183:
and tunneling to solidify unstable ground during excavations. The ground is frozen using bore holes with concentric pipes that carry brine from a chiller at the surface. Cold is extracted in a similar way using brine and used in the same way as for conventional ice storage, normally with a brine-to-liquid heat exchanger, to bring the working temperatures up to usable levels at higher volumes. The frozen ground can stay cold for months or longer, allowing cold storage for extended periods at negligible structure cost.
356:
chilled water technology. In addition, unlike water-cooled chilled water systems that do not experience a tremendous difference in efficiency from day to night, this new class of equipment typically displaces daytime operation of air-cooled condensing units. In areas where there is a significant difference between peak day time temperatures and off-peak temperatures, this type of unit is typically more energy efficient than the equipment that it replaces.
370:
220:
22:
119:
478:
air inlet cooling. Instead of shifting electrical demand to the night, this technique shifts generation capacity to the day. To generate ice at night, the turbine is often mechanically connected to a large chiller's compressor. During peak daytime loads, water is circulated between the ice pile and a
328:
A partial storage system minimizes capital investment by running the chillers nearly 24 hours a day. At night, they produce ice for storage and during the day they chill water for the air conditioning system. Water circulating through the melting ice augments their production. Such a system usually
324:
The most widely used form of this technology can be found in campus-wide air conditioning or chilled water systems of large buildings. Air conditioning systems, especially in commercial buildings, are the biggest contributors to peak electrical loads seen on hot summer days in various countries. In
182:
can also be utilized; this may be done in ice form where the ground is saturated. Systems will also work with pure rock. Wherever ice forms, the ice formation's heat of fusion is not used, as the ice remains solid throughout the process. The method based on ground freezing is widely used for mining
483:
in front of the turbine air intake, cooling the intake air to near freezing temperatures. Since the air is colder, the turbine can compress more air with a given amount of compressor power. Typically, both the generated electrical power and turbine efficiency rise when the inlet cooling system is
355:
to convert it back into a liquid, however, the low temperature of ice is used to chill the refrigerant back into a liquid. This type of system allows existing refrigerant-based HVAC equipment to be converted to
Thermal Energy Storage systems, something that could not previously be easily done with
329:
runs in ice-making mode for 16 to 18 hours a day and in ice-melting mode for six hours a day. Capital expenditures are minimized because the chillers can be just 40 - 50% of the size needed for a conventional design. Ice storage sufficient to store half a day's rejected heat is usually adequate.
332:
A full storage system minimizes the cost of energy to run that system by entirely shutting off the chillers during peak load hours. The capital cost is higher, as such a system requires somewhat larger chillers than those from a partial storage system, and a larger ice storage system.
164:" (heat flow) was the heat needed to melt one ton of ice in a 24-hour period. This heat flow is what one would expect in a 3,000-square-foot (280 m) house in Boston in the summer. This definition has since been replaced by less-archaic units: one ton of
343:
Air conditioning thermal storage has been shown to be somewhat beneficial in society. Off-peak electricity is cheaper, as demand is lower. It also reduces the demand at peak times, which is often provided by expensive and unenvironmental sources.
340:(COP). In theory, thermal storage systems could make chillers more efficient because heat is discharged into colder nighttime air rather than warmer daytime air. In practice, heat loss overpowers this advantage, since it melts the ice.
325:
this application, a standard chiller runs at night to produce an ice pile. Water then circulates through the pile during the day to produce chilled water that would normally be the chiller's daytime output.
590:
1975:
206:. If there was no readily-accessible source of ice, then shallow, shaded pools were often built to nearby, and the ice removed from them during the freezing season.
