257:
244:, described her teaching ethos thus "Miss Freund had a dread of thoughtless experimenting and slipshod thinking. She felt strongly that much that passes for training in science has little relation to scientific method and is of small educational value." They quote her as saying, " I aimed at giving by means of class teaching not only a common ground of knowledge but also a common standard concerning the nature of scientific proof and the meaning of real accuracy".
237:'s approach, in which "he main facts of chemistry are dealt with in the form of a dialogue between a teacher and a pupil". She insisted that her students read original research and test the validity of published work – a revolutionary approach for the time, for which she was criticised. However, she had a significant influence on the teaching techniques of the time and was much loved by her students
176:
inspirational teacher and a singular character. She had lost a leg in a cycling accident when she was a girl and used variously walking sticks, a prosthetic leg and a three-wheeled tricycle wheelchair worked with her arms. Her disability and unconventional style of dress made her a distinctive figure, which was much remarked upon at the time by colleagues and contemporaries.
264:
Freund was the first person to bake a set of periodic table cupcakes. She used them as teaching aids in her classroom. She created boxes of chocolates with pictures of scientists and a large periodic table with each element represented by a cupcake decorated with its name and atomic number in icing.
213:
In the preface for the book, editors A. Hutchinson and Mary
Beatrice Thomas suggest that in writing it: "Miss Freund was attempting to bring to the notice of other teachers her views as to the manner in which students may be helped to realise that chemistry is a science-based on experiment, and that
187:
in the early 1900s. Women were eventually admitted to the
Society in 1920, six years after her death. She remained at Newnham until her retirement due to ill-health in 1913. The chemistry lab at Newnham was closed following her retirement because by that time female students were admitted to study
175:
Her focus on teaching left her little time for research, she did not pursue a master's degree or a doctorate. She was responsible for the laboratory training of her students, many of whom came up to
College with little or no knowledge of chemistry. Amongst her students, she was thought to be an
311:
In April 1998 the lab at
Newnham was restored as a memorial. The Ida Freund Memorial Fund was set up to raise the standard of women teachers in the physical sciences by giving them opportunities for further study. The Ida Freund Memorial Prize is offered by Newnham College. Furthermore, Girton
33:
205:
published posthumously in 1920. She had planned that the book should be 20 chapters but had only completed ten chapters at her death. The book was later edited for publication by colleagues and friends, including Mary
Beatrice Thomas, Director of Science Studies at
128:. She is known for her influence on science teaching, particularly the teaching of women and girls. She wrote two key chemistry textbooks and invented the idea of baking periodic table cupcakes, as well as inventing a gas measuring tube, which was named after her.
276:, numbers were made of chocolate, and the elements were iced cakes each showing its name and atomic weight in icing. The nonvalent atoms were round, univalent had a protruding corner, bivalent two, trivalent triangular and so on. We divided it up between us!
172:, as a demonstrator. In 1890, she was promoted to staff lecturer in chemistry (1893–1912). This was the first appointment of a woman as a full lecturer in the subject in the UK. She was an associate at Newnham College and then a member of its council.
247:
She opposed the introduction of domestic science teaching in girls' schools as a substitute for fundamental scientific education but made use of her own baking and culinary skills to create engaging teaching resources.
229:, and in particular for improving science teaching in girls' schools. At the time, in Cambridge, women could not work in the same laboratories as men so Freund taught special classes in the Chemistry labs at
196:
Freund published one paper entitled "The effect of temperature on the volume change accompanying neutralization in the case of a number of salts at different concentrations" and two chemistry textbooks.
272:
In my year we were requested to go and make a further study of the 'Periodic Table of the
Elements.' We found a very large board with the Table set out. The divisions across and down were made with
996:
280:
Based on her original idea, periodic table cupcakes have become a popular and fun way to celebrate chemistry at school bake sales and events aiming to promote public engagement with science. The
303:
As well as inventing periodic table cupcakes, Freund also had a piece of laboratory apparatus (a gas measuring tube) named after her as her invention. The apparatus is no longer in common use.
292:. A video showing the collection of cakes is included in Professor Poliakoff's series of online videos 'Periodic Videos' Periodic Videos aim to bring chemistry to a new generation of students.
