518:, ice dance teams and pair skaters have the added challenge of strengthening partnerships and ensuring that teams stay together for several years; unresolved conflict between partners can often cause the early break-up of a team. Silby further asserts that the early demise or break-up of a team is often caused by consistent and unresolved conflict between partners. Both ice dancers and pairs skaters face challenges that make conflict resolution and communication difficult: fewer available boys for girls to partner with; different priorities regarding commitment and scheduling; differences in partners' ages and developmental stages; differences in family situations; the common necessity of one or both partners moving to train at a new facility; and different skill levels when the partnership is formed. Silby estimates that the lack of effective communication within dance and pairs teams is associated with a six-fold increase in the risk of ending their partnerships. Teams with strong skills in communication and conflict resolution, however, tend to produce more successful medalists at national championship events.
886:
they must stop skating when they become aware of the problem "or at the acoustic signal of the
Referee", whichever occurs first. If any problems with the music happens within 20 seconds after they have begun their program, the team can choose to either restart their program or to continue from the point where they have stopped performing. If they decide to continue from the point where they stopped, they are continued to be judged at that point onward, as well as their performance up to that point. If any of the mentioned problems occurs over 20 seconds after the start of their program, the team can resume their program from the point of the interruption or at the point immediately before an element, if the interruption occurred at the entrance to or during the element. The element must be deleted from the team's score and the team can repeat the deleted element when they resume their program. No deductions are made for interruptions caused by music deficiencies.
856:, unlike in other disciplines wherein skaters can make up for their falls in other elements, falls in ice dance usually mean that the team will not win. White argues that falls are rare in ice dance, and since falls constitute interruptions, they tend to have large deductions because the mood of their program's theme is broken. The ISU defines a fall as the "loss of control by a Skater with the result that the majority of his/her own body weight is on the ice supported by any other part of the body other than the blades; e.g. hand(s), knee(s), back, buttock(s) or any part of the arm". The ISU defines an interruption as "the period of time starting immediately when the Competitor stops performing the program or is ordered to do so by the Referee, whichever is earlier, and ending when the Competitor resumes his performance". A study conducted during a U.S. national competition including 58 ice dancers recorded an average of 0.97 injuries per athlete.
240:, marches, and other social dances together. According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum, ice dance began with late 19th-century attempts by the Viennese and British to create ballroom-style performances on ice skates. However, figure skating historian James Hines argues that ice dance had its beginnings in hand-in-hand skating, a short-lived but popular discipline of figure skating in England in the 1890s; many of the positions used in modern ice dance can be traced back to hand-in-hand skating. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing, so unlike modern ice dance, skaters tended to keep both feet on the ice most of the time, without the "long and flowing edges associated with graceful figure skating".
448:
165:; it became an Olympic sport in 1976. In the 1980s and 1990s, there was an attempt by ice dancers, their coaches, and choreographers to move ice dance away from its ballroom origins to more theatrical performances. The ISU pushed back by tightening rules and definitions of ice dance to emphasize its connection to ballroom dancing. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, ice dance lost much of its integrity as a sport after a series of judging scandals, which also affected the other figure skating disciplines. There were calls to suspend the sport for a year to deal with the dispute, which seemed to affect ice dance teams from North America the most. Teams from North America began to dominate the sport starting in the early 2000s.
574:
320:(ISU) competitions by 2006. In 1933, the Westminster Skating Club conducted a competition encouraging the creation of new dances. Beginning in the mid-1930s, national organizations began to introduce skating proficiency tests in set-pattern dances, improve the judging of dance tests, and oversee competitions. The first national competitions occurred in England in 1934, Canada in 1935, the U.S. in 1936, and Austria in 1937. These competitions included one or more compulsory dances, the original dance, and the free dance. By the late 1930s, ice dancers swelled memberships in skating clubs throughout the world, and in Hines' words "became the backbone of skating clubs".
402:
772:
869:
dances. If they start their programs between one and thirty seconds late, they can lose one point. They can complete these programs within plus or minus ten seconds of the required times; if they cannot, judges can deduct points for finishing their program up to five seconds too early or too late. If they begin skating any element after their required time (plus the required ten seconds they have to begin), they earn no points for those elements. If the program's duration is "thirty (30) seconds or more under the required time range, no marks will be awarded".
277:
247:, known as "the Father of Figure Skating", brought his style of skating to Europe. He taught people in Vienna how to dance on the ice, both singly and with partners. Capitalizing on the popularity of the waltz in Vienna, Haines introduced the American waltz, a simple four-step sequence, each step lasting one beat of music, repeated as the partners moved in a circular pattern. By the 1880s, it and the Jackson Haines waltz, a variation of the American waltz, were among the most popular ice dances. Other popular ice dance steps included the
697:
663:, and movements), and choreography that express both the characters of the competitors and the music chosen by them. It must also display the skaters' "excellent skating technique" and creativity in expression, concept, and arrangement. The FD's choreography must reflect the music's accents, nuances, and dance character, and the ice dancers must "skate primarily in time to the rhythmic beat of the music and not to the melody alone". For senior ice dancers, the FD must have a duration of four minutes; for juniors, 3.5 minutes.
860:
interruption lasts twenty seconds but not over thirty seconds, and three points if it lasts thirty seconds but not more than forty seconds. They can lose five points if the interruption lasts three or more minutes. Teams can also lose points if a fall or interruption occurs during the beginning of an elevating moment in a dance lift, or as the man begins to lift the woman. They can lose an additional five points if the interruption is caused by an "adverse condition" up to three minutes before the start of their program.
428:
dramatic aspects of ice dance. Kestnbaum argues that there was a conflict in the ice dance community between social dance, represented by the
British, the Canadians, and the Americans, and theatrical dance represented by the Russians. Initially the historic and traditional cultural school of ice dance prevailed, but in 1998 the ISU reduced penalties for violations and relaxed rules on technical content, in what Hines describes as a "major step forward" in recognizing the move towards more theatrical skating in ice dance.
952:
the ice. If there is a costume or prop violation, the judges can deduct one point per program. Judges penalize ice dance teams with a deduction to their scores if these guidelines are not followed, although exceptions to these clothing and costume restrictions may be announced by the ISU. Costume deductions, however, are rare. According to
Newcomer, by the time skaters get to a national or world championship, they have received enough feedback about their costumes and are no longer willing to risk losing points.
154:, known as "the Father of Figure Skating", brought his style of skating, which included waltz steps and social dances, to Europe. By the end of the 19th century, waltzing competitions on the ice became popular throughout the world. By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local skating clubs in Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in England.
