Phases of ice - Knowledge

3112:. The temperatures of these moons range from 90 to 160 K, warm enough that amorphous ice is expected to crystallize on relatively short timescales. However, it was found that Europa has primarily amorphous ice, Ganymede has both amorphous and crystalline ice, and Callisto is primarily crystalline. This is thought to be the result of competing forces: the thermal crystallization of amorphous ice versus the conversion of crystalline to amorphous ice by the flux of charged particles from Jupiter. Closer to Jupiter than the other three moons, Europa receives the highest level of radiation and thus through irradiation has the most amorphous ice. Callisto is the farthest from Jupiter, receiving the lowest radiation flux and therefore maintaining its crystalline ice. Ganymede, which lies between the two, exhibits amorphous ice at high latitudes and crystalline ice at the lower latitudes. This is thought to be the result of the moon's intrinsic magnetic field, which would funnel the charged particles to higher latitudes and protect the lower latitudes from irradiation. Ganymede's interior probably includes a liquid water ocean with tens to hundreds of kilometers of ice V at its base. 2210:. The low temperature required to achieve this transition is correlated with the relatively low energy difference between the two structures. Hints of hydrogen-ordering in ice had been observed as early as 1964, when Dengel et al. attributed a peak in thermo-stimulated depolarization (TSD) current to the existence of a proton-ordered ferroelectric phase. However, they could not conclusively prove that a phase transition had taken place, and Onsager pointed out that the peak could also arise from the movement of defects and lattice imperfections. Onsager suggested that experimentalists look for a dramatic change in heat capacity by performing a careful calorimetric experiment. A phase transition to ice XI was first identified experimentally in 1972 by Shuji Kawada and others. 2268:, meaning that it has an intrinsic polarization. To qualify as a ferroelectric it must also exhibit polarization switching under an electric field, which has not been conclusively demonstrated but which is implicitly assumed to be possible. Cubic ice also has a ferrolectric phase and in this case the ferroelectric properties of the ice have been experimentally demonstrated on monolayer thin films. In a similar experiment, ferroelectric layers of hexagonal ice were grown on a platinum (111) surface. The material had a polarization that had a decay length of 30 monolayers suggesting that thin layers of ice XI can be grown on substrates at low temperature without the use of dopants. One-dimensional nano-confined ferroelectric ice XI was created in 2010. 314: 346: 2665:

prepared by the protocol reported previously contains both ice XV and ice beta-XV domains; (ii) upon heating, Raman spectra of ice beta-XV showed loss of H-order. In contrast, Salzmann's group again argued for the plausibility of a 'deep-glassy state' scenario based on neutron diffraction and neutron inelastic scattering experiments. Based on their experimental results, ice VI and deep-glassy ice VI share very similar features based on both elastic (diffraction) scattering and inelastic scattering experiments, and are different from the properties of ice XV.

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Centaur, and Jupiter Family comets at heliocentric distances beyond ~6 AU. These objects are too cold for the sublimation of water ice, which drives comet activity closer to the Sun, to have much of an effect. Thermodynamic models show that the surface temperatures of those comets are near the amorphous/crystalline ice transition temperature of ~130 K, supporting this as a likely source of the activity. The runaway crystallization of amorphous ice can produce the energy needed to power outbursts such as those observed for Centaur Comet

6364: 6314: 3797: 2615:. The temperature in the diamond cells rose thousands of degrees, and the pressure increased to over a million times that of Earth's atmosphere. The experiment concluded that the current in the conductive water was indeed carried by ions rather than electrons and thus pointed to the water being superionic. More recent experiments from the same LLNL team used x-ray crystallography on laser-shocked water droplets to determine that the oxygen ions enter a face-centered-cubic phase, which was dubbed ice XVIII and reported in the journal 2900:, and so it may form on Earth. However, the transformation is very slow. According to one report, in Antarctic conditions it is estimated to take at least 100,000 years to form without the assistance of catalysts. Ice XI was sought and found in Antarctic ice that was about 100 years old in 1998. A further study in 2004 was not able to reproduce this finding, however, after studying Antarctic ice which was around 3000 years old. The 1998 Antarctic study also claimed that the transformation temperature (ice XI => ice I 2413:(or clathrates), they lack the cagelike structure generally found in clathrate hydrates, and are more properly referred to as filled ices. The filled ice is then placed in a vacuum, and the temperature gradually increased until the hydrogen frees itself from the crystal structure. If kept at a temperature range between 110 and 120 K (−163 and −153 °C; −262 and −244 °F), after about two hours, the structure will have emptied itself of any detectable hydrogen molecules. The resulting form is 2157:

hydrogen-ordering, orientational glass transition, and mechanical distortions. reported the DSC thermograms of HCl-doped ice IV finding an endothermic feature at about 120 K. Ten years later, Rosu-Finsen and Salzmann (2021) reported more detailed DSC data where the endothermic feature becomes larger as the sample is quench-recovered at higher pressure. They proposed three scenarios to explain the experimental results: weak hydrogen-ordering, orientational glass transition, and mechanical distortions.

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below −70 °C without it changing into ice II. Conversely, however, any superheating of ice II was not possible in regards to retaining the same form. Bridgman found that the equilibrium curve between ice II and ice IV was much the same as with ice III, having the same stability properties and small volume change. The curve between ice II and ice V was extremely different, however, with the curve's bubble being essentially a straight line and the volume difference being almost always

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ice VII has the largest stability field of all of the molecular phases of ice. The cubic oxygen sub-lattices that form the backbone of the ice VII structure persist to pressures of at least 128 GPa; this pressure is substantially higher than that at which water loses its molecular character entirely, forming ice X. In high pressure ices, protonic diffusion (movement of protons around the oxygen lattice) dominates molecular diffusion, an effect which has been measured directly.

405: 78: 2047: 2783: 12416: 469: 1049: 3124:" cracks on the surface and more amorphous ice between these regions. The crystalline ice near the tiger stripes could be explained by higher temperatures caused by geological activity that is the suspected cause of the cracks. The amorphous ice might be explained by flash freezing from cryovolcanism, rapid condensation of molecules from water geysers, or irradiation of high-energy particles from Saturn. Similarly, one of the inner layers of 12438: 155: 2187: 2771: 2904:) is −36 °C (237 K), which is far higher than the temperature of the expected triple point mentioned above (72 K, ~0 Pa). Ice XI was also found in experiments using pure water at very low temperature (~10 K) and low pressure – conditions thought to be present in the upper atmosphere. Recently, small domains of ice XI were found to form in pure water; its phase transition back to ice I 3190:. The possible roles of ice XI in interstellar space and planet formation have been the subject of several research papers. Until observational confirmation of ice XI in outer space is made, the presence of ice XI in space remains controversial owing to the aforementioned criticism raised by Iitaka. The infrared absorption spectra of ice XI was studied in 2009 in preparation for searches for ice XI in space. 12427: 2370: 36: 167: 2854:, a rare ring that occurs near 28 degrees from the Sun or the Moon. However, many atmospheric samples which were previously described as cubic ice were later shown to be stacking disordered ice with trigonal symmetry, and it has been dubbed the ″most faceted ice phase in a literal and a more general sense.″ The first true samples of cubic ice were only reported in 2020. 214:

the large hexagonal rings leave almost enough room for another water molecule to exist inside. This gives naturally occurring ice its rare property of being less dense than its liquid form. The tetrahedral-angled hydrogen-bonded hexagonal rings are also the mechanism that causes liquid water to be densest at 4 °C. Close to 0 °C, tiny hexagonal ice I

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low temperatures where other indicators (such as the 3.1 and 12 μm bands) fail. This is useful studying ice in the interstellar medium and circumstellar disks. However, observing these features is difficult because the atmosphere is opaque at these wavelengths, requiring the use of space-based infrared observatories.

2963:). The latter process can occur within ice XVII. In physisorption, there is no chemical reaction, and the chemical bond between the two atoms within a hydrogen molecule remains intact. Because of this, the number of adsorption–desorption cycles ice XVII can withstand is "theoretically infinite". 2664:

Distinguishing between the two scenarios (new hydrogen-ordered phase vs. deep-glassy disordered ice VI) became an open question and the debate between the two groups has continued. Thoeny et al. (Loerting's group) collected another series of Raman spectra of ice beta-XV, and reported that (i) ice XV

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1981 research by Engelhardt and Kamb elucidated crystal structure of ice IV through a low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction, describing it as a rhombohedral unit cell with a space group of R-3c. This research mentioned that the structure of ice IV could be derived from the structure of ice

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Medium-density amorphous ice may be present on Europa, as the experimental conditions of its formation are expected to occur there as well. It is possible that the MDA ice's unique property of releasing a large amount of heat energy after being released from compression could be responsible for 'ice

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For the primordial solar nebula, there is much uncertainty as to the crystallinity of water ice during the circumstellar disk and planet formation phases. If the original amorphous ice survived the molecular cloud collapse, then it should have been preserved at heliocentric distances beyond Saturn's

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exist. These low temperatures are readily achieved in astrophysical environments such as molecular clouds, circumstellar disks, and the surfaces of objects in the outer Solar System. In the laboratory, amorphous ice transforms into crystalline ice if it is heated above 130 K, although the exact

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between the two. The curve showed that the structural change from ice III to ice II was more likely to happen if the medium had previously been in the structural conformation of ice II. However, if a sample of ice III that had never been in the ice II state was obtained, it could be supercooled even

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in 1900 during his experiments with ice under high pressure and low temperatures. Having produced ice III, Tammann then tried condensing the ice at a temperature between −70 and −80 °C (203 and 193 K; −94 and −112 °F) under 200 MPa (2,000 atm) of pressure. Tammann noted that

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in the crystal lattice. The latent heat of melting is much smaller, partly because liquid water near 0 °C also contains a significant number of hydrogen bonds. By contrast, the structure of ice II is hydrogen-ordered, which helps to explain the entropy change of 3.22 J/mol when the crystal

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This tetrahedral bonding angle of the water molecule essentially accounts for the unusually low density of the crystal lattice – it is beneficial for the lattice to be arranged with tetrahedral angles even though there is an energy penalty in the increased volume of the crystal lattice. As a result,

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Small domains of ice XI could exist in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn as well. The fact that small domains of ice XI can exist at temperatures up to 111 K has some scientists speculating that it may be fairly common in interstellar space, with small 'nucleation seeds' spreading through

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With radiation equilibrium temperatures of 40–50 K, the objects in the Kuiper Belt are expected to have amorphous water ice. While water ice has been observed on several objects, the extreme faintness of these objects makes it difficult to determine the structure of the ices. The signatures of

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powder neutron diffraction experiments of ice XIX. In a change from their previous reports, they accepted the idea of the new phase (ice XIX) as they observed similar features to the previous two reports. However, they refined their diffraction profiles based on a disordered structural model (Pbcn)

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Gasser et al. also collected powder neutron diffractograms of quench-recovered ices VI, XV, and XIX and found similar crystallographic features to those reported by Yamane et al., concluding that P-4 and Pcc2 are the plausible space group candidates. Both Yamane et al.'s and Gasser et al.'s results

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theoretically transforms into proton-ordered ice XI on geologic timescales, in practice it is necessary to add small amounts of KOH catalyst.) It forms (ordered) ice VIII below 273 K up to ~8 GPa. Above this pressure, the VII–VIII transition temperature drops rapidly, reaching 0 K at ~60 GPa. Thus,

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The ordered counterpart of ice IV has never been reported yet. 2011 research by Salzmann's group reported more detailed DSC data where the endothermic feature becomes larger as the sample is quench-recovered at higher pressure. They proposed three scenarios to explain the experimental results: weak

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Several organic nucleating reagents had been proposed to selectively crystallize ice IV from liquid water, but even with such reagents, the crystallization of ice IV from liquid water was very difficult and seemed to be a random event. In 2001, Salzmann and his coworkers reported a whole new method

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of water molecules in an ice lattice. To compute its residual entropy, we need to count the number of configurations that the lattice can assume. The oxygen atoms are fixed at the lattice points, but the hydrogen atoms are located on the lattice edges. The problem is to pick one end of each lattice

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At longer IR wavelengths, amorphous and crystalline ice have characteristically different absorption bands at 44 and 62 μm in that the crystalline ice has significant absorption at 62 μm while amorphous ice does not. In addition, these bands can be used as a temperature indicator at very

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The possibility of the presence of amorphous water ice in comets and the release of energy during the phase transition to a crystalline state was first proposed as a mechanism for comet outbursts. Evidence of amorphous ice in comets is found in the high levels of activity observed in long-period,

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isn't expected to rise above 120 K, indicating that the majority of the ice should remain in an amorphous state. However, if the temperature rises high enough to sublimate the ice, then it can re-condense into a crystalline form since the water flux rate is so low. This is expected to be the

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and David F. Blake demonstrated in 1994 that a form of high-density amorphous ice is also created during vapor deposition of water on low-temperature (< 30 K) surfaces such as interstellar grains. The water molecules do not fully align to create the open cage structure of low-density

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F II, whose hydrogen-bonded network is similar to ice IV. As the compression of ice Ih results in the formation of high-density amorphous ice (HDA), not ice IV, they claimed that the compression-induced conversion of ice I into ice IV is important, naming it "Engelhardt–Kamb collapse" (EKC). They

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floats on water, which is highly unusual when compared to other materials. The solid phase of materials is usually more closely and neatly packed and has a higher density than the liquid phase. When lakes freeze, they do so only at the surface, while the bottom of the lake remains near 4 °C

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In 2019, Alexander Rosu-Finsen and Christoph Salzman argued that there was no need to consider this to be a new phase of ice, and proposed a "deep-glassy" state scenario. According to their DSC data, the size of the endothermic feature depends not only on quench-recovery pressure but also on the

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The same answer can be found in another way. First orient each water molecule randomly in each of the 6 possible configurations, then check that each lattice edge contains exactly one hydrogen atom. Assuming that the lattice edges are independent, then the probability that a single edge contains

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inherent to the lattice and determined by the number of possible configurations of hydrogen positions that can be formed while still maintaining the requirement for each oxygen atom to have only two hydrogens in closest proximity, and each H-bond joining two oxygen atoms having only one hydrogen

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An additional factor in determining the structure of water ice is deposition rate. Even if it is cold enough to form amorphous ice, crystalline ice will form if the flux of water vapor onto the substrate is less than a temperature-dependent critical flux. This effect is important to consider in

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Based on powder neutron diffraction, the crystal structure of ice XV has been investigated in detail. Some researchers suggested that, in combination with density functional theory calculations, none of the possible perfectly ordered orientational configurations are energetically favoured. This

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In later experiments by Bridgman in 1912, it was shown that the difference in volume between ice II and ice III was in the range of 0.0001 m/kg (2.8 cu in/lb). This difference hadn't been discovered by Tammann due to the small change and was why he had been unable to determine an

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This estimate is 'naive', as it assumes the six out of 16 hydrogen configurations for oxygen atoms in the second set can be independently chosen, which is false. More complex methods can be employed to better approximate the exact number of possible configurations, and achieve results closer to

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atoms in the crystal lattice lie very nearly along the hydrogen bonds, and in such a way that each water molecule is preserved. This means that each oxygen atom in the lattice has two hydrogens adjacent to it: at about 101 pm along the 275 pm length of the bond for ice Ih. The crystal

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At temperatures less than 77 K, irradiation from ultraviolet photons as well as high-energy electrons and ions can damage the structure of crystalline ice, transforming it into amorphous ice. Amorphous ice does not appear to be significantly affected by radiation at temperatures less than

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and release hydrogen molecules without degrading its structure. The total amount of hydrogen that ice XVII can adsorb depends on the amount of pressure applied, but hydrogen molecules can be adsorbed by ice XVII even at pressures as low as a few millibars if the temperature is under

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In 2016, the discovery of a new form of ice was announced. Characterized as a "porous water ice metastable at atmospheric temperatures", this new form was discovered by taking a filled ice and removing the non-water components, leaving the crystal structure behind, similar to how ice XVI,

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Because ice XI can theoretically form at low pressures at temperatures between 50–70 K – temperatures present in astrophysical environments of the outer solar system and within permanently shaded polar craters on the Moon and Mercury. Ice XI forms most easily around 70 K –

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of water vapor in cold or vacuum conditions. Ice clouds form at and below the Earth's high latitude mesopause (~90 km) where temperatures have been observed to fall as to below 100 K. It has been suggested that homogeneous nucleation of ice particles results in low density amorphous ice.

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phase. Less common phases may be found in the atmosphere and underground due to more extreme pressures and temperatures. Some phases are manufactured by humans for nano scale uses due to their properties. In space, amorphous ice is the most common form as confirmed by observation. Thus, it is

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patterns. In the DSC signals, there was an endothermic feature at about 110 K in addition to the endotherm corresponding to the ice XV-VI transition. Additionally, the Raman spectra, dielectric properties, and the ratio of the lattice parameters differed from those of ice XV. Based on these

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In 2021, further crystallographic evidence for a new phase (ice XIX) was individually reported by three groups: Yamane et al. (Hiroyuki Kagi and Kazuki Komatsu's group from Japan), Gasser et al. (Loerting's group), and Salzmann's group. Yamane et al. collected neutron diffraction profiles

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bonds. Such arrangements should change to the more ordered arrangement of hydrogen bonds found in ice XI at low temperatures, so long as localized proton hopping is sufficiently enabled; a process that becomes easier with increasing pressure. Correspondingly, ice XI is believed to have a

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In general, amorphous ice can form below ~130 K. At this temperature, water molecules are unable to form the crystalline structure commonly found on Earth. Amorphous ice may also form in the coldest region of the Earth's atmosphere, the summer polar mesosphere, where

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configurations. However, by explicit enumeration, there are actually 730 configurations. Now in the lattice, each oxygen atom participates in 12 hexagonal rings, so there are 2N rings in total for N oxygen atoms, or 2 rings for each oxygen atom, giving a refined result of

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0 °C. Subjected to higher pressures and varying temperatures, ice can form in nineteen separate known crystalline phases. With care, at least fifteen of these phases (one of the known exceptions being ice X) can be recovered at ambient pressure and low temperature in

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paradoxically, it takes longer to form at lower temperatures. Extrapolating from experimental measurements, it is estimated to take ~50 years to form at 70 K and ~300 million years at 50 K. It is theorized to be present in places like the upper atmospheres of

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O ice VI/XV prepared at different pressures of 1.0, 1.4 and 1.8 GPa, to show that there were no significant differences among them. They concluded that the low-temperature endotherm originated from kinetic features related to glass transitions of deep glassy states of

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F resulted in the disappearance of ice II instead of the formation of a disordered ice II. According to the DFC calculation by Nakamura et al., the phase boundary between ice II and its disordered counterpart is estimated to be in the stability region of liquid water.