285:
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in departmental chemistry labs in the university. She died on 15 May 1914 following surgery at her home in
Cambridge while working on her second book.
256:
233:. She also wrote textbooks and organised holiday workshops for women teachers. Freund experimented with different teaching techniques, favouring
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712:
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125:
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The experimental basis of chemistry: suggestions for a series of experiments illustrative of the fundamental principles of chemistry
426:
203:
The
Experimental Basis of Chemistry: Suggestions for a Series of Experiments Illustrative of the Fundamental Principles of Chemistry
1212:
1207:
295:
Recipe instructions for modern versions of Freund's periodic table of cupcakes are available from a variety of sources online.
1019:
1005:
843:
795:
770:
165:
1202:
895:
390:
1172:
654:
618:
The study of chemical composition.: An account of its method and historical development, with illustrative quotations
547:
516:
491:
642:
The Study of
Chemical Composition: An Account of its Method and Historical Development with Illustrative Quotations
199:
The Study of
Chemical Composition: An Account of its Method and Historical Development with Illustrative Quotations
1182:
312:
College awards the Ida Freund Prize to its students of physical sciences for first-class academic achievements.
1217:
288:
with a set of periodic table cupcakes and students at Nottingham University did similarly for the birthday of
692:
157:
144:. In 1881 her grandparents died, and she moved to England to live with her uncle and guardian, the violinist
214:
logical interpretation of experiments leads directly to the generalisation known as the laws of chemistry."
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Both of Freund's books are considered to be key texts in the teaching of chemistry and are much cited.
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124:(5 April 1863 – 15 May 1914) was the first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the
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Women in chemistry: their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century
8:
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despite having previously had only school level English language skills. She went on to
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140:. Following the death of her mother, she moved to live with her grandparents in
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511:(1. pbk. ed.). New Brunswick, N.J. : Rutgers Univ. Press. p. 121.
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Hutchinson and Thomas, the editors of her posthumously published textbook
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713:"Ida Freund: Teacher, Educator, Feminist, and Chemistry Textbook Writer"
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Chemistry Was Their Life: Pioneering British Women Chemists, 1880–1949
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well known as a member of the Joachim Quartet and leader of the
141:
32:
436:. RSC Historical Group, QMUL. pp. 14–20. Archived from
183:. She was amongst the women who fought for admission to the
424:
882:"Periodic Table of Cupcakes – Periodic Table of Videos"
532:
Geoffrey Rayner-Canham; Marelene Rayner-Canham (2001).
538:. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. p.
788:
The case of the poisonous socks: tales from chemistry
763:
The case of the poisonous socks: tales from chemistry
483:
Teaching and Learning in Nineteenth-century Cambridge
1193:
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United Kingdom
168:as a chemistry lecturer, and one year later joined
811:Freund, Ida (1911). "Domestic science—a protest".
1139:
580:Freund, Ida (1909). "für Physikalische Chemie".
509:Women and science: social impact and interaction
486:. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 155.
427:"Ida Freund, the first woman chemistry lecturer"
830:. London: Imperial College Press. p. 227.
179:Freund was an active feminist and supporter of
953:. London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd. p. 371.
706:
704:
702:
469:. Cambridge University Press. p. preface.
990:
825:
866:. Royal Society of Chemistry. Archived from
460:
458:
389:. Newnham college, Cambridge. Archived from
356:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
268:One of her students described her approach:
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31:
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350:Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey. "Freund, Ida".
255:
790:. Cambridge, UK: RSC Pub. p. 212.
765:. Cambridge, UK: RSC Pub. p. 213.
467:The Fundamental Principles of Chemistry
353:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
242:The Fundamental Principles of Chemistry
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948:
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710:
673:. The University press. 9 April 2018.
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1228:20th-century British women scientists
1223:19th-century British women scientists
1020:1904 petition to the Chemical Society
978:
785:
760:
479:
260:Periodic Table cupcakes, made in 2017
1004:
225:Freund is known for her interest in
166:Cambridge Training College for Women
1198:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
898:. WomansDay.com. 23 September 2021.
615:
349:
334:
110:The Experimental Basis of Chemistry
13:
507:Sheffield, Suzanne Le-May (2006).
