History of IBM magnetic disk drives

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installed in strings of units with an A2 or A2F unit, and then up to three B2 units or up to two B2s and a C2. The A2 unit usually has a string switch, allowing it to be connected to two different storage control units. This allows two I/O operations simultaneously take place to two different HDAs in the string. The storage control unit can be a 3830 Model 2, or the ISC (Integrated Storage Control) found in the 3148, 3158 or 3168 cpu's. Also later control units (3880) are backwards compatible and can be used. The C2s unit also contains a controller, that can be connected to a storage control unit and serves as a secondary path to itself and the A2 and B2 units. The C2 controller is a spare, it can only be used when the controller in the A unit is broken, and subsequently powered off. It has also limited connections, usually the A unit has a string switch, but the C unit only can be connected to one storage control unit. The valid 3350 strings are: -A, -AB, -ABB, -ABBB, -AC-, -ABC-, or -ABBC- configurations.

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which moves in and out hydraulically and is mechanically detented at the desired track before reading or writing occurs. The disks spin at 1500 rpm. Each recording surface has 100 tracks with 20 sectors per track. Each sector stores 100 characters. The disk pack is covered with a clear plastic shell and a bottom cover when not in use. A lifting handle in the top center of the cover is rotated to release the bottom cover. Then the top of the 1311 drive is opened and the plastic shell lowered into the disk-drive opening (assuming it is empty). The handle is turned again to lock the disks in place and release the plastic shell, which is then removed and the drive cover closed. The process is reversed to remove a disk pack. The same methods are used for many later disk packs.

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IBM 2316 disk pack which was similar in design to the 1316 but was taller as a result of increasing the number of disks from six to eleven. The 2316 disk pack containing the eleven 14-inch (360 mm) diameter disks yielded 20 recording surfaces. The drive access consisted of 20 individual R/W heads mounted on a common actuator which was moved in and out hydraulically and mechanically detented at the desired track before reading or writing occurred. Each recording surface has 200 tracks. Access time was initially the same as the 2311, but later models were faster as a result of improvements made in the hydraulic actuator. Data transfer rate was doubled to 310 kB/s.

664: 801: 697:

disk pack. Because of their appearance they acquired the nickname of "Pizza Ovens". Only eight drives of the nine are available to the computer at any one time. The ninth drive is there for a spare for the user and can also be worked on "offline" by a Field Engineer while the other drives are in use by the customer. Each drive's system address is determined in part by a user-swappable plug, one such plug denoting a spare drive not system accessible. This permits physically changing the address of a drive by changing the plug.

1312: 1201: 1260: 1074: 372: 355:

are two access mechanisms per module, one for the inner 250 cylinders and the other for the outer 250 cylinders. As with the 1301, there is a Model 2 which doubles the capacity by stacking two modules. The IBM 1302 Model 1 leased for $ 5,600 per month or could be purchased for $ 252,000. Prices for the Model 2 were $ 7,900 per month or $ 355,500 to purchase. The IBM 7631 controller cost an additional $ 1,185 per month or $ 56,000 to purchase. The 1302 was withdrawn in February 1965.

577: 88: 195:, was similar to the IBM 1301, but with a faster transfer rate. It has a capacity of 2,097,152 (2) 64-bit words or 134,217,728 (2) bits and transferred 125,000 words per second. A prototype unit shipped in late 1960 was the first disk drive to use one head per surface flying on a layer of compressed air as in the older head design of the IBM 350 disk storage (RAMAC). Production 353s used self-flying heads essentially the same as those of the 1301. 1366: 853:, controlling one or more strings. The now first unit of the string, the 3333 contains a controller and two drives and it can control up to three attached 3330's for a maximum of eight drives in the string as shown in the illustration. The 3830 Model 2 can connect two 3333's for a maximum of 16 drives per storage control and the 3333 optionally has a string switch that enables it to be connected to two different storage controls. 1320:

actuator, invented at IBM's UK Hursley Labs, became IBM's most licensed electro-mechanical invention of all time, the actuator and filtration system being adopted in the 1980s eventually for all HDDs, and still universal nearly 40 years and 10 Billion arms later. During its production life the IBM 62GV shipped 177,000 units making it the first HDD known to have shipped in excess of 100,000 units.

145:. Data transfer rate is 8,800 characters per second. An access mechanism moves a pair of heads up and down to select a disk pair (one down surface and one up surface) and in and out to select a recording track of a surface pair. Several improved models were added in the 1950s. The IBM RAMAC 305 system with 350 disk storage leased for $ 3,200 per month. The 350 was officially withdrawn in 1969. 164:(which acquired IBM's storage business), the storage capacity of the drive could have been increased beyond five million characters, but IBM's marketing department at that time was against a larger capacity drive, because they didn't know how to sell a product with more storage. Nonetheless, double capacity versions of the 350 were announced in January 1959 and shipped later the same year. 940: 701: 100: 1357:. Developed at the IBM Rochester, Minnesota, laboratory as the 21ED it was an 8-inch HDD with an initial capacity of 15 or 30 MB in two or foue 210 mm disks. In 1983 it shipped as the HDD in the 5360 System Unit of the S/36. In 1984 its capacity was doubled by doubling the number of tracks per surface and it was incorporated into the 5362 System Unit of the System/36. 311:. The 1301 stores 28 million characters (168,000,000 bits) per module (25 million characters with the 1410). Each module has 25 large disks and 40 user recording surfaces, with 250 tracks per surface. The 1301 Model 1 has one module, the Model 2 has two modules, stacked vertically. The disks spin at 1800 rpm. Data is transferred at 90,000 characters per second. 524:. The access mechanism provides one read/write head per track. Average rotational delay is 17 milliseconds (msec), and maximum is 34 msec. Maximum seek time per access group is 180 msec. The track size is 4985 bytes; with formatting information and alternate tracks, module capacity is stated as 112 MB. The 2302 attaches to IBM mainframes via a 994:) wherein the swap data for SVS and MVS consist of blocks of pages that have been in memory when an address space is selected for swap-out; those pages need not be contiguous and in general do not include pages that have not been modified since their last page-in. This system architecture greatly improves context switches between TSO users or batch regions. 824:/195. The original announcement included the 3330 Model 1, with two drives, and the 3330 Model 2, with only one drive. The 3330 has removable disk packs, similar to its predecessors, and the packs hold 100 MB (404×19×13,030 bytes). Access time is 30 ms and data transfers at 806 kB/s. A major advance introduced with the 3330 is the use of 240:

for the bottom of the same disk. The access arms are mounted on a carriage alongside the disk array. During a seek operation an access arm moved, under electronic control, vertically to seek a disk 0–49 and then horizontally to seek a track 0–199. Ten sectors are available at each track. It takes about 10 ms to read or write a sector.

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process. Access time is 25 millisecond and data transfers at 885 kB/s. Three versions of the removable IBM 3348 Data Module were sold, one with 35 megabyte capacity, another with 70 megabytes, the third also has 70 megabytes, of which 500 kilobytes were accessible with fixed heads for faster access. The 3340 also uses

1603:. IBM first introduced the 8-inch FDD in 1971 as a read only program load device. In 1973 IBM shipped its first read/write floppy disk drive as a part of the 3740 Data Entry System. IBM established early standards in 8" FDDs but never sold such products separately so that the industry then developed separate from IBM. 1461:

first shipped in 1989 as the model 371. Developed initially under the code name "Lightning" at IBM Rochester Minnesota (and IBM Hursley, UK) as a 320 MB SCSI HDD with up to eight 95 mm disks (14 heads), it was followed in 1990 with a 400 MB version, code named "Turbo". During 1990

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There are twelve models of the IBM 3380 family: six A-units, five B-units and one C-unit. A-units (heads of string) contain additional logic to perform string controller functions and connect to IBM storage control units (3880 or 3990). The C-units connect directly to an IBM channel. B-units connects

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on a single removable IBM 1316 disk pack (the same type used on the IBM 1311) consisting of six platters that rotate as a single unit. The 2311 has ten individual read/write (R/W) heads mounted on a common actuator which moves in and out hydraulically and is mechanically detented at the desired track