435:, while ice dance was struggling to retain its integrity and legitimacy as a sport, writer Jere Longman reported that ice dance was "mired in controversies", including bloc voting by the judges that favored European dance teams. There were even calls to suspend the sport for a year to deal with the dispute, which seemed to impact ice dance teams from North America the most. A series of judging scandals in the late 1990s and early 2000s, affecting most figure skating disciplines, culminated in a
29:
260:
Hines insists that the popularity of skating waltzes, which depended upon the speed and flow across the ice of couples in dance positions and not just on holding hands with a partner, ended the popularity of hand-in-hand skating. Hines writes that Vienna was "the dancing capital of Europe, both on and off skates" during the 19th century; by the end of the century, waltzing competitions became popular throughout the world. The killian, first skated in 1909 by
Austrian
754:. Ice dancers were able to create their own routines, but they had to use a set rhythm and type of music which, like the compulsory dances, changed every season and was selected by the ISU in advance. The timing and interpretation of the rhythm were considered to be the most important aspects of the routine, and were worth the highest proportion of the OD score. The routine had a two-minute time limit and the OD accounted for 30% of the overall competition score.
3647:
798:: "a movement in which one of the partners is elevated with active and/or passive assistance of the other partner to any permitted height, sustained there and set down on the ice". The ISU permits any rotation, position, and changes of position during a dance lift. Dance lifts are delineated from pair lifts to ensure that ice dance and pair skating remain separate disciplines. After the judging system changed from the
3657:
225:
211:, and choreographic elements. These must be performed in specific ways, as described in published communications by the ISU, unless otherwise specified. Each year the ISU publishes a list specifying the points that can be deducted from performance scores for various reasons, including falls, interruptions, and violations of the rules concerning time, music, and clothing.
292:
until the 1930s. Recreational skating became more popular during the 1930s in
England, and new and more difficult set-pattern dances, which later were used in compulsory dances during competitions, were developed. According to Hines, the development of new ice dances was necessary to expand upon the three dances already developed; three British teams in the 1930s—
251:, a version of the Jackson Haines waltz developed in Sweden, and the three-step waltz, which Hines considers "the direct predecessor of ice dancing in the modern sense". The three-step waltz, which was done around the perimeter of the ice rink, was first skated in 1894 in Paris and within a few years became a craze throughout Europe.
948:
kind of costumes ice dancers chose were pushed farther during the 1990s and early 2000s than in the other disciplines, resulting in stricter rules. Clothing can, however, reflect the character of ice dancers' chosen music. Their costumes must not "give the effect of excessive nudity inappropriate for the discipline".
951:
All men must wear trousers. Female ice dancers must wear skirts or trousers. Accessories and props on the costumes of both dancers are not allowed. The decorations on costumes must be "non-detachable"; judges can deduct one point per program if part of the competitors' costumes or decorations fall on
885:
Violations against the music requirements have a two-point deduction, and violations against the dance tempo requirements have a one-point deduction. If the quality or tempo of the music the team uses in their program is deficient, or if there is a stop or interruption in their music, for any reason,
291:
By the early 1900s, ice dance was popular around the world and was primarily a recreational sport, although during the 1920s, local clubs in
Britain and the U.S. conducted informal dance contests in the ten-step, the fourteen-step, and the killian, which were the only three dances used in competition
868:
Judges penalize ice dancers one point up to every five seconds for ending their pattern dances too early or too late. Dancers can also be penalized one point for up to every five seconds "in excess of permitted time after the last prescribed step" (their final movement and/or pose) in their pattern
749:
The OD or OSP (Original Set
Pattern) was first added to ice dance competitions in 1967 (1983 in WC and 1984 in Olympics). It was called the "original set pattern dance" until 1990, when it became known simply as the "original dance". The OD remained the second competition segment (sandwiched between
715:
Before 2010, the compulsory dance (CD) was the first segment performed in ice dance competitions. The teams performed the same pattern around two circuits of the rink, one team after another, using the same step sequences and the same standardized tempo chosen by the ISU before the beginning of each
604:
The rhythms and themes of the RD are determined by the ISU prior to the start of each new season. The RD should be "developed through skating skill and quality", instead of through "non-skating actions such as sliding on one knee" or through the use of toe steps (which should only be used to reflect
588:
The RD is the first segment performed in all junior and senior ice dance competitions. As of 2022, senior skaters no longer had to include a pattern dance; instead they were judged for performing a choreographic rhythm section, which was evaluated as a choreographic element. The RD must also include
947:
The clothing worn by ice dancers at all international competitions must be "modest, dignified and appropriate for athletic competition—not garish or theatrical in design". Rules about clothing tend to be more strict in ice dance; Juliet
Newcomer from U.S. Figure Skating has speculated limits in the
650:
in all junior and senior ice dance competitions. The ISU defines the FD as "the skating by the couple of a creative dance program blending dance steps and movements expressing the character/rhythm(s) of the dance music chosen by the couple". The FD must have combinations of new or known dance steps
412:
During the 1970s, there was a movement in ice dance away from its ballroom roots to a more theatrical style. The top Soviet teams were the first to emphasize the dramatic aspects of ice dance, as well as the first to choreograph their programs around a central theme. They also incorporated elements
254:
By the end of the 19th century, the three-step waltz, called the
English waltz in Europe, became the standard for waltzing competitions. It was first skated in Paris in 1894; Hines states that it was responsible for the popularity of ice dance in Europe. The three-step waltz was easy and could
259:
and the ten-step, survived into the 20th century. The ten-step, which became the fourteen-step, was first skated by Franz Schöller in 1889. Also in the 1890s, combined and hand-in-hand skating moved skating away from basic figures to the continuous movement of ice dancers around an ice rink.
427:
The ISU pushed back during the 1980s and 1990s by tightening rules and definitions of ice dance to emphasize its connection to ballroom dancing, especially in the free dance. The restrictions introduced during this period were designed to emphasize skating skills rather than the theatrical and
859:
In ice dance, teams can lose one point for every fall by one partner, and two points if both partners fall. If there is an interruption while performing their program, ice dancers can lose one point if it lasts more than ten seconds but not over twenty seconds. They can lose two points if the
375:
from the Soviet Union were the first gold medalists. The
Soviets dominated ice dance during most of the 1970s, as they did in pair skating. They won every Worlds and Olympic title between 1970 and 1978, and won medals at every competition between 1976 and 1982. In 1984, British dancers
843:
Skaters must execute the prescribed elements at least once; any extra or unprescribed elements will not be counted in their score. In 1974, the ISU published the first judges' handbook for ice dance. Violations in ice dance include falls and interruptions, time, music, and clothing.