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The disordered nature of Ice IV was confirmed by neutron powder diffraction studies by Lobban (1998) and Klotz et al. (2003). In addition, the entropy difference between ice VI (disordered phase) and ice IV is very small, according to Bridgman's measurement.

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more ordered ice XV is obtained at ambient pressure. Being consistent with this, the ice VI-XV transition is reversible at ambient pressure. It was also shown that HCl-doping is selectively effective in producing ice XV while other acids and bases (HF, LiOH,

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have extremely low temperatures (~10 K), falling well within the amorphous ice regime. The presence of amorphous ice in molecular clouds has been observationally confirmed. When molecular clouds collapse to form stars, the temperature of the resulting

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On 14 June 2009, Christoph Salzmann and colleagues at the University of Oxford reported having experimentally reported an ordered phase of ice VI, named ice XV, and say that its properties differ significantly from those predicted. In particular, ice XV is

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Omont, Alain; Forveille, Thierry; Moseley, S. Harvey; Glaccum, William J.; Harvey, Paul M.; Likkel, Lauren Jones; Loewenstein, Robert F.; Lisse, Casey M. (May 20, 1990), "Observations of 40–70 micron bands of ice in IRAS 09371 + 1212 and other stars",

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suggested that the reason why we cannot obtain ice IV directly from ice Ih is that ice Ih is hydrogen-disordered; if oxygen atoms are arranged in the ice IV structure, hydrogen bonding may not be formed due to the donor-acceptor mismatch. and Raman

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and argued that new Bragg reflections can be explained by distortions of ice VI, so ice XIX may still be regarded as a deep-glassy state of ice VI. The crystal structure of ice XIX including hydrogen order/disorder is still under debate as of 2022.

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Salzmann, Christoph G.; Slater, Ben; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Finney, John L.; Shephard, Jacob J.; Rosillo-Lopez, Martin; Hindley, James (2016-11-22). "Detailed crystallographic analysis of the ice VI to ice XV hydrogen ordering phase transition".

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water absorption lines are dependent on the ice temperature and crystal order. The peak strength of the 1.65 μm band as well as the structure of the 3.1 μm band are particularly useful in identifying the crystallinity of water ice.

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is heated at a rate of 0.4 K/min and a pressure of 0.81 GPa, ice IV is crystallized at about 165 K. What governs the crystallization products is the heating rate; fast heating (over 10 K/min) results in the formation of single-phase ice XII.

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lattice structure that would emerge at higher pressures. Additional experimental evidence was found by Marius Millot and colleagues in 2018 by inducing high pressure on water between diamonds and then shocking the water using a laser pulse.

476:, the oxygen atoms are arranged on the lattice points, and the hydrogen atoms are on the bonds between lattice points. Each oxygen atom has 4 neighboring ones. Note that the lattice bipartites into two subsets, here colored black and white. 285:

temperature, 77 K, in a vacuum. Cooling rates above 10 K/s are required to prevent crystallization of the droplets. At liquid nitrogen temperature, 77 K, HGW is kinetically stable and can be stored for many years.

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superionic phase to be kinetically favoured, but stable over a small window of parameters. On the other hand, there are also studies that suggest that other elements present inside the interiors of these planets, particularly

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temperatures because the pressure helps to hold the molecules together. However, the strong hydrogen bonds in water make it different: for some pressures higher than 1 atm (0.10 MPa), water freezes at a temperature

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One significant advantage of using ice XVII as a hydrogen storage medium is the low cost of the only two chemicals involved: hydrogen and water. In addition, ice XVII has shown the ability to store hydrogen at an

11426:"Newly Discovered Form of Water Ice Is 'Really Strange' – Long theorized to be found in the mantles of Uranus and Neptune, the confirmation of the existence of superionic ice could lead to the development of new materials" 2276:

Although the parent phase ice VI was discovered in 1935, corresponding proton-ordered forms (ice XV) had not been observed until 2009. Theoretically, the proton ordering in ice VI was predicted several times; for example,

2234:, on raising the temperature, retains some hydrogen-ordered domains and more easily transforms back to ice XI again. A neutron powder diffraction study found that small hydrogen-ordered domains can exist up to 111 K. 2983:

clathrate hydrates, another potential storage medium. However, if ice XVII is used as a storage medium, it must be kept under a temperature of 130 K (−143 °C; −226 °F) or risk being destabilized.

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Salzmann, Christoph G.; Rosu-Finsen, Alexander; Sharif, Zainab; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Finney, John L. (1 April 2021). "Detailed crystallographic analysis of the ice V to ice XIII hydrogen-ordering phase transition".

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astrophysical environments where the water flux can be low. Conversely, amorphous ice can be formed at temperatures higher than expected if the water flux is high, such as flash-freezing events associated with

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In 2018, the existence of superionic ice was confirmed in a laboratory setting. To create the required pressure, LLNL researchers compressed small amounts of water between pieces of diamond. At 2,500

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When medium-density amorphous ice is compressed, released and then heated, it releases a large amount of heat energy, unlike other water ices which return to their normal form after getting similar treatment.

218:-like lattices form in liquid water, with greater frequency closer to 0 °C. This effect decreases the density of the water, causing it to be densest at 4 °C when the structures form infrequently. 202:. The planes alternate in an ABAB pattern, with B planes being reflections of the A planes along the same axes as the planes themselves. The distance between oxygen atoms along each bond is about 275 3119:

was mapped by the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) on the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini space probe. The probe found both crystalline and amorphous ice, with a higher degree of crystallinity at the

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which indicated that they had indeed created superionic water. In 2013 Hugh F. Wilson, Michael L. Wong, and Burkhard Militzer at the University of California, Berkeley published a paper predicting the

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Meech, K. J.; Pittichová, J.; Bar-Nun, A.; Notesco, G.; Laufer, D.; Hainaut, O. R.; Lowry, S. C.; Yeomans, D. K.; Pitts, M. (2009). "Activity of comets at large heliocentric distances pre-perihelion".

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del Rosso, Leonardo; Celli, Milva; Grazzi, Francesco; Catti, Michele; Hansen, Thomas C.; Fortes, A. Dominic; Ulivi, Lorenzo (June 2020). "Cubic ice Ic without stacking defects obtained from ice XVII".

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and determined phase boundaries of ices VI/XV/XIX. They found that the sign of the slope of the boundary turns negative from positive at 1.6 GPa indicating the existence of two different phases by the

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ices have been observed. In modern history, phases have been discovered through scientific research with various techniques including pressurization, force application, nucleation agents, and others.

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as a solid. Variations in pressure and temperature give rise to different phases, which have varying properties and molecular geometries. Currently, twenty one phases, including both crystalline and

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Rosu-Finsen, Alexander; Salzmann, Christoph G. (2018-06-28). "Benchmarking acid and base dopants with respect to enabling the ice V to XIII and ice VI to XV hydrogen-ordering phase transitions".

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The first report regarding ice XIX was published in 2018 by Thomas Loerting's group from Austria. They quenched HCl-doped ice VI to 77 K at different pressures between 1.0 and 1.8 GPa to collect

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Drost-Hansen, W. (1969-11-14). "The Structure and Properties of Water. D. Eisenberg and W. Kauzmann. Oxford University Press, New York, 1969. xiv + 300 pp., illus. Cloth, $ 10; paper, $ 4.50".

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lattice allows a substantial amount of disorder in the positions of the hydrogen atoms frozen into the structure as it cools to absolute zero. As a result, the crystal structure contains some

1038: 2361:-1 and showed that experimental diffraction data should be analysed using space groups that permit full hydrogen order while the Pmmn model only accepts partially ordered structures. --> 1101:

As an illustrative example of refinement, consider the following way to refine the second estimation method given above. According to it, six water molecules in a hexagonal ring would allow

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The transition entropy from ice XIV to ice XII is estimated to be 60% of Pauling entropy based on DSC measurements. The formation of ice XIV from ice XII is more favoured at high pressure.

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bonding angles. This structure is stable down to −268 °C (5 K; −450 °F), as evidenced by x-ray diffraction and extremely high resolution thermal expansion measurements. Ice I

261:), or by compressing ordinary ice at low temperatures. The most common form on Earth, low-density ice, is usually formed in the laboratory by a slow accumulation of water vapor molecules ( 2397:

O), using temperatures from 100 to 270 K (−173 to −3 °C; −280 to 26 °F) and pressures from 360 to 700 MPa (52,000 to 102,000 psi; 3,600 to 6,900 atm), and C

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Salzmann, Christoph G.; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Hallbrucker, Andreas; Mayer, Erwin; Finney, John L. (24 March 2006). "The Preparation and Structures of Hydrogen Ordered Phases of Ice".

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Spencer, John R.; Tamppari, Leslie K.; Martin, Terry Z.; Travis, Larry D. (1999). "Temperatures on Europa from Galileo Photopolarimeter-Radiometer: Nighttime Thermal Anomalies".

2831:(277 K; 39 °F) because water is densest at this temperature. This anomalous behavior of water and ice is what allows fish to survive harsh winters. The density of ice I 566:

The oxygen atoms can be divided into two sets in a checkerboard pattern, shown in the picture as black and white balls. Focus attention on the oxygen atoms in one set: there are

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due to the strength and rigidity of the diamond lattice, but cooled down to surface temperatures, producing the required environment of high pressure without high temperature.

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In outer space, hexagonal crystalline ice (the predominant form found on Earth) is extremely rare. Known examples are typically associated with volcanic action. Water in the

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Wagner, Wolfgang; Saul, A.; Pruss, A. (May 1994). "International Equations for the Pressure Along the Melting and Along the Sublimation Curve of Ordinary Water Substance".

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In detail, ice XV has a smaller density (larger unit-cell volume) than ice VI. This makes the VI-to-XV disorder-to-order transition much favoured at low pressures. Indeed,

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The hydrogen atoms' positions are disordered. Exhibits Debye relaxation. The hydrogen bonds form two interpenetrating lattices. Tetragonal form (contested) known as Ice VII

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As ice II is completely hydrogen ordered, the presence of its disordered counterpart is a great matter of interest. Shephard et al. investigated the phase boundaries of NH

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Algara-Siller, G.; Lehtinen, O.; Wang, F. C.; Nair, R. R.; Kaiser, U.; Wu, H. A.; Geim, A. K.; Grigorieva, I. V. (2015-03-26). "Square ice in graphene nanocapillaries".

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and XI, with ice XI showing much stronger peaks in the translational (~230 cm), librational (~630 cm) and in-phase asymmetric stretch (~3200 cm) regions.

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A porous crystalline phase with helical channels. Formed by placing hydrogen-filled ice in a vacuum and increasing the temperature until the hydrogen molecules escape.

5250:; Salzmann, Christoph; Kohl, Ingrid; Mayer, Erwin; Hallbrucker, Andreas (2001). "A second distinct structural "state" of high-density amorphous ice at 77 K and 1 bar". 9795: 3026:

temperature of this conversion is dependent on the environment and ice growth conditions. The reaction is irreversible and exothermic, releasing 1.26–1.6 kJ/mol.

9764: 9265: 3045:

amorphous ice. Many water molecules end up at interstitial positions. When warmed above 30 K, the structure re-aligns and transforms into the low-density form.

646:

possible placements of the hydrogen atoms along their hydrogen bonds, of which 6 are allowed. So, naively, we would expect the total number of configurations to be

2320:

by Shephard and Salzmann revealed that reheating quench-recovered HCl-doped ice XV at ambient pressure even produces exotherms originating from transient ordering,

8560:

Komatsu, Kazuki; Machida, Shinichi; Noritake, Fumiya; Hattori, Takanori; Sano-Furukawa, Asami; Yamane, Ryo; Yamashita, Keishiro; Kagi, Hiroyuki (3 February 2020).

2721:

supercell of ice XV and proposed some leading candidates for the space group of ice XIX: P-4, Pca21, Pcc2, P21/a, and P21/c. They also measured dielectric spectra

9587:

Lübken, F.-J.; Lautenbach, J.; Höffner, J.; Rapp, M.; Zecha, M. (March 2009). "First continuous temperature measurements within polar mesosphere summer echoes".

10522: 7943:

Iedema, M. J.; Dresser, M. J.; Doering, D. L.; Rowland, J. B.; Hess, W. P.; Tsekouras, A. A.; Cowin, J. P. (1 November 1998). "Ferroelectricity in Water Ice".

57: 6244: 11065:

Hansen, Gary B.; McCord, Thomas B. (2004). "Amorphous and crystalline ice on the Galilean satellites: A balance between thermal and radiolytic processes".

8543: 7704:

Arakawa, Masashi; Kagi, Hiroyuki; Fukazawa, Hiroshi (2010). "Annealing effects on hydrogen ordering in KOD-doped ice observed using neutron diffraction".

3294:

Klotz, S.; Besson, J. M.; Hamel, G.; Nelmes, R. J.; Loveday, J. S.; Marshall, W. G. (1999). "Metastable ice VII at low temperature and ambient pressure".

862: 9817:

Fukazawa, Hiroshi; Mae, Shinji; Ikeda, Susumu; Watanabe, Okitsugu (1998). "Proton ordering in Antarctic ice observed by Raman and neutron scattering".

7314:

Pruzan, Ph.; Chervin, J. C. & Canny, B. (1993). "Stability domain of the ice VIII proton-ordered phase at very high pressure and low temperature".

2592:

structure. However, at pressures in excess of 100 GPa, and temperatures above 2000 K, it is predicted that the structure would shift to a more stable

2357:, are good indicators of the ice XV formation. Combining density functional theory calculations, they successfully constructed fully ordered model in 2006:

A form of water also known as superionic water or superionic ice in which oxygen ions develop a crystalline structure while hydrogen ions move freely.

2733:

suggested a partially hydrogen-ordered structure. Gasser et al. also found an isotope effect using DSC; the low-temperature endotherm for DCl-doped D

11327:

Iedema, M. J.; Dresser, M. J.; Doering, D. L.; Rowland, J. B.; Hess, W. P.; Tsekouras, A. A.; Cowin, J. P. (1998). "Ferroelectricity in Water Ice".

7573:

Tajima, Yoshimitsu; Matsuo, Takasuke; Suga, Hiroshi (1984). "Calorimetric study of phase transition in hexagonal ice doped with alkali hydroxides".

1913:

when above 145–147 K at positive pressures. Theoretical studies predict ice XVI to be thermodynamically stable at negative pressures (that is under

9250: 9179: 9108: 6790: 6221: 4140: 3517: 1799:

Metastable. Observed in the phase space of ice V and ice VI. A topological mix of seven- and eight-membered rings, a 4-connected net (4-coordinate

11772: 11475:

Cheng, Bingqing; Bethkenhagen, Mandy; Pickard, Chris J.; Hamel, Sebastien (2021). "Phase behaviours of superionic water at planetary conditions".

4220:

Rosu-Finsen, Alexander; Davies, Michael B.; Amon, Alfred; Wu, Han; Sella, Andrea; Michaelides, Angelos; Salzmann, Christoph G. (3 February 2023).

3566:

Velikov, V.; Borick, S; Angell, C. A. (2001). "Estimation of water-glass transition temperature based on hyperquenched glassy water experiments".

11206:

University of Liège (2007, May 16). Astronomers Detect Shadow Of Water World In Front Of Nearby Star. ScienceDaily. Retrieved Jan. 3, 2010, from

3062:

case in the circumstellar disk of IRAS 09371+1212, where signatures of crystallized ice were observed despite a low temperature of 30–70 K.

642:

oxygen atoms: in general they won't be satisfied (i.e., they will not have precisely two hydrogen atoms near them). For each of those, there are

8462:

Liu, Yuan; Huang, Yingying; Zhu, Chongqin; Li, Hui; Zhao, Jijun; Wang, Lu; Ojamäe, Lars; Francisco, Joseph S.; Zeng, Xiao Cheng (25 June 2019).

4283:

Bernal, J. D.; Fowler, R. H. (1 January 1933). "A Theory of Water and Ionic Solution, with Particular Reference to Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions".

2611:

to be blasted with a laser. For less than a billionth of a second, the ice was subjected to conditions similar to those within the mantle of an

9853: 9316:

Murray, Benjamin J.; Knopf, Daniel A.; Bertram, Allan K. (2005). "The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere".

5161:

Mishima, O.; Calvert, L. D.; Whalley, E. (1985). "An apparently 1st-order transition between two amorphous phases of ice induced by pressure".