235:

series, medium scale business computers. The 1405 Model 1 has a storage capacity of 10 million alphanumeric characters (60,000,000 bits) on 25 disks. Model 2 has a storage capacity of 20 million alphanumeric characters (120,000,000 bits) on 50 disks. In both models the disks are stacked vertically on

1337:

The 0680 first shipped in 1979 on most IBM small systems and the low end of the System/370 as the 3310 direct access storage. The OEM version was announced as the 0680 in September 1981. Developed at IBM's Hursley, UK, laboratory under the code name Piccolo with an initial capacity of up to 65MB, it

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A triple capacity version, the 3380 K was announced in August 1987 having 7.562 gigabytes per 3380 unit, that is, two 1.89 gigabyte actuators on two hard disk assemblies. The new Model K and Model J can optionally run in four-path mode. In this mode, the string has two A units located in the middle,

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Direct Access Storage Device was introduced in June 1980. It uses film head technology and has a unit capacity of 2.52 gigabytes (two hard disk assemblies each with two independent actuators each accessing 630 MB within one 3380 unit) with a data transfer rate of 3 megabytes per second. Average

962:. Its non-removable head-disk assemblies (HDAs) are sealed and included the head and arm assembly. The 3350 disk geometry is 555 cylinders, 30 heads, and 19,069 bytes per track, which give each HDA a storage capacity of 317,498,850 bytes. Sealed HDAs were standard practice on all IBM DASD hereafter. 930:

The IBM 3344 is similar to the 3340, except that it uses fixed media rather than removable 3348 data modules, each spindle has four logical drives each with the capacity of a 3348–70, there is no A (head of string) model and it is only available in dual drive models. The 3344-B2F is identical to the

856:

In 1973 IBM announced double density versions (-11 models) of the 3330 product line: the 3333–11, 3330-11 and the 3336–11; the 3336-11 Disk Packs hold up to 200 MB (808x19x13,030 bytes). It is not possible to mix single and double density drives within a string. It is possible to field upgrade

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of 2314 equivalent storage subsystems, IBM beginning 1970 introduced a series of low priced three drive module 2319s which were manufactured by removing one module from the four drive module 2313, rebranding it as a 2319 A1 and offering it at a substantially reduced rental price. This had the effect

476:

Track Record: Increases the capacity of the disk by writing a single large record per track instead of using 20 separate sectors. A track can hold 2,980 characters in 6-bit 'Move Mode", and 2,682 7-bit characters in "Load Mode", giving the drive a total capacity of 17,880,000 bits in 6-bit mode, and

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component learned of this device's characteristics through a special initializer, IECCINIT, which also serviced other DASD device types, and for the same purpose. It was at initialization-time that the OS learned that the 9340 has no non-volatile cache and the 9345 has a shorter than expected track

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The 2305 provides large-scale IBM computers with fast, continuous access to small-sized quantities of information. Its capacity and high data rate make it ideal for some systems residence functions, work files, job queues, indices and data sets that are used repeatedly. Its fast response time makes

354:

Disk Storage Unit was introduced in September 1963. Improved recording quadrupled its capacity over that of the 1301, to 117 million 6-bit characters per module. Average access time is 165 ms and data can be transferred at 180 K characters/second, more than double the speed of the 1301. There

239:

Each side of each disk has 200 tracks divided into five sectors. Sectors 0–4 are on the top surface and 5–9 are on the bottom surface. Each sector holds either 178 or 200 characters. One to three forked-shaped access arms each contains two read/write heads, one for the top of the disk and the other

1125:

A 3390 string consists of an A unit placed in the middle, and optionally one or two B units bolted to its sides. The A unit can have four or eight devices, each B unit can have up to 12 devices. The 3390 is always running in four-path mode, connected to a 3990 storage control unit. Optionally the

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lines. With the Two Channel Switch feature it could interface with two 360/370 channels. The 2314 Disk access mechanism was similar to the 2311, but further recording improvements allowed higher data density. The 2314 stored 29,176,000 characters (200×20×7294 bytes per track) on a single removable

519:

It uses a non-removable module of 25 platters, of which 46 surfaces are used for recording. The 2302 Model 3 contains one module and the Model 4 two. There are two independent access mechanisms per module, one for the innermost 250 cylinders, and one for the outermost 250, tracks available to each

153:

from the RAMAC program is generally considered to be the fundamental patent for disk drives. This first-ever disk drive was initially cancelled by the IBM Board of Directors because of its threat to the IBM punch card business but the IBM San Jose laboratory continued development until the project

910:

One significant aspect of this product, and the reason that disk drives in general became known as "Winchester technology", was that this head design was very low cost and did not require the heads to be unloaded from the media. Winchester technology allowed the head to land and take off from the

696:

The original Model 1 consists nine disk drives bundled together with one price; separately shipped was a storage control unit, a single drive module, and two four drive modules for a total of nine drives. The drives are mounted in individual drawers that are unlatched and pulled out to access the

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Each IBM 1316 Disk Pack is 4 inches (100 mm) high, weighs 10 pounds (4.5 kg) and contains six 14-inch (360 mm) diameter disks, yielding 10 recording surfaces (the outer surfaces are not used). The 10 individual read/write heads are mounted on a common actuator within the disk drive

54:

IBM manufactured 8-inch floppy disk drives from 1969 until the mid-1980s, but did not become a significant manufacturer of smaller-sized, 5.25- or 3.5-inch floppy disk drives (the dimension refers to the diameter of the floppy disk, not the size of the drive). IBM always offered its magnetic disk

326:

for each recording surface, with all the arms moving in and out together like a big comb. This eliminates the time needed for the arm to pull the head out of one disk and move up or down to a new disk. Seeking the desired track is also faster since, with the new design, the head will usually be

1319:

The 62GV first shipped in May 1974. Developed at IBM's Hursley, UK, laboratory under the code name Gulliver with an initial capacity of 5 MB. Subsequent models have 10 MB (62TM) and 14 MB capacities. It used a Swinging Arm actuator with one 14-inch disk. The simple design of the

891:

It uses removable data modules that included the head and arm assembly; an access door of the data module opens or closes during a mechanical load/unload process to connect the data module to the drive; unlike previous disk packs and cartridges there is no cover to remove during the insertion

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In October 1991 the 9345 DASD was announced as part of the IBM 9340 channel-attached, count key data (CKD) DASD subsystem family which attached to IBM mainframes including the ES/9000 processor family. The 9345 DASD Model 1 had two 1.0 GB HDDs while the Model 2 had two 1.5 GB HDDs.

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Disk units are identified as Models A2, A2F, B2, B2F, C2, and C2F with each model containing two HDAs. Model A2 and A2F has one additional electronic board, allowing it to be connected to the control unit. They are referred to as controllers, and also sometimes head-of-string. The models are

1616:-inch FDDs; its selection of the two-sided, 48 tracks-per-inch model helped establish the model as the de facto industry standard. IBM made extensive preparations to manufacture such models and smaller form factors but cancelled all such efforts in 1985. IBM's 1983 attempt to OEM its 4-inch 1093:

Similar to its predecessor (3350) the standard configuration is one A unit and up to three B units, but because each 3380 contains four devices each string now can contain up to 16 devices. Usually it is connected to a 3880 storage control units with two paths, allowing two simultaneous I/O

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Packaged in Hard Disk Assemblies with two actuator-head units and one set of platters, a model 1 HDA provides 1.89 GB before formatting and a model 2 provides 3.78 GB/HDA. The Model 3 enhancement to the drive family, announced September 11, 1991, increased capacity 1.5 times to

1328:

This section lists IBM manufactured HDDs offered both as an OEM product and for attachment to IBMs small systems such as the System/3, System/32, /34 and /36 and the AS/400. HDDs are identified by their OEM model number and listed chronologically by date of first customer shipment.

