profitable that smuggling syndicates have turned to bribing young women to smuggle cigarettes in exchange for free summer holidays. UK border officials have revealed that close to 50 million cigarettes are seized each month from girls as young as 15, who were given flights to Spain, accommodation and pocket money. Cigarette smuggling has since become one of Europe's fastest growing forms of organized crime, and has been responsible for funding larger operations such as drug smuggling or people trafficking.
249:
611:, a businessman with close ties to Lukashenko, is called among the main alleged organizers of the smuggling industry. Organized crime groups are also reported to be active in this industry. Local citizens are common among ordinary performers of smuggling who cross the Belarus-EU border by cars, trucks and trains. It is estimated that one truck can transport around 4 million packs of cigarettes. Rafts with GPS tracking systems and low-flying drones are used occasionally.
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379:(ALEC) has lobbied against the sale of plain packaged cigarettes—citing lack of evidence. Tobacco organisations instead posit plain packaging will ease the ability of illegal tobacco manufacturers to replicate legitimate products—resulting in higher incidences of illicit trade. While no other countries have implemented plain packaging yet, time will tell if this move will have positive or negative consequences in reducing youth and adult smoking.
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1053:, this campaign is aimed at educating retailers and the public about the penalties of buying and selling illicit cigarettes. Brochures and newspaper advertisements were deployed to raise awareness of how to identify illegal cigarettes. Customs officers also increased enforcement efforts to seize illegal cigarettes and fine retailers facilitating sales to the public.
437:, police arrested 1,200 individuals from a wide range of gangs for drug trafficking, illegal possession of arms, and contraband cigarettes. Operation Thunderbolt, which aims to target triads in Hong Kong and neighboring provinces, has been successful in infiltrating various branches of the gang's operational networks.
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Cigarettes in
Belarus are several times cheaper than in the European Union. In 2016, according to BBC, a pack of cigarettes bought in Belarus for c. 40p could be sold in the UK for £3. In 2017, it was estimated that total losses of the member states of the EU due to smuggling from Belarus amounted to
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groups, who are attracted by high consumer demand, high potential profits, and relatively low potential penalties. In
Malaysia, first time offence results in up to RM100,000 fine and a 3-year sentence; with a RM200,000 fine and 6-year jail sentence for subsequent offences. Organised crime syndicates
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aimed at combating the illicit trade in tobacco products through controlling supply chain and international cooperation. Parties commit to establishing tracking and tracing system to reduce, with aims to eradicate, illicit trade. The
Protocol has been signed by representatives of all 6 WHO regions.
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fell by 5.7% in 2012—resulting in over 12 billion Euros in lost tax revenue. Illicit cigarette trade not only deprives the government of a key source of tax revenue, but also creates an imbalance in the market for legitimate industry players who operate within stringent regulations. In Asia-Pacific
1032:– This body was established in 2009 by Irish retailers to fight against illicit tobacco trade through raising awareness about the effects of illicit tobacco on retailers, liaising with relevant law enforcement authorities, and campaigning for legislative reform and extra law enforcement resources.
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As of 2022, illegal cigarettes are an estimated 2 billion dollar plus industry in Canada. In Canada, between 63 and 79 percent of the price of a package of cigarettes is tax. Many border-goers take advantage of the situation, not only in Canada but also in the U.S., the land that has traditionally
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and the United
Kingdom were found to contain five times more cadmium, six times as much lead, 160% more tar, and 133% more carbon dioxide. Consumers are warned to take caution and avoid the temptation to save money by purchasing illegal cigarettes as it poses greater health risks compared to legal
448:, four men were recently caught transporting 9 million cigarettes with a retail value of €4.3 million, which arrived via sea freight from Malaysia. Police believe this shipment was destined for Ireland's largest smuggling gangs, who have also been involved in armed robberies and burglaries. In the
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Costs of illicit trade also go beyond purely financial measures, with repercussions such as encouraging youth uptake of smoking, and increasing health risks for consumers, as illegal cigarettes are not bound by product and ingredient checks. Despite industry and government efforts to implement ID
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However, local customs face cases of counterfeit cigarettes factories that are mainly meant to be exported to the United
Kingdom. Seizes usually exceed 1 Ton worth of tobacco + machines + millions of cigarettes each time. The situation is lately raising up with the ongoing tax hikes. Cigarettes
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The global scale of the illegal cigarette trade has reached an all-time high, as governments are estimated to lose over US$ 50 billion in global government revenues each year. A Euromonitor (2011) report estimates that there are 360 billion cigarettes consumed annually (excluding China), which