551:(IOC) to restructure competitive ice dance to follow the other figure skating disciplines, the ISU voted to change the competition format by eliminating the CD and the OD and adding the new short dance segment to the competition schedule. According to the then-president of the ISU,
555:, the changes were also made because "the compulsory dances were not very attractive for spectators and television". This new ice dance competition format was first included in the 2010–2011 season, incorporating just two segments: the short dance (renamed the
881:
All programs in each discipline of figure skating must be skated to music. The ISU has allowed vocals in the music used in ice dance since the 1997–1998 season, most likely because of the difficulty in finding suitable music without words for certain genres.
786:
The ISU announces the list of required elements in the rhythm dance and free dance , and each element's specific requirements, each year. The following elements may be included: the dance lift, the dance spin, the step sequence, turn sequences (which include
872:
If a team performs a dance lift that exceeds the permitted duration, judges can deduct one point. White argues that deductions in ice dance, in the absence of a fall or interruption, are most often due to "extended lifts", or lifts that last too long.
1687:
423:
of the high-art instance of a man and woman dancing together". They performed as predictable characters, included body positions that were no longer rooted in traditional ballroom holds, and used music with less predictable rhythms.
510:
of France won the Olympic gold medal; they went on to win the gold medal at the World championships a few months later, ending the North American domination on ice dance. Papadakis and Cizeron broke the world record at both events.
1852:
397:
has been called "probably the most well known single program in the history of ice dance". Hines asserts that Torvill and Dean, with their innovative choreography, dramatically altered "established concepts of ice dancing".
1717:
3181:
1679:
1538:
1480:
2602:
2150:
335:
of the U.S. won the event, much to the embarrassment of the British, who considered themselves the best ice dancers in the world. A second event was planned the following year, at the
157:
The first national competitions occurred in England, Canada, the U.S., and Austria during the 1930s. The first international ice dance competition took place as a special event at the
2119:
351:. Westwood and Demmy won that year, and went on to dominate ice dance, winning the next four World Championships as well. British teams won every world ice dance title through 1960.
2633:
323:
The ISU began to develop rules, standards, and international tests for ice dance in the 1950s. The first international ice dance competition occurred as a special event during the
2336:
1939:
812:: "a spin skated by the Couple together in any hold". It is "performed on the spot around a common axis on one foot with or without change(s) of foot by one or both partners".
236:, has its roots in the "combined skating" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate
146:, has its roots in the "combined skating" developed in the 19th century by skating clubs and organizations and in recreational social skating. Couples and friends would skate
2729:
1033:
3579:
651:
and movements, as well as required elements. The program must "utilize the full ice surface," and be well-balanced. It must contain required combinations of elements (
2054:
1886:
1405:
1709:
1343:
981:, due to the change in grade of execution scores from −3 to +3 to −5 to +5, all statistics started from zero and all previous scores were listed as "historical".
161:
in London. British ice dance teams dominated the sport throughout the 1950s and 1960s, then Soviet teams up until the 1990s. Ice dance was formally added to the
1530:
384:, who Hines calls "the greatest ice dancers in the history of the sport", briefly interrupted Soviet domination of ice dance by winning a gold medal at the
293:
2416:
3569:
3171:
1561:
305:
1626:
2900:
2237:
2701:
261:
2594:
3574:
3472:
2799:
Silby, Caroline (2018). "Mental Skills Training: Psychological Considerations of Performance". In Vescovi, Jason D.; VanHeest, Jaci L. (eds.).
2142:
605:
the dance's character and the music's nuances and underlining rhythm). The RD must have a duration of two minutes and fifty seconds.
309:
968:
The Oxford Skating Society published a description and explanation of figures for hand-in-hand skating in 1836, well before it became popular.
720:; competitors were "judged for their mastery of fundamental elements". Early in ice dance history, the CD contributed 60% of the total score.
150:, marches, and other social dances. The first steps in ice dance were similar to those used in ballroom dancing. In the late 1800s, American
2111:
1813:
3166:
3110:
1790:
757:
Canadian ice dancers Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the highest OD score of 70.27 points, achieved at the 2010 World Championships.
674:
629:
2625:
1472:
3539:
3379:
1657:
502:
in Pyeongchang, Virtue and Moir became the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history after winning the gold medal there. In 2022,
436:
297:
195:
Ice dance has required elements that competitors must perform and that make up a well-balanced ice dance program. They include the dance
483:. The Canadian ice dance team won the first Olympic ice dance gold medal for North America, and the Americans won the silver. Russians
104:
447:
3534:
3140:
3135:
2735:
2534:
2344:
1947:
255:
be done by less skilled skaters, although more experienced skaters added variations to make it more difficult. Two other steps, the
3564:
3554:
3027:
2870:
3130:
724:
348:
336:
324:
162:
158:
2725:
2195:
828:
and a one foot turns sequence, or "Specified Turns performed on one foot by each partner simultaneously, in Hold or separately".
1025:
3544:
3105:
2905:
2816:
2770:
2751:
2268:
926:(Bar) – "A unit of music which is defined by the periodic recurrence of the accent. Such units are of equal number of Beats."
2292:
2736:"Communication No. 2403: Summary of Results of Mail Voting on Proposals in Replacement of the 58th Ordinary Congress 2021".
2061:
1878:
1397:
3688:
3559:
3095:
978:
3549:
3119:
3100:
491:
won bronze, but it was the first time Europeans had not won a gold medal in the history of ice dance at the Olympics.
372:
128:
1351:
3513:
3498:
3242:
766:
751:
617:
532:
256:
169:
3115:
2930:
184:(FD). In 2010, the ISU voted to change the competition format by eliminating the CD and the OD and adding the new
3660:
548:
3176:
3039:
2789:
2424:
573:
1569:
3440:
3217:
480:
340:
1995:
2895:
2863:
2465:
1618:
779:
691:
401:
3503:
3420:
3149:
2890:
2229:
317:
136:
53:
2738:
Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2024 (ISU No. 2403).
2693:
918:– "The regularly repeated pattern of accented and unaccented Beats which gives the music its character."
771:
652:
347:
of Great Britain came in first place. Ice dance, with the CD and FD segments, was formally added to the
3518:
3374:
2955:
2825:
1591:
932:– "The first Beat of the Measure or group of two Measures supporting the skating count of the Rhythm."
