842:
ESFJs are both extraverted feelers. Keirsey holds that these same groupings are very different from one another because they are of different temperaments. ESTJs are
Guardians whereas ENTJs are Rationals; ISFPs are Artisans whereas INFPs are Idealists; INTPs are Rationals whereas ISTPs are Artisans; and ENFJs are Idealists whereas ESFJs are Guardians.
126:
The
Artisan temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the SP (sensing–perceiving) Myers-Briggs types, the Artisan temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers-Briggs types): Composer (ISFP), Crafter (ISTP), Performer (ESFP),
73:
became familiar with the work of Ernst
Kretschmer and William Sheldon after WWII in the late 1940s. Keirsey developed the Temperament Sorter after being introduced to the MBTI in 1956. Tracing the idea of temperament back to the ancient Greeks, Keirsey developed a modern temperament theory in his
841:
Myers paired ESTJs with ENTJs, ISFPs with INFPs, INTPs with ISTPs, and ENFJs with ESFJs because they share the same dominant function attitude. ESTJs and ENTJs are both extraverted thinkers, ISFPs and INFPs are both introverted feelers, INTPs and ISTPs are both introverted thinkers, and ENFJs and
837:
Myers grouped types according to cognitive function: the 'thinking type' grouping for those with dominant thinking; the 'intuitive type' grouping for those with dominant intuition; the 'feeling type' grouping for those with dominant feeling; and the 'sensing type' grouping for those with dominant
255:
The
Rational temperament is one of the four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the NT (intuitive–thinking) Myers-Briggs types, the Rational temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlated Myers-Briggs types): Architect (INTP), Fieldmarshal (ENTJ),
210:
The
Idealist temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the NF (intuitive–feeling) Myers-Briggs types, the Idealist temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers-Briggs types): Champion (ENFP), Counselor (INFJ), Healer
165:
The
Guardian temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the SJ (sensing–judging) Myers–Briggs types, the Guardian temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers–Briggs types): Inspector (ISTJ), Protector (ISFJ), Provider
858:
Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI) for 203 college freshmen were analyzed and compared. Positive correlations appeared between the concurrent MBTI and Keirsey measures of psychological type, giving preliminary support to the validity of the online version of Keirsey.
838:
sensing. Keirsey's temperaments correlate with Myers' combinations of preferences: Guardians with sensing plus judging (SJ); Artisans with sensing plus perceiving (SP); Idealists with intuition plus feeling (NF); and
Rationals with intuition plus thinking (NT).
131:. They excel at troubleshooting, agility, and the manipulation of tools, instruments, and equipment. At their worst, entertainers can become pleasure-seeking, and operators can become hedonistic. The two roles are as follows:
211:(INFP), and Teacher (ENFJ). Idealists are abstract and compassionate. Seeking meaning and significance, they are concerned with personal growth and finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is
830:
Myers, following Jung's lead, emphasized the extraversion/introversion (expressive/attentive) dichotomy; Keirsey's model places greater importance on the sensing/intuition (concrete/abstract) dichotomy.
256:
Inventor (ENTP), and
Mastermind (INTJ). Rationals are abstract and objective. Seeking mastery and self-control, they are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is
166:(ESFJ), and Supervisor (ESTJ). Guardians are concrete and organized (scheduled). Seeking security and belonging, they are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is
114:. In his works, Keirsey used the names suggested by Plato: Artisan (iconic), Guardian (pistic), Idealist (noetic), and Rational (dianoetic). Keirsey divided each of the
52:(MBTI); however, there are significant practical and theoretical differences between the two personality questionnaires and their associated different descriptions.
127:
and
Promoter (ESTP). Artisans are concrete and adaptable. Seeking stimulation and virtuosity, they are concerned with making an impact. Their greatest strength is
98:(2010). The table below shows how Myers' and Keirsey's types correspond to other temperament theories or constructs, dating from ancient times to the present day.
118:
into two categories (roles), each with two types (role variants). The resulting 16 types correlate with the 16 personality types described by Briggs and Myers.
304:(2008), Keirsey divided the role variants into groupings that he called "four differing roles that people play in face-to-face interaction with one another."
1179:
260:. They excel in any kind of logical investigation such as engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating. The two roles are as follows:
1287:
1172:
1054:
1105:
17:
1280:
1165:
820:
The type descriptions of Isabel Myers differ from the character descriptions of David Keirsey in several important ways:
998:
947:
824:
Myers primarily focused on how people think and feel; Keirsey focused more on behavior, which is directly observable.