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seeks to warn the public about the dangers and stiff penalties for activities involving illicit tobacco trade. The campaign encourages citizens to report illegal activities and educates the public about identifying illegal cigarettes through: radio networks, cable television, outdoor and print
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aims to nationally reduce the availability of, and decrease the demand for contraband tobacco through working with youth to prevent involvement in crimes as an offender or victim. This published report prioritises reducing the threat of criminal terrorist activity in Canada through effectively
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9 million cigarettes with an estimated retail value of 4.3 million euros were seized when 4 men were caught transporting the shipment, which arrived at Dublin Port, from
Malaysia. Police believe the cigarettes were destined for one of the country's largest smuggling gangs, which have also been
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Illicit cigarettes continue to dominate in
Malaysia, where 34.5% of all cigarettes, approximately 7.9 billion sticks, sold were illicit. Illicit trade remains prevalent in Malaysia due to its long coast lines, which allow for shipments to be sent from neighbouring nations, such as kreteks from
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The illicit trade of tobacco is both supply and demand driven, as consumers look to save money by evading taxes on tobacco; and suppliers want to take advantage of easy border entry, high profit margins, and weak repercussions if caught. Illegal cigarettes are priced much cheaper than legal
1022:– a website created by The North England Tackling Illicit Tobacco for Better Health Programme, aims to inform and increase awareness of illegal tobacco, its impact, and consequences. The website provides forums for discussion, link to Crime Stoppers to share information, and link to
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mainland, where the same pack can cost far less (e.g. Spain €5, or in
Eastern Europe €3–€4). Larger operators can purchase a shipping container full of cigarettes in Asia for €300,000, selling the tobacco on for as much as €5 million. Smuggled packs are sold for €4–€5, with Dublin's
504:, where 22% of Canadian high school students regularly smoke illegal cigarettes. The study adds illegal cigarettes were responsible for providing an accessible alternative to quitting, and for youth in particular, encourages initiation and continuation of smoking over the long term.
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One of the most notable places of cigarette smuggling in the United States is New York City. There, the cigarette tax is the second highest in the nation, at $ 6.86 per pack (federal, state, and municipal). Smugglers purchase cigarettes in other lower-tax states, such as nearby
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also reported about thousands of confiscated packs of cigarettes from Belarus but on a much smaller scale. Besides European Union, another important destination of smuggling from Belarus is Russia. It is assumed that smuggling is an important revenue generator for the regime of
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for local market (Minsk Capital, NZ, Fest and others) were found not only in neighboring markets but also in distant countries having no borders with Belarus such as Ireland and UK. It was estimated that 12% of cigarettes smuggled out of Belarus ended up in the UK.
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stated that nearly 10% of illicit cigarettes in the European Union originate from Belarus. Lithuanian and Polish customs often report about big consignments of cigarettes found with other goods and stated that the smuggling is a serious problem. Customs in
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Indonesia, into the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. Smugglers have also become increasingly more efficient in unloading, storing, and distributing smuggled cigarettes quickly in local villages; whilst avoiding customs officers. In
516:) warns counterfeit cigarettes were found to contain unsanitary ingredients (such as human feces, dead flies and mold), as well as a higher dosage of lethal substances in excess of legitimate cigarettes. Illicit cigarettes seized in
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Mecredy, G. C., Diemert, L. M., Callaghan, R. C. and Cohen, J. E. (2013) ‘Association between use of contraband tobacco and smoking cessation outcomes: a population-based cohort study’. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 185(7),
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Belarus is believed to be one of the main sources of cigarettes smuggled to the United Kingdom. It was estimated that in 2015, 610 million cigarettes produced in Belarus were smuggled to the United Kingdom and illegally sold there.
411:(Irish Republican Army) was one of the first groups to begin using cigarettes to fund their activities. Police estimate that the IRA made $ 100million in the past 5 years from trafficking illicit cigarettes. In the Middle East, the
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The smugglers prefer to transport inexpensive Belarusian brands of cigarettes which enjoy much smaller excise rates in Belarus than higher-segment cigarettes. Significant amounts of Belarusian cigarettes produced by state-owned
934:, each of the fifty states taxes cigarette packs at a different rate. In 1992, states charged an average of 25 cents. By January 2002, that average increased to 45 cents. Six months later, states, trying to compensate for
1070:– This movement aims to consolidate opposition to illicit trade, educate the public to move the issue up the government's priority list, and sell the public on the idea that illicit tobacco only benefits criminals.
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Increases in illicit cigarette seizures can follow increases in cigarette tax. The government of Massachusetts banned the sale of menthol cigarettes which has resulted in illicit interstate importation and sales.