3693:
2935:
3493:
188:(SD) segment to the competition schedule. In 2018, the ISU voted to rename the short dance to the
139:(ISU), the governing body of figure skating, an ice dance team consists of one woman and one man.
3650:
2856:
1821:
1782:
3435:
3212:
3064:
641:
544:
181:
1649:
889:
The ISU provides the following definitions of musical terms used in the scoring of ice dance:
696:
3145:
3125:
2960:
48:
1531:"The XVIII Winter Games: Figure Skating; Ice Dancers Battle It out in Quest for Credibility"
3488:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3001:
1680:"Canada's Tessa Virtue, Scott Moir Become Most Decorated Figure Skaters in Olympic History"
938:– "For Rhythms with a skating count on two Measures, the first Beat of the second Measure."
590:
499:
495:
464:
432:
385:
200:
196:
132:
1710:"Gabriella Papadakis, Guillaume Cizeron Win Figure Skating Worlds Ice Dance, Break Record"
8:
3430:
2950:
2945:
853:
609:
515:
503:
276:
2826:"Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance 2022"
359:
of Czechoslovakia were the first non-British ice dancers to win a world title, in 1962.
3683:
3022:
2965:
2495:
803:
717:
368:
735:
from Italy were the last ice dance team to perform a CD in international competition.
2812:
2785:
2766:
2747:
2487:
2264:
2187:
708:
552:
507:
313:
2499:
608:
The first RD in international competitions was performed by U.S. junior ice dancers
3603:
3049:
2804:
2477:
834:: "a listed or unlisted movement or series of movement(s) as specified" by the ISU.
728:
700:
536:
405:
381:
173:
124:
73:
3596:
3034:
2284:
2086:
1969:
922:
656:
301:
38:
2482:
280:
3319:
3293:
3054:
2986:
2879:
744:
540:
488:
484:
344:
332:
244:
177:
151:
120:
34:
2839:
2828:. (S&P/ID 2022) International Skating Union. 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
2259:
Wehrli-McLaughlin, Susi (2009). "Figure Skating". In Hanlon, Thomas W. (ed.).
3677:
3288:
3237:
732:
704:
666:
660:
621:
613:
598:
577:
389:
377:
204:
143:
98:
28:
2808:
1344:"Lyudmila Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov: The Heroes of Olympic Ice Dance"
3617:
3610:
3508:
3425:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3314:
3309:
3283:
3059:
3044:
3006:
2991:
2940:
2537:. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 6 May 2021. p. 7
2491:
899:
894:
647:
568:
556:
494:
The U.S. began to dominate international competitions in ice dance; at the
468:
452:
352:
233:
189:
86:
3624:
3467:
3415:
3394:
3384:
476:
419:
356:
328:
284:
265:
185:
2112:"Skate America: Tanith Belbin, Ben Agosto Second after Compulsory Dance"
3631:
3349:
3331:
3263:
2970:
818:: "a series of prescribed or un-prescribed steps, turns and movements".
799:
775:
673:
hold the highest FD score of 138.41 points, which they achieved at the
670:
625:
581:
472:
456:
498:
in Sochi, Davis and White won the Olympic gold medal. In 2018, at the
3278:
3273:
3268:
3258:
2732:
from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
1855:. Lausanne, Switzerland: International Skating Union. 14 October 2022
2728:(PDF). (ISU No. 2371) International Skating Union. 2 February 2021.
1992:"Statistics including Personal Best & Season's Best information"
393:
3462:
3326:
2263:(3rd ed.). Champlaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. p. 108.
990:
The use of vocals was expanded to all disciplines starting in 2014.
224:
3399:
2848:
825:
788:
594:
248:
237:
208:
147:
2060:. Havířov, Czech Republic: Kraso Club of Havířov. Archived from
1991:
1026:"The Man Who Invented Figure Skating Was Laughed Out of America"
33:
Ice dance in 1976, its first year as an official Olympic sport (
2285:"Progression of Highest Score, Ice Dance, Original Dance Score"
914:
628:
hold the highest RD score of 93.91, which they achieved at the
414:
1970:"Progression of Highest Score: Ice Dance – Rhythm Dance Score"
902:
defining the regular recurring divisions of a piece of music."
906:
16:
Discipline of figure skating that draws from ballroom dancing
2087:"Progression of Highest Score: Ice Dance – Free Dance Score"
1473:"Ice Dancing: A Dance Form Frozen in Place by Hostile Rules"
1449:
1048:
806:, dance lifts became more "athletic, dramatic and exciting".
2595:"Figure Skating Taking Cole Porter Approach: Anything Goes"
1427:
1425:
1423:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1215:
1213:
535:, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the
463:
The European dominance of ice dance was interrupted at the
172:, there were three segments in ice dance competitions: the
1065:
1063:
791:
and one-foot turn sequences), and choreographic elements.
459:
are the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history.
1495:
1420:
1366:
1269:
1252:
1225:
1210:
2143:"Virtue and Moir Happy to Say Ciao to Compulsory Dance"
1512:
1510:
1286:
1284:
1242:
1240:
1200:
1198:
1164:
1162:
1134:
1132:
1060:
910:– "The speed of music in Beats or Measures per minute."
727:
was the last event to include a CD (the Golden Waltz);
2784:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press.
2170:
2168:
1744:
1617:
Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Dvorak, Phred (23 January 2022).
1149:
1147:
1107:
1105:
1092:
1090:
1320:
1308:
1117:
547:(FD). In 2010, after many years of pressure from the
2626:"'Rhapsody in Blue' or Rap? Skating Will Add Vocals"
2391:
1562:"Too Often, Ice Dance Judges Deserve Seats on Bench"
1507:
1437:
1378:
1296:
1281:
1237:
1195:
1183:
1159:
1129:
2782:
Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning
2694:"What Not to Wear: The Rules of Fashion on the Ice"
2417:"How to be a Better and Smarter Figure Skating Fan"
2210:
2165:
1910:
1901:
1756:
1732:
1144:
1102:
1087:
2746:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
1075:
2258:
1962:
1853:"New Rules for New Development in Figure Skating"
3675:
1650:"The US Has Become the World Power in Ice Dance"
750:the CD and the free dance) until the end of the
3473:World Professional Figure Skating Championships
2366:
2364:
2362:
2337:"Dangerous Drama: Dance Lifts Becoming 'Scary'"
2321:
2319:
2291:. International Skating Union. 13 August 2010.
2106:
2104:
2049:
2047:
1466:
1464:
514:According to Caroline Silby, a consultant with
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1924:
1922:
268:still being done as of the 21st century.