1449:-inch HDD with up to eight 130 mm disks depending upon model. This was IBM's first usage of a thin metal film as the disk's recording surface. In 1988 it shipped as part of the 9404 System Unit of the IBM AS/400 system which contained two, or optionally three of these HDDs. 341:

The IBM 1301 Model 1 leased for $ 2,100 per month or could be purchased for $ 115,500. Prices for the Model 2 were $ 3,500 per month or $ 185,000 to purchase. The IBM 7631 controller cost an additional $ 1,185 per month or $ 56,000 to purchase. All models were withdrawn in 1970.

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The following table compares IBM's first HDD, the RAMAC 350, with the last three models it manufactured in each of its "Star" series of OEM HDDs. It illustrates HDD's spectacular decline in cost and size along with corresponding improvement in capacity and performance.

51:. Disk drive performance and characteristics are measured by the same standards now as they were in the 1950s. Few products in history have enjoyed such spectacular declines in cost and physical size along with equally dramatic improvements in capacity and performance. 757:

of lowering the rental price to new customers while keeping the high rental price on existing customers. The 2319-A1 attaches to integrated controllers for only the System/370 Models 135 and 145. Conventional 2314 DASD such as the 2312 or 2318 can attach to the 2319-A1

1279:; it likely first shipped with the 1130 in late 1965. It could store 512,000 16-bit words (1,024,000 bytes) on an IBM 2315 cartridge. A single 14-inch (360 mm) oxide-coated aluminum disk spun in a plastic shell with openings for the read/write arm and two heads. 969:

The "x2F", as in Model A2F, unit is a normal x2 unit, but its two HDAs also have a Fixed Head area over the first five cylinders, thereby reducing seek time to zero for these five cylinders. This fixed head area is intended to be allocated to the frequently accessed

3602: 563:

The 2305-1 has a capacity of 5.4 MB and runs at 3.0 MB/second when attached using the 2-byte channel interface. Average access time is 2.5 ms. The larger 2305-2 has a capacity of 11.2 MB and runs at 1.5 MB/second with an average access time of 5 ms.

911:

disk media as the disk spun up and down. This resulted in very significant savings and a large reduction of complexity of the head and arm actuating mechanism. This head design rapidly became a standard design within the disk drive manufacturing community.

931:

3344-B2 except that both drives have fixed heads over some cylinders. Both 3344-B2 and 3344-B2F require a 3340-A2 or 3340-A2F as head of string. Inside, the 3344 is exactly the same as IBM 3350, the difference is only in the microcode in the control unit.

560:, and these 2305s were often used for paging devices. They were used in this way on 3155, 3165, 3158, 3168, 3033, 4341, and 3081 (with special feature microcode.) The 2305 was also used for high activity small data sets such as catalogs and job queues. 634:

are used when attached to an integrated control of the System/360 Model 20 and the disk packs are written with a fixed sector format. The disk packs are not interchangeable between those written on the Model 1 and those written on the Models 11 or 12.

1121:

Direct Access Storage Device series was introduced November 1989, offering a maximum storage of up to 22 gigabytes in a string of multiple drives. Cost of a storage system varied by configuration and capacity, between $ 90,000 and $ 795,000.

643:

before reading or writing occurred. Each recording surface has 200 tracks plus three optional tracks which can be used as alternatives in case faulty tracks are discovered. Average seek time is 85 ms. Data transfer rate is 156

330:

The 1301 is the first disk drive to use heads that are aerodynamically designed to fly over the surface of the disk on a thin layer of air. This allows them to be much closer to the recording surface, which greatly improves performance.

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was announced September 1969 as part of System/3. Developed at IBM's Hursley, England, laboratory under code name Dolphin it used the 5440 disk cartridge. The cartridge in turn contained one 14-inch disk. There were three models:

46:

drive (FDD) were invented by IBM and as such IBM's employees were responsible for many of the innovations in these products and their technologies. The basic mechanical arrangement of hard disk drives has not changed since the

835:

The initial configuration consists of one storage control unit (3830 Model 1) bolted to a 3330, with optionally three more 3330's bolted together. This is known as a string, making a maximum of eight drives in a string.

1102:

and up to three B units connected on each side, giving a maximum of 32 devices in a string. This requires they are connected to a 3990 storage control unit, and allows four simultaneous I/O operation in the string.

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In February 1985, IBM announced a double density version – the Extended Capability Models of the 3380 (3380 E) having 5.04 gigabytes per 3380 unit, that is, two 1.26 gigabyte actuators on two hard disk assemblies.

3439: 1183:

For most practical applications, the 9340/9345 was functionally equivalent to a 3990/3390, although without non-volatile RAM cache of the 3990 and with a somewhat shorter maximum block length than the 3390.

650:

Because the 2311 was to be used with a wide variety of computers within the 360 product line, its electrical interconnection was standardized. This created an opportunity for other manufacturers to sell

4316:

Ballistic Research Laboratories "A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems", March 1961, section on IBM 305 RAMAC (pp. 314–331) has a $ 34,500 purchase price at Boeing Wichita

868:

The IBM 3340 and 3344 have similar characteristics. However, only a 3340 can serve as head of string; there are no A model 3344 drives, and a 3344 must be attached to a 3340 A model as head of string.

1527:-inch half-height device (1.6-inch high) and up to 1 GB on up to 8 95 mm disks. It was offered as a feature on certain models of the PS/2 and RS/6000. It was the first OEM disk drive to use 2171:, announced in 1974, is a library system of tape cartridges that staged data from the cartridges onto physical IBM 3330 or 3350 disk drives which then appeared to the system as virtual 3330 drives. 1231:

9335 Direct Access Storage Subsystem This HDD used in this subsystem was developed under the code name "Kestrel" at IBM Hursley, UK, and was an 850 MB HDD using three 14-inch disks with dual

828:, which makes the drives more reliable and reduces costs because small imperfections in the disk surface can be tolerated. The circuitry can correct error bursts up to 11 bits long through use of 141:) diameter disks of which 100 recording surfaces are used, omitting the top surface of the top disk and the bottom surface of the bottom disk. Each surface has 100 tracks. The disks spin at 1200 899:

The 3340 was developed in San Jose under the leadership of Ken Haughton. Early on the design was focused on two removable 30 megabyte modules. Because of this 30/30 configuration, the code name

386:

Disk Storage Drive was announced on October 11, 1962, and was designed for use with several medium-scale business and scientific computers. The 1311 is about the size and shape of a top-loading

243:

The access time ranges from 100ms to a maximum access time for model 2 of 800ms and 700ms for model 1. The 1405 model 2 disk storage unit has 100,000 sectors containing either 200 characters in

167:

In 1984, the RAMAC 350 Disk File was designated an International Historic Landmark by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In 2002 at the Magnetic Disk Heritage Center, a team led by

364: 888:. Three models were announced, the 3340-A2 with two drives and a controller, the models B2 (two drives) and B1 (one drive). B-units can connect to the model A2 to a maximum of eight drives. 160:

The RAMAC unit weighs about one ton, has to be moved around with forklifts, and was frequently transported via large cargo airplanes. According to Currie Munce, research vice president for

4117: 4176: 4032: 3934: 401:

There are seven models of the 1311 disk drive. The first drive attached to a system is a "master drive" which contains the controller and can control a number of Model 2 "slave drives."

390:

and stores 2 million characters (12,000,000 bits) (or, in so-called "Load Mode" on an IBM 1401, a sector can hold 90 7-bit characters, or 12,600,000 bits total ) on a removable IBM 1316

4229: 1133:

All the preceding DASD models are equipped with a large AC motor, driving the HDA with a belt; however, the 3390 HDA is directly driven by a DC motor that is included in the enclosure.