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Callaghan, R. C., Veldhuizen, S. Leatherdale, S., Murnaghan, D. and Manske, S. (2009) ‘Use of contraband cigarettes among adolescent daily smokers in Canada’. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 181(6-7),
415:(PKK) has known involvement in the trafficking of contraband cigarettes and tax stamps. The EU Commission report that the PKK has been smuggling American cigarettes into Iraq, which were then controlled by
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is defined as "the production, import, export, purchase, sale, or possession of tobacco goods which fail to comply with legislation" (FATF 2012). Illicit cigarette trade activities fall under 3 categories:
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In May 2016, it is estimated that possibly 14.3 percent of tobacco consumed in Australia was bought through the black market and the cost in loss of revenue earned from taxes each year was $ 1.4 billion.
1076:– This campaign, backed by the Tobacco Institute of Southern Africa, comprises tobacco industries working together to tackle illegal cigarette trade among retailers and increasing consumer awareness.
319:, a highway traversing the East Coast of the United States, came to be known informally as "New Tobacco Road" when it became a favorite cigarette-smuggling route. Illicit cigarette trade is usually a
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The country's attempts to discourage smoking through higher taxes have instead fueled the illegal cigarette industry, leading to a $ 1.1 billion loss of taxes due to illegal cigarettes in 2012.
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has sparked debate on its efficacy on reducing the incidence of smoking among youth. While some studies conclude that plain packaging will make cigarettes less attractive to youth, the
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Customs officers seized 1.3million illicit cigarettes (total market value of $ 3.3million with a duty potential of $ 2.2million) in electric water heaters in an industrial building.
1082:– This network has been designed to rid the world of counterfeit and illicit goods through multi-stage authentication measures, working from the company straight to the consumer.
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Internatioinal Tax and Investment Center and Oxford Economics (2013) 'Asia-11 Illicit Tobacco Indicator 2012'. International Tax and Investment Center and Oxford Economics, 1-132
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The country is the host of several case of "white" smuggling mainly from Belgium to France / United Kingdom due to their lower taxes (which makes up to 50% less expensive).
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imported rather than exported illegal goods. Canadian provinces with lower tobacco taxes have reported higher rates of smuggling, and much of the smuggling is dominated by
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recommends placing greater importance on information collection and sharing on a national and International level in order to develop strategies to respond to this threat.
444:(2013) notes that while the number of illegal cigarette seizures has increased globally, the number of smuggling routes and channels continue to diversify accordingly. In
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accounts for 10% of the global market. Euromonitor (2013) reports black market sales of cigarettes rose for the 6th year in a row, although cigarette consumption in the
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Locals at Lahad Datu help fuel demand for illicit goods through frequent purchase of illicit cigarettes from illegal immigrants in an open illegal goods flea market.
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16,500 kg (worth 2 million Euros) of shredded tobacco was seized at an illegal cigarette factory located in an abandoned building in an industrial park.
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976:, where the tax rate is only $ 3.61 per pack. If smugglers travel further to even lower-tax states, they can buy cigarettes for even less, such as
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for profit. The move gave rise to anti-government violence, where a clash erupted between the government and the protesters in the northern city of
419:'s son. The combined efforts from cigarette and oil smuggling was reported to have made Saddam Hussein as much as $ 2.7billion annually after 1991.
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364:(and other countries with poor border control) as illicit cigarette smuggling continues to be seen as a lucrative, relatively low risk activity.
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from an administrative division with low taxation to a division with high taxation for sale and consumption. The practice, commonly used by the
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430:, a cleric serving a life sentence for a conspiracy to blow up New York City landmarks. Others arrested also had ties to a top Hamas official.
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Hong Kong Police arrest 1,200 suspects on charges ranging from drug trafficking, illegal possession of arms, drugs, and contraband cigarettes.
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2017:
765:, dropping to 45 million in 2016. Higher security levels in airports have pushed criminals to using other methods to import tobacco, such as
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a notorious site. Criminal gangs earn over €350 million a year from the trade, with one-quarter of tobacco smoked in Ireland being smuggled.
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advertisements, roadshows and community engagement. Efforts resulted in a 30.4% decrease in the number of illegal cigarette buyers caught.
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1161:"Tobacco industry's elaborate attempts to control a global track and trace system and fundamentally undermine the Illicit Trade Protocol"
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Most illegal cigarette brands in Indonesia, if not all, often uses funny names and resembling those of existing cigarette brands, like
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faces similar problems with cigarette smuggling, as police report the sale of illegal cigarettes is bigger than drugs in South Africa.
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278:: cigarettes manufactured without authorization of the rightful owners, with intent to deceive consumers and to avoid paying duty;
470:(and globally) Malaysia ranks as the country with the highest share (45%) of illicit cigarettes in the total market, followed by
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It has been reported that smuggling one truckload of cigarettes within the United States can lead to a profit of US$ 2 million.