228:Jackson Haines, the "father of figure skating"
2864:
2588:
2586:
2463:
1398:"1984: British Ice Couple Score Olympic Gold"
1174:
2359:
2316:
2101:
2089:. International Skating Union. 23 March 2024
2044:
1972:. International Skating Union. 23 March 2024
1616:
1461:
2666:
2558:
2513:
2403:
2019:
1940:"Team USA Scores Four Medals at JGP Opener"
1919:
1789:. San Diego Figure Skating Communications.
1019:
1017:
1015:
417:techniques, especially "the classic ballet
367:Ice dance became an Olympic sport in 1976;
2871:
2857:
2687:
2685:
2583:
2464:Fortin, Joseph D.; Roberts, Diana (2003).
1619:"Canada's Virtue, Moir Win Ice Dance Gold"
1337:
1335:
847:
646:The free dance (FD) takes place after the
316:—created one-fourth of the dances used in
27:
2779:
2481:
1876:
1501:
1455:
1431:
1263:
1219:
1069:
1054:
1023:
264:, was the last ice dance invented before
2624:Clarey, Christopher (18 February 2014).
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1012:
852:According to ice dancer and commentator
838:
770:
695:
680:
572:
446:
400:
275:
223:
2803:. New York: Routledge. pp. 85–97.
2763:Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating
2682:
2334:
2140:
1787:Ice Skating Information & Resources
1528:
1341:
1332:
760:
521:
325:1950 World Figure Skating Championships
163:1952 World Figure Skating Championships
3676:
2623:
2295:from the original on 28 September 2012
1877:Zuckerman, Esther (14 February 2014).
1872:
1870:
1820:. No. August 2011. Archived from
1686:. Associated Press. 20 February 2018.
1647:
1470:
716:season. The CD has been compared with
707:perform their compulsory dance at the
135:medal sport in 1976. According to the
2852:
2838:Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean's
2798:
2765:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press.
2760:
2741:
2704:from the original on 10 February 2022
2592:
2466:"Competitive Figure Skating Injuries"
2397:
2216:
2174:
1998:from the original on 14 December 2018
1937:
1818:International Figure Skating Magazine
1768:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1629:from the original on 11 December 2019
1559:
1541:from the original on 8 September 2020
1516:
1443:
1384:
1372:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1275:
1246:
1231:
1204:
1189:
1168:
1153:
1138:
1123:
1111:
1096:
1081:
559:, or RD in 2018) and the free dance.
3656:
2691:
2414:
2240:from the original on 1 December 2020
1889:from the original on 11 January 2020
1812:Kany, Klaus-Reinhold (9 July 2011).
1811:
1660:from the original on 23 January 2022
1408:from the original on 31 January 2008
1342:Russell, Susan D. (5 January 2013).
1036:from the original on 29 January 2022
1024:Blakemore, Erin (12 December 2017).
2726:"Communication No. 2371: Ice Dance"
2535:"Communication No. 2393: Ice Dance"
1867:
1845:
1716:. Associated Press. 26 March 2022.
685:
13:
2878:
2605:from the original on 16 March 2019
2448:
2335:Brannen, Sarah S. (13 July 2012).
1793:from the original on 1 August 2020
1720:from the original on 30 March 2022
1690:from the original on 4 August 2021
1560:Hersh, Philip (18 February 1998).
1529:Longman, Jere (13 February 1998).
1483:from the original on 2 August 2020
129:World Figure Skating Championships
14:
3705:
3514:World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
3243:Competition elements in ice dance
2891:International Skating Union (ISU)
2832:
2593:Hersh, Philip (23 October 2014).
2198:from the original on 13 July 2017
1648:Wilner, Barry (6 December 2016).
767:Competition elements in ice dance
738:
618:2010 Junior Grand Prix Courchevel
362:
103:Part of the Winter Olympics from
3655:
3646:
3645:
3580:Highest historical junior scores
2636:from the original on 7 July 2017
2415:Lutz, Rachel (2 February 2018).
2153:from the original on 17 May 2021
2141:Dimanno, Rosie (24 March 2010).
2122:from the original on 15 May 2021
1938:Brown, Mickey (28 August 2010).
1879:"A Quick GIF Guide to Ice Dance"
437:controversy at the 2002 Olympics
2692:Yang, Nancy (21 January 2016).
2657:
2648:
2617:
2574:
2549:
2527:
2457:
2439:
2423:. NBC Universal. Archived from
2382:
2373:
2328:
2307:
2277:
2252:
2222:
2180:
2134:
2079:
2035:
2010:
1994:. International Skating Union.
1984:
1931:
1836:
1805:
1702:
1672:
1641:
1610:
1584:
1553:
1522:
1390:
1032:. A&E Television Networks.
984:
971:
562:
549:International Olympic Committee
533:2010–2011 figure skating season
442:
2719:
1783:"Partnered Ice Dancing Events"
1471:Reiter, Susan (1 March 1995).
1003:
962:
271:
1:
3111:Four Continents Championships
2801:The Science of Figure Skating
2313:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 142, 145
997:
635:
219:
170:2010–11 figure skating season
123:that historically draws from
1598:. 2 August 2002. p. A20
1348:International Figure Skating
955:
692:Compulsory dance (ice dance)
526:
243:In the late 1800s, American
7:
942:
782:perform a Curve dance lift.
349:World Championships in 1952
318:International Skating Union
159:World Championships in 1950
137:International Skating Union
54:International Skating Union
10:
3710:
3689:Figure skating disciplines
3550:Figure skaters (ice dance)
3519:World Figure Sport Society
3177:Junior World Challenge Cup
3172:World Junior Championships
3141:World Junior Championships
2654:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 90–91
2445:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 80–81
764:
742:
689:
639:
566:
467:in Vancouver by Canadians
214:
115:(sometimes referred to as
3641:
3588:
3570:Highest historical scores
3527:
3481:
3453:
3408:
3340:
3302:
3251:
3205:
3194:
3159:
3086:
3077:
3015:
2979:
2923:
2914:
2886:
2780:Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003).
2744:Figure Skating: A History
2016:S&P/ID 2022, pp. 9–10
386:Olympic Games in Sarajevo
97:
92:
82:
72:
64:
59:
46:
26:
3494:Doping in figure skating
2761:Hines, James R. (2011).
2742:Hines, James R. (2006).