3558: 3982: 2236:

Note, however, that the I/O to the fixed-head area can be delayed by a seek in progress to one of the remaining cylinders; there is no equivalent to the multiple exposures of the

3102:

IBM System/360 Component Descriptions — 2841 Storage Control Unit 2302 Disk Storage, Models 3 and 4 2311 Disk Storage Drive 2321 Data Cell Drive, Model 1 2303 Drum Storage

2582: 211:. It used the mechanism of the IBM 350 with up to three access arms and stored 6 million decimal digits and 600,000 signs. It transferred a full track to and from the magnetic 623:; it attaches to the System/360 Model 25 thru a Disk Attachment Control which provides the function of the control unit. Disk packs are written in these attachments in IBM's 1405:-inch HDD with up to four 130 mm disks. It was offered as a feature on certain models of the PC RT (6150, 6151, 6152) and in System/36 Model System Units (5363, 5364). 2227:

In addition to the 40 surfaces used for user data, there is one for format tracks, 6 for alternate surfaces and one for maintenance. The top and bottom surfaces are unused.

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on IBMs SCSE (SuperComputing Systems Extensions). Developed at IBM's San Jose, California laboratory under the code name Sawmill. It was an up to 1.5 GB full height 5

3724:

According to the 1984 Disk/Trend Rigid Disk Drive Report it was available on the Series/1 (4963), System/34 (5430), System/38 (5381) and the 8100 System (8101, 8130,8140)

1427:-inch HDD with a capacity of up to 115 MB on up to four 130 mm disks. It was the HDD internal to the System/36 5363 System Unit and Series 1 4956 System Unit. 550: 420:

Slave drive to a master drive. Can have any special feature incorporated that the master drive has incorporated. Introduced October 11, 1962. Withdrawn January 6, 1975.

2529:... the scheduled ship date of the first field test machine slipped. In June 1956, however, the 305-A RAMAC went out to the Zellerbach Paper Company in San Francisco. 3447: 708:

A 2844 Control Unit can be added to the 2314 Control Unit which allows two S/360 Channels simultaneous access to two separate disk drives in the Storage Facility.

4411: 3100: 3750: 2339:

1986 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives shows IBM production only of 8-inch FDDs and states, IBM will end internal production of 8-inch drives by 1987.

1373:

The 0665 first shipped in October 1985 in the system unit for the PC AT (5170). Developed under the code name "Pixie" at IBM Rochester, Minnesota, it was a 5

857:

existing 3330 Models to Model 11, but this is a major task, as the drives had to be converted, and all the existing data had to be copied to the new media.

3127: 219:, an IBM 650 option that included just sixty signed 10-digit words, enough for a single track of disk or a tape record, along with two unrelated features. 481:

The master drives, Models 1, 3, 4, and 5, which contain extra power supplies and the control logic, are about a foot wider than the Model 2 slave drive.

133:

Its design was motivated by the need for real time accounting in business. The 350 stores 5 million 6-bit characters (3.75 MB). It has fifty-two 24-

130:, San Francisco, in June 1956, with production shipment beginning in November 1957 with the shipment of a unit to United Airlines in Denver, Colorado. 4358: 126:

RAMAC computer system. RAMAC stood for "Random Access Method of Accounting and Control". The first engineering prototype 350 disk storage shipped to

1235:, each actuator accessing three surfaces with two heads per surface. The HDD was in the rack mountable 9335 announced as a part of the October 1986 3400: 2870: 3413: 3376: 3348: 3320: 3288: 3263: 3234: 3216: 3188: 2997: 2819: 453:

system and can control up to four Model 2 drives. Direct Seek comes as standard on this model. Introduced January 7, 1963. Withdrawn May 12, 1971.

2794: 2408: 2097:

IBM in some of its operating systems classifies HDDs and FDDs as DASDs, direct access storage devices. Other technologies so classified include:

4128: 1341:

A double capacity version, the 62SW, shipped in June 1984 but very few units were sold because its price per megabyte was the same as the 62GV.

338:

File Control. Different models of the 7631 allow the 1301 to be used with a 1410 or 7000 series computer, or shared between two such computers.

4183: 4043: 3945: 4236: 2667: 850: 431:

system and can control up to three Model 2 drives. Does not support any special features. Introduced October 11, 1962. Withdrawn May 12, 1971.

4353: 3562: 922:

was used for hard disk drives in general long after the introduction of the 3340, but is no longer in common use in most parts of the world.

3993: 2919: 4404: 1585:-inch HDD with 1.05 GB on three disks or five disk surfaces. It was the HDD internal to the 9336 Disk Unit and the 9337 Disk Array. 1395:

first shipped in August 1986. Developed at IBM Rochester, Minnesota, under the code name "Grant", it was a 70 MB ESDI full height 5

59:(OEM) terms until 1981. By 1996, IBM had stopped making hard disk drives unique to its systems and was offering all its HDDs as an OEM. 4368: 3677: 547: 450: 414: 335: 1575:

first shipped in June 1993. Developed under the code name "Spitfire" at IBM Rochester, Minnesota, it was a full-height (1-inch high) 3

1439:

first shipped in 1987. Developed under the code name "Lee" at IBM Rochester, Minnesota, it was an up to 316 MB ESDI full height 5

2592: 2458: 638:

The 2311 mechanism is largely identical to the 1311, but recording improvements allow higher data density. The 2311 stores 7.25

4153: 3308:

Kenneth E. Haughton, who led the 3340 development effort, is reported to have said: 'If it's a 30–30, then it must be a Winchester.'

2966: 2844: 841: 4444: 3681: 2968:

IBM 1301, Models 1 and 2, Disk Storage and IBM 1302, Models 1 and 2, Disk Storage with IBM 1410 and 7010 Data Processing Systems

1299:

Model 2 has one fixed disk and one removable disk each with 200 tracks per surface for a disk cartridge capacity of 2.46 MB

1296:

Model 1 has one fixed disk and one removable disk each with 100 tracks per surface for a disk cartridge capacity of 1.23 MB

1109:

The last models were withdrawn by IBM in May 1996 representing a production run of 15 years; a run longer than most disk drives

760:

2319 B series of three disk drives modules allow three, six or nine drive attachment to a new 2314 Model B Storage Control Unit.

277:

on June 5, 1961, 7070 and 7074 customers found it to be more attractive than the 7300. The 7300 uses the same technology as the

4914: 4397: 4374: 2724: 473:

Seek Overlap: Allows a seek to overlap a single read or write, and any number of other seeks, when multiple drives are in use.

3075: 3022: 3859: 3512: 2433: 1543:

first shipped in November 1992. Developed under the code name "Allicat" at IBM Rochester, Minnesota, it was a full-height 5

1025:. It has seven fixed 14-inch (360 mm) disks, and each unit has a capacity of 571 MB. It was the first HDD to use 546:) and associated IBM 2835 Storage Control were announced in 1970, initially to connect to the 360/85 and 360/195 using the 4068: 4924: 3533: 3478: 2490: 971: 327:

somewhere in the middle of the disk, not starting on the outer edge. Maximum access time is reduced to 180 milliseconds.

161: 4363: 1478:

under the code name Redwing, it was the last HDD product developed at Hursley. It was an up to 857 MB full-height 5

3892: 1417:

first shipped in 1987. Developed at IBM Rochester, Minnesota, under the code name "Grant-Prime", it was a full-height 5

978:

checkpoint area and thus greatly reduce head motion on the SPOOL device. The fixed head area can also be utilized for

2522: 2512: 2374: 804:

3D artist's concept of an IBM 3330 Direct Access Storage Facility. Shown are three 3330s and one 3333 (on the right).

2315: 829: 1030: 631: 568:

it attractive as a paging device in a heavily loaded systems, where there are 1.5 or more transactions per second.

1130:

5.67 GB/HDA and the Model 9, announced May 20, 1993, further increased capacity 3 times to 11.3 GB/HDA.

459:

No information available, probably a slave drive to Model 6. Introduced March 5, 1968. Withdrawn February 2, 1971.

2153:

announced in 1964 is a device that uses short strips of magnetic tape to store data. It holds 10 40 MB removable

1492:

decoding of data. It was the drive component of the 9333 Disk Drive Subsystem which first shipped in early 1992.

719:

In 1969 IBM unbundled the facility into separate models allowing up to nine drives (eight on line) attached to a

157:

The 350's cabinet is 60 inches (150 cm) long, 68 inches (170 cm) high and 29 inches (74 cm) wide.