1925:
631:
1955:
2091:
186:
Replacing existing air conditioning systems with ice storage offers a cost-effective energy storage method, enabling surplus wind energy and other such
652:
610:
137:. Alternative power sources such as solar can also use the technology to store energy for later use. This is practical because of water's large
1970:
391:
241:
39:
442:
292:
86:
414:
264:
58:
1463:
712:
421:
271:
65:
1965:
1897:
172:. A small storage facility can hold enough ice to cool a large building from one day to one week, whether that ice is produced by
542:
428:
278:
72:
1770:
202:
from frozen lakes or rivers and transported to cities for use as a coolant. Ice was widely shipped and stored year-round in
1930:
1892:
410:
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54:
1753:
1795:
1508:
1044:
773:
461:
311:
105:
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864:
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1945:
1759:
1139:
518:
703:
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245:
43:
1907:
1851:
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1423:
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79:
1811:
1613:
1124:
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753:
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1960:
1841:
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1313:
1157:
337:
2013:
1872:
1836:
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1268:
1223:
1151:
1003:
946:
187:
653:"Ice Energy's "Ice Bear" Keeps Off-Peak Kilowatts in Cold Storage to Reduce HVAC's Peak Power Costs"
2060:
1882:
1578:
1178:
957:
848:
833:
380:
230:
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2055:
1980:
1902:
1831:
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1603:
1518:
1428:
1393:
869:
513:
384:
234:
32:
591:"Ice Storage: A Cost-Efficient Way To Cool Commercial Buildings While Optimizing the Power Grid"
2045:
2007:
1887:
1598:
1029:
351:. In this case, regular refrigerant is pumped to coils where it is used. Rather than needing a
130:
2065:
1743:
1702:
1418:
1089:
909:
681:
1867:
1857:
1801:
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728:
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203:
161:
8:
1733:
1723:
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1483:
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1024:
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1996:
1940:
1877:
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1533:
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1318:
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1114:
696:
1568:
1523:
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1203:
1099:
935:
738:
173:
2035:
1790:
1785:
1368:
1074:
972:
967:
962:
879:
632:"In Maine, Residents Slice Through Thick Ice To Keep A Tradition From Melting Away"
2030:
2002:
1644:
1558:
1553:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1408:
1348:
1263:
1248:
1069:
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1039:
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904:
828:
179:
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138:
2080:
1862:
1713:
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1134:
1109:
1104:
1079:
1049:
919:
818:
798:
778:
689:
611:"California utility augments 1,800 air conditioning units with "ice battery""
568:
2040:
1718:
1618:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1513:
1448:
1328:
1298:
1238:
1233:
1208:
1119:
998:
914:
838:
823:
808:
615:
2050:
1692:
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1623:
1563:
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1538:
1413:
1373:
1358:
1303:
1228:
1198:
1193:
1009:
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793:
475:
348:
199:
190:
to be stored for use in chilling at a later time, possibly months later.
134:
1806:
1728:
1659:
1628:
1503:
1473:
1403:
1353:
1323:
1308:
1283:
1188:
988:
884:
803:
743:
347:
A new twist on this technology uses ice as a condensing medium for the
142:
1765:
1443:
1438:
1388:
1363:
1218:
1014:
146:
369:
219:
21:
1748:
1682:
1183:
983:
783:
758:
733:
122:
Illustration of an ice storage air conditioning unit in production.
1258:
930:
133:. The process can reduce energy used for cooling during times of
1935:
1687:
1493:
1243:
595:
336:
The air conditioning chillers' efficiency is measured by their
711:
193:
168:
or refrigeration capacity is approximately equivalent to 3520
1950:
1383:
118:
1458:
1378:
359:
169:
165:
543:"Ice Energy brings the deep freeze to U.S. energy storage"
636:
154:
150:
474:Thermal energy storage is also used for combustion
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2078:
198:Before the advent of mechanical refrigeration,
588:
697:
603:
398:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
248:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
194:Early ice storage, shipment, and production
2092:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1464:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
713:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
704:
690:
553:
536:
534:
484:activated. This system is similar to the
462:Learn how and when to remove this message
312:Learn how and when to remove this message
145:of water (one cubic metre) can store 334
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1898:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
540:
360:Combustion gas turbine air inlet cooling
117:
650:
582:
2079:
644:
629:
531:
1771:Programmable communicating thermostat
685:
589:Kelly-Detwiler, Peter (22 May 2014).