1814:"The Short Dance Debate"
876:
725:2010 World Championships
337:1951 World Championships
2809:10.4324/9781315387741-7
2663:S&P/ID 2022, p. 134
2483:10.36076/ppj.2003/6/313
2388:S&P/ID 2022, p. 122
2379:S&P/ID 2022, p. 123
2370:S&P/ID 2022, p. 129
2325:S&P/ID 2022, p. 130
2041:S&P/ID 2022, p. 144
2032:S&P/ID 2022, p. 143
1916:S&P/ID 2022, p. 142
1907:S&P/ID 2022, p. 142
1623:The Wall Street Journal
863:
848:Falls and interruptions
620:. American ice dancers
3545:Figure skaters (pairs)
3540:Figure skaters (women)
3213:Choreographic sequence
3106:European Championships
2906:Records and statistics
2679:S&P/ID 2022, p. 79
2580:S&P/ID 2022, p. 11
2571:S&P/ID 2022, p. 19
2524:S&P/ID 2022, p. 18
2454:S&P/ID 2022, p. 90
2230:"Skating: Ice dancing"
1842:S&P/ID 2022, p. 10
832:Choreographic elements
783:
712:
675:2023 World Team Trophy
642:Free dance (ice dance)
630:2023 World Team Trophy
585:
460:
409:
388:. Their free dance to
288:
229:
131:in 1952, and became a
3575:Highest junior scores
2261:The Sports Rules Book
1928:S&P/ID 2022, p.80
1654:Associated Press News
1592:"Judging on Thin Ice"
1009:S&P/ID 2022, p. 9
839:Rules and regulations
774:
699:
681:Discontinued segments
576:
451:Canadian ice dancers
450:
404:
279:
227:
119:) is a discipline of
3535:Figure skaters (men)
3489:Adult figure skating
3160:Synchronized skating
3002:Synchronized skating
2896:National federations
2236:. 11 November 2009.
1883:The Atlantic Monthly
1404:. 14 February 1984.
1180:Hines (2006), p. 122
1057:, pp. xiv, 102.
761:Competition elements
522:Competition segments
465:2010 Winter Olympics
133:Winter Olympic Games
3167:World Championships
3136:Youth Olympic Games
3101:World Championships
2555:ISU No. 2403, p. 68
2427:on 18 February 2018
2188:"ISU Congress News"
2118:. 24 October 2008.
2055:"Dance Format 2011"
1278:, pp. 173–174.
1234:, pp. 123–124.
610:Anastasia Cannuscio
589:a short six-second
516:U.S. Figure Skating
504:Gabriella Papadakis
49:governing body
23:
3409:Moves in the field
3028:Demise and revival
3023:Compulsory figures
2966:ISU Judging System
2630:The New York Times
2347:on 6 November 2017
2067:on 22 October 2020
1596:The New York Times
1572:on 27 October 2020
1535:The New York Times
1458:, p. 239–240.
1375:, p. 217–218.
804:ISU Judging System
784:
718:compulsory figures
713:
586:
461:
410:
408:performing in 2011
369:Lyudmila Pakhomova
294:Erik van der Wyden
289:
230:
21:
3669:
3668:
3449:
3448:
3343:and basic strokes
3206:Required elements
3190:
3189:
3182:Challenger Series
3146:Junior Grand Prix
3131:World Team Trophy
3126:Challenger Series
3073:
3072:
2931:Glossary of terms
2818:978-1-138-22986-0
2772:978-0-8108-6859-5
2753:978-0-252-07286-4
2270:978-0-7360-7632-6
2116:The Seattle Times
1753:, pp. 92–93.
709:2009 Cup of China
553:Ottavio Cinquanta
508:Guillaume Cizeron
373:Alexandr Gorshkov
314:Rosemarie Stewart
110:
109:
3701:
3694:Mixed-sex sports
3659:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3604:The Cutting Edge
3390:
3365:
3203:
3202:
3084:
3083:
3050:Compulsory dance
2921:
2920:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2822:
2795:
2776:
2757:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2689:
2680:
2677:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2590:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2556:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2485:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2421:NBC Olympics.com
2412:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:. Archived from
2332:
2326:
2323:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2194:. 20 June 2010.
2184:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2147:The Toronto Star
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1946:. Archived from
1935:
1929:
1926:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1779:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1568:. Archived from
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1350:. Archived from
1339:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1250:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1126:, p. xxxii.
1121:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1021:
1010:
1007:
991:
988:
982:
979:2018–2019 season
975:
969:
966:
752:2009–2010 season
729:Federica Faiella
701:Federica Faiella
686:Compulsory dance
537:compulsory dance
406:Torvill and Dean
382:Christopher Dean
306:Daphne B. Wallis
232:Ice dance, like
174:compulsory dance
142:Ice dance, like
127:. It joined the
125:ballroom dancing
31:
24:
20:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3637:
3597:Blades of Glory
3584:
3523:
3499:Country changes
3477:
3455:
3445:
3404:
3388:
3363:
3342:
3336:
3298:
3247:
3198:
3196:
3186:
3155:
3088:
3087:Singles, pairs
3079:
3069:
3035:Special figures
3011:
2975:
2916:
2910:
2901:World Standings
2882:
2877:
2845:, 1984 Olympics
2835:
2819:
2792:
2773:
2754:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2599:Chicago Tribune
2591:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2413:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1824:on 22 July 2011
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1781:
1780:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1566:Chicago Tribune
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1354:on 3 March 2016
1340:
1333:
1329:, p. xxvi.
1325:
1321:
1317:, p. xxxi.
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1022:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
994:
989:
985:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
945:
879:
866:
850:
841:
769:
763:
747:
741:
694:
688:
683:
644:
638:
571:
565:
529:
524:
445:
365:
302:Reginald Wilkie
274:
222:
217:
60:Characteristics
42:
39:Andrei Minenkov
17:
12:
11:
5:
3707:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Highest scores
3562:
3557:
3555:Olympic venues
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3320:Biellmann spin
3317:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3294:Quadruple jump
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Original dance
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Single skating
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:Figure skating
2876:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2840:free skate to
2834:
2833:External links
2831:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2796:
2790:
2777:
2771:
2758:
2752:
2739:
2733:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2681:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2616:
2582:
2573:
2557:
2548:
2526:
2512:
2476:(3): 313–318.
2470:Pain Physician
2456:
2447:
2438:
2402:
2400:, p. xxv.