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is one of the states through which it runs, became a favorite route for cigarette smuggling and drew the informal nickname of "
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smuggled cigarettes to raise money for weapons and equipment. It may be associated with other criminal activity, for example:
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In August 2019, the Jordanian government tightened the customs regulations, citing the soaring smuggling of cigarettes to
352:, locals have become part of the problem, as they frequently purchase illicit cigarettes from illegal immigrants from the
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16 Palestinian men arrested in a scheme that may have generated $ 55 million in revenue from selling illicit cigarettes.
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addressing contraband activities, disrupting organized crime groups, and enhancing intelligence gathering and sharing
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Rejab, I. and Zain, Z. (2006) 'Modus Operandi of Cigarette Smuggling'. South East Asia Tobacco Control Alliance, 1-44
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901:. The tunnel used professional mining and security technologies. It was used primarily for smuggling of cigarettes.
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Allen, E. (2011) ‘The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle it’. World Customs Journal, 6(2), 121-130
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Billingslea, W. (2004) 'Illicit Cigarette Trafficking and the Funding of Terrorism'. The Police Chief, 71(2), 1-7
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members (though the bulk of First Nations members and leadership have opposed and condemned tobacco smuggling).
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2575:"Illegal smuggling of flavored vapes and menthol cigarettes into Massachusetts is on the rise, says new report"
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were found to have some ties to convicted terrorists. One criminal in particular, had known financial ties to
284:: brands manufactured legitimately in one country, but smuggled and sold in another without duties being paid.
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1984:
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938:, raised their cigarette taxes to an average 54 cents. According to John D'Angelo of the U.S. government's
852:. Journalists have alleged that the Tabacalera Del Este factory owned by relatives of Paraguayan President
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is characterized as "the main provider of contraband cigarettes in Europe". In 2017, European Commissioner
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Haul of illegal tobacco and cigarettes with a shop value of £415,000 seized from 10 storage units in
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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848:(16% in Paraguay vs. 80% in Brazil), large quantities of cigarettes are smuggled into Brazil via
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9.70) for a pack of twenty. Because of this, a heavy incentive is created for smuggling from the
646:
134:
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2090:[Djaran Goyang-Magbul, This is the Brand of Illegal Cigarettes Destroyed in Sukoharjo].
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Alderman, J. (2012) ‘Strategies to Combat Illicit Tobacco Trade’. Tobacco Control Law Consortium
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2475:"Britain's biggest tobacco firm facing questions over links to state-owned factory in Belarus"
2175:"Louth man wanted in UK over alleged cigarette smuggling to challenge extradition over Brexit"
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A 700-meters smuggling tunnel with a narrow gauge railway was revealed in July 2012 between
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Laws specifically pertaining to cigarette smuggling in the United States have included the
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2161:"Revealed: The countries where you can get cigarettes for less than €1 - Independent.ie"
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968:, which makes cigarette smuggling a felony punishable by up to five years in prison.
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Manufacturers are worried about the situation and expect that the trend to increase.
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2601:"WHO | Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products opened for signature"
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Francesco Calderoni, Anna Brener, Mariya Karayotova, Martina Rotondi, Mateja Zorč
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Most recently, 16 Palestinian men arrested due to a cigarette smuggling scheme in
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2251:"Black market cigarette smugglers 'avoiding airports' in search for new tactics"
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Contraband cigarettes from Paraguay are also widespread in Argentina and Chile.
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1325:"US free market group tries to halt sales of cigarettes in plain packets in UK"
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Financial Action Task Force (2012) ‘Illicit Tobacco Trade’. FATF Report, 1-78
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Poor detailing on cigarettes (print, spelling errors, inconsistent lettering)
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1346:"Tobacco firm argued against plain packaging in meeting with UK government"
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Not on the Trusted Trade Network database (individual product verification)
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2147:"Where can you find the cheapest and most expensive cigarettes in Europe?"
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Numerous reports, have forged links between the illegal tobacco trade and
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1899:"Revenue seize almost 3 million cigarettes worth €1.6 million in Kildare"
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501:
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2088:"Djaran Goyang-Magbul, Ini Merek Rokok Ilegal Dimusnahkan di Sukoharjo"
1955:
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1146:, TobaccoTactics website by the Tobacco Control Research Group of the
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741:, cigarette prices are amongst the highest in the world due to heavy
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1792:"Lithuania Reports Large-Scale Smuggling Of Cigarettes From Belarus"
1486:"Sars Confiscated R400 000 Worth of Illegal Cigarettes in Eastleigh"
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Evidence suggests tobacco smuggling operations have been linked to
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1873:"The town in Belarus from where cigarettes are smuggled to the UK"
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Malaysia records RM1.9 billion loss to illegal cigarettes in 2012.