56: 3754: 494: 4596: 4260: 1617: 1302:

Model 3 has only one removable disk with 200 tracks per surface for a disk cartridge capacity of 2.46 MB

1086:

access time was 16 ms. Purchase price at time of introduction ranged from $ 81,000 to $ 142,200. Due to

1225:

9333 High Performance Disk Drive Subsystem used the IBM 0664 or IBM 0681 HDDs depending upon subsystem model

4919: 1136:

The 3390 Model 9 was the last Single Large Expensive Disk (sometimes called SLEDs) drive announced by IBM.

253: 63: 4290: 3635: 1628:

On October 17, 1994, IBM's Storage Systems division announced three new families of hard disk drives, the

438:

system and can control up to four Model 2 drives. Introduced October 11, 1962. Withdrawn February 8, 1971.

417:

system and can control up to four Model 2 drives. Introduced October 11, 1962. Withdrawn February 8, 1971.

4432: 2630: 2185: 516:, with track formatting in accordance with S/360 DASD architecture rather than 7000 series architecture. 394:. Seven models of the 1311 were introduced during the 1960s. They were withdrawn during the early 1970s. 179:, Mountain View, California and is now demonstrated to the public in the museum's Revolution exhibition. 3296: 456:

No information available, probably a master drive. Introduced March 5, 1968. Withdrawn February 2, 1971.

3242: 2180: 1594: 1462:

it was added as a standard drive on several major IBM systems, e.g., IBM AS/400 System Unit Model CXX.

2895: 4379: 3915:

Last products of Disk-File Development at Hursley and Millbrook, W. J. P. Case, IBM, October 12, 1990

3049: 1209:

9331 Diskette Unit models 1 and 11 contained one 8-inch FDD while the models 2 and 12 contained one 5

3417: 3380: 3352: 3324: 3267: 3220: 3192: 3158: 3001: 2945: 2874: 2823: 663: 3502:

9340 DASD Subsystem Family of Products, IBM Service For Consultants Manual, Oct 1991, p. M9340

2798: 2674: 2412: 2382: 1354: 1034: 781: 323: 1369:

A British IBM 0665-30 hard disk exposed, possibly manufactured in 1985. A head crash has occurred.

300:

Disk Storage Unit was announced on June 2, 1961 with two models. It was designed for use with the

4651: 4556: 3811: 3178:

T. Beretvas, Performance tuning in OS/VS2 MVS, IBM SYST J., Vol. 17 No. 3, 1978, pp. 290–313

2560: 1188: 1154: 983: 975: 609: 605: 376: 176: 104: 17: 4678: 3706:{"Design of a Swinging Arm Actuator for a disk file" J. S. HEATH IBM J. RES. DEVELOP. July 1976} 4723: 3592:

History of Disk-File Development at Hursley and Millbrook, W. J. P. Case, IBM, October 17, 1990

1090:

problems encountered between heads and media, the first units did not ship until October 1981.

1038: 785: 172: 142: 1495:

A higher density, 1.07 GB, version was incorporated into the 9333 subsystem in May 1992.

1126:

3990 can have a second 3390 string attached, giving a maximum of 64 devices in the subsystem.

4773: 4526: 4280:

M.J. Phister, Jr, Data Process – Technology and Economics 2nd Ed., 1979, Table II.2.12.1

1062: 1042: 904: 789: 2770: 2135: 2121: 4673: 4611: 4536: 2190: 1657: 1192:

capacity. The initializer, therefore, assigned a different device type than the 3990/3390.

92: 8: 4838: 4818: 4591: 979: 301: 2468: 4868: 4863: 4848: 4561: 4460: 2609: 2149: 800: 304: 3775: 216: 4888: 4878: 4813: 4803: 2518: 2351:

IBM Enters OEM Market For Winchester Disk Drives, Electronic News, September 14, 1981

1600: 1563:-inch devices in one, with up to 2.013 GB capacity on up to 8 95 mm disks. 1528: 1168: 1022: 777: 3129:

Reference Manual for IBM 2835 Storage Control and IBM 2305 Fixed Head Storage Module

2261: 114:

disk storage unit, the first disk drive, was announced by IBM as a component of the

4873: 4798: 4743: 4626: 4506: 2728: 1643: 1228:

9334 Disk Expansion Unit attaches from one to four SCSI HDDs to the RS/6000 system.

893: 825: 127: 118:

computer system on September 14, 1956. Simultaneously a very similar product, the

4788: 4768: 4698: 4636: 4546: 4470: 4420: 2287: 1232: 753: 652: 387: 39: 4389: 2437: 66:(DASD), disk file and diskette file. Here, the current industry standard terms, 4521: 4511: 2749: 1507:

first shipped in late 1991. Developed under the code name "Corsair", it was a 3

1311: 1058: 1026: 959: 624: 490: 4075: 3683:

IBM 5444 Disk Storage Drive – IBM 5440 Disk Cartridge – Component Descriptions

3537: 3482: 2597:

stored 5 million 6-bit characters (the equivalent of 3.75 million 8-bit bytes)

2556: 1259: 1245:

9337 Disk Array Subsystem used the IBM 0662 (Spitfire) or 0663 (Corsair) HDDs.

149: 4908: 4616: 4491: 4208: 1073: 371: 115: 4098:

1996 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives, November 1986, p. MFGR-5

2673:. American Society of Mechanical Engineer. February 27, 1984. Archived from 363: 4631: 4586: 4576: 4566: 4107:

1983 Disk/Trend Report – Flexible Disk Drives, December 1983 p. MFGR-7

3715:{US 3,849,800 Magnetic disk apparatus. Cuzner, Dodman, Heath, & Rigbey} 1239:

Information System announcement. There is no known OEM version of this HDD.

1200: 987: 944: 557: 542:

fixed head storage (a fixed-head disk drive sometimes incorrectly called a

31: 3656: 2699: 1167:-inch HDD using up to 8 130 mm disks. It was the first HDD to use MR 231:

Disk Storage Unit was announced in 1961 and was designed for use with the

62:

IBM uses many terms to describe its various magnetic disk drives, such as

4843: 4551: 4384: 4326: 2319: 1475: 1338:

used six 8-inch disks (210 mm) and had an improved rotary actuator.

543: 212: 168: 43: 1488:-inch HDD using up to 12 130 mm disks. It was the first HDD to use 655:

disk drives for use with IBM computers and an entire industry was born.

467:

Direct Seek: Without this option every seek returns to track zero first.

34:

devices from 1956 to 2003, when it sold its hard disk drive business to

4858: 4808: 4738: 4728: 4708: 4688: 1629: 907:; subsequently the capacities were increased, but the code name stuck. 885: 821: 817: 689: 685: 593: 576: 509: 138: 87: 1863:

8100 BTUs/hour (i.e., 2374 watts), up to 5500 VA depending upon model

4783: 4748: 4581: 4571: 1087: 1019: 714: 668: 613: 391: 2921:

IBM Customer Engineering Instruction-Maintenance / 7631 File Control

1365: 4778: 4733: 2237: 2167: 2107: 1353:

first shipped in November 1982 as a 5247 Disk Storage Unit for the

1276: 1272: 1236: 1015: 774: 644: 639: 620: 601: 597: 589: 526: 513: 446: 442: 435: 428: 424: 410: 406: 319: 308: 286: 274: 270: 232: 207:

was announced on September 14, 1956, as an addition to the popular

192: 48: 4763: 2360:

1996 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, Specifications Section

1700: 46-year improvement (maximum) 849:, separating the control unit from the string. The 3830 became a 4893: 4853: 4793: 4718: 4703: 4656: 4646: 4621: 4541: 4465: 315: 282: 278: 208: 123: 35: 3468:

1994 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives for family capacities

2846:

IBM Customer Engineering Manual of Instruction 1405 Disk Storage

2288:"Hitachi Global – News Releases from Headquarters – Jan 6, 2003" 1670:-inch family for high performance computer system applications. 1094:

operations, however, the operations must target different HDAs.