2281:

calculations predicted the phase transition temperature is 108 K and the most stable ordered structure is antiferroelectric in the space group

321:

Ice from a theorized superionic water may possess two crystalline structures. At pressures in excess of 50 GPa (7,300,000 psi) such

3100:

The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) on NASA's Galileo spacecraft spectroscopically mapped the surface ice of the Jovian satellites

2528:

In 1988, predictions of the so-called superionic water state were made. In superionic water, water molecules break apart and the oxygen ions

2122:

Ic by cutting and forming some hydrogen bondings and adding subtle structural distortions. Shephard et al. compressed the ambient phase of NH

11212: 9698:

O. Tschauner; S Huang; E. Greenberg; V.B. Prakapenka; C. Ma; G.R. Rossman; A.H. Shen; D. Zhang; M. Newville; A. Lanzirotti; K. Tait (2018).

6589:

Millot, Marius; Coppari, Federica; Rygg, J. Ryan; Correa Barrios, Antonio; Hamel, Sebastien; Swift, Damian C.; Eggert, Jon H. (8 May 2019).

2866:

Amorphous ice is likely confined to the coldest parts of the clouds and stacking disordered ice I is thought to dominate elsewhere in these

2349:), whereas Rietveld refinement using the Pmmn space group only works well for poorly ordered samples. The lattice parameters, in particular 1421:

Experimental procedure generates shear force by crushing ice into powder with centimeter-wide stainless-steel balls added to its container.

7451: 2421:(ordinary ice) when brought above 130 K (−143 °C; −226 °F). The crystal structure is hexagonal in nature, and the pores are 9622:

Murray, Benjamin J.; Jensen, Eric J. (January 2010). "Homogeneous nucleation of amorphous solid water particles in the upper mesosphere".

8155:

Salzmann, Christoph G.; Radaelli, Paolo G.; Mayer, Erwin; Finney, John L. (2009). "Ice XV: A New Thermodynamically Stable Phase of Ice".

6269:

Falenty, A.; Hansen, T. C.; Kuhs, W. F. (2014). "Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate".

10321:

Moore, Marla H.; Hudson, Reggie L. (1992). "Far-infrared spectral studies of phase changes in water ice induced by proton irradiation".

206:

and is the same between any two bonded oxygen atoms in the lattice. The angle between bonds in the crystal lattice is very close to the

4406: 8216:

Shephard, Jacob J.; Salzmann, Christoph G. (2015). "The complex kinetics of the ice VI to ice XV hydrogen ordering phase transition".

5904:

La Placa, Sam J.; Hamilton, Walter C.; Kamb, Barclay; Prakash, Anand (1973-01-15). "On a nearly proton-ordered structure for ice IX".

3338: 44: 3038:

110 K, though some experiments suggest that radiation might lower the temperature at which amorphous ice begins to crystallize.

752: 333:

lattice. Some estimates suggest that at an extremely high pressure of around 1.55 TPa (225,000,000 psi), ice would develop

11261: 10281:

Hagen, W.; ielens, A.G.G.M.; Greenberg, J. M. (1981). "The Infrared Spectra of Amorphous Solid Water and Ice Between 10 and 140 K".

8676: 4441: 4000: 649: 277:(HGW) is formed by spraying a fine mist of water droplets into a liquid such as propane around 80 K, or by hyperquenching fine 237:

is also stable under applied pressures of up to about 210 megapascals (2,100 atm) where it transitions into ice III or ice II.

10582:

Jenniskens, P.; Blake, D. F.; Wilson, M. A.; Pohorille, A. (1995). "High-Density Amorphous Ice, the Frost on Interstellar Grains".

5831:

Whalley, E.; Davidson, D. W.; Heath, J. B. R. (1 December 1966). "Dielectric Properties of Ice VII. Ice VIII: A New Phase of Ice".

10114: 9483:

Malkin, Tamsin L.; Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Molinero, Valeria; Pickering, Steven J.; Whale, Thomas F. (2015).

1593:

Most complicated structure of all the phases. Includes 4-membered, 5-membered, 6-membered, and 8-membered rings and a total of 28

210:

of 109.5°, which is also quite close to the angle between hydrogen atoms in the water molecule (in the gas phase), which is 105°.

8924: 5663:

Yao, Shu-Kai; Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Ying; Lu, Ying-Bo; Yang, Tian-Lin; Suna, Bai-Gong; Yuan, Zhen-Yu; Luo, Hui-Wen (21 June 2017).

5028: 4966:

Jenniskens P.; Banham S. F.; Blake D. F.; McCoustra M. R. (July 1997). "Liquid water in the domain of cubic crystalline ice Ic".

2882: 2537: 11238: 9414:

Murray, Benjamin J.; Salzmann, Christoph G.; Heymsfield, Andrew J.; Dobbie, Steven; Neely, Ryan R.; Cox, Christopher J. (2015).

7800:

Abe, K.; Shigenari, T. (2011). "Raman spectra of proton ordered phase XI of ICE I. Translational vibrations below 350 cm-1, J".

5108:

Jenniskens P.; Blake D. F.; Wilson M. A.; Pohorille A. (1995). "High-density amorphous ice, the frost on insterstellar grains".

4032:

Iglev, H.; Schmeisser, M.; Simeonidis, K.; Thaller, A.; Laubereau, A. (2006). "Ultrafast superheating and melting of bulk ice".

2556: 2064:

in this state ice II was denser than he had observed ice III to be. He also found that both types of ice can be kept at normal

2060: 1165: 11385:"Laboratory Measurements of Infrared Absorption Spectra of Hydrogen-Ordered Ice: a Step to the Exploration of Ice XI in Space" 8080:

Knight, Chris; Singer, Sherwin J. (2005-10-19). "Prediction of a Phase Transition to a Hydrogen Bond Ordered Form of Ice VI".

5062:

Mishima O.; Calvert L. D.; Whalley E. (1984). "'Melting ice' I at 77 K and 10 kbar: a new method of making amorphous solids".

2559:(LLNL) to recreate the formative conditions of superionic water. Using a technique involving smashing water molecules between 2337:

space group as a plausible space group to describe the time-space averaged structure of ice XV. Other researchers argued that

120:

theorized to be the most common phase in the universe. Various other phases could be found naturally in astronomical objects.

4424: 9787: 3758:

Conde, M.M.; Vega, C.; Tribello, G.A.; Slater, B. (2009). "The phase diagram of water at negative pressures: Virtual ices".

2850:

may occasionally present in the upper atmosphere clouds. It is believed to be responsible for the observation of Scheiner's

2835:

increases when cooled, down to about −211 °C (62 K; −348 °F); below that temperature, the ice expands again (

9756: 2684: 2584:

As of 2013, it is theorized that superionic ice can possess two crystalline structures. At pressures in excess of 50

11796: 11786: 11631: 10440:

Murray, B. J.; Jensen, E. J. (2010). "Homogeneous nucleation of amorphous solid water particles in the upper mesosphere".

9272: 7843:

Raza, Zamaan; Alfè, Dario (28 Nov 2011). "Proton ordering in cubic ice and hexagonal ice; a potential new ice phase—XIc".

5029:"Scientists Have Created a New Type of Ice – It looks like a white powder and has nearly the same density as liquid water" 2920:

of biomolecules. The individual molecules can be preserved for imaging in a state close to what they are in liquid water.

2333:

implies that there are several energetically close configurations that coexist in ice XV. They proposed 'the orthorhombic

329:

structure. However, at pressures in excess of 100 GPa (15,000,000 psi) the structure may shift to a more stable

10192:"Photometric and spectral analysis of the distribution of crystalline and amorphous ices on Enceladus as seen by Cassini" 9852:

Fortes, A. D.; Wood, I. G.; Grigoriev, D.; Alfredsson, M.; Kipfstuhl, S.; Knight, K. S.; Smith, R. I. (1 January 2004).

8951:"Origin of the low-temperature endotherm of acid-doped ice VI: new hydrogen-ordered phase of ice or deep glassy states?" 8788: 4378:(1 December 1935). "The Structure and Entropy of Ice and of Other Crystals with Some Randomness of Atomic Arrangement". 2461:. This discovery was reported around the same time another research group announced that they were able to obtain pure D 9300: 8755: 8021:

Zhao, H.-X.; Kong, X.-J.; Li, H.; Jin, Y.-C.; Long, L.-S.; Zeng, X. C.; Huang, R.-B.; Zheng, L.-S. (14 February 2011).

7746:

Arakawa, Masashi; Kagi, Hiroyuki; Fernandez-Baca, Jaime A.; Chakoumakos, Bryan C.; Fukazawa, Hiroshi (17 August 2011).

5869:

Whalley, E.; Heath, J. B. R.; Davidson, D. W. (1 March 1968). "Ice IX: An Antiferroelectric Phase Related to Ice III".

4085:"Author Correction: Dynamics enhanced by HCl doping triggers 60% Pauling entropy release at the ice XII-XIV transition" 2932:, through the application of heat. This was an unexpected property of ice XVII, and could allow it to be used for 959: 273:

it is expected to be formed in a similar manner on a variety of cold substrates, such as dust particles. By contrast,

11791: 11670: 11649: 10724:

Tancredi, G.; Rickman, H.; Greenberg, J. M. (1994). "Thermochemistry of cometary nuclei 1: The Jupiter family case".

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Rottger, K.; Endriss, A.; Ihringer, J.; Doyle, S.; Kuhs, W. F. (1994). "Lattice Constants and Thermal Expansion of H

142:

form. The types are differentiated by their crystalline structure, proton ordering, and density. There are also two

10493: 10491: 10489: 3978: 3259:

La Placa, S. J.; Hamilton, W. C.; Kamb, B.; Prakash, A. (1972). "On a nearly proton ordered structure for ice IX".

2677:

under high pressure) and found new Bragg features completely different from both ice VI and ice XV. They performed

2457:

O ice XVII powder. The result was free of structural deformities compared to standard cubic ice, or ice I

245:

While most forms of ice are crystalline, several amorphous (or "vitreous") forms of ice also exist. Such ice is an

11425: 8891: 2889:. The ice VII was presumably formed when water trapped inside the diamonds retained the high pressure of the deep 2648:

heating rate and annealing duration at 93 K. They also collected neutron diffraction profiles of quench-recovered

11739: 8522: 6236: 4535: 3810:

Militzer, Burkhard; Wilson, Hugh F. (2 November 2010). "New Phases of Water Ice Predicted at Megabar Pressures".

2726: 2603:(360,000 psi), the water became ice VII, a form that is solid at room temperature. This ice, trapped within 563:

edge for the hydrogen to bond to, in a way that still makes sure each oxygen atom is bond to two hydrogen atoms.

10486: 10358:"Molecular ices as temperature indicators for interstellar dust: the 44- and 62-μm lattice features of H2O ice" 4780:

Dowell, L. G.; Rinfret, A. P. (December 1960). "Low-Temperature Forms of Ice as Studied by X-Ray Diffraction".

2644:

observations, they proposed the existence of a second hydrogen-ordered phase of ice VI, naming it ice beta-XV.

2536:

float around freely within the oxygen lattice. The freely mobile hydrogen ions make superionic water almost as

1104: 956:

exactly one hydrogen atom is 1/2, and since there are 2N edges in total, we obtain a total configuration count

746: 10242:

Grundy, W. M.; Schmitt, B. (1998). "The temperature-dependent near-infrared absorption spectrum of hexagonal H

1060: 249:

form of water, which lacks long-range order in its molecular arrangement. Amorphous ice is produced either by

11823: 1257:

nomenclature. The majority have only been created in the laboratory at different temperatures and pressures.

573:

of them. Each has four hydrogen bonds, with two hydrogens close to it and two far away. This means there are

8869: 551:

There are various ways of approximating this number from first principles. The following is the one used by

11756: 11689: 9469: 8330:

Komatsu, K.; Noritake, F.; Machida, S.; Sano-Furukawa, A.; Hattori, T.; Yamane, R.; Kagi, H. (2016-07-04).

7978:

Su, Xingcai; Lianos, L.; Shen, Y.; Somorjai, Gabor (1998). "Surface-Induced Ferroelectric Ice on Pt(111)".

6568: 6329:"Thermodynamic Stability and Growth of Guest-Free Clathrate Hydrates: A Low-Density Crystal Phase of Water" 6152: 6053: 5971: 5649: 5538: 5480: 5402: 5379: 5356: 3076: 2081: 461: 289:

Amorphous ices have the property of suppressing long-range density fluctuations and are, therefore, nearly

254: 187: 9889: 7608:

Matsuo, Takasuke; Tajima, Yoshimitsu; Suga, Hiroshi (1986). "Calorimetric study of a phase transition in D

6441: 11109: 10791: 6804:

Shephard, J. J., Slater, B., Harvey, P., Hart, M., Bull, C. L., Bramwell, S. T., Salzmann, C. G. (2018),

1840:<118 K (−155 °C) (formation from ice XII); <140 K (−133 °C) (stability point) 502: 11762: 1996:<118 K (−155 °C) (formation from ice III);<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point) 10500:"Conditions for condensation and preservation of amorphous ice and crystallinity of astrophysical ices" 10012: 10011:

Dubochet, J.; Adrian, M.; Chang, J. .J; Homo, J. C.; Lepault, J-; McDowall, A. W.; Schultz, P. (1988).

9415: 8464:"An ultralow-density porous ice with the largest internal cavity identified in the water phase diagram" 7790:, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, ed. W. Kuhs (Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2007) pp 101–108 3000: 2996:

is instead dominated by amorphous ice, making it likely the most common form of water in the universe.

2836: 2548:, which is a hypothetical liquid state characterized by a disordered soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions. 2144: 294: 257:(about 136 K or −137 °C) in milliseconds (so the molecules do not have enough time to form a 11286:

Fukazawa, H.; Hoshikawa, A.; Ishii, Y.; Chakoumakos, B. C.; Fernandez-Baca, J. A. (20 November 2006).

10968:

Jewitt, David C.; Luu, Jane (2004). "Crystalline water ice on the Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar".

10191: 8134: 6852:"Thermodynamic Stability of Ice II and Its Hydrogen-Disordered Counterpart: Role of Zero-Point Energy" 6732: 12477: 12220: 4082: 3459: 3121: 2928:

40 K (−233.2 °C; −387.7 °F). The adsorbed hydrogen molecules can then be released, or

2851: 2278: 262: 6485:"New porous water ice metastable at atmospheric pressure obtained by emptying a hydrogen-filled ice" 6363: 6313: 6066:

C. Lobban, J.L. Finney and W.F. Kuhs, The structure of a new phase of ice, Nature 391, 268–270, 1998

3796: 576: 313: 11018: 9058: 4683: 3003:

and infrared spectrum. At near-IR wavelengths, the characteristics of the 1.65, 3.1, and 4.53

2937: 2917: 2867: 2545: 2417:

at room pressure while under 120 K (−153 °C; −244 °F), but collapses into ice I

1463:

1 and 2 GPa (formation at 160 K (−113 °C)); ambient (at 77 K (−196.2 °C))

1438:

At 77 K (−196.2 °C): 1.6 GPa (formation from Ih); 0.5 GPa (formation from LDA)

226: 9911:

Furić, K.; Volovšek, V. (2010). "Water ice at low temperatures and pressures; new Raman results".

7745: 4416: 4160:"Thermodynamic and kinetic isotope effects on the order-disorder transition of ice XIV to ice XII" 1901:

The least dense crystalline form of water, topologically equivalent to the empty structure of sII

11975: 11726: 11208: 8628: 8023:"Transition from one-dimensional water to ferroelectric ice within a supramolecular architecture" 5780:

Grande, Zachary M.; et al. (2022). "Pressure-driven symmetry transitions in dense H2O ice".

5553: 5313: 2632: 2608: 1876:

A proton-ordered form of ice VI formed by cooling water to around 80–108 K at 1.1 GPa.

1254: 437:

structure changes to that of ice I. Also, ice XI, an orthorhombic, hydrogen-ordered form of ice I

390: 49: 17: 7478: 1434:<30 K (−243.2 °C) (vapor deposition); 77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point) 12029: 11721: 11453: 10539:

Kouchi, Akira; Kuroda, Toshio (1990). "Amorphization of cubic ice by ultraviolet irradiation".

7114:"The Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relations of the Liquid, and the Phase Diagram of Heavy Water" 5033: 4837: 2980: 2814:

exhibits many peculiar properties that are relevant to the existence of life and regulation of

2165:

Ice VII is the only disordered phase of ice that can be ordered by simple cooling. (While ice I

345: 9854:"No evidence for large-scale proton ordering in Antarctic ice from powder neutron diffraction" 9290: 6926:

Shephard, J. J., Ling, S., Sosso, G. C., Michaelides, A., Slater, B., Salzmann, C. G. (2017),

11534: 9244: 9173: 9102: 7748:"The existence of memory effect on hydrogen ordering in ice: The effect makes ice attractive" 7503:

Dengel, O.; Eckener, U.; Plitz, H.; Riehl, N. (1 May 1964). "Ferroelectric behavior of ice".

7049: 6784: 6215: 5307: 4134: 3511: 1727:

Has symmetrized hydrogen bonds – a hydrogen atom is found at the center of two oxygen atoms.

10944: 10737: 10518: 10410: 10397:

Seki, J.; Hasegawa, H. (1983). "The heterogeneous condensation of interstellar ice grains".

7651:

Castro Neto, A.; Pujol, P.; Fradkin, E. (2006). "Ice: A strongly correlated proton system".

6928:"Is High-Density Amorphous Ice Simply a "Derailed" State along the Ice I to Ice IV Pathway?" 6733:

Yamane R, Komatsu K, Gouchi J, Uwatoko Y, Machida S, Hattori T, Kagi H; et al. (2021).

6712: 3342: 2951:, it can also be stored within a solid substance, either via a reversible chemical process ( 2385:

To create ice XVII, the researchers first produced filled ice in a stable phase named C

146:

phases of ice under pressure, both fully hydrogen-disordered; these are Ice IV and Ice XII.