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2395:"Report Breaks Down Paraguay to Brazil Cigarette Smuggling Trail"
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2210:"Some 230,000 illegal cigarettes among tobacco haul in Dublin"
1818:"Minsk under pressure to take action against 'illicit whites'"
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2291:"Jordan police, protesters clash over anti-smuggling efforts"
1541:"How illicit cigarette trade dents the socio-economic fabric"
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Below are some common indicators of illicit cigarette packs:
400:
349:
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270:: cigarettes smuggled from abroad without domestic duty paid;
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2230:"Authorities fume: 25% of cigarettes smuggled into Republic"
1252:"Counterfeit cigarettes contain disturbing toxic substances"
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Cigarettes concealed by a hidden compartment cut into a book
16:
Trade in tobacco goods which fail to comply with legislation
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2800:
Database of Cigarette Smuggling Activities around the world
1580:"Illegal tobacco trade is £20m market in south-east London"
77:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2190:"Call for increased resources to tackle tobacco smuggling"
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1617:
980:, where the tax is only $ 0.30 per pack. As stated above,
1766:"Belarusian tobacco contraband big problem for neighbors"
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was known for being a haven for cigarette smuggling into
2115:"Cigarettes worth €4.3m seized at Louth service station"
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Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
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1107:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
1009:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
2503:"Gangsters prey on young women to smuggle cigarettes"
1466:"Gangsters prey on young women to smuggle cigarettes"
1188:. National Center for Policy Analysis. Archived from
1519:"Global Patterns of Tobacco-Related Economic Issues"
485:
2550:"EXCLUSIVE: Huge illegal cigarette bust in Cook Co"
2501:Townsend, Mark; McVeigh, Tracy (5 September 2009).
1925:"Over €2.4m worth of tobacco seized at Dublin Port"
1464:Townsend, Mark; McVeigh, Tracy (5 September 2009).
539:
Packs without domestic tax stamps or security marks
148:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2454:"Slovaks find railway smuggling tunnel to Ukraine"
2366:"NY cigarette-smuggling ring may have terror link"
1492:. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013.
1436:"NY cigarette-smuggling ring may have terror link"
682:(← Dji Sam Soe Magnum Filter, cf. animated series
2010:"How Canada's natives became cigarette smugglers"
1728:"Cigarette smuggling and excise rates in Belarus"
1159:A. B. Gilmore, A. W. A. Gallagher and A. Rowell,
564:
524:
3368:
2388:
2386:
1516:
1026:(NHS) for individuals who want to quit smoking.
2500:
1968:
1966:
1463:
1068:Hong Kong United Against Illicit Tobacco (2013)
2682:"2008 Contraband Tobacco Enforcement Strategy"
2657:"Retailers Against Smuggling (RAS) - Homepage"
2363:
1698:"To Get at Lukashenko, Punish His 'Moneybags'"
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1183:
761:In 2012, 96 million cigarettes were seized by
2820:
2383:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1815:
1130:
1128:
2341:"LAHAD DATU: 'Locals a part of the problem'"
2063:"Hong Kong police target Pearl River triads"
1963:
1816:Michalopoulos, Sarantis (13 February 2017).
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1300:"LAHAD DATU: 'Locals a part of the problem'"
1246:
1244:
966:Contraband Cigarette Trafficking Act of 1978
3270:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1722:
1720:
1718:
1225:
733:involved in armed robberies and burglaries.
382:
326:
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2827:
2813:
2317:"RM2b in taxes lost to illicit cigarettes"
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1835:
1667:"Australia's flourishing illegal industry"
1125:
311:syndicates and rebel groups, is a form of
244:Cigarettes found hidden in concrete blocks
3175:
2767:"Stop illegal cigarettes | Campaign"
2719:"Singapore Customs Newsletter - Issue 10"
2529:"Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism"
1749:
1366:"Breaking International News & Views"
1241:
1213:"Smokers turning more to illicit tobacco"
459:
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2991:Cigarette smoking among college students
1948:
1715:
1664:
1210:
1036:Contraband Enforcement Strategy (Canada)
940:Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
533:The absence of pictorial health warnings
330:
247:
239:
2526:
2429:"Police bust illegal cigarette factory"
2426:
2392:
2315:Shaikh, Sameer Ahmed (1 October 2013).
1922:
1856:
1343:
1264:from the original on 23 September 2013.
551:Pack sizes with less than 20 cigarettes
3369:
2411:
2314:
2061:Changy, Florence de (28 August 2012).
2060:
2032:"2 arrested in illicit cigarette bust"
1848:The Belarusian Hub for Illicit Tobacco
1695:
1322:
1074:Stop Illegal Cigarettes (South Africa)
507:
2808:
2629:
2472:
2248:
2187:
2112:
1951:"Cigarette smuggling rises in Canada"
1691:
1689:
1687:
1598:"Plain packaging of tobacco products"
1577:
1433:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1030:Retailers Against Smuggling (Ireland)
999:
377:American Legislative Exchange Council
335:Contraband cigarettes found by police
3341:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1271:
295:", is the illicit transportation of
146:adding citations to reliable sources
117:
59:
18:
3255:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
2427:Barroso, F. Javier (21 June 2013).