1893:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
623:
396:adding citations to reliable sources
363:
246:adding citations to reliable sources
213:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
541:Roselund, Christian (13 Feb 2019).
209:
13:
1754:Minimum efficiency reporting value
651:Du Bois, Denis (16 January 2007).
14:
2103:
1796:Standard temperature and pressure
1509:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1045:Passive daytime radiative cooling
774:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
865:Absorption-compression heat pump
368:
218:
129:is the process of using ice for
20:
1760:Normal temperature and pressure
1140:Vapor-compression refrigeration
519:List of energy storage projects
31:needs additional citations for
411:"Ice storage air conditioning"
261:"Ice storage air conditioning"
160:The original definition of a "
153:) of energy, equivalent to 93
55:"Ice storage air conditioning"
1:
1908:Testing, adjusting, balancing
1852:Building information modeling
1847:Building services engineering
1424:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
952:Demand controlled ventilation
900:Building insulation materials
630:Sharon, Susan (26 Feb 2020).
524:
486:compressed air energy storage
127:Ice storage air conditioning
1469:High-pressure cut-off switch
1020:Ice storage air conditioning
941:Dedicated outdoor air system
7:
1812:Thermostatic radiator valve
1614:Thermostatic radiator valve
1125:Underfloor air distribution
1060:Radiant heating and cooling
978:Energy recovery ventilation
890:Automobile air conditioning
754:Domestic energy consumption
491:
188:intermittent energy sources
10:
2108:
1961:Institute of Refrigeration
1842:Architectural technologist
1314:Electrostatic precipitator
338:coefficient of performance
2023:
2014:Volatile organic compound
1989:
1916:
1873:Environmental engineering
1837:Architectural engineering
1820:
1668:
1639:Ultra-low particulate air
1224:Automatic balancing valve
1171:
1152:Variable refrigerant flow
1004:Heat recovery ventilation
947:Deep water source cooling
857:
719:
2061:Template:Home automation
1883:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1579:Solar-assisted heat pump
1179:Air conditioner inverter
958:Displacement ventilation
849:Vapour pressure of water
834:Thermal destratification
2056:World Refrigeration Day
1903:Refrigerant reclamation
1832:Architectural acoustics
1776:Programmable thermostat
1708:Clean air delivery rate
1604:Thermal expansion valve
1519:Pressurisation ductwork
1429:Ground source heat pump
870:Absorption refrigerator
514:Pumpable ice technology
162:ton of cooling capacity
2046:Glossary of HVAC terms
2008:Sick building syndrome
1888:Mechanical engineering
1599:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1030:Mixed-mode ventilation
135:peak electrical demand
131:thermal energy storage
123:
2066:Template:Solar energy
1744:Intelligent buildings
1703:Carbon dioxide sensor
1090:Room air distribution
910:Central solar heating
121:
1868:Duct leakage testing
1858:Deep energy retrofit
1802:Thermographic camera
1739:Infrared thermometer
1214:Air source heat pump
1163:Water heat recycling
729:Air changes per hour
509:Solar thermal energy
392:improve this section
242:improve this section
157:(26.4 ton-hours).