12430: 12311: 11592: 11543: 11494: 11396: 11299: 11189: 11124: 11074: 11028: 10977: 10940: 10899: 10852: 10805: 10764: 10733: 10698: 10645: 10591: 10548: 10514: 10449: 10406: 10369: 10330: 10290: 10255: 10206: 10190:

Newman, Sarah F.; Buratti, B. J.; Brown, R. H.; Jaumann, R.; Bauer, J.; Momary, T. (2008).

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Kawada, Shuji (1 May 1972). "Dielectric Dispersion and Phase Transition of KOH Doped Ice".

7512: 7408: 7369: 7323: 7281: 7235: 7163: 7125: 7079: 6901: 6817: 6746: 6602: 6506: 6396: 6278: 6179: 6165: 6088: 5998: 5913: 5878: 5840: 5789: 5717: 5676: 5625: 5565: 5426: 5259: 5213: 5170: 5117: 5071: 4975: 4922: 4875: 4789: 4752: 4695: 4640: 4586: 4500: 4453: 4341: 4292: 4233: 4171: 4096: 4083:

Köster KW, Fuentes-Landete V, Raidt A, Seidl M, Gainaru C, Loerting T; et al. (2018).

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Martelli, Fausto; Torquato, Salvatore; Giovambattista, Nicolas; Car, Roberto (2017-09-29).

3575: 3481: 3431: 3373: 3303: 3268: 2519: 2306: 2065: 621: 12437: 3927:"Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications" 3618: 349:

An alternative formulation of the phase diagram for certain ices and other phases of water

8: 12472: 12467: 12316: 4007: 3048: 2993: 2956: 2944: 2874: 2819: 2678: 2593: 2589: 2577: 1944: 421: 330: 326: 105: 11596: 11547: 11498: 11400: 11303: 11193: 11128: 11078: 11032: 10981: 10903: 10856: 10809: 10792:

Hosek, Matthew W. Jr.; Blaauw, Rhiannon C.; Cooke, William J.; Suggs, Robert M. (2013).

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Fan, Xiaofeng; Bing, Dan; Zhang, Jingyun; Shen, Zexiang; Kuo, Jer-Lai (1 October 2010).

7412: 7373: 7327: 7285: 7239: 7167: 7129: 7083: 6905: 6821: 6750: 6657:

Gasser, TM; Thoeny, AV; Plaga, LJ; Köster, KW; Etter, M; Böhmer, R; et al. (2018).

6606: 6510: 6400: 6282: 6183: 6092: 6002: 5917: 5882: 5844: 5793: 5721: 5680: 5569: 5430: 5263: 5217: 5174: 5121: 5075: 4979: 4926: 4879: 4793: 4756: 4699: 4644: 4590: 4504: 4457: 4345: 4296: 4237: 4175: 4100: 4045: 3942: 3903: 3833: 3773: 3699: 3644: 3579: 3485: 3435: 3377: 3307: 3272: 2857:

Low-density ASW (LDA), also known as hyperquenched glassy water, may be responsible for

2108:

F has been reported to be a hydrogen disordering reagent. However, adding 2.5 mol% of NH

397:. In an experiment, ice at −3 °C was superheated to about 17 °C for about 250 12462: 12419: 11954: 11510: 11484: 11430: 11363: 11090: 11001: 10868: 10842: 10617: 10564: 10422: 10043: 9993: 9959: 9737: 9564: 9525: 9349: 9227: 9194: 9156: 9123: 9085: 9060: 9041: 8975: 8950: 8733: 8604: 8573: 8561: 8498: 8463: 8405: 8372: 8331: 8278: 8225: 8198: 8164: 8124: 8057: 8022: 8003: 7960: 7925: 7876: 7686: 7660: 7432: 7385: 7297: 7095: 7068:"Recrystallisation of HDA ice under pressure by in-situ neutron diffraction to 3.9 GPa" 6965: 6939: 6833: 6767: 6735:"Experimental evidence for the existence of a second partially-ordered phase of ice VI" 6734: 6683: 6658: 6634: 6527: 6496: 6484: 6420: 6386: 6302: 6203: 6112: 6021: 5986: 5813: 5608: 5275: 5229: 5186: 5143: 5087: 4948: 4813: 4765: 4740: 4664: 4610: 4576: 4331: 4265: 4197: 4117: 4084: 4065: 3956: 3853: 3819: 3737: 3664: 3630: 3599: 3548: 3319: 3214: 3058: 3022: 2858: 2636: 2604: 2552: 2541: 1902: 856: 852: 432:. The high latent heat of sublimation is principally indicative of the strength of the 11409: 11384: 11188:(49.02). Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting, American Astronomical Society: 732. 10818: 10793: 9838: 5740: 5705: 4319: 11816: 11776: 11666: 11645: 11610: 11561: 11514: 11454:"Public Affairs Office: Recreating the Bizarre State of Water Found on Giant Planets" 11344: 11234: 11150: 11094: 11044: 10993: 10663: 10621: 10426: 10355: 10302: 10035: 9985: 9881: 9741: 9729: 9569: 9506: 9396: 9341: 9296: 9232: 9161: 9090: 9045: 9033: 8980: 8899: 8819: 8763: 8737: 8725: 8659: 8609: 8537: 8503: 8439: 8431: 8377: 8359: 8312: 8304: 8251: 8190: 8105: 8097: 8062: 8007: 7929: 7868: 7825: 7690: 7637: 7594: 7524: 7424: 7301: 7251: 6957: 6871: 6772: 6688: 6638: 6626: 6618: 6532: 6412: 6352: 6294: 6195: 6104: 6026: 5929: 5817: 5805: 5745: 5591:

Bridgman, P. W. (1912). "Water, in the Liquid and Five Solid Forms, under Pressure".

5511: 5450: 5442: 5317: 5147: 5009: 4991: 4940: 4891: 4838:"Scientists created a weird new type of ice that is almost exactly as dense as water" 4805: 4721: 4668: 4656: 4614: 4602: 4516: 4512: 4469: 4420: 4357: 4269: 4257: 4249: 4189: 4122: 4057: 3960: 3845: 3785: 3741: 3729: 3721: 3656: 3591: 3499: 3389: 2640: 2453:

O) can be formed from ice XVII. This was done by heating specifically prepared D

2410: 2379: 1914: 1866:

80 K (−193.2 °C) – 108 K (−165 °C) (formation from liquid water)

278: 258: 207: 175: 10885: 10872: 10833:

Jewitt, David C.; Luu, Jane X. (2001). "Colors and Spectra of Kuiper Belt Objects".

10581: 8202: 7964: 7880: 7474: 7436: 7099: 6969: 6837: 6207: 6116: 5279: 4952: 4201: 3857: 3668: 3603: 3531:

P. W. Bridgman (1912). "Water, in the Liquid and Five Solid Forms, under Pressure".

945:{\displaystyle R\ln(3/2)=3.37\mathrm {J} \cdot \mathrm {mol} ^{-1}\mathrm {K} ^{-1}} 317:

Water phase diagram extended to negative pressures calculated with TIP4P/2005 model.

12195: 11766: 11701: 11600: 11551: 11502: 11404: 11336: 11307: 11132: 11082: 11036: 11005: 10985: 10948: 10907: 10860: 10813: 10772: 10706: 10653: 10607: 10599: 10568: 10556: 10457: 10414: 10377: 10338: 10298: 10263: 10222: 10214: 10160: 10085: 10047: 10027: 9997: 9977: 9932: 9928: 9873: 9834: 9719: 9700:"Ice-VII inclusions in diamonds: Evidence for aqueous fluid in Earth's deep mantle" 9678: 9639: 9604: 9559: 9549: 9496: 9438: 9388: 9353: 9333: 9222: 9214: 9151: 9143: 9080: 9072: 9023: 8970: 8962: 8845: 8811: 8717: 8651: 8599: 8591: 8493: 8483: 8423: 8367: 8351: 8296: 8243: 8186: 8182: 8129: 8089: 8052: 8042: 7995: 7952: 7915: 7860: 7817: 7767: 7725: 7721: 7678: 7633: 7590: 7555: 7520: 7470: 7416: 7389: 7377: 7360: 7331: 7289: 7243: 7205: 7171: 7133: 7087: 7025: 6995: 6949: 6909: 6863: 6825: 6762: 6754: 6678: 6670: 6610: 6522: 6514: 6424: 6404: 6342: 6333: 6306: 6286: 6187: 6096: 6016: 6006: 5921: 5886: 5848: 5797: 5735: 5725: 5684: 5600: 5573: 5503: 5434: 5267: 5233: 5221: 5190: 5178: 5133: 5125: 5091: 5079: 4983: 4965: 4930: 4883: 4817: 4797: 4760: 4711: 4703: 4648: 4594: 4508: 4461: 4412: 4387: 4349: 4300: 4241: 4179: 4112: 4104: 4069: 4049: 3946: 3907: 3841: 3837: 3777: 3711: 3703: 3652: 3648: 3583: 3540: 3494: 3489: 3461: 3439: 3381: 3323: 3311: 3276: 3206: 3041: 2933: 2890: 2862: 2568: 2493: 2310: 1624: 1540: 1328: 486: 101: 11040: 9124:"Structural characterization of ice XIX as the second polymorph related to ice VI" 8815: 7269: 7067: 6925: 6442:"Sandwiching water between graphene makes square ice crystals at room temperature" 5948: 4221: 3683: 11845: 11744: 11660: 11639: 10953: 10928: 10753:"The search for a cometary outbursts mechanism: a comparison of various theories" 10710: 10218: 9392: 8999: 8247: 7293: 7189: 7091: 7053: 6927: 5507: 5247: 4631:

Salzmann, Christoph G.; Murray, Benjamin J. (June 2020). "Ice goes fully cubic".

4155: 3385: 3213:

superionic phases to be stable over a wide temperature and pressure range, and a

3186: 3109: 3105: 3053: 2948: 2529: 2195: 413: 290: 282: 246: 109: 11180:

McKinnon, W. B.; Hofmeister, A.M. (August 2005). "Ice XI on Pluto and Charon?".

10926: 10688: 10461: 9683: 9658: 9643: 9608: 9076: 8655: 7999: 7942: 6953: 5801: 5107: 4488: 4442:"Lattice Statistics of Hydrogen Bonded Crystals. I. The Residual Entropy of Ice" 3682:

Martelli, Fausto; Leoni, Fabio; Sciortino, Francesco; Russo, John (2020-09-14).

12400: 12390: 12200: 11506: 10316: 10314: 10312: 9534:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

9218: 9192: 9147: 8700: 8595: 8562:"Ice Ic without stacking disorder by evacuating hydrogen from hydrogen hydrate" 7682: 6849: 6805: 6758: 6560: 6011: 4353: 3760: 2826:

which causes atoms to become closer in the liquid phase. Because of this, ice I

2823: 2572: 2551:

The initial evidence came from optical measurements of laser-heated water in a

2489: 1952: 11716: 10382: 10357: 10137: 10031: 9788:"What scientists found trapped in a diamond: a type of ice not known on Earth" 9697: 9457: 9442: 8721: 7043: 6851: 6829: 6614: 6144: 5967: 5763: 5577: 5371: 4864:"Structural transitions in amorphous water ice and astrophysical implications" 4652: 4598: 3872: 3460:

David T. W. Buckingham, J. J. Neumeier, S. H. Masunaga, and Yi-Kuo Yu (2018).

3443: 2908:

occurred at 72 K while under hydrostatic pressure conditions of up to 70 MPa.

361:, which is exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C) at a pressure of 611.657 12456: 12215: 12167: 12152: 12020: 11780: 11752: 11348: 11265: 10667: 8903: 8767: 8435: 8363: 8308: 8255: 8101: 7403:

Katoh, E. (15 February 2002). "Protonic Diffusion in High-Pressure Ice VII".

7065: 6867: 6045: 5933: 5515: 5446: 5394: 5348: 4887: 4809: 4520: 4473: 4375: 4361: 4253: 3725: 3238:

One millibar is equivalent to 100 Pa (0.015 psi; 0.00099 atm).

3173: 3161: 3154: 3101: 3031: 2960: 2952: 2600: 2585: 2533: 2426: 2265: 1786:(5,400 atm) (formation from liquid water); 0.81–1.00 GPa/min (from ice I 1783: 1754: 1365: 552: 433: 386: 362: 199: 179: 89: 85: 81: 11696: 11681: 10612: 10309: 9851: 9724: 9699: 9554: 9059:

Rosu-Finsen A, Amon A, Armstrong J, Fernandez-Alonso F, Salzmann CG (2020).

8488: 8047: 7420: 7187: 7012:

Salzmann, C. G., Kohl, I., Loerting, T., Mayer, E., Hallbrucker, A. (2003),

7011: 6191: 6100: 5530: 5472: 5138: 4245: 4153: 3587: 2502: 12225: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12025: 11995: 11809: 11614: 11565: 11136: 11048: 10997: 10777: 10752: 10498:

Kouchi, A.; Yamamoto, T.; Kozasa, T.; Kuroda, T.; Greenberg, J. M. (1994).

9989: 9885: 9733: 9657:

Murray, Benjamin J.; Malkin, Tamsin L.; Salzmann, Christoph G. (May 2015).

9573: 9510: 9400: 9345: 9236: 9165: 9121: 9094: 9037: 8984: 8823: 8663: 8613: 8507: 8443: 8381: 8316: 8194: 8109: 8066: 7872: 7829: 7428: 7255: 7223: 6961: 6875: 6803: 6776: 6692: 6630: 6536: 6416: 6356: 6298: 6199: 6167: 6108: 6030: 5965: 5749: 5730: 5454: 5204:

O.Mishima (1996). "Relationship between melting and amorphization of ice".

4995: 4944: 4895: 4725: 4660: 4606: 4261: 4193: 4126: 4061: 3849: 3789: 3733: 3660: 3595: 3503: 3393: 3210: 3169: 3125: 3089: 2223: 2194:

Ice XI is the hydrogen-ordered form of the ordinary form of ice. The total

2178: 1749: 1536: 1500: 394: 358: 354: 250: 191: 10090: 10073: 10039: 3258: 1554:

190 K (−83 °C) – 210 K (−63 °C) (formation from HDA);

12395: 12301: 12185: 12157: 12147: 12142: 12080: 12065: 12050: 12035: 11959: 11923: 11086: 10847: 10227: 8849: 8840:

Marris, Emma (22 March 2005). "Giant planets may host superionic water".

7772: 7747: 7665: 7559: 7066:

Klotz, S., Hamel, G., Loveday, J. S., Nelmes, R. J., Guthrie, M. (2003),

4336: 3974: 3716: 2976: 2815: 2588:(7,300,000 psi) it is predicted that superionic ice would take on a 2518:

A remarkable characteristic of superionic ice is its ability to act as a

2446: 2409:

O molecules, formed at high pressures. Although sometimes referred to as

1948: 1482:

190 K (−83 °C) - 210 K (−63 °C) (formation from ice I

1409: 404: 270: 230: 77: 12331: 10989: 9337: 8696:"Experimental evidence for superionic water ice using shock compression" 6518: 6408: 6290: 5641: 5612: 4391: 4108: 4053: 3552: 3293: 2782: 2046: 12385: 12265: 12250: 12210: 12205: 12085: 12060: 12010: 11985: 11889: 11605: 11580: 11556: 11529: 10723: 10418: 9981: 9501: 9484: 9315: 9028: 9003: 8966: 8870:"New phase of water could dominate the interiors of Uranus and Neptune" 7864: 7247: 7193: 7151: 7113: 7013: 6674: 6591:"Nanosecond X-ray diffraction of shock-compressed superionic water ice" 5689: 5664: 4184: 4159: 2414: 2226:

with hexagonal ice and gaseous water at (~72 K, ~0 Pa). Ice I

2069: 1588: 1530: 398: 143: 139: 11340: 11235:"Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology" 10267: 10164: 9877: 8729: 8695: 8427: 8355: 8300: 8093: 7956: 7821: 7209: 7175: 7137: 7029: 6983: 6889: 6622: 6590: 6347: 6328: 5925: 5890: 5852: 5809: 5438: 4801: 4741:"The Enhanced formation of cubic ice in aqueous organic acid droplets" 4716: 4465: 4304: 3781: 3707: 3280: 3092:, perhaps due to resurfacing events such as impacts or cryovolcanism. 3049:

Molecular clouds, circumstellar disks, and the primordial solar nebula

3015: 2955:) or by having the hydrogen molecules attach to the substance via the 2482: 1610:

130 K (−143 °C) - 355 K (82 °C) (stability range)

1048: 468: 12357: 12347: 12326: 12255: 12100: 12075: 12055: 11990: 11980: 11949: 11944: 11909: 10679:

Patashnick, et.al., Nature Vol.250, No. 5464, July 1974, pp. 313–314.

10560: 9004:"Distinguishing ice β-XV from deep glassy ice VI: Raman spectroscopy" 7381: 7335: 6999: 6913: 6483:

del Rosso, Leonardo; Celli, Milva; Ulivi, Lorenzo (7 November 2016).

5604: 5271: 5225: 5182: 5083: 5010:"Scientists made a new kind of ice that might exist on distant moons" 4987: 4707: 4405:

Petrenko, Victor F.; Whitworth, Robert W. (2002-01-17). "2. Ice Ih".

3951: 3911: 3684:"Connection between liquid and non-crystalline solid phases in water" 3544: 3194: 3165: 3116: 2795: 2774:

Photograph showing details of an ice cube under magnification. Ice I

2649: 2612: 1316: 457: 225:, the crystal structure is characterized by the oxygen atoms forming 203: 10356:

Smith, R. G.; Robinson, G.; Hyland, A. R.; Carpenter, G. L. (1994).