13:
3260:Tobacco packaging warning messages
2888:
2684:. 24 November 2009. Archived from
2113:Lally, Conor (17 September 2013).
1974:"Tobacco Smuggling and Contraband"
1923:McGlynn, Michelle (17 June 2021).
1684:
1383:
1211:Robinson, Duncan (17 April 2013).
1172:
712:(← Djarum Super MLD), and others.
624:roughly EUR 1 billion every year.
557:Cheap price (below market average)
542:Packs with non-domestic tax stamps
291:, also informally referred to as "
14:
3413:
3034:Cigarette smoking for weight loss
2793:
2547:
2393:Bargent, James (22 August 2017).
2249:Duffy, Rónán (20 February 2017).
2188:Barry, Stephen (29 August 2017).
1517:Asya Pereltsvaig (15 July 2013).
1280:
1268:
1257:International Chamber of Commerce
1168:, volume 28, pages 127-140, 2019.
1020:Get Some Answers (United Kingdom)
904:
545:Unlisted importer or manufacturer
514:International Chamber of Commerce
486:Societal impacts of illicit trade
34:This article has multiple issues.
3340:
3331:
3330:
3308:Countries by tobacco consumption
3245:Smoking bans in private vehicles
2094:(in Indonesian). 1 December 2021
2038:. 15 August 2013. Archived from
1949:Contenta, Sandro (30 May 2010).
925:
490:
122:
64:
23:
3001:Smoking in association football
2771:www.stopillegalcigarettes.co.za
2759:
2741:
2711:
2700:
2674:
2649:
2623:
2593:
2567:
2541:
2520:
2494:
2466:
2446:
2420:
2405:
2357:
2349:. 19 March 2013. Archived from
2333:
2308:
2283:
2263:
2242:
2222:
2202:
2181:
2167:
2153:
2139:
2106:
2080:
2054:
2024:
2002:
1942:
1916:
1891:
1809:
1784:
1658:
1637:
1627:
1603:Australian Department of Health
1590:
1571:
1553:
1533:
1510:
1478:
1457:
1448:
1434:Brady, Brittany (17 May 2013).
1427:
1418:
1358:
1337:
1316:
1308:. 19 March 2013. Archived from
1292:
1005:World Health Organization (WHO)
371:of tobacco products in 2012 in
133:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2834:
2364:Brittany Brady (17 May 2013).
1606:. 31 July 2013. Archived from
1578:Konos, Bill (15 August 2013).
1344:Hawkins, Ross (16 July 2013).
1323:Doward, Jamie (14 July 2012).
1204:
1153:
1137:
565:Illicit trade around the world
525:Identifying illicit cigarettes
1:
2527:Horwitz, Sari (8 June 2004).
1665:Reynolds, Emma (6 May 2016).
1118:
1040:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
801:
3132:Nicotine replacement therapy
2473:Milmo, Cahal (31 May 2021).
1696:Hardie, John (7 June 2021).
1150:(retrieved on 24 June 2021).
836:Due to discrepancies in the
821:
745:: typically €15 (US$ 12.70,
665:
652:
569:
7:
3303:Cigarette smoke carcinogens
2749:"HKUAIT - Subpage Template"
1398:"Illicit Trade Report 2012"
1085:
1057:Don't Get Burnt (Singapore)
831:
788:
10:
3418:
2707:http://www.customs.gov.my/
1080:Trusted Trade Network (UK)
876:
715:
627:
581:
442:World Customs Organisation
367:The implementation of the
3326:
3290:
3235:Plain cigarette packaging
3220:
3140:
3082:
3059:Schizophrenia and smoking
3019:
2976:
2930:
2899:
2886:
2842:
1502:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
772:
639:
157:"Illicit cigarette trade"
3392:Organized crime activity
3250:Tobacco control movement
2630:Dimension, Interactive.
1732:Parliamentary question,
1047:Rokok Tak Sah (Malaysia)
897:), at the border of the
866:
383:Links to organized crime
327:Drivers of illicit trade
3160:Disinformation playbook
1645:"Australia (2/10/2013)"
1490:Stop Illegal Cigarettes
1184:Bruce Bartlett (2002).
1051:Royal Malaysian Customs
1024:National Health Service
258:illicit cigarette trade
3150:Cultivation of tobacco
3100:Heated tobacco product
3074:Tobacco harm reduction
2893:
617:Grodno tobacco factory
460:Costs of illicit trade
399:organisations such as
336:
253:
245:
86:by rewriting it in an
3356:Electronic cigarettes
2892:
2755:on 25 September 2013.
2276:Revenue Commissioners
2020:on 12 September 2014.