40:improve this article
1734:HVAC control system
1724:Home energy monitor
1698:Building automation
1484:Inverter compressor
1146:Variable air volume
1055:Passive ventilation
1025:Kitchen ventilation
925:Constant air volume
895:Autonomous building
1997:Indoor air quality
1941:ASTM International
1878:Hydronic balancing
1655:Wood-burning stove
1534:Radiator reflector
1319:Evaporative cooler
1130:Underfloor heating
1115:Thermal insulation
663:on 2 February 2014
124:
2074:
2073:
1990:Health and safety
1569:Scroll compressor
1524:Process duct work
1279:Convection heater
1274:Condensing boiler
1204:Air-mixing plenum
1100:Solar combisystem
936:Cross ventilation
739:Building envelope
657:Energy Priorities
565:sciencedirect.com
472:
471:
464:
446:
322:
321:
314:
296:
174:anhydrous ammonia
116:
115:
108:
90:
2099:
2036:Building science
1791:Smart thermostat
1786:Room temperature
1369:Fireplace insert
1075:Radon mitigation
973:Electric heating
968:District heating
963:District cooling
880:Air conditioning
706:
699:
692:
683:
682:
673:
672:
670:
668:
659:. Archived from
648:
642:
641:
627:
621:
620:
607:
601:
600:
586:
580:
579:
577:
575:
561:"Heat of Fusion"
557:
551:
550:
538:
467:
460:
456:
453:
447:
445:
404:
372:
364:
317:
310:
306:
303:
297:
295:
254:
222:
214:
210:Air conditioning
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2031:ASHRAE Handbook
2019:
2003:Passive smoking
1985:
1918:
1912:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1670:
1664:
1645:Whole-house fan
1559:Run-around coil
1554:Reversing valve
1499:Mechanical room
1489:Kerosene heater
1479:Infrared heater
1409:Gasoline heater
1349:Fan filter unit
1264:Condensate pump
1249:Centrifugal fan
1167:
1070:Radiant heating
1065:Radiant cooling
1040:Passive cooling
1035:Microgeneration
905:Central heating
853:
829:Thermal comfort
721:
715:
710:
679:
677:
676:
666:
664:
649:
645:
628:
624:
609:
608:
604:
587:
583:
573:
571:
559:
558:
554:
539:
532:
527:
500:(early version)
494:
468:
457:
451:
448:
405:
403:
389:
373:
362:
318:
307:
301:
298:
255:
253:
239:
223:
212:
196:
180:Ground freezing
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:Energy storage
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:Psychrometrics
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Air flow meter
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:Heating system
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:Heat exchanger
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1399:Gas compressor
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Expansion tank
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:Ceramic heater
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:Solar air heat
1092:
1087:
1085:Renewable heat
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
996:
994:Forced-air gas
991:
986:
981:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
944:
938:
933:
928:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
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872:
867:
861:
859:
855:
854:
852:
851:
846:
844:Thermodynamics
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
814:Psychrometrics
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
769:Gas compressor
766:
764:Fluid dynamics
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
723:
717:
716:
709:
708:
701:
694:
686:
675:
674:
643:
622:
602:
581:
552:
529:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
504:Energy storage
501:
493:
490:
481:heat exchanger
470:
469:
376:
374:
367:
361:
358:
320:
319:
226:
224:
217:
211:
208:
195:
192:
149:(MJ) (317,000
139:heat of fusion
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2104:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
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1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:organizations
1915:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Duct cleaning
1861:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1797:
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1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Control valve
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Turning vanes
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Thermal wheel
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Solar chimney
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
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1289:Cooling tower
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1135:Vapor barrier
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1110:Solar heating
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1105:Solar cooling
1103:
1101:
1098:
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1093:
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1080:Refrigeration
1078:
1076:
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1050:Passive house
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920:Chilled water
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819:Sensible heat
817:
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799:Noise control
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
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779:Heat transfer
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619:. 4 May 2017.