1382:
855:
463:
49:
1273:
331:(expressive and informative): Inventor (ENTP), Provider (ESFJ), Performer (ESFP), Champion (ENFP)—Collaborative
314:(expressive and directive): Field Marshal (ENTJ), Supervisor (ESTJ), Promoter (ESTP), Teacher (ENFJ)—Preemptive
912:
827:
Myers's descriptions use a linear four-factor model; Keirsey's descriptions use a systems field theory model.
337:(attentive and informative): Architect (INTP), Protector (ISFJ), Composer (ISFP), Healer (INFP)—Accommodative
320:(attentive and directive): Mastermind (INTJ), Inspector (ISTJ), Crafter (ISTP), Counselor (INFJ)—Competitive
785:
1387:
802:
502:
357:
The following table shows how the four rings relate to one another and to the various temperaments.
215:. They excel at clarifying, individualizing, unifying, and inspiring. The two roles are as follows:
762:
706:
550:
515:
475:
170:. They excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting. The two roles are as follows:
790:
750:
745:
711:
694:
667:
650:
645:
590:
568:
563:
480:
458:
1356:
1310:
1249:
689:
603:
1335:
1296:
1254:
868:
662:
63:
1243:
1220:
1208:
1202:
990:
984:
723:
623:
436:
44:
195:
are the informative (reactive) Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is
8:
1330:
1214:
528:
285:
are the informative (reactive) Rationals. Their most developed intelligence operation is
240:
are the informative (reactive) Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is
269:
are the directive (proactive) Rationals. Their most developed intelligence operation is
224:
are the directive (proactive) Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is
179:
are the directive (proactive) Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is
150:
are the informative (reactive) Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is
1351:
273:. The attentive Masterminds and the expressive Fieldmarshals are the two role variants.
140:
are the directive (proactive) Artisans. Their most-developed intelligence operation is
349:, "Coworkers" is renamed "Collaborators" and "Responders" is renamed "Accommodators".
994:
943:
936:
897:
892:
115:
183:. The attentive Inspectors and the expressive Supervisors are the two role variants.
1361:
887:
1051:
1014:
289:. The attentive Architects and the expressive Inventors are the two role variants.
199:. The attentive Protectors and the expressive Providers are the two role variants.
154:. The attentive Composers and the expressive Performers are the two role variants.
1109:
1058:
963:
878:
228:. The attentive Counselors and the expressive Teachers are the two role variants.
1131:"Concurrent Validity of the Online Version of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II"
144:. The attentive Crafters and the expressive Promoters are the two role variants.
244:. The attentive Healers and the expressive Champions are the two role variants.
1376:
1325:
1315:
1237:
1157:
70:
1085:
907:
854:, data from the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II online instrument and Myers
107:
39:
1265:
341:
The roles were implied in the informing/directing factor introduced in
1320:
1073:
902:
873:
833:
Myers grouped types by 'function attitudes'; Keirsey, by temperament.
1130:
815:
938:
Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence
111:
64:
Historical Development of Theories of the Four Temperaments
1152:
1086:"Keirsey Temperament vs. Myer-Briggs Types at Keirsey.com"
986:
People Patterns: A Modern Guide to the Four Temperaments
106:
Keirsey expanded on the ancient study of temperament by
1034:
352:
982:
42:questionnaire. It was first introduced in the book
935:
1374:
816:Myers–Briggs types versus Keirsey's temperaments
850:In a 2001 peer-reviewed study published in the
1187:
933:
1281:
1173:
1069:
1067:
989:(1st ed.). Archer Publications. p.
942:(1st ed.). Prometheus Nemesis Book Co.
929:
927:
307:There are two Proactive Enterprising Roles:
1288:
1274:
1180:
1166:
1064:
1295:
924:
295:
55:
48:. The KTS is closely associated with the
324:There are two Reactive Inquiring Roles:
1045:
1027:
1007:
976:
845:
14:
1375:
1015:"Keirsey.com Portrait of the Guardian"
956:
1269:
1161:
964:"Keirsey.com Portrait of the Artisan"
1052:Keirsey.com Portrait of the Rational
101:
353:Temperaments and intelligence types
24:
25:
1399:
1146:
1035:"Keirsey Temperament Assessment"
1123:
934:Keirsey, David (May 1, 1998) .
1106:"The Four Dimensions of Myers"
1098:
1078:
1039:Keirsey Temperament Assessment
345:. In his 2010 follow-up book,
13:
1:
918:
983:Montgomery, Stephen (2002).