1186:"Cigarette Smuggling"
992:" from the practice.
763:Revenue Commissioners
726:Irish Republican Army
413:Kurdish Workers Party
334:
251:
243:
3122:Electronic cigarette
2777:on 26 September 2013
2729:on 23 September 2013
2092:soloraya.solopos.com
1990:on 13 September 2014
1610:on 13 November 2013.
605:Alexander Lukashenko
142:improve this article
3230:Cigarette smuggling
3155:Tobacco advertising
3039:Nicotine dependence
2688:on 24 November 2009
2534:The Washington Post
2412:Rockenbach, Pedro.
2271:"Tobacco smuggling"
1734:European Parliament
1549:. 1 September 2013.
1546:The Express Tribune
1529:on 31 October 2013.
1414:on 22 October 2013.
1260:. 31 October 2011.
1144:"Tobacco Smuggling"
1092:Chop chop (tobacco)
1059:– This campaign by
1013:multilateral treaty
739:Republic of Ireland
685:Riska dan Si Gembul
548:Unregistered brands
508:Dangerous additives
369:Plain Packaging Act
289:Cigarette smuggling
3387:Trade by commodity
3044:Nicotine poisoning
2894:
2723:www.customs.gov.sg
2611:on 14 January 2013
2416:(in Spanish). Nós.
2414:"Munição do crime"
2329:on 4 October 2013.
2163:. 13 October 2016.
1192:on 23 January 2008
1148:University of Bath
1102:Illegal drug trade
1000:Anti-illicit trade
838:cigarette tax rate
337:
254:
246:
88:encyclopedic style
75:is written like a
3364:
3363:
3240:Legal smoking age
3216:
3215:
3069:Smoking cessation
3006:Smoking fetishism
2353:on 24 April 2013.
2346:New Straits Times
2322:New Straits Times
1879:. 1 December 2016
1584:East London Lines
1312:on 22 March 2013.
1305:New Straits Times
1097:Human trafficking
1061:Singapore Customs
591:Günther Oettinger
428:Omar Abdel-Rahman
236:
235:
228:
218:
217:
210:
192:
116:
115:
108:
57:
3409:
3344:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3298:Cigarette brands
3265:Tobacco politics
3173:
3172:
3142:Tobacco industry
3095:Herbal cigarette
3083:Related products
3064:Sidestream smoke
3054:Third-hand smoke
2829:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2773:. Archived from
2763:
2757:
2756:
2751:. Archived from
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2725:. Archived from
2715:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2607:. Archived from
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2325:. Archived from
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2123:. Archived from
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2016:. Archived from
2014:nationalpost.com
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1983:. Archived from
1978:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1854:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1822:www.euractiv.com
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1724:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:tobaccoatlas.org
1557:
1551:
1550:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:. Archived from
1523:geocurrents.info
1514:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1407:. Archived from
1402:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1248:
1239:
1236:
1223:
1222:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1181:
1170:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1135:
1132:
990:New Tobacco Road
609:Aliaksei Aleksin
305:tobacco industry
231:
224:
213:
206:
202:
199:
193:
191:
150:
126:
118:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3402:Organized crime
3382:Tobacco control
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3322:
3286:
3222:
3212:
3171:
3136:
3090:Candy cigarette
3078:
3049:Passive smoking
3015:
3011:Tobacco smoking
2972:
2968:Vending machine
2926:
2895:
2884:
2838:
2833:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2542:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2471:
2467:
2462:. 19 July 2012.
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2421:
2410:
2406:
2391:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2362:
2358:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2247:
2243:
2235:The Irish Times
2228:
2227:
2223:
2215:The Irish Times
2208:
2207:
2203:
2186:
2182:
2177:. 18 June 2018.
2173:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2120:The Irish Times
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2042:on 31 July 2017
2030:
2029:
2025:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1857:
1845:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1772:. 17 April 2021
1764:
1763:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1576:
1572:
1561:"Tobacco atlas"
1559:
1558:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1515:
1511:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1342:
1338:
1321:
1317:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1226:
1218:Financial Times
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1173:
1166:Tobacco Control
1158:
1154:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1109:, articles 8-13
1088:
1002:
936:budget deficits
928:
907:
879:
869:
858:Ciudad del Este
834:
824:
804:
791:
775:
718:
668:
655:
642:
630:
584:
572:
567:
527:
510:
493:
488:
462:
389:organised crime
385:
329:
309:organized crime
232:
221:
220:
219:
214:
203:
197:
194:
151:
149:
139:
127:
112:
101:
95:
92:
84:help improve it
81:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3313:Rolling papers
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3127:Nicotine pouch
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Cigarette card
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2794:External links
2792:
2789:
2788:
2758:
2740:
2710:
2699:
2673:
2648:
2622:
2592:
2581:. 3 March 2022
2566:
2540:
2519:
2493:
2465:
2445:
2419:
2404:
2382:
2356:
2332:
2307:
2295:The Herald Sun
2282:
2262:
2241:
2221:
2201:
2195:Irish Examiner
2180:
2166:
2152:
2149:. 5 July 2017.