618:
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569:ScienceDirect
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466:
463:
455:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413: –
412:
408:
407:Find sources:
401:
397:
393:
387:
386:
382:
377:This section
375:
371:
366:
365:
357:
354:
350:
345:
341:
339:
334:
330:
326:
316:
313:
305:
294:
291:
287:
284:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
263: –
262:
258:
257:Find sources:
251:
247:
243:
237:
236:
232:
227:This section
225:
221:
216:
215:
207:
205:
201:
191:
189:
184:
181:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
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110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2041:Fireproofing
1825:and services
1821:Professions,
1719:Gas detector
1619:Trickle vent
1594:Smoke damper
1589:Smoke canopy
1584:Space heater
1514:Plenum space
1449:Heating film
1329:Exhaust hood
1299:Dehumidifier
1239:Blast damper
1234:Barrier pipe
1209:Air purifier
1120:Thermosiphon
1019:
999:Free cooling
915:Chilled beam
839:Thermal mass
824:Stack effect
809:Particulates
789:Infiltration
720:Fundamental
678:
665:. Retrieved
661:the original
656:
646:
635:
625:
616:Ars Technica
614:
605:
594:
584:
572:. Retrieved
564:
555:
546:
473:
458:
449:
439:
432:
425:
418:
406:
390:Please help
378:
346:
342:
335:
331:
327:
323:
308:
299:
289:
282:
275:
268:
256:
240:Please help
228:
197:
185:
178:
159:
126:
125:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2051:Warm Spaces
1693:Blower door
1671:and control
1669:Measurement
1650:Windcatcher
1624:Trombe wall
1564:Sail switch
1544:Refrigerant
1539:Recuperator
1414:Grease duct
1374:Freeze stat
1359:Fire damper
1229:Back boiler
1199:Air ionizer
1194:Air handler
1158:Ventilation
1010:Hybrid heat
875:Air barrier
794:Latent heat
547:PV Magazine
476:gas turbine
452:August 2024
349:refrigerant
302:August 2024
200:ice was cut
176:chillers.
2081:Categories
1807:Thermostat
1729:Humidistat
1660:Zone valve
1629:TurboSwing
1504:Oil heater
1474:Humidifier
1404:Gas heater
1354:Fan heater
1324:Evaporator
1309:Economizer
1284:Compressor
1189:Air filter
1172:Components
989:Forced-air
885:Antifreeze
858:Technology
804:Outgassing
744:Convection
667:5 December
525:References
422:newspapers
353:compressor
272:newspapers
147:megajoules
143:metric ton
96:April 2013
66:newspapers
1917:Industry
1766:OpenTherm
1444:Heat pump
1439:Heat pipe
1389:Fume hood
1364:Fireplace
1269:Condenser
1219:Attic fan
1015:Hydronics
379:does not
229:does not
204:icehouses
2024:See also
1749:LonWorks
1683:Aquastat
1549:Register
1529:Radiator
1184:Air door
984:Firestop
784:Humidity
759:Enthalpy
749:Dilution
734:Bake-out
722:concepts
498:Icehouse
492:See also
488:system.
1823:trades,
1394:Furnace
1259:Chiller
931:Coolant
574:July 8,
436:scholar
400:removed
385:sources
286:scholar
250:removed
235:sources
80:scholar
1976:SMACNA
1936:ASHRAE
1756:(MERV)
1710:(CADR)
1688:BACnet
1641:(ULPA)
1494:Louver
1419:Grille
1294:Damper
1244:Boiler
1142:(VCRS)
943:(DOAS)
596:Forbes
438:
431:
424:
417:
409:
288:
281:
274:
267:
259:
141:: one
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2016:(VOC)
2010:(SBS)
1999:(IAQ)
1956:CIBSE
1951:BSRIA
1854:(BIM)
1798:(STP)
1762:(NTP)
1384:Freon
1154:(VRF)
1148:(VAV)
1006:(HRV)
980:(ERV)
954:(DCV)
927:(CAV)
443:JSTOR
429:books
293:JSTOR
279:books
170:Watts
87:JSTOR
73:books
1971:LEED
1931:AMCA
1926:AHRI
1459:HEPA
1379:Flue
1304:Duct
669:2013
576:2021
415:news
383:any
381:cite
265:news
233:any
231:cite
166:HVAC
59:news
1981:UMC
1966:IIR
1946:BRE
1339:Fan
637:NPR
394:by
244:by
155:kWh
151:BTU
42:by
2083::
655:.
634:.
613:.
593:.
567:.
563:.
545:.
533:^
705:e
698:t
691:v
671:.
640:.
599:.
578:.
549:.
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459:(
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450:(
440:·
433:·
426:·
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388:.
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309:(
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300:(
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283:·
276:·
269:·
252:.
238:.
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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