675: 99: 4883: 4828: 4713: 4683: 4666: 4601: 4531: 4501: 2125:

is a magnetic-drum storage device introduced in the late 1960s

1606:

IBM was at one point was the world's largest purchaser of OEM 5

1045:, the only S/370 operating systems that supported FBA devices. 792:, the only S/370 operating systems that supported FBA devices. 556:

The 2305 Drive was in much demand when the System 370 offered

484: 470:

Scan Disk: Automatic rapid search for identifier or condition.

273:; IBM announced a model 2 in 1959, but when IBM announced the 4833: 4823: 4606: 4496: 3625:

1993 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, p. RESPEC-61

375:

IBM 1311 disk drive with IBM 1316 removable disk pack at the

367:

IBM 1311 Disk Drives – Model 2 (slave) & Model 3 (master)

3636:"IBM Archives: IBM 1800 data acquisition and control system" 780:. Each drive had a capacity of 64.5 MB. The 3310 was a 257:

bit to each character. The Model 1 contains 50,000 sectors.

171:

began restoration of an IBM 350 RAMAC in collaboration with

4641: 4516: 4033:"1 GB low profile disk drives, MODELS 0662-S12, -SW1, -SWD" 1489: 939: 700: 619:

The 2311 Model 1 attaches to most IBM mainframes through a

134: 175:. In 2005, the RAMAC restoration project relocated to the 4758: 4753: 4693: 4661: 3238: 2587: 2463: 1271:

Removable Cartridge Drive was announced in 1964 with the

991: 27: 4261:"IBM dusts off new laptop hard drives – Hardware – News" 2631:"IBM Board Cancels Disk File Project – Hard Disk Drives" 1222:

9332 Direct Access Storage Device used the IBM 0667 HDD.

667:

IBM 2314s at the University of Michigan. Note removable

4486: 4209:"IBM plays "tag 'n seek" to speed desktops – CNET News" 3924:

IBM Product Announcement Letter 192-086, April 22, 1992

3264:"IBM Archives: IBM 3340 direct access storage facility" 3189:"IBM Archives: IBM 2314 direct access storage facility" 1673: 2750:"Computer History Museum | Computer Restorations" 2139:

is a magnetic-drum storage device introduced in 1964.

773:

Direct Access Storage Device on January 30, 1979, for

688:

introduction. It was used with the System/360 and the

3983:"IBM OEM storage products, 0664 MODELS CSH & ESH" 3689:(First ed.). August 1970. p. 2. GA33-3002-0 3414:"IBM Archives: IBM 3390 direct access storage device" 3377:"IBM Archives: IBM 3380 direct access storage device" 3349:"IBM Archives: IBM 3370 direct access storage device" 1249: 997:

The IBM 3350 family was withdrawn in September 1994.

684:

was introduced on April 22, 1965, one year after the

1383:-inch HDD with capacities of 20, 30 and 44 MB. 3559:"9334-010 IBM SCSI Drawer Expansion Unit Model 010" 2771:"IBM Stretch (aka IBM 7030 Data Processing System)" 2459:"IBM Details Next Generation of Storage Innovation" 2111:is a magnetic-drum storage unit announced in 1962. 1029:technology; research on that technology started at 816:, was introduced in June 1970 for use with the IBM 4359:IBM Archive: Table of links to disk drive articles 4118:"Hard disk drive specifications, Ultrastar 146Z10" 1623: 715:IBM 2314 direct access storage facility - A series 580:IBM 2311 Disk Storage Drive, with its six platters 4419: 2865: 2863: 2789: 2787: 2491:"IBM Builds on 50 Years of Spinning Disk Storage" 1014:Direct Access Storage Device in January 1979 for 4906: 3403:, Computer History Museum, January 3, 2006, p24. 2403: 2401: 2399: 2209:The term DASD encompasses more than disk drives. 2092: 884:, was introduced in March 1973 for use with IBM 269:Disk Storage Unit was designed for use with the 95:, with two IBM 350 disk drives in the foreground 4371:, IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1981 3813:Grant disk drive | Computer History Museum 3733:IBM Hursley museum & inventor Chris Pollard 3135:(Third ed.). IBM. August 1971. GA26-1589-2 3098: 2927:(2nd ed.). IBM. September 1964. 223-2766-1 2375:"IBM's disk drive family has three new members" 2160: 4354:IBM Archive: Storage basic information sources 3321:"IBM Archives: IBM 3350 direct access storage" 3217:"IBM Archives: IBM 3310 direct access storage" 2992: 2990: 2988: 2860: 2812: 2784: 1656:-inch family for desktop applications and the 1553:-inch HDD (3.25-inch high) that combined two 3 1242:9336 Disk Unit used the IBM 0681 HDD (Redwing) 4405: 3751:"IBM Archives: Rochester chronology – page 4" 3678:"Figure 1. Characteristics of models of 5444" 3068: 3044: 3042: 3015: 2896:"IBM 1301 disk storage unit – CHM Revolution" 2488: 2396: 1323: 1195: 682:IBM 2314 Disk Access Storage Facility Model 1 676:IBM 2314 Disk Access Storage Facility Model 1 3621: 3619: 3440:"Direct Access Storage * 3.8GB, 4 actuators" 3092: 2381:. Vol. 16, no. 42. San Mateo, CA: 2316:"Five decades of disk drive industry firsts" 596:; the combination was also available on the 55:drives for sale but did not offer them with 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3513:"9402-436 IBM AS/400 Advanced 36 Model 436" 3437: 3371: 3369: 3211: 3209: 3159:"IBM Archives: IBM 2305 fixed head storage" 3076:"IBM Archives: IBM 1311 disk storage drive" 2998:"IBM Archives: IBM 1311 disk storage drive" 2985: 954:Direct Access Storage Facility, code-named 880:Direct Access Storage Facility, code-named 812:Direct Access Storage Facility, code-named 588:Disk Storage Drive was introduced with the 485:IBM System/360 and other IBM mainframe HDDs 4412: 4398: 4022:1995 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives 3972:1992 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives 3882:1990 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives 3849:1991 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives 3833:1988 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives 3801:1986 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives 3534:"IBM 9332 DASD startup and shutdown Video" 3153: 3151: 3149: 3039: 2946:"IBM Archives: IBM 1302 disk storage unit" 2871:"IBM Archives: IBM 1301 disk storage unit" 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2262:"Hitachi to Buy IBM's Hard Drive Business" 1474:first shipped in April 1990. Developed at 604:. The drive also directly attaches to the 334:The 1301 connects to the computer via the 4369:A Quarter Century of Disk File Innovation 4018: 4016: 4014: 3968: 3966: 3878: 3876: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3616: 3401:Oral History Panel on IBM 3380 Disk Drive 3289:"IBM 3340 direct access storage facility" 2795:"IBM Archives: IBM 355 disk storage unit" 2510: 2409:"IBM Archives: IBM 350 disk storage unit" 4375:EE Times: Disk drives take eventful spin 3935:"0663 MODEL E, IBM OEM storage products" 3736: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3366: 3343: 3341: 3206: 1599:Another important IBM innovation is the 1364: 1310: 1258: 1199: 1072: 938: 799: 699: 662: 575: 370: 362: 98: 86: 4445:List of defunct hard disk manufacturers 3893:"9404 IBM AS/400 System Unit Model CXX" 3444:Offering Information / Offering Catalog 3146: 2543:IBM San Jose, The First Quarter Century 2514:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years 2372: 2301: 14: 4907: 4011: 3963: 3873: 3836: 3753:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3603:"IBM 9370 INFORMATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW" 3416:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3379:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3351:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3323:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3295:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3266:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3219:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3191:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 3000:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 2873:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 2822:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 2797:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 2580: 2411:. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from 2368: 2366: 958:, was introduced in 1975 for use with 671:and empty covers on top of the drives. 4393: 3776:"Reference Manual – 5362 System Unit" 3577: 3481:. Chmhdd.wetpaint.com. Archived from 3338: 2820:"IBM Archives: IBM 1405 disk storage" 2347: 2345: 2142: 1061:architecture, which was required for 2540: 2511:Daniel, Eric; Mee, C. Denis (1999). 1674:IBM's first HDD versus its last HDDs 1588: 1153:HDD first shipped in Nov 1990 as an 1139: 1000: 863: 3471: 2489:Preimesberger, Chris (2006-09-08). 2363: 592:in 1964 for use throughout the IBM 463:The optional special features are: 162:Hitachi Global Storage Technologies 24: 2581:Thuerk, Keith (January 16, 2014). 2342: 2157:, for a total capacity of 400 MB. 1250:HDDs offered for IBM small systems 1033:in the late 1960s. The 3370 was a 752:In a response to competition from 25: 4936: 4347: 4291:"Reference Manual: IBM RAMAC 305" 3536:. Blingcheese.com. Archived from 3241:. 23 January 2003. Archived from 2752:. Computerhistory.org. 1999-10-23 2373:Francis, Bob (October 17, 1994). 914:Up into the early 1990s the term 839:In August 1972 IBM announced the 322:is the use of a separate arm and 154:was approved by IBM's president. 77: 4206: 4069:"IBM SCSI Controllers and Disks" 3099:IBM Corporation (October 1965). 2128: 2114: 2100: 1642:-inch family for notebooks, the 1517:-inch HDD with the height of a 5 1031:Thomas J. Watson Research Center 860:The 3330 was withdrawn in 1983. 851:director type of storage control 658: 4319: 4310: 4283: 4274: 4253: 4222: 4200: 4169: 4146: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4061: 4025: 3975: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3885: 3852: 3827: 3804: 3795: 3768: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3670: 3649: 3628: 3595: 3551: 3526: 3505: 3496: 3462: 3431: 3406: 3394: 3313: 3281: 3256: 3227: 3181: 3172: 3120: 2959: 2938: 2912: 2888: 2837: 2763: 2742: 2725:"Magnetic Disk Heritage Center" 2717: 2692: 2660: 2647: 2623: 2602: 2574: 2563:from the original on 2021-12-22 2549: 2534: 2504: 2482: 2451: 2434:"CHM HDD Events: IBM 350 RAMAC" 2426: 2268:. Ziff Davis, LLC. June 5, 2002 2230: 2221: 2212: 2012:Volume density (megabytes/cm³) 1992:Volume density (gigabytes/in³) 1880:Power density (megabytes/watt) 1053:The sister unit was called the 627:variable record length format. 520:access mechanism are called an 57:original equipment manufacturer 4385:IBM 2314 Direct access storage 3479:"IBM Sawmill – CHM HDD Events" 2704:RAMAC 350 Restoration Web Site 2354: 2333: 2280: 2254: 2203: 903:was selected after the famous 711:Other 2314 models came later: 616:introduced with the IBM 1311. 495:History of IBM CKD Controllers 477:18,774,000 bits in 7-bit mode. 236:a shaft rotating at 1200 rpm. 13: 1: 4915:History of computing hardware 4597:Digital Equipment Corporation 4364:Magnetic Disk Heritage Center 4177:"Word Pro – D180GXP_sp41.lwp" 3561:. 9 June 2009. Archived from 3023:"IBM 1311 Disk Storage Drive" 2727:. Web.mac.com. Archived from 2668:"The IBM 350 RAMAC Disk File" 2247: 2093:DASD devices not HDDs or FDDs 1948:(34,000,000 in 2002 dollars) 1476:IBM's Hursley, UK, laboratory 847:3333 Disk Storage and Control 754:plug compatible manufacturers 3605:. 01.ibm.com. 7 October 1986 3108:. pp. 34–36. A26-5988-2 2467:. 2006-09-06. Archived from 2168:IBM 3850 Mass Storage System 2161:IBM 3850 Mass Storage System 1909:($ 234,000 in 2002 dollars) 1275:, and then in 1965 with the 896:. It was withdrawn in 1984. 842:3830 Model 2 Storage Control 119: 64:direct-access storage device 7: 4433:History of hard disk drives 4380:IBM 1311 Disk storage drive 4263:. Zdnetasia.com. 2002-11-07 3816:. Computerhistory.org. 1986 3051:IBM 1311 Disk Storage Drive 2517:. IEEE Press. p. 280. 2186:History of hard disk drives 2174: 1946: 4,600,000 1934:($ 68,000 in 2002 dollars) 1566: 1534: 1498: 1465: 1452: 1430: 1408: 1386: 1360: 1344: 1332: 1306: 1282: 1254: 1174: 1144: 1112: 1068: 1048: 1005: 934: 925: 871: 795: 764: 746: 571: 533: 499: 358: 345: 291: 260: 222: 93:U.S. Army Red River Arsenal 10: 4941: 4925:Hard disk computer storage 4327:"CPI Inflation Calculator" 2653:Lee Gomes, "Talking Tech" 2181:History of the floppy disk 1595:History of the floppy disk 1592: 1324:OEM and Small Systems HDDs 1196:9330 family of disk drives 1077:IBM 3380 disk drive module 488: 198: 182: 82: 4479: 4453: 4428: 3659:. Ibm1130.net. 1965-02-11 2218:versus one on the IBM 350 551:Block Multiplexor Channel 314:A major advance over the 4759:Nippon Electric Industry 4522:Bryant Computer Products 4438:IBM magnetic disk drives 4155:InfoWorld – Google Books 3657:"IBM 1130 Press Release" 2196: 2071:Data rate (megabytes/s) 1355:IBM System/23 Datamaster 1035:fixed-block architecture 990:) and system swap data ( 782:fixed-block architecture 128:Zellerbach Paper Company 122:, was announced for the 4652:Hokushin Electric Works 4557:Computer Memories, Inc. 3235:"IBM 3330 data storage" 2655:The Wall Street Journal 2583:"IBM impact on Storage" 2559:. YouTube. 2007-07-07. 2051:Average seek time (ms) 1973:Density (kilobits/mm²) 1953:Density (megabits/in²) 1263:IBM 2315 disk cartridge 1106:to A-units or C-units. 905:Winchester .30-30 rifle 610:IBM System/360 Model 25 606:IBM System/360 Model 20 377:Computer History Museum 177:Computer History Museum 105:Computer History Museum 3860:"IBM 9404 SYSTEM UNIT" 3696:– via Bitsavers. 3161:. IBM. 23 January 2003 3142:– via Bitsavers. 3064:– via Bitsavers. 2981:– via Bitsavers. 2948:. IBM. 23 January 2003 2934:– via Bitsavers. 2856:– via Bitsavers. 2635:Chmhdd.wikifoundry.com 2276:– via Pcmag.com. 1370: 1316: 1264: 1205: 1078: 947: 805: 736:, a four drive module. 705: 672: 612:. All drives used the 581: 530:Storage Control Unit. 379: 368: 173:Santa Clara University 107: 96: 30:manufactured magnetic 2849:. IBM. 1962. 227-5542 2680:on September 30, 2013 2595:on January 16, 2014. 