14:
1239:
720:Transactions on Internet Research
434:RSC Historical Society Newsletter
104:The Study of Chemical Composition
951:Lecture experiments in chemistry
425:Margaret Hill; Alan Dronsfield.
201:(1904) (reprinted in 2014.) and
1213:20th-century British scientists
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852:
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693:"Personal Papers of M B Thomas"
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928:"A Periodic Table of Cupcakes"
573:
556:
525:
500:
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286:Visual Elements Periodic Table
162:Natural Sciences Tripos course
1:
1208:19th-century British chemists
1112:Grace Toynbee (Mrs Frankland)
965:"Awards from Newnham college"
327:
298:
284:celebrated the launch of the
1066:Mildred Gostling (Mrs Mills)
896:"Periodic Table of Cupcakes"
616:Ida, Freund (9 April 2018).
370:UK public library membership
322:Timeline of women in science
306:
131:
7:
1127:Katharine Isabella Williams
315:
220:
152:(1875–88). She enrolled in
136:Ida Freund was born in the
10:
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1203:Newnham College, Cambridge
967:. University of Cambridge.
786:Brock, William H. (2011).
761:Brock, William H. (2011).
711:Palmer, Bill (July 2007).
647:Cambridge University Press
282:Royal Society of Chemistry
170:Newnham College, Cambridge
1173:Austrian women scientists
1092:Ida Smedley (Mrs Maclean)
1028:
1012:
910:"Periodic Table Cupcakes"
826:Rayner-Canham, M (2008).
695:. Girton College Archive.
94:
86:
78:
67:
51:
39:
30:
23:
480:Smith, Jonathan (2001).
16:Austrian-British chemist
1051:Elizabeth Eleanor Field
1046:Clare de Brereton Evans
252:Periodic table cupcakes
72:University of Cambridge
1183:British women chemists
864:175 Faces of Chemistry
747:Fara, Patricia (2005)
597:Cite journal requires
387:"Ida Freund biography"
362:10.1093/ref:odnb/48490
278:
261:
1218:20th-century chemists
1041:Katherine Alice Burke
815:(10): 147–63, 279–96.
270:
259:
870:on 24 November 2020.
749:Scientists Anonymous
639:Freund, Ida (2014).
620:. University press.
465:Freund, Ida (1920).
443:on 24 September 2015
1178:English suffragists
158:first class honours
1107:M. Beatrice Thomas
949:Fowles, G (1957).
884:. Periodic Videos.
729:on 15 October 2013
564:"Fight for Rights"
393:on 12 January 2016
262:
82:Chemistry lecturer
62:Cambridge, England
1158:English inventors
1148:Austrian chemists
1135:
1134:
1097:Alice Emily Smith
845:978-1-86094-986-9
797:978-1-84973-324-3
772:978-1-84973-324-3
368:(Subscription or
227:science education
119:
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90:Science education
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1153:English chemists
1102:Millicent Taylor
1081:Dorothy Marshall
1006:The Letter of 19
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181:women's suffrage
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1086:Margaret Seward
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150:Hallé Orchestra
138:Austrian Empire
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1013:The petition
959:
950:
944:
932:. Retrieved
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913:
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890:
876:
868:the original
863:
860:"Ida Freund"
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836:10.1142/p538
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731:. Retrieved
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96:Notable work
57:(1914-05-15)
43:5 April 1863
18:
1168:1914 deaths
1163:1863 births
55:15 May 1914
1142:Categories
1061:Ida Freund
1036:Lucy Boole
930:. Chembark
733:14 January
569:. rsc.org.
447:19 October
397:19 October
372:required.)
328:References
299:Inventions
122:Ida Freund
79:Occupation
25:Ida Freund
934:7 January
307:Memorials
132:Biography
914:HuffPost
679:7034511M
626:6955630M
316:See also
221:Teaching
160:in the
46:Austria
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142:Vienna
112:(1920)
106:(1904)
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430:(PDF)
936:2014
840:ISBN
792:ISBN
767:ISBN
751:p158
735:2014
651:ISBN
603:help
544:ISBN
513:ISBN
488:ISBN
449:2012
399:2012
74:(BA)
52:Died
40:Born
832:doi
358:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