852:Journal of Career Assessment
799:
772:
759:
720:
703:
676:
659:
613:
600:
577:
560:
525:
512:
489:
472:
426:
376:
7:
1153:Keirsey Temperament Website
862:
250:
205:
160:
50:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
10:
1404:
1189:Keirsey Temperament Sorter
121:
32:Keirsey Temperament Sorter
1344:
1303:
1230:
1195:
800:
783:
773:
760:
743:
733:
721:
704:
687:
677:
660:
643:
633:
621:
614:
601:
588:
578:
561:
548:
538:
526:
513:
500:
490:
473:
456:
446:
434:
427:
27:Personality questionnaire
343:Portraits of Temperament
84:Presidential Temperament
80:Portraits of Temperament
88:Please Understand Me II
1383:Personality typologies
1357:Collective unconscious
1311:Marie-Louise von Franz
1250:Personality psychology
296:Four interaction roles
56:Historical development
1336:Katharine Cook Briggs
1297:Analytical psychology
1255:Analytical psychology
869:Analytical psychology
38:) is a self-assessed
1362:Personal unconscious
1244:Please Understand Me
846:Empirical validation
76:Please Understand Me
45:Please Understand Me
18:Idealist temperament
361:
1074:Brains and Careers
1057:2017-08-02 at the
360:
302:Brains and Careers
92:Brains and Careers
1388:Personality tests
1370:
1369:
1263:
1262:
898:Four temperaments
893:Five temperaments
813:
812:
116:four temperaments
102:Four temperaments
16:(Redirected from
1395:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1231:Related articles
1182:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1108:. Archived from
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1062:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1011:
1005:
1004:
980:
974:
973:
971:
970:
960:
954:
953:
941:
931:
888:Ernst Kretschmer
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
362:
359:
21:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1340:
1299:
1294:
1264:
1259:
1226:
1191:
1186:
1149:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1059:Wayback Machine
1050:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1001:
981:
977:
968:
966:
962:
961:
957:
950:
932:
925:
921:
879:Eduard Spranger
865:
848:
818:
778:
738:
728:
682:
638:
628:
618:
583:
543:
533:
495:
451:
441:
431:
420:
419:
417:
414:
408:
407:
405:
402:
396:
395:
393:
390:
384:
383:
381:
378:
355:
298:
253:
208:
163:
124:
104:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1401:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1147:External links
1145:
1143:
1142:
1122:
1097:
1077:
1063:
1044:
1026:
1006:
999:
975:
955:
948:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
876:
871:
864:
861:
847:
844:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
817:
814:
811:
810:
798:
797:
782:
771:
770:
758:
757:
742:
732:
719:
718:
702:
701:
686:
675:
674:
658:
657:
642:
632:
620:
612:
611:
599:
598:
587:
576:
575:
559:
558:
547:
537:
524:
523:
511:
510:
499:
488:
487:
471:
470:
455:
445:
433:
425:
424:
412:
400:
388:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
354:
351:
339:
338:
332:
322:
321:
315:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
277:
276:
275:
274:
252:
249:
248:
247:
246:
245:
232:
231:
230:
229:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
187:
186:
185:
184:
177:Administrators
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
145:
123:
120:
103:
100:
68:
67:
57:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1400:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:David Keirsey
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Sigmund Freud
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:David Keirsey
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1132:
1126:
1112:on 2008-04-03
1111:
1107:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1016:
1010:
1002:
1000:1-885705-03-4
996:
992:
988:
987:
979:
965:
959:
951:
949:1-885705-02-6
945:
940:
939:
930:
928:
923:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
860:
857:
853:
843:
839:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
821:
809:
805:
804:
796:
792:
788:
787:
781:
776:
769:
765:
764:
756:
752:
748:
747:
741:
736:
731:
726:
725:
717:
713:
709:
708:
700:
696:
692:
691:
685:
680:
673:
669:
665:
664:
656:
652:
648:
647:
641:
636:
631:
626:
625:
617:
616:Introspective
610:
609:Instrumenting
606:
605:
597:
593:
592:
586:
581:
574:
570:
566:
565:
557:
556:Demonstrating