9946:

Yen, Fei; Chi, Zhenhua (16 Apr 2015). "Proton ordering dynamics of H

8262: 7351: 6166:

Salzmann CG, Radaelli PG, Hallbrucker A, Mayer E, Finney JL (2006).

4863: 3926: 2916:

Amorphous ice is used in some scientific experiments, especially in

2068:

in a stable condition so long as the temperature is kept at that of

12367: 12362: 12352: 12321: 12285: 12280: 12270: 12122: 12070: 12045: 11904: 11899: 11489: 11362:

Iitaka, Toshiaki (13 July 2010). "Stability of ferroelectric ice".

11312: 11287: 10912: 10887: 10864: 10658: 10603: 10342: 9964: 8578: 8410: 8329: 8283: 8230: 8073: 7977: 7014:"Raman Spectroscopic Study on Hydrogen Bonding in Recovered Ice IV" 6944: 6806:"Doping-induced disappearance of ice II from water's phase diagram" 6501: 5129: 4935: 4910: 4581: 3635: 3181: 2929: 2878: 2248:

also has a proton-ordered form. The total internal energy of ice XI

2237:

There are distinct differences in the Raman spectra between ices I

2218: 2186: 2050:

Phase diagram of water, showing the region where ice III is stable.

1929: 1594: 481: 154: 12441: 11368: 11209:"Astronomers Detect Shadow of Water World in Front of Nearby Star" 8169: 7920: 7895: 6659:"Experiments indicating a second hydrogen ordered phase of ice VI" 6391: 6168:"The preparation and structures of hydrogen ordered phases of ice" 4320:"Residual entropy of ordinary ice from multicanonical simulations" 3824: 3315: 12377: 12275: 12245: 12190: 12180: 12005: 11939: 11934: 11919: 11914: 11894: 11730: 11285: 10886:

Brown, Robert H.; Cruikshank, Dale P.; Pendleton, Yvonne (1999).

8209: 5415: 5061: 3616: 3202: 3146: 2999:

Amorphous ice can be separated from crystalline ice based on its

2886: 2770: 2752:

Several months later, Salzmann et al. published a paper based on

2560: 1391: 1300: 11064: 10320: 7456:, II, III, VI and ice VII: DFT methods with localized based set" 7350:

Hemley, R. J.; Jephcoat, A. P.; Mao, H. K.; et al. (1987),

6078: 4031: 2881:. Due to this demonstration that ice VII exists in nature, the 1057:

measured values. Nagle (1966) used a series summation to obtain

35: 12306: 11929: 11717:"A New State of Water Reveals a Hidden Ocean in Earth's Mantle" 10927:

Fornasier, S.; Dotto, E.; Barucci, M. A.; Barbieri, C. (2004).

10072:

Del Rosso, Leonardo; Celli, Milva; Ulivi, Lorenzo (June 2017).

8892:"New Form of Water, Both Liquid and Solid, Is 'Really Strange'" 8020: 6588: 4489:"Configurational statistics and the dielectric constant of ice" 4318:

Berg, Bernd A.; Muguruma, Chizuru; Okamoto, Yuko (2007-03-21).

3364:

Bjerrum, N (11 April 1952). "Structure and Properties of Ice".

3219: 3198: 3142: 2924: 2369: 2207: 2095: 1956: 1800: 1296: 366: 195: 10794:"Outburst Dust Production of Comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1" 9413: 8786: 7788:

Raman scattering study of proton ordered ice XI single crystal

7267: 6850:

Nakamura, T., Matsumoto, M., Yagasaki, T., Tanaka, H. (2015),

2508:

When an electric field is applied, H ions migrate towards the

2341:-1 model is still the best (with the second best candidate of 2301:

structure were found 4 K per water molecule higher in energy.

2190:

Crystal structure of ice XI (c-axis in the vertical direction)

2059:

The properties of ice II were first described and recorded by

1466:

1.26 g/cm (77 K (−196.2 °C); ambient pressure)

620:

allowed configurations of hydrogens for this oxygen atom (see

12260: 12175: 12090: 12015: 11849: 11842: 11474: 9295:(9th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. p. 144. 8925:"Scientists create a new form of matter—superionic water ice" 8559: 6376: 6327:

Jacobson, Liam C.; Hujo, Waldemar; Molinero, Valeria (2009).

4001:"Information for users about the proposed revision of the SI" 3619:"Large-Scale Structure and Hyperuniformity of Amorphous Ices" 3150: 2896:

Ice XI is thought to be a more stable conformation than ice I

2564: 2509: 2422: 334: 302: 266: 10832: 10634: 9524:

Kuhs, W. F.; Sippel, C.; Falenty, A.; Hansen, T. C. (2012).

9482: 8997: 8394: 7221: 6984:"The infrared spectrum of ice IV in the range 4000–400 cm−1" 4911:"Crystallization of amorphous water ice in the solar system" 3004: 2737:

O ice XIX was significantly smaller than that of HCl-doped H

2151: 166: 12095: 12040: 12000: 11382: 11326: 10538: 9659:"The crystal structure of ice under mesospheric conditions" 9586: 8154: 5903: 4006:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Archived from 3681: 3409: 393:

in May 2019. Unlike most other solids, ice is difficult to

11528:

Chau, Ricky; Hamel, Sebastien; Nellis, William J. (2011).

10497: 9271:(Physics 511 paper). Iowa State University. Archived from 7222:

Salzmann, CG; Radaelli, PG; Slater, B; Finney, JL (2011),

4534:

Flatz, Christian; Hohenwarter, Stefan (18 February 2021).

2230:

that has been transformed to ice XI and then back to ice I

441:, is considered the most stable form at low temperatures. 198:

atom on each vertex, and the edges of the rings formed by

11832: 10967: 10482:. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 139–155. 10189: 8756:"A Bizarre Form of Water May Exist All Over the Universe" 7452:"Predicting the hydrogen bond ordered structures of ice I 6981: 5246: 4566: 2979:

above 40%, higher than the theoretical maximum ratio for

1970:<118 K (−155 °C) (formation from ice III); 1887:<118 K (−155 °C) (formation from ice III); 1852: 1702:

Proton-ordered equivalent to Ice III. Antiferroelectric.

1493: 1238:{\displaystyle R\ln(1.5\times (730/729)^{2})=R\ln(1.504)} 11797:

Computerized illustrations of molecular structure of HDA

11659:

Petrenko, Victor F.; Whitworth, Robert W. (1999-08-19).

10241: 9816: 9367:

Whalley, E. (1981). "Scheiner's Halo: Evidence for Ice I

9193:

Salzmann CG, Loveday JS, Rosu-Finsen A, Bull CL (2021).

7072:

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie – Crystalline Materials

5593:

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

4908: 4684:"Formation and stability of cubic ice in water droplets" 3533:

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

1818:

130 K (−143 °C) (formation from liquid water)

1772:

260 K (−13 °C) (formation from liquid water);

1579:

253 K (−20 °C) (formation from liquid water);

1515:

250 K (−23 °C) (formation from liquid water);

10010: 9523: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8679:, New Scientist,01 September 2010, Magazine issue 2776. 7650: 7502: 6890:"Structure of ice IV, a metastable high-pressure phase" 6816:(6), Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 569–572, 6656: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 4219: 3757: 3180:

space and converting regular ice, much like the fabled

2329:, HBr) do not significantly enhance ice XV formations. 1851:

The proton-ordered form of ice XII. Formation requires

1608:

270 K (−3 °C) (formation from liquid water);

1345:

130 and 220 K (−143 and −53 °C) (formation);

11801: 11383:

Arakawa, M.; Kagi, H.; Fukazawa, H. (1 October 2009).

8789:"Dynamic Ionization of Water under Extreme Conditions" 6887: 5665:"Computing analysis of lattice vibrations of ice VIII" 2567:

they observed frequency shifts which indicated that a

2544:. The ice appears black in color. It is distinct from 2072:, which slows the change in conformation back to ice I 1778:); 183 K (−90 °C) (formation from HDA ice) 581: 579: 10477: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10107:"Astronomers Contemplate Icy Volcanoes in Far Places" 9757:"Pockets of water may lay deep below Earth's surface" 8342:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 28920. 7224:"The polymorphism of ice: five unresolved questions." 5160: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 3931:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

2714:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\times {\sqrt {2}}\times 1} 2687: 2465:

O cubic ice by first synthesizing filled ice in the C

2202:, so in principle it should naturally form when ice I 2017:<100 K (−173 °C) (formation from ice VI 1951:

and liquid water to pass through laminated sheets of

1713:

165 K (−108 °C) (formation from ice III);

1687:

165 K (−108 °C) (formation from ice III);

1168: 1107: 1063: 962: 865: 755: 652: 505: 10396: 10280: 9663:

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

9656: 9624:

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

9589:

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

9526:"Extent and relevance of stacking disorder in "ice I 9122:

Gasser TM, Thoeny AV, Fortes AD, Loerting T (2021).

8856: 8125:"Super-Dense Frozen Water Breaks Final Ice Frontier" 8088:(44). American Chemical Society (ACS): 21040–21046. 6326: 5868: 5830: 5048: 1665:<278 K (5 °C) (formation from ice VII) 1323:, with the exception only of a small amount of ice I 11530:"Chemical processes in the deep interior of Uranus" 11445: 11110:"Coupled Orbital and Thermal Evolution of Ganymede" 10929:"Water ice on the surface of the large TNO 2004 DW" 10473: 10471: 10439: 10074:"Ice XVII as a Novel Material for Hydrogen Storage" 10071: 8948: 8268: 7703: 6482: 5704:Kamb, Barclay; Davis, Briant L. (1 December 1964). 4317: 3565: 3341:. University of Wisconsin Green Bay. Archived from 3016:

Properties of the amorphous ice in the Solar System

2378:another porous form of ice, was synthesized from a 2182:

Crystal structure of Ice XI viewed along the c-axis

1390:Likely the most common phase in the universe. More 11581:"High pressure partially ionic phase of water ice" 11335:(46). American Chemical Society (ACS): 9203–9214. 11179: 10178: 8626: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7313: 7270:"Is pressure the key to hydrogen ordering ice IV?" 7204:(22), American Chemical Society (ACS): 5587–5590, 7024:(12), American Chemical Society (ACS): 2802–2807, 5551: 4848: 2818:. For instance, its density is lower than that of 2713: 1803:packing)—the densest possible arrangement without 1432:<140 K (−133 °C) (normal formation); 1237: 1153: 1090: 1032: 944: 839: 735: 612: 535: 115:On Earth, most ice is found in the hexagonal Ice I 11873: 11658: 10362:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 10136:Debennetti, Pablo G.; Stanley, H. Eugene (2003). 10135: 10013:"Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens" 8670: 7349: 6938:(7), American Chemical Society (ACS): 1645–1650, 6862:(8), American Chemical Society (ACS): 1843–1848, 6370: 6268: 5966:Chaplin, Martinwork=Water Structure and Science. 4773: 4404: 3222:, may prevent the formation of superionic water. 2126:F, an isostructural material of ice, to obtain NH 1738:72 K (−201.2 °C) (formation from ice I 12454: 11288:"Existence of Ferroelectric Ice in the Universe" 11232: 10468: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10057: 8542:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8215: 7607: 7572: 7449: 7152:"Selective Nucleation of the High-Pressure Ices" 6706: 6704: 6702: 5949:"Inside the hotly contested creation of 'ice X'" 5630:science.sciencemag.org, B. Kamb, 8 October 1965. 4533: 2445:It was reported in 2020 that cubic ice based on 1972:<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point) 1889:<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point) 1774:77 K (−196.2 °C) (formation from ice I 1715:<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point) 1689:<140 K (−133 °C) (stability point) 1638:355 K (82 °C) (formation from ice VI) 1457:160 K (−113 °C) (formation from HDA); 1033:{\displaystyle 6^{N}\times (1/2)^{2N}=(3/2)^{N}} 385:of the difference between this triple point and 128:Most liquids under increased pressure freeze at 11527: 11237:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 9423:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 8694:Millot, Marius; et al. (5 February 2018). 8689: 8687: 8685: 8555: 8553: 8468:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8027:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7732: 7192:, Kohl, I., Mayer, E., Hallbrucker, A. (2002), 7111: 6728: 6726: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6074: 6072: 5710:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5662: 5552:Kamb, B.; Prakash, A.; Knobler, C. (May 1967). 4861: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4626: 4624: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 3892:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 3889: 2472: 1568:Typically requires a nucleating agent to form. 840:{\displaystyle S_{0}=k\ln(3/2)^{N}=nR\ln(3/2),} 11060: 11058: 10750: 10104: 9288: 8835: 8833: 8693: 6264: 6262: 6234: 5864: 5862: 4630: 3809: 3530: 2765: 2217:are surrounded by four semi-randomly directed 736:{\displaystyle 6^{N/2}(6/16)^{N/2}=(3/2)^{N}.} 11817: 11417: 11182:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 10054: 9910: 9416:"Trigonal Ice Crystals in Earth's Atmosphere" 9186: 9115: 9052: 8991: 8942: 8787:Goncharov, Alexander F.; et al. (2005). 8461: 8388: 7194:"Pure Ice IV from High-Density Amorphous Ice" 6699: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 4779: 4681: 4215: 4213: 4211: 3977:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 3873:"Verwiebe's '3-D' Ice phase diagram reworked" 2749:O is sufficient for the ordering transition. 2401:are all stable solid phases of a mixture of H 2198:of ice XI is about one sixth lower than ice I 1556:77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point) 1517:77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point) 1488:77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point) 1459:77 K (−196.2 °C) (stability point) 1347:240 K (−33 °C) (conversion to Ice I 597: 584: 190:, roughly one of crinkled planes composed of 11729:from the original on 2021-12-21 – via 11175: 11173: 11171: 11101: 10888:"Water Ice on Kuiper Belt Object 1996 TO_66" 9621: 9249:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9178:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9107:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8682: 8550: 8323: 8079: 7799: 7215: 7149: 7041: 6789:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6723: 6645: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6459: 6320: 6220:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6159: 6069: 5493: 5409: 4824: 4621: 4553: 4282: 4147: 4139:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4076: 3753: 3751: 3516:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3455: 3453: 2425:channels with a diameter of about 6.10 2096:Search for a hydrogen-disordered counterpart 1693:200 MPa-400 MPa (stability range) 1521:300 MPa (formation from liquid water) 308: 11679: 11389:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 11055: 9754: 9455: 9263: 8830: 8457: 8455: 8453: 6558: 6436: 6434: 6259: 6142: 6043: 5859: 5639: 5528: 5470: 5392: 5369: 5346: 5020: 4862:Jenniskens, Peter; Blake, David F. (1994). 2259: 1905:. Transforms into the stacking-faulty ice I 1821:500 MPa (formation from liquid water) 1614:1.1 GPa (formation from liquid water) 1582:500 MPa (formation from liquid water) 499:is equal to 3.4±0.1 J mol K 281:-sized droplets on a sample-holder kept at 92:correspond to some ice phases listed below. 11824: 11810: 11714: 11451: 11355: 11262:"Electric ice a shock to the solar system" 8780: 8525:. Archived from the original on 2022-09-11 7618:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 7575:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 7343: 7307: 6575: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 4208: 2778:is the form of ice commonly seen on Earth. 11740:"The Hunt for Earth's Deep Hidden Oceans" 11604: 11555: 11488: 11408: 11367: 11311: 11168: 10952: 10911: 10846: 10817: 10776: 10657: 10611: 10381: 10226: 10089: 9963: 9723: 9682: 9563: 9553: 9500: 9226: 9155: 9084: 9027: 8974: 8749: 8747: 8620: 8603: 8577: 8497: 8487: 8409: 8371: 8282: 8229: 8168: 8056: 8046: 7919: 7771: 7664: 7268:Rosu-Finsen, A., Salzmann, C. G. (2022), 6943: 6932:The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 6766: 6682: 6543: 6526: 6500: 6390: 6346: 6020: 6010: 5987:"The everlasting hunt for new ice phases" 5739: 5729: 5703: 5688: 5203: 5137: 4934: 4764: 4715: 4580: 4417:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198518945.003.0002 4335: 4183: 4116: 3950: 3823: 3748: 3715: 3634: 3493: 3450: 3405: 3403: 2760: 2152:Search for a hydrogen-ordered counterpart 1790:); 810 MPa (formation from HDA ice) 1154:{\displaystyle 6^{6}\times (1/2)^{6}=729} 11715:Hunsberger, Maren (September 21, 2018). 11637: 11259: 10129: 8677:Weird water lurking inside giant planets 8450: 8014: 7893: 7842: 7540:Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 6713:"Exotic crystals of 'ice 19' discovered" 6710: 6431: 5697: 5590: 5545: 5466: 5464: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5103: 5101: 5026: 4536:"Neue kristalline Eisform aus Innsbruck" 4380:Journal of the American Chemical Society 4154:Fuentes-Landete V; Köster KW; Böhmer R; 3160:Ice VII may comprise the ocean floor of 2822:. This is attributed to the presence of 2781: 2769: 2571:had taken place. The team also created 2532:into an evenly spaced lattice while the 2368: 2185: 2177: 2045: 1793:1.3 g·cm (at 127 K (−146 °C)) 1757:. The most stable configuration of ice I 1253:These phases are named according to the 1091:{\displaystyle R\ln(1.50685\pm 0.00015)} 1047: 467: 462:Geometrical frustration § Water ice 403: 344: 312: 165: 162:. Dashed lines represent hydrogen bonds 153: 76: 60:of all important aspects of the article. 11763:Glass transition in hyperquenched water 11107: 9366: 9289:Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2010). 8122: 7894:Bramwell, Steven T. (21 January 1999). 6123: 5775: 5773: 5656: 5522: 5342: 5340: 4486: 4374: 3363: 2883:International Mineralogical Association 2741:O ice XIX, and that doping of 0.5% of H 1451:Very high-density amorphous ice (VHDA) 1405:73.15 K (−200 °C) (freezing) 635:atoms. But now, consider the remaining 14: 12455: 11361: 9945: 8885: 8883: 8839: 8744: 8116: 7537: 7078:(2), Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 117–122, 6247:from the original on 14 September 2009 5984: 5779: 4835: 4738: 4276: 3924: 3462:"Thermal Expansion of Single-Crystal H 3400: 3357: 3088:crystalline water ice was observed on 3082: 2885:duly classified ice VII as a distinct 2873:In 2018, ice VII was identified among 2557:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 2092: m/kg (1.51 cu in/lb). 2061:Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann 2041: 1676:Proton-ordered equivalent to Ice VII. 1668:2.1 GPa (formation from ice VII) 178:of ordinary ice was first proposed by 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 11805: 11423: 8949:Rosu-Finsen, A; Salzmann, CG (2019). 8889: 8753: 7402: 5959: 5461: 5305: 5286: 5098: 4836:Pappas, Stephanie (2 February 2023). 4682:Murray, B.J.; Bertram, A. K. (2006). 4439: 3870: 3132:quakes' within the thick ice layers. 1928:Room temperature (in the presence of 1869:1.1GPa (formation from liquid water) 1641:2.2 GPa (formation from ice VI) 269:crystal surface under 120 K. In 27:States of matter for water as a solid 12426: 11578: 8867: 8514: 8123:Sanders, Laura (11 September 2009). 7786:K. Abe, Y. Ootake and T. Shigenari, 6982:Engelhardt, H., Whalley, E. (1979), 6235:Sanders, Laura (11 September 2009). 5770: 5337: 859:. So, the molar residual entropy is 451: 221:In the best-known form of ice, ice I 149: 29: 11737: 11704:(PDF in German, iktp.tu-dresden.de) 11697:London South Bank University Report 11329:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 10528:from the original on 22 March 2020. 9952:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 9785: 9489:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 8880: 8520: 8332:"Partially ordered state of ice XV" 8082:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 7945:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 7845:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 7198:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 7045:Neutron diffraction studies of ices 7018:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 6856:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 5946: 5669:Royal Society of Chemistry Advances 5252:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 4909:Jenniskens P.; Blake D. F. (1996). 4493:Proceedings of the Physical Society 1955:, unlike smaller molecules such as 1399:Medium-density amorphous ice (MDA) 536:{\displaystyle =R\ln(1.50\pm 0.02)} 340: 24: 11863: 11625: 11579:Wang, Yanchao (29 November 2011). 11424:Chang, Kenneth (5 February 2018). 11241:from the original on April 7, 2012 10478:Jenniskens; Blake; Kouchi (1998). 10105:Chang, Kenneth (9 December 2004). 9798:from the original on 12 March 2018 9767:from the original on March 8, 2018 8922: 8627:Demontis, P.; et al. (1988). 5706:"Ice Vii, the Densest Form of Ice" 5027:Sullivan, Will (3 February 2023). 3205:hold a layer of superionic water. 3176:) that are largely made of water. 2861:on Earth and is usually formed by 2469:phase, and then decompressing it. 2252:was predicted as similar as ice XI 1829:The proton-ordered form of ice V. 1560:810 MPa (formation from HDA) 1441:1.17 g/cm (ambient pressure) 929: 914: 911: 908: 899: 628:configurations that satisfy these 588: 408:Pressure dependence of ice melting 301:has shown that amorphous ices are 25: 12489: 11868: 11708: 11260:Grossman, Lisa (25 August 2011). 9195:"Structure and nature of ice XIX" 8629:"New high-pressure phases of ice" 7162:(12), AIP Publishing: 4930–4932, 6994:(10), AIP Publishing: 4050–4051, 6900:(12), AIP Publishing: 5887–5899, 6888:Engelhardt, H., Kamb, B. (1981), 5985:Hansen, Thomas C. (26 May 2021). 3981:from the original on 16 July 2012 3336: 3115:The surface ice of Saturn's moon 2911: 2790:with respect to other ice phases. 2629:differential scanning calorimetry 2318:differential scanning calorimetry 1426:High-density amorphous ice (HDA) 1052:The crystal structure of ice VIII 558:Suppose there are a given number 12436: 12425: 12415: 12414: 11787:AIP accounting discovery of VHDA 11783:of water (requires registration) 11572: 11521: 11468: 11376: 11320: 11279: 11253: 11226: 11200: 11143: 11012: 10961: 10920: 10879: 10826: 10785: 10744: 10717: 10682: 10673: 10628: 10575: 10532: 10433: 10390: 10349: 10274: 10235: 10098: 10004: 9939: 9904: 9845: 9810: 9779: 9748: 9691: 9650: 9615: 9580: 9517: 9476: 9449: 9407: 9360: 9309: 9282: 9257: 8916: 8148: 7971: 7936: 7887: 7836: 7793: 7780: 7697: 7644: 7601: 7566: 7531: 7496: 6362: 6312: 4487:Hollins, G. T. (December 1964). 3795: 3232: 3209:and free-energy methods predict 2943:Aside from storing hydrogen via 2501: 2481: 2145:high-density amorphous ice (HDA) 1843:1.2GPa (formation from ice XII) 1373:Low-density amorphous ice (LDA) 472:The Wurtzite structure. In Ice I 240: 170:The crystal structure of ice XII 34: 11233:David A. Aguilar (2009-12-16). 11215:from the original on 2017-08-21 11067:Journal of Geophysical Research 10248:Journal of Geophysical Research 10117:from the original on 9 May 2015 10020:Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 9858:The Journal of Chemical Physics 9458:"Stacking disordered ice; Ice I 8398:The Journal of Chemical Physics 8271:The Journal of Chemical Physics 7802:The Journal of Chemical Physics 7475:10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.04.004 7463:Computational Materials Science 7443: 7396: 7261: 7181: 7143: 7124:(10), AIP Publishing: 597–605, 7118:The Journal of Chemical Physics 7105: 7059: 7035: 7005: 6988:The Journal of Chemical Physics 6975: 6919: 6894:The Journal of Chemical Physics 6881: 6843: 6797: 6334:Journal of Physical Chemistry B 6228: 6060: 6037: 5978: 5940: 5906:The Journal of Chemical Physics 5897: 5871:The Journal of Chemical Physics 5833:The Journal of Chemical Physics 5824: 5756: 5633: 5619: 5584: 5487: 5419:The Journal of Chemical Physics 5386: 5363: 5306:Hobbs, Peter V. (May 6, 2010). 5240: 5197: 5154: 5002: 4959: 4902: 4732: 4675: 4527: 4480: 4446:Journal of Mathematical Physics 4433: 4398: 4368: 4311: 4285:The Journal of Chemical Physics 4025: 3993: 3967: 3918: 3883: 3864: 3803: 3761:The Journal of Chemical Physics 3688:The Journal of Chemical Physics 3675: 3128:is believed to contain ice VI. 2540:as typical metals, making it a 2035:Formation requires HCl doping. 1943:Formation likely driven by the 1909:and further into ordinary ice I 1543:of 1.16 with respect to water. 1248: 613:{\textstyle {\tbinom {4}{2}}=6} 546: 182:in 1935. The structure of ice I 48:may be too short to adequately 11644:. Cambridge University Press. 11638:Fletcher, N. H. (2009-06-04). 10399:Astrophysics and Space Science 10138:"Supercooled and Glassy Water" 9933:10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.03.024 8277:(24). AIP Publishing: 244507. 8187:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.105701 7726:10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.02.016 7706:Journal of Molecular Structure 6711:Metcalfe, Tom (9 March 2021). 4222:"Medium-density amorphous ice" 3842:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.195701 3653:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.136002 3610: 3559: 3524: 3495:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.185505 3330: 3287: 3252: 2987: 2936:, an issue often mentioned in 1805:hydrogen bond interpenetration 1719:30-70 GPa (from ice VII) 1232: 1226: 1211: 1202: 1187: 1178: 1136: 1121: 1085: 1073: 1043: 1021: 1006: 991: 976: 889: 875: 831: 817: 793: 778: 721: 706: 686: 671: 530: 518: 293:. Despite the epithet "ice", 58:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 11738:Woo, Marcus (July 11, 2018). 11151:"Titan: Facts – NASA Science" 11041:10.1126/science.284.5419.1514 10638:Astrophysical Journal Letters 9839:10.1016/S0009-2614(98)00908-7 8890:Chang, Kenneth (2018-02-05). 8816:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.125508 7407:. 29=5558 (5558): 1264–1266. 7356:O-ice to 128 GPa (1.28 Mbar)" 7048:, University College London, 5947:Kim, Shi En (24 March 2022). 3877:Chemistry Education Materials 3871:David, Carl (8 August 2016). 3245: 2923:Ice XVII can repeatedly 2681:of the profiles based on the 2488:In the absence of an applied 2389:from a mixture of hydrogen (H 2373:Crystal structure of ice XVII 2285:, while an antiferroelectric 11690:London South Bank University 10711:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.045 10303:10.1016/0301-0104(81)80158-9 10219:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.019 9485:"Stacking disorder in ice I" 9470:London South Bank University 9393:10.1126/science.211.4480.389 8868:Zyga, Lisa (25 April 2013). 8754:Sokol, Joshua (2019-05-12). 8248:10.1016/j.cplett.2015.07.064 7752:Geophysical Research Letters 7638:10.1016/0022-3697(86)90126-5 7595:10.1016/0022-3697(84)90008-8 7525:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90366-X 7294:10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139325 7092:10.1524/zkri.218.2.117.20669 6569:London South Bank University 6153:London South Bank University 6054:London South Bank University 5972:London South Bank University 5650:London South Bank University 5642:"Ice-six (Ice VI) structure" 5627:Reports: Structure of Ice VI 5539:London South Bank University 5508:10.1126/science.166.3907.861 5481:London South Bank University 5403:London South Bank University 5380:London South Bank University 5357:London South Bank University 4766:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/025008 3386:10.1126/science.115.2989.385 3095: 2473:Ice XVIII (superionic water) 2440: 1368:crystalline variant of ice. 490:atom. This residual entropy 255:glass transition temperature 7: 11753:Discussion of amorphous ice 11686:Water Structure and Science 11641:The Chemical Physics of Ice 11410:10.1088/0067-0049/184/2/361 10819:10.1088/0004-6256/145/5/122 10462:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.10.007 9684:10.1016/j.jastp.2014.12.005 9644:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.10.007 9609:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.06.001 9466:Water Structure and Science 9077:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00125 8656:10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.2284 8000:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1533 7316:Journal of Chemical Physics 6954:10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00492 6565:Water Structure and Science 6149:Water Structure and Science 6050:Water Structure and Science 5802:10.1103/PhysRevB.105.104109 5646:Water Structure and Science 5535:Water Structure and Science 5477:Water Structure and Science 5399:Water Structure and Science 5376:Water Structure and Science 5353:Water Structure and Science 4968:Journal of Chemical Physics 4440:Nagle, J. F. (1966-08-01). 4411:. Oxford University Press. 3261:Journal of Chemical Physics 2766:Earth's natural environment 2727:Clausius–Clapeyron relation 2364: 2206:is cooled to below 72 2024:2GPa (formation from ice VI 747:Boltzmann's entropy formula 10: 12494: 11507:10.1038/s41567-021-01334-9 10954:10.1051/0004-6361:20048004 10933:Astronomy and Astrophysics 10726:Astronomy and Astrophysics 10507:Astronomy and Astrophysics 9755:Sid Perkins (2018-03-08). 9219:10.1038/s41467-021-23399-z 9148:10.1038/s41467-021-21161-z 8596:10.1038/s41467-020-14346-5 8523:"Ice-seventeen (Ice XVII)" 7683:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.024302 7156:Journal of Applied Physics 6759:10.1038/s41467-021-21351-9 6561:"Ice-seventeen (Ice XVII)" 6012:10.1038/s41467-021-23403-6 4513:10.1088/0370-1328/84/6/318 4354:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.092202 3135: 2837:negative thermal expansion 2622: 2563:and super heating it with 2160: 1381:NA (atmospheric or lower) 455: 275:hyperquenched glassy water 158:Crystal structure of ice I 12409: 12376: 12340: 12294: 12238: 12221:Short-track speed skating 12166: 12118: 12109: 11968: 11882: 11856: 11839: 11682:"Hexagonal ice structure" 11292:The Astrophysical Journal 10892:The Astrophysical Journal 10757:Astronomische Nachrichten 10442:J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys 10032:10.1017/S0033583500004297 9443:10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00128.1 8722:10.1038/s41567-017-0017-4 7616:doped with KOD: Ice XI". 