2390:
2381:
2372:
2358:
2341:icenetwork.com
2327:
2315:
2306:
2289:isuresults.com
2276:
2269:
2251:
2221:
2209:
2179:
2164:
2133:
2100:
2078:
2043:
2034:
2018:
2009:
1983:
1961:
1950:on 2 July 2017
1944:icenetwork.com
1930:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1866:
1844:
1835:
1804:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1701:
1671:
1640:
1609:
1583:
1552:
1521:
1519:, p. 242.
1506:
1504:, p. 244.
1502:Kestnbaum 2003
1494:
1477:Dance Magazine
1460:
1456:Kestnbaum 2003
1448:
1446:, p. 239.
1436:
1434:, p. 228.
1432:Kestnbaum 2003
1419:
1389:
1387:, p. 240.
1377:
1365:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1305:, p. 120.
1295:
1293:, p. 174.
1280:
1268:
1266:, p. 223.
1264:Kestnbaum 2003
1251:
1249:, p. 102.
1236:
1224:
1222:, p. 222.
1220:Kestnbaum 2003
1209:
1207:, p. 124.
1194:
1192:, p. 123.
1182:
1173:
1171:, p. 122.
1158:
1143:
1141:, p. 121.
1128:
1116:
1114:, p. 120.
1101:
1099:, p. 119.
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 221.
1070:Kestnbaum 2003
1059:
1055:Kestnbaum 2003
1047:
1011:
1001:
999:
996:
993:
992:
983:
970:
960:
959:
957:
954:
944:
941:
940:
939:
933:
927:
919:
911:
903:
878:
875:
865:
862:
849:
846:
840:
837:
836:
835:
829:
822:Turn sequences
819:
813:
807:
765:Main article:
762:
759:
745:Original dance
743:Main article:
740:
739:Original dance
737:
690:Main article:
687:
684:
682:
679:
640:Main article:
637:
634:
567:Main article:
564:
561:
543:(OD), and the
541:original dance
528:
525:
523:
520:
489:Maxim Shabalin
485:Oksana Domnina
475:and Americans
444:
441:
364:
363:1970s to 1990s
361:
345:Lawrence Demmy
333:Michael McGean
273:
270:
262:Karl Schreiter
245:Jackson Haines
221:
218:
216:
213:
180:(OD), and the
178:original dance
152:Jackson Haines
121:figure skating
108:
107:
101:
95:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
76:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
51:
44:
43:
35:Irina Moiseeva
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3706:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3672:
3662:
3654:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:Film & TV
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Toe loop jump
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3238:Step sequence
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3193:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Olympic Games
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:and ice dance
3085:
3082:
3078:International
3076:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Short program
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2577:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2536:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2310:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2219:, p. 91.
2218:
2213:
2197:
2193:
2192:Ice Dance.com
2189:
2183:
2177:, p. 12.
2176:
2171:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1971:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1913:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1854:
1848:
1839:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1765:, p. 93.
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1741:, p. 92.
1740:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1156:, p. 61.
1155:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1084:, p. 36.
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1002:
987:
980:
974:
965:
961:
953:
949:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
916:
912:
909:
908:
904:
901:
897:
896:
892:
891:
890:
887:
883:
874:
870:
861:
857:
855:
845:
833:
830:
827:
823:
820:
817:
816:Step sequence
814:
811:
808:
805:
801:
797:
794:
793:
792:
790:
781:
777:
773:
768:
758:
755:
753:
746:
736:
734:
733:Massimo Scali
730:
726:
721:
719:
710:
706:
705:Massimo Scali
702:
698:
693:
678:
676:
672:
668:
667:Madison Chock
664:
662:
658:
654:
649:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
622:Madison Chock
619:
615:
614:Colin McManus
611:
606:
602:
600:
599:step sequence
596:
592:
583:
579:
578:Madison Chock
575:
570:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
519:
517:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:2014 Olympics
492:
490:
486:
482:
481:Charlie White
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
454:
449:
440:
438:
434:
433:1998 Olympics
429:
425:
422:
421:
416:
407:
403:
399:
396:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Jayne Torvill
374:
370:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:Jean Westwood
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
286:
282:
278:
269:
267:
263:
258:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
226:
212:
210:
206:
205:step sequence
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
106:
102:
100:
96:
91:
88:
87:Figure skates
85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
55:
52:
50:
45:
40:
36:
30:
25:
19:
3671:
3630:
3623:
3618:Spinning Out
3616:
3611:Ice Princess
3609:
3602:
3595:
3560:Competitions
3509:Kiss and cry
3454:Professional
3441:Spread eagle
3426:Hydroblading
3400:Twizzle turn
3370:Counter turn
3360:Choctaw turn
3355:Bracket turn
3341:Steps, turns
3315:Layback spin
3310:Upright spin
3284:Salchow jump
3218:Death spiral
3080:competitions
3060:Rhythm dance
3045:Free skating
3007:Four skating
2996:
2992:Pair skating
2941:Figure skate
2841:
2800:
2781:
2762:
2743:
2706:. Retrieved
2697:
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2629:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2598:
2576:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2529:
2503:. Retrieved
2473:
2469:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2425:the original
2420:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2340:
2330:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2288:
2279:
2260:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2191:
2182:
2155:. Retrieved
2146:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2115:
2091:. Retrieved
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2037:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1943:
1933:
1912:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1882:
1857:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1817:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1786:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1713:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:the original
1565:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1534:
1524:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1476:
1451:
1439:
1410:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:the original
1347:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1271:
1227:
1185:
1176:
1119:
1077:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1029:
1005:
986:
973:
964:
950:
946:
935:
929:
921:
913:
905:
893:
888:
884:
880:
871:
867:
858:
854:Tanith White
851:
842:
831:
821:
815:
809:
795:
785:
780:Lewis Gibson
756:
748:
722:
714:
665:
648:rhythm dance
645:
607:
603:
587:
569:Rhythm dance
563:Rhythm dance
557:rhythm dance
530:
513:
493:
469:Tessa Virtue
462:
453:Tessa Virtue
443:21st century
430:
426:
418:
411:
392:
366:
353:Eva Romanova
322:
310:Robert Dench
290:
281:Eva Romanová
253:
242:
234:pair skating
231:
199:, the dance
194:
190:rhythm dance
167:
156:
144:pair skating
141:
116:
112:
111:
65:Team members
18:
3625:Yuri on Ice
3468:Ice theatre
3416:Besti squat
3395:Rocker turn
3385:Mohawk turn
2980:Disciplines
2956:Competition
2915:Competitive
2720:Works cited
1030:History.com
930:Strong Beat
824:: a set of
593:, a set of
531:Before the
477:Meryl Davis
420:pas de deux
357:Pavel Roman
329:Lois Waring
327:in London;
285:Pavel Roman
272:Early years
266:World War I
186:short dance
168:Before the
117:ice dancing
3678:Categories
3632:Zero Chill
3504:Grand Slam
3421:Cantilever
3350:Three turn
3332:Camel spin
3264:Euler jump
3116:Grand Prix
3065:Free dance
2971:6.0 system
2791:0819566411
2398:Hines 2011
2217:Hines 2011
2175:Hines 2011
1763:Silby 2018
1751:Silby 2018
1739:Silby 2018
1714:NBC Sports
1517:Hines 2006
1444:Hines 2006
1385:Hines 2006
1373:Hines 2006
1327:Hines 2011
1315:Hines 2011
1303:Hines 2011
1291:Hines 2006
1276:Hines 2006
1247:Hines 2011
1232:Hines 2006
1205:Hines 2006
1190:Hines 2006
1169:Hines 2006
1154:Hines 2006
1139:Hines 2006
1124:Hines 2011
1112:Hines 2006
1097:Hines 2006
1082:Hines 2006
998:References
977:After the
810:Dance spin
800:6.0 system
796:Dance lift
776:Lilah Fear
671:Evan Bates
636:Free dance
626:Evan Bates
582:Evan Bates
545:free dance
539:(CD), the
473:Scott Moir
457:Scott Moir
339:in Milan;
220:Beginnings
182:free dance
176:(CD), the
3684:Ice dance
3463:Ice shows
3431:Ina Bauer
3380:Loop turn
3375:Crossover
3279:Lutz jump
3274:Loop jump
3269:Flip jump
3259:Axel jump
3197:and other
2997:Ice dance
2202:15 August
1545:12 August
956:Footnotes
936:Weak Beat
616:, at the
298:Eva Keats
113:Ice dance
83:Equipment
74:Mixed-sex
22:Ice dance
3651:Category
3327:Sit spin
3195:Elements
3016:Segments
2730:Archived
2702:Archived
2698:MPR News
2634:Archived
2603:Archived
2500:42526887
2492:16880878
2293:Archived
2238:Archived
2196:Archived
2151:Archived
2120:Archived
1996:Archived
1887:Archived
1791:Archived
1718:Archived
1688:Archived
1684:ESPN.com
1658:Archived
1627:Archived
1539:Archived
1481:Archived
1406:Archived
1034:Archived
943:Clothing
826:twizzles
789:twizzles
597:, and a
595:twizzles
500:Olympics
209:twizzles
93:Presence
47:Highest
3661:Commons
3456:skating
2936:History
2924:General
2917:skating
2708:18 July
2640:18 July
2609:18 July
2541:18 July
2505:18 July
2431:18 July
2351:18 July
2299:18 July
2244:18 July
2234:BBC.com
2157:18 July
2126:18 July
2093:18 July
2071:18 July
2002:11 June
1976:18 July
1954:18 July
1893:18 July
1859:18 July
1828:18 July
1797:18 July
1724:18 July
1694:18 July
1664:18 July
1633:18 July
1602:18 July
1576:18 July
1487:18 July
1412:18 July
1358:18 July
1040:18 July
923:Measure
802:to the
527:History
431:At the
390:Ravel's
287:in 1965
257:killian
249:mazurka
238:waltzes
215:History
148:waltzes
99:Olympic
3436:Spiral
3389:
3364:
2961:Season
2842:Boléro
2815:
2788:
2769:
2750:
2498:
2490:
2267:
915:Rhythm
584:, 2022
415:ballet
394:Boléro
308:, and
203:, the
192:(RD).
3528:Lists
3482:Other
3391:step)
3366:step)
3303:Spins
3252:Jumps
3233:Spins
3228:Lifts
3223:Jumps
3199:moves
3150:Final
3120:Final
2496:S2CID
2065:(PDF)
2058:(PDF)
907:Tempo
898:– "A
877:Music
661:steps
657:lifts
653:spins
2951:Club
2946:Rink
2813:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2710:2024
2642:2024
2611:2024
2543:2024
2507:2024
2488:PMID
2433:2024
2353:2024
2301:2024
2265:ISBN
2246:2024
2204:2022
2159:2024
2128:2024
2095:2023
2073:2024
2004:2023
1978:2024
1956:2024
1895:2024
1861:2024
1830:2024
1799:2024
1726:2024
1696:2024
1666:2024
1635:2024
1604:2024
1578:2024
1547:2022
1489:2024
1414:2024
1360:2024
1042:2024
900:note
895:Beat
864:Time
778:and
731:and
723:The
703:and
669:and
624:and
612:and
591:lift
580:and
506:and
487:and
479:and
471:and
455:and
380:and
371:and
355:and
343:and
331:and
312:and
304:and
296:and
283:and
201:spin
197:lift
105:1976
68:Duos
37:and
2805:doi
2478:doi
1402:BBC
413:of
78:Yes
3680::
3387:(C
3362:(S
2811:.
2700:.
2696:.
2684:^
2668:^
2632:.
2628:.
2601:.
2597:.
2585:^
2560:^
2515:^
2494:.
2486:.
2472:.
2468:.
2419:.
2405:^
2361:^
2339:.
2318:^
2287:.
2232:.
2190:.
2167:^
2149:.
2145:.
2114:.
2103:^
2046:^
2021:^
1942:.
1921:^
1885:.
1881:.
1869:^
1816:.
1785:.
1770:^
1712:.
1682:.
1656:.
1652:.
1625:.
1621:.
1594:.
1564:.
1537:.
1533:.
1509:^
1479:.
1475:.
1463:^
1422:^
1400:.
1346:.
1334:^
1283:^
1254:^
1239:^
1212:^
1197:^
1161:^
1146:^
1131:^
1104:^
1089:^
1062:^
1028:.
1014:^
677:.
659:,
655:,
632:.
601:.
439:.
300:,
207:,
3152:)
3148:(
3122:)
3118:(
2872:e
2865:t
2858:v
2821:.
2807::
2794:.
2775:.
2756:.
2712:.
2644:.
2613:.
2545:.
2509:.
2480::
2474:6
2435:.
2355:.
2303:.
2273:.
2248:.
2206:.
2161:.
2130:.
2097:.
2075:.
2006:.
1980:.
1958:.
1897:.
1863:.
1832:.
1801:.
1728:.
1698:.
1668:.
1637:.
1606:.
1580:.
1549:.
1491:.
1416:.
1362:.
1044:.
711:.
41:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