2138:
2127:on 19 May 2023
2105:
2079:
2053:
2036:fmcoprc.gov.hk
2023:
2001:
1962:
1941:
1929:Irish Examiner
1915:
1903:www.revenue.ie
1890:
1855:
1834:
1808:
1783:
1748:
1737:. 12 July 2017
1714:
1702:Foreign Policy
1683:
1657:
1636:
1626:
1613:
1589:
1570:
1552:
1532:
1509:
1477:
1456:
1447:
1426:
1417:
1382:
1357:
1336:
1315:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1240:
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3318:Smoking bans
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2779:. Retrieved
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756:Moore Street
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690:Gudang Gabah
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198:October 2013
195:
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171:
164:
152:
140:Please help
135:verification
132:
102:
96:October 2013
93:
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33:
3223:and the law
3203:Philippines
3166:Big Tobacco
3105:Composition
2963:Receptacles
2931:Peripherals
2636:Keep It Out
2480:inews.co.uk
2256:The Journal
1671:News.com.au
1196:30 December
1113:Rum-running
767:car ferries
474:(35%), and
354:Philippines
313:tax evasion
293:buttlegging
275:Counterfeit
3377:Cigarettes
3371:Categories
3221:Government
3176:By country
2900:Components
2836:Cigarettes
2781:11 January
2733:11 January
2692:4 November
2666:4 November
2641:4 November
2615:4 November
2486:4 November
2098:2 December
1956:GlobalPost
1934:4 November
1908:4 November
1883:4 November
1827:4 November
1801:4 November
1776:4 November
1741:4 November
1707:4 November
1119:References
812:Montenegro
808:Yugoslavia
802:Montenegro
743:excise tax
346:Lahad Datu
297:cigarettes
267:Contraband
168:newspapers
39:improve it
3397:Smuggling
3183:Argentina
2922:Additives
2855:Fire-safe
2300:25 August
1405:cites.org
958:in 2002.
952:Hezbollah
822:Palestine
783:Ar-Ramtha
666:Indonesia
653:Hong Kong
570:Australia
512:The ICC (
472:Hong Kong
435:Hong Kong
405:Hezbollah
397:terrorist
373:Australia
358:Indonesia
45:talk page
3336:Category
3198:Pakistan
2860:Flavored
2579:GBH News
1877:BBC News
1676:10 April
1498:cite web
1351:BBC News
1262:Archived
1086:See also
986:New York
984:, since
978:Virginia
948:New York
944:Al-Qaeda
895:Slovakia
883:Uzhhorod
846:Paraguay
840:between
832:Paraguay
789:Malaysia
710:SMD Bold
706:Men Doan
702:Marlboro
698:Mildboro
678:Super),
476:Pakistan
424:New York
362:Malaysia
3351:Smoking
3346:Commons
2978:Culture
2953:Lighter
2938:Ashtray
2907:Tobacco
2875:Menthol
2850:Fashion
2585:17 July
2559:31 July
2512:31 July
2459:Reuters
2438:31 July
2433:El País
2375:31 July
2131:31 July
2072:31 July
2046:31 July
1650:31 July
1634:287-294
1624:384-386
1375:16 July
1370:Reuters
930:In the
887:Ukraine
877:Ukraine
737:In the
722:Ireland
716:Ireland
628:Belgium
600:Ukraine
587:Belarus
582:Belarus
498:Toronto
446:Ireland
182:scholar
82:Please
3275:MPOWER
3193:Malawi
2996:Loosie
2948:Holder
2917:Filter
2870:Lights
2865:Kretek
2632:"Home"
1038:– The
1007:– the
889:) and
842:Brazil
773:Jordan
676:Djarum
640:Canada
596:Latvia
518:Canada
502:Quebec
301:cigars
184:
177:
170:
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3291:Lists
3188:Egypt
2880:Beedi
2843:Types
1988:(PDF)
1977:(PDF)
1412:(PDF)
1401:(PDF)
1011:is a
919:Derby
867:Spain
816:Italy
779:Syria
401:Hamas
350:Sabah
321:crime
189:JSTOR
175:books
3117:Snus
3110:List
2958:Pack
2943:Case
2783:2022
2735:2022
2694:2021
2668:2021
2643:2021
2617:2021
2587:2022
2561:2017
2514:2017
2488:2021
2440:2017
2377:2017
2302:2019
2133:2017
2100:2021
2074:2017
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1936:2021
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1829:2021
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