6830:10.1038/s41567-018-0094-z 6615:10.1038/s41586-019-1114-6 6237:"A Very Special Snowball" 5578:10.1107/S0365110X67001409 4653:10.1038/s41563-020-0696-6 4599:10.1038/s41563-020-0606-y 3444:10.1107/S0108768194004933 3193:It is theorized that the 3069: 2846:, a small amount of ice I 2794:Virtually all ice in the 2279:density functional theory 2271: 2173: 2116: 2054: 1315:Virtually all ice in the 389:, though this definition 309:Pressure-dependent states 263:physical vapor deposition 194:hexagonal rings, with an 123: 10835:The Astronomical Journal 10798:The Astronomical Journal 9819:Chemical Physics Letters 9266:"The Many Phases of Ice" 8218:Chemical Physics Letters 7352:"Static compression of H 7274:Chemical Physics Letters 7112:Bridgman, P. W. (1935), 6868:10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09544 4888:10.1126/science.11539186 3225: 3184:mentioned in Vonnegut's 3077:29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 2938:environmental technology 2918:cryo-electron microscopy 2868:polar mesospheric clouds 2260:Ferroelectric properties 2213:Water molecules in ice I 1585:1.24 g cm (at 350 MPa). 11831: 11769:(requires registration) 11542:. Article number: 203. 10945:2004A&A...422L..43F 10751:Gronkowski, P. (2007). 10738:1994A&A...286..659T 10519:1994A&A...290.1009K 10411:1983Ap&SS..94..177S 10383:10.1093/mnras/271.2.481 9725:10.1126/science.aao3030 9555:10.1073/pnas.1210331110 8489:10.1073/pnas.1900739116 8157:Physical Review Letters 8048:10.1073/pnas.1010310108 7980:Physical Review Letters 7421:10.1126/science.1067746 7280:, Elsevier BV: 139325, 6192:10.1126/science.1123896 6101:10.1126/science.1123896 5314:Oxford University Press 4246:10.1126/science.abq2105 3812:Physical Review Letters 3623:Physical Review Letters 3588:10.1126/science.1061757 3474:Physical Review Letters 3422:Between 10 and 265 K". 2609:University of Rochester 2313:as had been predicted. 2104:F-doped ices because NH 1269:Temperature thresholds 253:of liquid water to its 11137:10.1006/icar.1997.5778 10778:10.1002/asna.200510657 8998:Thoeny AV; Gasser TM; 8404:(20). AIP Publishing. 8224:. Elsevier BV: 63–66. 6145:"Ice-twelve (Ice XII)" 5731:10.1073/pnas.52.6.1433 5558:Acta Crystallographica 5425:(13). AIP Publishing. 4688:Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 3925:Murphy, D. M. (2005). 2791: 2779: 2761:Practical implications 2715: 2374: 2191: 2183: 2051: 1999:1.2GPa (from ice VII) 1979:Near that of ice XVI. 1976:1.2GPa (from ice III) 1893:1.2GPa (from ice VII) 1281:Other characteristics 1239: 1155: 1092: 1053: 1034: 946: 841: 737: 614: 537: 477: 409: 350: 318: 171: 163: 93: 11585:Nature Communications 11535:Nature Communications 10584:Astrophysical Journal 10323:Astrophysical Journal 10091:10.3390/challe8010003 8566:Nature Communications 7150:Evans, L. F. (1967), 7042:Colin Lobban (1998), 6489:Nature Communications 6046:"Ice-eleven (ice XI)" 5991:Nature Communications 5968:"Ice-seven (Ice VII)" 5764:"Ice VII (ice-seven)" 5554:"Structure of ice. V" 5372:"Ice-three (Ice III)" 5110:Astrophysical Journal 4915:Astrophysical Journal 4739:Murray, B.J. (2008). 4540:Universität Innsbruck 3066:orbit (~12 AU). 2785: 2773: 2716: 2372: 2189: 2181: 2049: 1240: 1156: 1093: 1051: 1035: 947: 842: 738: 615: 538: 471: 407: 348: 316: 265:) onto a very smooth 169: 157: 84:pressure-temperature 80: 11634:(www.idc-online.com) 11108:Showman, A. (1997). 11087:10.1029/2003JE002149 9371:in the Atmosphere". 8850:10.1038/news050321-4 7773:10.1029/2011GL048217 7581:(11–12): 1135–1144. 7560:10.1143/JPSJ.32.1442 5034:Smithsonian Magazine 2786:Phase space of ice I 2685: 2542:superionic conductor 2066:atmospheric pressure 1272:Pressure thresholds 1166: 1105: 1061: 960: 863: 753: 650: 622:Binomial coefficient 577: 503: 12317:Iceman (occupation) 11597:2011NatCo...2..563W 11548:2011NatCo...2..203C 11499:2021NatPh..17.1228C 11401:2009ApJS..184..361A 11304:2006ApJ...652L..57F 11194:2005DPS....37.4902M 11129:1997Icar..129..367S 11079:2004JGRE..109.1012H 11033:1999Sci...284.1514S 11027:(5419): 1514–1516. 10990:10.1038/nature03111 10982:2004Natur.432..731J 10904:1999ApJ...519L.101B 10857:2001AJ....122.2099J 10810:2013AJ....145..122H 10769:2007AN....328..126G 10703:2009Icar..201..719M 10650:1990ApJ...355L..27O 10596:1995ApJ...455..389J 10553:1990Natur.344..134K 10454:2010JASTP..72...51M 10374:1994MNRAS.271..481S 10335:1992ApJ...401..353M 10295:1981CP.....56..367H 10260:1998JGR...10325809G 10211:2008Icar..193..397N 10157:2003PhT....56f..40D 9974:2015PCCP...1712458Y 9958:(19): 12458–12461. 9925:2010JMoSt.976..174F 9870:2004JChPh.12011376F 9831:1998CPL...294..554F 9716:2018Sci...359.1136T 9710:(6380): 1136–1139. 9675:2015JASTP.127...78M 9636:2010JASTP..72...51M 9601:2009JASTP..71..453L 9546:2012PNAS..10921259K 9540:(52): 21259–21264. 9435:2015BAMS...96.1519M 9385:1981Sci...211..389W 9338:10.1038/nature03403 9330:2005Natur.434..202M 9211:2021NatCo..12.3162S 9140:2021NatCo..12.1128G 9020:2019PCCP...2115452T 9014:(28): 15452–15462. 9008:Phys Chem Chem Phys 8808:2005PhRvL..94l5508G 8714:2018NatPh..14..297M 8648:1988PhRvL..60.2284D 8588:2020NatCo..11..464K 8480:2019PNAS..11612684L 8474:(26): 12684–12691. 8420:2016JChPh.145t4501S 8348:2016NatSR...628920K 8293:2018JChPh.148x4507R 8240:2015CPL...637...63S 8179:2009PhRvL.103j5701S 8039:2011PNAS..108.3481Z 7992:1998PhRvL..80.1533S 7912:1999Natur.397..212B 7896:"Ferroelectric ice" 7857:2011PCCP...1319788R 7814:2011JChPh.134j4506A 7764:2011GeoRL..3816101A 7718:2010JMoSt.972..111A 7675:2006PhRvB..74b4302C 7630:1986JPCS...47..165M 7587:1984JPCS...45.1135T 7552:1972JPSJ...32.1442K 7517:1964PhL.....9..291D 7413:2002Sci...295.1264K 7374:1987Natur.330..737H 7328:1993JChPh..99.9842P 7286:2022CPL...78939325R 7240:2011PCCP...1318468S 7228:Phys Chem Chem Phys 7168:1967JAP....38.4930E 7130:1935JChPh...3..597B 7084:2003ZK....218..117K 6906:1981JChPh..75.5887E 6822:2018NatPh..14..569S 6751:2021NatCo..12.1129Y 6607:2019Natur.569..251M 6519:10.1038/ncomms13394 6511:2016NatCo...713394D 6409:10.1038/nature14295 6401:2015Natur.519..443A 6341:(30): 10298–10307. 6291:10.1038/nature14014 6283:2014Natur.516..231F 6184:2006Sci...311.1758S 6093:2006Sci...311.1758S 6087:(5768): 1758–1761. 6003:2021NatCo..12.3161H 5918:1973JChPh..58..567L 5883:1968JChPh..48.2362W 5845:1966JChPh..45.3976W 5794:2022PhRvB.105j4109G 5722:1964PNAS...52.1433K 5681:2017RSCAd...731789Y 5675:(51): 31789–31794. 5570:1967AcCry..22..706K 5431:2021JChPh.154m4504S 5395:"Ice-four (Ice IV)" 5264:2001PCCP....3.5355L 5218:1996Natur.384..546M 5175:1985Natur.314...76M 5122:1995ApJ...455..389J 5076:1984Natur.310..393M 4980:1997JChPh.107.1232J 4927:1996ApJ...473.1104J 4880:1994Sci...265..753J 4794:1960Natur.188.1144D 4788:(4757): 1144–1148. 4757:2008ERL.....3b5008M 4700:2006PCCP....8..186M 4645:2020NatMa..19..586S 4591:2020NatMa..19..663D 4505:1964PPS....84.1001H 4458:1966JMP.....7.1484N 4392:10.1021/ja01315a102 4346:2007PhRvB..75i2202B 4297:1933JChPh...1..515B 4238:2023Sci...379..474R 4176:2018PCCP...2021607F 4170:(33): 21607–21616. 4164:Phys Chem Chem Phys 4109:10.1038/ncomms16189 4101:2018NatCo...916189K 4054:10.1038/nature04415 4046:2006Natur.439..183I 3943:2005QJRMS.131.1539M 3904:1994JPCRD..23..515W 3834:2010PhRvL.105s5701M 3774:2009JChPh.131c4510C 3700:2020JChPh.153j4503M 3645:2017PhRvL.119m6002M 3580:2001Sci...294.2335V 3486:2018PhRvL.121r5505B 3436:1994AcCrB..50..644R 3378:1952Sci...115..385B 3308:1999Natur.398..681K 3273:1973JChPh..58..567L 3083:Kuiper Belt objects 2994:interstellar medium 2957:van der Waals force 2679:Rietveld refinement 2633:dielectric spectrum 2631:(DSC) thermograms, 2607:, was taken to the 2605:diamond anvil cells 2594:face-centered cubic 2590:body-centered cubic 2578:face-centered cubic 2042:History of research 1945:van der Waals force 1535:Very high relative 1394:than normal water. 749:, we conclude that 624:). Thus, there are 422:heat of sublimation 357:can coexist at the 331:face-centered cubic 327:body-centered cubic 297:analysis utilizing 11869:Crystalline phases 11606:10.1038/ncomms1566 11557:10.1038/ncomms1198 11431:The New York Times 10419:10.1007/BF00651770 10111:The New York Times 9982:10.1039/C5CP01529D 9786:Netburn, Deborah. 9502:10.1039/c4cp02893g 9292:Physical chemistry 9278:on 7 October 2009. 9029:10.1039/c9cp02147g 8967:10.1039/c8sc03647k 8896:The New York Times 8336:Scientific Reports 7865:10.1039/c1cp22506e 7248:10.1039/c1cp21712g 6675:10.1039/c8sc00135a 5690:10.1039/C7RA05563C 5531:"Ice-five (Ice V)" 5473:"Ice-five (Ice V)" 5349:"Ice-two (Ice II)" 5316:. pp. 61–70. 5016:. 4 February 2023. 4185:10.1039/c8cp03786h 4013:on 21 January 2018 3937:(608): 1539–1565. 3345:on 16 October 2016 3215:body-centred cubic 3166:extrasolar planets 3059:circumstellar disk 3023:noctilucent clouds 2859:noctilucent clouds 2792: 2780: 2711: 2553:diamond anvil cell 2411:clathrate hydrates 2375: 2192: 2184: 2139:to prepare ice IV 2052: 1903:clathrate hydrates 1597:in the unit cell. 1358:Similar to Ice Ih 1292:12,976 - 8,476 BC 1266:Year of discovery 1235: 1151: 1088: 1054: 1030: 942: 857:molar gas constant 853:Boltzmann constant 837: 733: 610: 602: 533: 478: 410: 351: 319: 227:hexagonal symmetry 172: 164: 94: 12450: 12449: 12431:Wikimedia Commons 12234: 12233: 11680:Chaplin, Martin. 11483:(11): 1228–1232. 11341:10.1021/jp982549e 10547:(6262): 134–135. 10480:Solar System Ices 10268:10.1029/98je00738 10165:10.1063/1.1595053 9913:J. Mol. Structure 9878:10.1063/1.1765099 9792:Los Angeles Times 9456:Chaplin, Martin. 9379:(4480): 389–390. 9324:(7030): 202–205. 9264:Norman Anderson. 8642:(22): 2284–2287. 8521:Chaplin, Martin. 8428:10.1063/1.4967167 8356:10.1038/srep28920 8301:10.1063/1.5022159 8094:10.1021/jp0540609 7957:10.1021/jp982549e 7951:(46): 9203–9214. 7906:(6716): 212–213. 7822:10.1063/1.3551620 7653:Physical Review B 7368:(6150): 737–740, 7322:(12): 9842–9846. 7210:10.1021/jp014391v 7188:Salzmann, C. G., 7176:10.1063/1.1709255 7138:10.1063/1.1749561 7030:10.1021/jp021534k 6669:(18): 4224–4234. 6601:(7755): 251–255. 6559:Chaplin, Martin. 6385:(7544): 443–445. 6348:10.1021/jp903439a 6277:(7530): 231–233. 6178:(5768): 1758–61. 6143:Chaplin, Martin. 6044:Chaplin, Martin. 5926:10.1063/1.1679238 5891:10.1063/1.1669438 5853:10.1063/1.1727447 5839:(11): 3976–3982. 5640:Chaplin, Martin. 5529:Chaplin, Martin. 5471:Chaplin, Martin. 5439:10.1063/5.0045443 5393:Chaplin, Martin. 5370:Chaplin, Martin. 5347:Chaplin, Martin. 5258:(24): 5355–5357. 5212:(6609): 546–549. 5070:(5976): 393–395. 4802:10.1038/1881144a0 4466:10.1063/1.1705058 4426:978-0-19-851894-5 4386:(12): 2680–2684. 4324:Physical Review B 4305:10.1063/1.1749327 4232:(6631): 474–478. 4040:(7073): 183–186. 3782:10.1063/1.3182727 3768:(34510): 034510. 3708:10.1063/5.0018923 3372:(2989): 385–390. 3302:(6729): 681–684. 3281:10.1063/1.1679238 2877:found in natural 2703: 2693: 2652:chloride-doped, D 2641:X-ray diffraction 2496:in the O lattice. 2380:clathrate hydrate 2307:antiferroelectric 2082:equilibrium curve 2039: 2038: 1710:2022 (contested) 1355:NA (atmospheric) 1306:NA (atmospheric) 595: 452:Hydrogen disorder 420:, and its latent 208:tetrahedral angle 176:crystal structure 150:Crystal structure 100:are all possible 75: 74: 16:(Redirected from 12485: 12478:Hydrogen storage 12440: 12429: 12428: 12418: 12417: 12116: 12115: 11826: 11819: 11812: 11803: 11802: 11749: 11734: 11702:Physik des Eises 11693: 11676: 11655: 11619: 11618: 11608: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11559: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11492: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11452:Charlie Osolin. 11449: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11421: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11177: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11155:science.nasa.gov 11147: 11141: 11140: 11114: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11062: 11053: 11052: 11016: 11010: 11009: 10965: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10850: 10848:astro-ph/0107277 10841:(4): 2099–2114. 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10748: 10742: 10741: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10686: 10680: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10661: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10615: 10613:2060/19980018148 10579: 10573: 10572: 10561:10.1038/344134a0 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10504: 10495: 10484: 10483: 10475: 10466: 10465: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10318: 10307: 10306: 10283:Chemical Physics 10278: 10272: 10271: 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10196: 10187: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10142: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10093: 10069: 10052: 10051: 10017: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9967: 9943: 9937: 9936: 9919:(1–3): 174–180. 9908: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9888:. Archived from 9849: 9843: 9842: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9727: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9686: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9595:(3–4): 453–463. 9584: 9578: 9577: 9567: 9557: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9504: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9429:(9): 1519–1531. 9420: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9270: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9248: 9240: 9230: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9177: 9169: 9159: 9119: 9113: 9112: 9106: 9098: 9088: 9071:(3): 1106–1111. 9065:J Phys Chem Lett 9056: 9050: 9049: 9031: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8978: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8887: 8878: 8877: 8865: 8854: 8853: 8837: 8828: 8827: 8793: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8751: 8742: 8741: 8691: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8633: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8607: 8581: 8557: 8548: 8547: 8541: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8501: 8491: 8459: 8448: 8447: 8413: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8375: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8286: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8233: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8172: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8060: 8050: 8033:(9): 3481–3486. 8018: 8012: 8011: 7986:(7): 1533–1536. 7975: 7969: 7968: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7923: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7851:(44): 19788–95. 7840: 7834: 7833: 7797: 7791: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7743: 7730: 7729: 7712:(1–3): 111–114. 7701: 7695: 7694: 7668: 7666:cond-mat/0511092 7648: 7642: 7641: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7483: 7477:. Archived from 7469:(4): S170–S175. 7460: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7382:10.1038/330737a0 7347: 7341: 7339: 7336:10.1063/1.465467 7311: 7305: 7304: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7234:(41): 18468–80, 7219: 7213: 7212: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7147: 7141: 7140: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000:10.1063/1.438173 6979: 6973: 6972: 6947: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6914:10.1063/1.442040 6885: 6879: 6878: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6788: 6780: 6770: 6730: 6721: 6720: 6708: 6697: 6696: 6686: 6654: 6643: 6642: 6586: 6573: 6572: 6556: 6541: 6540: 6530: 6504: 6480: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6438: 6429: 6428: 6394: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6360: 6350: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6310: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6219: 6211: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6140: 6121: 6120: 6076: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6024: 6014: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5944: 5938: 5937: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5877:(5): 2362–2370. 5866: 5857: 5856: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5777: 5768: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5743: 5733: 5716:(6): 1433–1439. 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5637: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5605:10.2307/20022754 5588: 5582: 5581: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5344: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5303: 5284: 5283: 5272:10.1039/b108676f 5248:Loerting, Thomas 5244: 5238: 5237: 5226:10.1038/384546a0 5201: 5195: 5194: 5183:10.1038/314076a0 5158: 5152: 5151: 5141: 5139:2060/19980018148 5105: 5096: 5095: 5084:10.1038/310393a0 5059: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4988:10.1063/1.474468 4963: 4957: 4956: 4938: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4859: 4846: 4845: 4833: 4822: 4821: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4708:10.1039/b513480c 4679: 4673: 4672: 4633:Nature Materials 4628: 4619: 4618: 4584: 4569:Nature Materials 4564: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4499:(6): 1001–1016. 4484: 4478: 4477: 4452:(8): 1484–1491. 4437: 4431: 4430: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4339: 4337:cond-mat/0609211 4315: 4309: 4308: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4217: 4206: 4205: 4187: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4130: 4120: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3952:10.1256/qj.04.94 3922: 3916: 3915: 3912:10.1063/1.555947 3887: 3881: 3880: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3827: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3719: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3638: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3574:(5550): 2335–8. 3563: 3557: 3556: 3545:10.2307/20022754 3528: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3497: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3424:Acta Crystallogr 3407: 3398: 3397: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3337:Dutch, Stephen. 3334: 3328: 3327: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3256: 3239: 3236: 3207:Machine learning 3054:Molecular clouds 3042:Peter Jenniskens 2934:hydrogen storage 2806:, also known as 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2569:phase transition 2505: 2485: 2436: 2432: 2091: 2090: 1625:Debye relaxation 1541:specific gravity 1526: 1329:refractive index 1260: 1259: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1210: 1209: 1197: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1144: 1143: 1131: 1117: 1116: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1016: 1002: 1001: 986: 972: 971: 951: 949: 948: 943: 941: 940: 932: 926: 925: 917: 902: 885: 850: 846: 844: 843: 838: 827: 801: 800: 788: 765: 764: 742: 740: 739: 734: 729: 728: 716: 702: 701: 697: 681: 670: 669: 665: 645: 641: 634: 627: 619: 617: 616: 611: 603: 601: 600: 587: 572: 561: 542: 540: 539: 534: 498: 487:residual entropy 431: 429: 419: 384: 382: 381: 378: 375: 353:Ice, water, and 341:Heat and entropy 325:would take on a 188:wurtzite lattice 102:states of matter 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21: 12493: 12492: 12488: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12453: 12452: 12451: 12446: 12405: 12372: 12336: 12290: 12230: 12162: 12111: 12105: 11976:Albedo feedback 11964: 11878: 11864:Amorphous solid 11852: 11835: 11830: 11745:Quanta Magazine 11711: 11673: 11652: 11628: 11626:Further reading 11623: 11622: 11577: 11573: 11526: 11522: 11473: 11469: 11459: 11457: 11450: 11446: 11436: 11434: 11422: 11418: 11381: 11377: 11360: 11356: 11325: 11321: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11231: 11227: 11218: 11216: 11207: 11205: 11201: 11178: 11169: 11159: 11157: 11149: 11148: 11144: 11112: 11106: 11102: 11063: 11056: 11017: 11013: 10976:(7018): 731–3. 