553:
552:
546:
541:
536:
531:
530:
522:
518:
517:
509:
505:
504:
498:
493:
492:Administrator
486:
482:
478:
477:
469:
465:
461:
460:
454:
449:
444:
439:
438:
430:
413:
401:
389:
377:
373:Role Variant
372:
369:
366:
364:
363:
358:
350:
348:
344:
336:
333:
330:
327:
326:
325:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
303:
288:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
272:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
259:
243:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:
227:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
214:
198:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
169:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
130:
119:
117:
113:
109:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
71:David Keirsey
66:
65:
60:
59:
53:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1331:Isabel Myers
1242:
1196:Temperaments
1188:
1134:. Retrieved
1125:
1114:. Retrieved
1110:the original
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1080:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1018:. Retrieved
1009:
985:
978:
967:. Retrieved
958:
937:
883:Types of men
882:
881:, author of
851:
849:
840:
836:
819:
807:
801:
794:
786:Fieldmarshal
784:
779:
774:
767:
761:
754:
744:
740:Constructing
739:
734:
729:
722:
715:
705:
698:
688:
683:
678:
672:Conciliating
671:
661:
654:
644:
639:
634:
629:
622:
615:
608:
602:
595:
589:
584:
579:
573:Synthesizing
572:
562:
555:
549:
544:
539:
534:
527:
520:
514:
507:
501:
496:
491:
484:
474:
467:
457:
452:
447:
442:
435:
428:
367:Temperament
356:
346:
342:
340:
334:
328:
323:
317:
311:
306:
301:
300:In his book
299:
287:constructing
286:
282:
270:
267:Coordinators
266:
257:
254:
241:
237:
225:
221:
212:
209:
196:
193:Conservators
192:
180:
176:
167:
164:
151:
148:Entertainers
147:
141:
137:
128:
125:
105:
95:
94:(2008), and
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
61:
43:
35:
31:
29:
913:Type theory
908:Temperament
775:Coordinator
545:Improvising
540:Entertainer
448:Conservator
415:Expressive
403:Informative
391:Cooperative
379:Concrete
347:Personology
152:improvising
108:Hippocrates
96:Personology
40:personality
1377:Categories
1136:2020-02-21
1116:2008-03-10
1091:2008-06-18
1020:2008-05-03
969:2011-04-18
919:References
803:Mastermind
795:Mobilizing
684:Developing
655:Motivating
630:Diplomatic
596:Persuading
585:Expediting
521:Certifying
503:Supervisor
497:Regulating
453:Supporting
443:Logistical
335:Responders
318:Contenders
312:Initiators
226:developing
197:supporting
181:regulating
142:expediting
1352:Archetype
1321:Carl Jung
1221:Guardians
1209:Idealists
1203:Rationals
903:Socionics
874:Carl Jung
808:Entailing
780:Arranging
768:Designing
763:Architect
730:Strategic
707:Counselor
699:Educating
640:Mediating
551:Performer
516:Inspector
508:Enforcing
476:Protector
468:Supplying
429:Observant
421:Attentive
409:Directive
397:Pragmatic
385:Abstract
329:Coworkers
283:Engineers
271:arranging
242:mediating
238:Advocates
213:diplomacy
168:logistics
138:Operators
62:See also
1345:Concepts
1215:Artisans
1055:Archived
863:See also
806:(INTJ):
766:(INTP):
755:Devising
746:Inventor
735:Engineer
724:Rational
646:Champion
635:Advocate
624:Idealist
607:(ISTP):
594:(ESTP):
591:Promoter
580:Operator
564:Composer
554:(ESFP):
535:Tactical
519:(ISTJ):
506:(ESTJ):
485:Securing
459:Provider
437:Guardian
258:strategy
251:Rational
206:Idealist
161:Guardian
90:(1998),
86:(1992),
82:(1988),
78:(1978),
716:Guiding
690:Teacher
604:Crafter
529:Artisan
222:Mentors
129:tactics
122:Artisan
1304:People
997:
946:
679:Mentor
663:Healer
74:books
1223:(SJs)
1217:(SPs)
1211:(NFs)
1205:(NTs)
777:(NTJ)
737:(NTP)
681:(NFJ)
637:(NFP)
582:(STP)
542:(SFP)
494:(STJ)
450:(SFJ)
370:Role
112:Plato
995:ISBN
944:ISBN
791:ENTJ
751:ENTP
727:(NT)
712:INFJ
695:ENFJ
668:INFP
651:ENFP
627:(NF)
619:(N)
569:ISFP
532:(SP)
481:ISFJ
464:ESFJ
440:(SJ)
432:(S)
110:and
30:The
793:):
753:):
714:):
697:):
670:):
653:):
571:):
483:):
466:):
36:KTS
1379::
1066:^
1037:.
993:.
991:20
926:^
423:?
418:or
411:?
406:or
399:?
394:or
387:?
382:or
1289:e
1282:t
1275:v
1181:e
1174:t
1167:v
1139:.
1119:.
1094:.
1061:.
1041:.
1023:.
1003:.
972:.
952:.
856:–
789:(
749:(
710:(
693:(
666:(
649:(
567:(
479:(
462:(
34:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.