10966: 10962: 10925: 10921: 10884: 10880: 10831: 10827: 10790: 10786: 10749: 10745: 10722: 10718: 10687: 10683: 10678: 10674: 10633: 10629: 10580: 10576: 10537: 10533: 10525: 10502: 10496: 10487: 10476: 10469: 10438: 10434: 10395: 10391: 10354: 10350: 10319: 10310: 10279: 10275: 10245: 10240: 10236: 10194: 10188: 10179: 10169: 10167: 10140: 10134: 10130: 10120: 10118: 10103: 10099: 10070: 10055: 10015: 10009: 10005: 9949: 9944: 9940: 9909: 9905: 9895: 9893: 9892:on 29 July 2012 9864:(24): 11376–9. 9850: 9846: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9753: 9749: 9696: 9692: 9655: 9651: 9620: 9616: 9585: 9581: 9529: 9522: 9518: 9481: 9477: 9461: 9454: 9450: 9418: 9412: 9408: 9370: 9365: 9361: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9287: 9283: 9275: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9242: 9241: 9191: 9187: 9171: 9170: 9120: 9116: 9100: 9099: 9057: 9053: 8996: 8992: 8947: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8923:Langin, Katie. 8921: 8917: 8908: 8906: 8888: 8881: 8866: 8857: 8838: 8831: 8796:Phys. Rev. Lett 8791: 8785: 8781: 8772: 8770: 8752: 8745: 8692: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8636:Phys. Rev. Lett 8631: 8625: 8621: 8558: 8551: 8535: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8519: 8515: 8460: 8451: 8393: 8389: 8328: 8324: 8267: 8263: 8214: 8210: 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8121: 8117: 8078: 8074: 8019: 8015: 7976: 7972: 7941: 7937: 7892: 7888: 7841: 7837: 7798: 7794: 7785: 7781: 7744: 7733: 7702: 7698: 7649: 7645: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7571: 7567: 7536: 7532: 7505:Physics Letters 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7484:on 14 July 2014 7481: 7458: 7455: 7448: 7444: 7401: 7397: 7355: 7348: 7344: 7312: 7308: 7266: 7262: 7220: 7216: 7186: 7182: 7148: 7144: 7110: 7106: 7064: 7060: 7040: 7036: 7010: 7006: 6980: 6976: 6924: 6920: 6886: 6882: 6848: 6844: 6802: 6798: 6782: 6781: 6731: 6724: 6709: 6700: 6655: 6646: 6587: 6576: 6557: 6544: 6481: 6460: 6451: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6375: 6371: 6361: 6325: 6321: 6311: 6267: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6233: 6229: 6213: 6212: 6164: 6160: 6141: 6124: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6042: 6038: 5983: 5979: 5964: 5960: 5953:Popular Science 5945: 5941: 5902: 5898: 5867: 5860: 5829: 5825: 5778: 5771: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5702: 5698: 5661: 5657: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5620: 5599:(13): 441–558. 5589: 5585: 5550: 5546: 5527: 5523: 5492: 5488: 5469: 5462: 5414: 5410: 5391: 5387: 5368: 5364: 5345: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5304: 5287: 5245: 5241: 5202: 5198: 5169:(6006): 76–78. 5159: 5155: 5106: 5099: 5060: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5025: 5021: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4964: 4960: 4907: 4903: 4874:(5173): 753–6. 4860: 4849: 4834: 4825: 4778: 4774: 4737: 4733: 4680: 4676: 4629: 4622: 4565: 4554: 4545: 4543: 4532: 4528: 4485: 4481: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4403: 4399: 4373: 4369: 4316: 4312: 4281: 4277: 4218: 4209: 4152: 4148: 4132: 4131: 4081: 4077: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3982: 3975:"SI base units" 3973: 3972: 3968: 3923: 3919: 3888: 3884: 3869: 3865: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3756: 3749: 3680: 3676: 3615: 3611: 3564: 3560: 3539:(13): 441–558. 3529: 3525: 3509: 3508: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3339:"Ice Structure" 3335: 3331: 3292: 3288: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3228: 3138: 3098: 3085: 3072: 3051: 3018: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2914: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2849: 2845: 2834: 2829: 2813: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2768: 2763: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2655: 2625: 2573:computer models 2526: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2497: 2486: 2475: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2433:10 m; 2.40 2430: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2367: 2348: 2328: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2274: 2262: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2229: 2216: 2205: 2201: 2196:internal energy 2176: 2168: 2163: 2154: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2075: 2057: 2044: 2027: 2020: 1947:, which allows 1912: 1908: 1789: 1777: 1760: 1741: 1696:1.16 g/cm 1653: 1524: 1485: 1469:NA (amorphous) 1444:NA (amorphous) 1418:NA (amorphous) 1415:1.06±0.06 g cm 1387:NA (amorphous) 1384:0.94 g/cm 1350: 1339: 1326: 1322: 1289: 1251: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1046: 1024: 1020: 1012: 994: 990: 982: 967: 963: 961: 958: 957: 933: 928: 927: 918: 907: 906: 898: 881: 864: 861: 860: 848: 823: 796: 792: 784: 760: 756: 754: 751: 750: 724: 720: 712: 693: 689: 685: 677: 661: 657: 653: 651: 648: 647: 643: 639: 636: 632: 629: 625: 596: 583: 582: 580: 578: 575: 574: 570: 567: 559: 549: 504: 501: 500: 497: 494: 491: 475: 464: 454: 440: 427: 425: 418:5987 J/mol 417: 414:heat of melting 379: 376: 373: 372: 370: 369:was defined as 343: 311: 299:neural networks 283:liquid nitrogen 259:crystal lattice 247:amorphous solid 243: 236: 224: 217: 185: 161: 152: 126: 118: 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12491: 12481: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12444: 12433: 12422: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12404: 12403: 12401:Snowball Earth 12398: 12393: 12391:Little Ice Age 12388: 12382: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12298: 12296: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12242: 12240: 12236: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12201:Figure skating 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12172: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12119: 12113: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11986:Circle or disc 11983: 11978: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11886: 11884: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11853: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11829: 11828: 11821: 11814: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11781:phase diagrams 11770: 11760: 11750: 11735: 11710: 11709:External links 11707: 11706: 11705: 11699: 11694: 11677: 11671: 11665:. OUP Oxford. 11662:Physics of Ice 11656: 11650: 11635: 11627: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11571: 11520: 11477:Nature Physics 11467: 11444: 11416: 11395:(2): 361–365. 11375: 11354: 11319: 11313:10.1086/510017 11298:(1): L57–L60. 11278: 11252: 11225: 11199: 11167: 11142: 11123:(2): 367–383. 11100: 11073:(E1): E01012. 11054: 11011: 10960: 10919: 10913:10.1086/312098 10878: 10865:10.1086/323304 10825: 10784: 10763:(2): 126–136. 10743: 10716: 10697:(2): 719–739. 10681: 10672: 10659:10.1086/185730 10627: 10604:10.1086/176585 10574: 10531: 10485: 10467: 10432: 10405:(1): 177–189. 10389: 10368:(2): 481–489. 10348: 10343:10.1086/172065 10308: 10289:(3): 367–379. 10273: 10254:(E11): 25809. 10243: 10234: 10205:(2): 397–406. 10177: 10128: 10097: 10053: 10026:(2): 129–228. 10003: 9947: 9938: 9903: 9844: 9825:(6): 554–558. 9809: 9778: 9747: 9690: 9649: 9614: 9579: 9527: 9516: 9475: 9459: 9448: 9406: 9368: 9359: 9308: 9302:978-1429218122 9301: 9281: 9256: 9185: 9114: 9051: 8990: 8961:(2): 515–523. 8941: 8915: 8879: 8855: 8829: 8802:(12): 125508. 8779: 8743: 8708:(3): 297–302. 8701:Nature Physics 8681: 8669: 8619: 8549: 8513: 8449: 8387: 8322: 8261: 8208: 8163:(10): 105701. 8147: 8115: 8072: 8013: 7970: 7935: 7886: 7835: 7808:(10): 104506. 7792: 7779: 7731: 7696: 7643: 7624:(2): 165–173. 7613: 7609: 7600: 7565: 7530: 7511:(4): 291–292. 7495: 7453: 7442: 7395: 7353: 7342: 7306: 7260: 7214: 7180: 7142: 7104: 7058: 7034: 7004: 6974: 6918: 6880: 6842: 6810:Nature Physics 6796: 6722: 6698: 6644: 6574: 6542: 6458: 6430: 6369: 6319: 6258: 6227: 6158: 6122: 6068: 6059: 6036: 5977: 5958: 5939: 5912:(2): 567–580. 5896: 5858: 5823: 5788:(10): 104109. 5769: 5755: 5696: 5655: 5632: 5618: 5583: 5564:(5): 706–715. 5544: 5521: 5486: 5460: 5408: 5385: 5362: 5336: 5322: 5285: 5239: 5196: 5153: 5130:10.1086/176585 5097: 5047: 5019: 5001: 4974:(4): 1232–41. 4958: 4936:10.1086/178220 4921:(2): 1104–13. 4901: 4847: 4823: 4772: 4745:Env. Res. Lett 4731: 4694:(1): 186–192. 4674: 4639:(6): 586–587. 4620: 4575:(6): 663–668. 4552: 4526: 4479: 4432: 4425: 4408:Physics of Ice 4397: 4376:Pauling, Linus 4367: 4310: 4275: 4207: 4146: 4075: 4024: 3992: 3966: 3917: 3898:(3): 515–527. 3882: 3863: 3818:(19): 195701. 3802: 3747: 3694:(10): 104503. 3674: 3629:(13): 136002. 3609: 3558: 3523: 3480:(18): 185505. 3467: 3463: 3449: 3430:(6): 644–648. 3419: 3415: 3411: 3399: 3356: 3329: 3286: 3267:(2): 567–580. 3250: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3137: 3134: 3097: 3094: 3084: 3081: 3071: 3068: 3050: 3047: 3017: 3014: 2989: 2986: 2972: 2968: 2913: 2912:Human industry 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2847: 2843: 2832: 2827: 2824:hydrogen bonds 2816:global climate 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2653: 2637:Raman spectrum 2624: 2621: 2517: 2516: 2507: 2500: 2499: 2490:electric field 2487: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2439: 2418: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393:) and water (H 2390: 2386: 2366: 2363: 2346: 2326: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2273: 2270: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2231: 2227: 2214: 2203: 2199: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2073: 2056: 2053: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1953:graphene oxide 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1533: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1250: 1247: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1150: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1045: 1042: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 978: 975: 970: 966: 939: 936: 931: 924: 921: 916: 913: 910: 905: 901: 897: 894: 891: 888: 884: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 836: 833: 830: 826: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 763: 759: 732: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 708: 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 637: 630: 609: 606: 599: 594: 591: 586: 568: 548: 545: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 495: 492: 473: 453: 450: 438: 434:hydrogen bonds 342: 339: 323:superionic ice 310: 307: 295:classification 242: 239: 234: 222: 215: 200:hydrogen bonds 183: 159: 151: 148: 125: 122: 116: 90:Roman numerals 88:of water. The 73: 72: 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12490: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12458: 12443: 12439: 12434: 12432: 12423: 12421: 12412: 12411: 12408: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12339: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12293: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12239:Constructions 12237: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12216:Speed skating 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12117: 12114: 12108: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11838: 11834: 11827: 11822: 11820: 11815: 11813: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11712: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11678: 11674: 11672:9780191581342 11668: 11664: 11663: 11657: 11653: 11651:9780521112307 11647: 11643: 11642: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11616: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11524: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11471: 11455: 11448: 11433: 11432: 11427: 11420: 11411: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11370: 11365: 11358: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11323: 11314: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11282: 11267: 11266:New Scientist 11263: 11256: 11240: 11236: 11229: 11214: 11210: 11203: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11156: 11152: 11146: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11111: 11104: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11061: 11059: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10964: 10955: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10923: 10914: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10820: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10788: 10779: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10720: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10685: 10676: 10669: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10631: 10623: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10578: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10501: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10481: 10474: 10472: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10393: 10384: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10277: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10238: 10229: 10228:1721.1/114323 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10145:Physics Today 10139: 10132: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10101: 10092: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10021: 10014: 10007: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9942: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9685: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9452: 9444: 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3831: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3717:11573/1440448 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316:10.1038/19480 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3080: 3078: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3032:cryovolcanism 3027: 3024: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001:near-infrared 2997: 2995: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2964: 2962: 2961:physisorption 2958: 2954: 2953:chemisorption 2950: 2949:liquification 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2909: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2842:Besides ice I 2840: 2838: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2808:ice-phase-one 2805: 2802:(pronounced: 2797: 2784: 2772: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2708: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2619:in May 2019. 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534:hydrogen ions 2531: 2521: 2511: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2470: 2448: 2438: 2437:10 in). 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2383: 2381: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2311:ferroelectric 2308: 2302: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2269: 2267: 2266:ferroelectric 2257: 2242: 2235: 2225: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2197: 2188: 2180: 2171: 2158: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2114: 2093: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2048: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1848:Orthorhombic 1847: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1755:Ferroelectric 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1565:Rhombohedral 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527:(at 350 MPa) 1523: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408:NA (requires 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1364:A metastable 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1303:) (freezing) 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1278:Crystal form 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1246: 1229: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1050: 1041: 1040:, as before. 1025: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1003: 998: 995: 987: 983: 979: 973: 968: 964: 953: 937: 934: 922: 919: 903: 895: 892: 886: 882: 878: 872: 869: 866: 858: 855:and R is the 854: 834: 828: 824: 820: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 797: 789: 785: 781: 775: 772: 769: 766: 761: 757: 748: 743: 730: 725: 717: 713: 709: 703: 698: 694: 690: 682: 678: 674: 666: 662: 658: 654: 623: 607: 604: 592: 589: 564: 556: 554: 553:Linus Pauling 544: 527: 524: 521: 515: 512: 509: 506: 488: 483: 470: 466: 463: 459: 449: 445: 442: 435: 423: 415: 406: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 387:absolute zero 368: 364: 360: 356: 347: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 315: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 251:rapid cooling 248: 241:Amorphous ice 238: 232: 228: 219: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 181: 180:Linus Pauling 177: 174:The accepted 168: 156: 147: 145: 141: 136: 131: 121: 113: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98:phases of ice 91: 87: 86:phase diagram 83: 79: 69: 59: 53: 51: 46: 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 12226:Tour skating 12026:Frost flower 11857:Major phases 11792:HDA in space 11773:Glassy Water 11743: 11720: 11685: 11661: 11640: 11588: 11584: 11574: 11539: 11533: 11523: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11458:. 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A 1531:Tetragonal 1342:1943/2020 1312:Hexagonal 456:See also: 279:micrometer 229:with near 144:metastable 140:metastable 12463:Water ice 12153:Sculpture 11969:Phenomena 11515:232240463 11369:1007.1792 11349:1520-6106 11095:140162310 10668:0004-637X 10622:122950585 10427:121008219 9742:206662912 9669:: 78–82. 9046:195764029 8904:0362-4331 8768:1059-1028 8738:256703104 8436:0021-9606 8364:2045-2322 8309:0021-9606 8256:0009-2614 8170:0906.2489 8102:1520-6106 8008:121266617 7930:204990667 7691:102581583 7302:245597764 6639:256768272 6392:1412.7498 5934:0021-9606 5818:247530544 5516:0036-8075 5447:0021-9606 5148:122950585 4810:0028-0836 4669:218913209 4615:195820566 4521:0370-1328 4474:0022-2488 4362:1098-0121 4270:256504172 4254:0036-8075 4095:: 16189. 4017:6 January 3985:31 August 3961:122365938 3825:1009.4722 3742:221746507 3726:0021-9606 3470:O Ice Ih" 3195:ice giant 3174:Enaiposha 3168:(such as 3117:Enceladus 3096:Icy moons 2804:ice one h 2796:biosphere 2706:× 2696:× 2650:deuterium 2613:ice giant 2596:lattice. 2520:conductor 2492:, H ions 2441:Cubic ice 1964:Ice XVII 1812:Ice XIII 1659:Ice VIII 1623:Exhibits 1595:molecules 1525:1.16 g/cm 1331:of 1.31. 1317:biosphere 1224:⁡ 1185:× 1176:⁡ 1119:× 1080:± 1071:⁡ 974:× 935:− 920:− 904:⋅ 873:⁡ 815:⁡ 776:⁡ 525:± 516:⁡ 458:Ice rules 395:superheat 110:amorphous 50:summarize 12420:Category 12378:Ice ages 12332:Yakhchāl 12312:Icehouse 12138:Climbing 12133:Blocking 12128:Blasting 12046:Hair ice 11996:Crystals 11727:Archived 11615:22127059 11566:21343921 11239:Archived 11213:Archived 11160:25 April 11049:10348736 10998:15592406 10873:35561353 10523:Archived 10513:: 1009. 10246:O ice". 10115:Archived 10084:(1): 3. 9990:25912948 9950:O ice". 9896:22 April 9886:15268170 9802:12 March 9796:Archived 9771:March 8, 9765:Archived 9734:29590042 9574:23236184 9511:25380218 9401:17748273 9346:15758996 9237:34039987 9166:33602946 9095:31972078 9038:31257365 9002:(2019). 8985:30713649 8955:Chem Sci 8874:Phys.org 8824:15903935 8664:10038311 8614:32015342 8538:cite web 8508:31182582 8444:27908115 8382:27375120 8317:29960300 8203:13999983 8195:19792330 8110:16853726 8067:21321232 7965:97894870 7881:31673433 7873:22009223 7830:21405174 7488:24 April 7437:38999963 7429:11847334 7256:21946782 7100:96109290 7050:ProQuest 6970:13662778 6962:28323429 6876:26595233 6838:54544973 6777:33602936 6693:29780552 6663:Chem Sci 6631:31068720 6537:27819265 6417:25810206 6357:19585976 6299:25503235 6245:Archived 6208:44522271 6200:16556840 6117:44522271 6109:16556840 6031:34039991 5750:16591242 5613:20022754 5455:33832256 5280:59485355 4996:11542399 4953:33622340 4945:11539415 4896:11539186 4726:16482260 4661:32461682 4607:32015533 4262:36730416 4202:51969440 4194:30101255 4158:(2018). 4127:29923547 4062:16407948 3979:Archived 3858:15761164 3850:21231184 3790:19624212 3734:32933306 3669:44864111 3661:29341697 3604:43859537 3596:11743196 3553:20022754 3504:30444387 3394:17741864 3197:planets 3182:ice-nine 3110:Callisto 3106:Ganymede 2930:desorbed 2879:diamonds 2810:). 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