1724:Capacity (gigabytes) 1624:"Star" series of HDDs 1368: 1314: 1262: 1203: 1076: 942: 803: 742:, a two drive module. 730:, a one drive module. 703: 666: 579: 374: 366: 247:or 178 characters in 150:U.S. patent 3,503,060 102: 90: 4734:MiniStor Peripherals 4679:Intégral Peripherals 4612:ExcelStor Technology 2541:Kean, David (1977). 2191:List of IBM products 1907: $ 34,500 1744:Dimensions (inches) 1063:OS/360 and successor 721:2314 Storage Control 632:2311 models 11 or 12 4920:IBM storage devices 4839:Samsung Electronics 3999:on 21 November 2008 3299:on January 21, 2005 3245:on January 21, 2005 2900:Computerhistory.org 2700:"Team Contact Info" 2610:"Disk Drive Patent" 1932: $ 9,200 1169:(Magneto Resistive) 1065:operating systems. 1010:IBM introduced the 769:IBM introduced the 441:Master drive on an 434:Master drive on an 405:Master drive on an 305:mainframe computers 103:RAMAC mechanism at 4864:SyQuest Technology 4849:Shugart Associates 4562:Conner Peripherals 4552:CII-Honeywell-Bull 4537:Castlewood Systems 4461:Seagate Technology 4134:on 2 November 2006 4125:www.hitachigst.com 4040:www.hitachigst.com 3990:www.hitachigst.com 3951:on 30 October 2006 3942:www.hitachigst.com 3515:. Dhart.no-ip.info 2150:IBM 2321 Data Cell 2143:IBM 2321 Data Cell 1685:Parameter (units) 1371: 1317: 1265: 1206: 1079: 1023:midrange computers 948: 806: 778:midrange computers 706: 673: 614:IBM 1316 Disk Pack 582: 380: 369: 108: 97: 4902: 4901: 4879:Texas Instruments 4804:Potter Instrument 4049:on 9 October 2007 3638:. IBM. 1964-11-30 3438:IBM Corporation. 2657:, August 22, 2006 2090: 2089: 1691:Ultrastar 146Z10 1601:floppy disk drive 1589:Floppy disk drive 1140:IBM 9340 and 9345 1001:IBM 3370 and 3375 864:IBM 3340 and 3344 740:2318 Disk Storage 734:2313 Disk Storage 728:2312 Disk Storage 621:2841 Control Unit 590:2841 Control Unit 74:(FDD), are used. 72:floppy disk drive 16:(Redirected from 4932: 4799:Plus Development 4744:Mitsumi Electric 4627:General Electric 4507:Areal Technology 4414: 4407: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4295: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4235:. Archived from 4234: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4188: 4182:. Archived from 4181: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4133: 4127:. Archived from 4122: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4074:. Archived from 4073: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4048: 4042:. Archived from 4037: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3992:. Archived from 3987: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3944:. Archived from 3939: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3897:Dhart.no-ip.info 3889: 3883: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3780: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3747: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3688: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3520: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3446:. Archived from 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3213: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3155: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3134: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3107: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3009: 2994: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2658: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2641: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2591:. Archived from 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2436:. Archived from 2430: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2405: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2390: 2370: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2327: 2322:on July 26, 2011 2318:. Archived from 2312: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2258: 2241: 2240:fixed-head disk. 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 1928: 1925:Price/megabyte ( 1903: 1802:Volume (litres) 1763:Dimensions (mm) 1697:Travelstar 80GN 1694:Deskstar 180GXP 1682: 1681: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1233:rotary actuators 1218: 1217: 1213: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1037:device, used on 943:IBM 3350 at the 894:error correction 826:error correction 784:device, used on 423:Master drive on 152: 21: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4789:Pertec Computer 4769:Ohio Scientific 4637:Hewlett-Packard 4547:Caelus Memories 4475: 4471:Western Digital 4449: 4424: 4421:Hard disk drive 4418: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4302: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4230:"80GNSpec.book" 4228: 4227: 4223: 4214: 4212: 4211:. News.cnet.com 4207:Shim, Richard. 4205: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4161: 4159: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3817: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3787: 3785: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3641: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3358: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3302: 3300: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3215: 3214: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3040: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2974:. IBM. A22-6788 2971: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2951: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2648: 2639: 2637: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2564: 2557:"IBM 305 RAMAC" 2555: 2554: 2550: 2545:. IBM San Jose. 2539: 2535: 2525: 2509: 2505: 2496: 2494: 2487: 2483: 2474: 2472: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2418: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2371: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2177: 2163: 2145: 2131: 2117: 2103: 2095: 1947: 1933: 1926: 1908: 1901: 1756:2.75×0.38×3.95 1676: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1597: 1591: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1468: 1455: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1379: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1347: 1335: 1326: 1309: 1285: 1257: 1252: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1198: 1177: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1147: 1142: 1115: 1071: 1051: 1008: 1003: 937: 928: 874: 866: 798: 767: 749: 717: 678: 661: 653:plug compatible 574: 558:Virtual Storage 536: 512:version of the 502: 497: 487: 388:washing machine 361: 348: 302:IBM 7000 series 294: 263: 251:, which adds a 225: 201: 185: 148: 85: 80: 68:hard disk drive 40:hard disk drive 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4674:Imprimis (CDC) 4671: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4592:Diablo Systems 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4512:Avatar Systems 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4441: 4440: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4348:External links 4346: 4343: 4342: 4318: 4309: 4282: 4273: 4252: 4221: 4199: 4168: 4145: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4060: 4024: 4010: 3974: 3962: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3884: 3872: 3851: 3835: 3826: 3803: 3794: 3767: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3699: 3669: 3648: 3627: 3615: 3594: 3576: 3550: 3525: 3504: 3495: 3470: 3461: 3430: 3405: 3393: 3365: 3337: 3312: 3280: 3255: 3226: 3223:on 2007-01-01. 3205: 3180: 3171: 3145: 3119: 3091: 3067: 3038: 3014: 2984: 2958: 2937: 2911: 2887: 2859: 2836: 2811: 2783: 2773:. Brouhaha.com 2762: 2741: 2716: 2691: 2659: 2646: 2622: 2601: 2573: 2548: 2533: 2523: 2503: 2481: 2450: 2425: 2395: 2362: 2353: 2341: 2332: 2300: 2279: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2173: 2162: 2159: 2144: 2141: 2130: 2127: 2116: 2113: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860:Power (watts) 1857: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766:1500×1700×700 1764: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1675: 1672: 1625: 1622: 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1568: 1565: 1536: 1533: 1500: 1497: 1467: 1464: 1454: 1451: 1432: 1429: 1410: 1407: 1388: 1385: 1362: 1359: 1346: 1343: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1284: 1281: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1197: 1194: 1176: 1173: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1114: 1111: 1070: 1067: 1059:count key data 1050: 1047: 1027:thin-film head 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 960:IBM System/370 936: 933: 927: 924: 873: 870: 865: 862: 797: 794: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 748: 745: 744: 743: 737: 731: 716: 713: 677: 674: 660: 657: 625:count key data 573: 570: 535: 532: 501: 498: 491:Count key data 486: 483: 479: 478: 474: 471: 468: 461: 460: 457: 454: 439: 432: 421: 418: 360: 357: 347: 344: 293: 290: 262: 259: 224: 221: 200: 197: 191:, used on the 184: 181: 84: 81: 79: 78:Early IBM HDDs 76: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4937: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4617:Fuji Electric 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4492:Alps Electric 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4423:manufacturers 4422: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4403: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4313: 4299: 4298:Ed-thelen.org 4292: 4286: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4242:on 2011-07-18 4238: 4231: 4225: 4210: 4203: 4189:on 2006-11-13 4185: 4178: 4172: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4081:on 2011-09-30 4077: 4070: 4064: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4017: 4015: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3969: 3967: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3879: 3877: 3861: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3830: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3798: 3784: 3783:Ed-thelen.org 3777: 3771: 3757:on 2016-03-04 3756: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3637: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3604: 3598: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3565:on 2021-05-23 3564: 3560: 3554: 3540:on 2011-09-18 3539: 3535: 3529: 3514: 3508: 3499: 3485:on 2011-07-18 3484: 3480: 3474: 3465: 3454:September 15, 3450:on 2016-03-04 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3420:on 2016-03-03 3419: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3383:on 2008-01-21 3382: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3355:on 2016-03-04 3354: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3327:on 2008-01-21 3326: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3270:on 2005-01-21 3269: 3265: 3259: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3195:on 2016-04-12 3194: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3077: 3071: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3024: 3018: 3004:on 2016-03-03 3003: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2877:on 2017-01-03 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2826:on 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Itoh 4480:Defunct 4466:Toshiba 4454:Current 3569:May 22, 2086:11,719 1982:71,765 1979:40,708 1965:70,000 1962:46,300 1959:26,263 1943:0.0053 1940:0.0020 1937:0.0082 1892:43,243 1889:17,476 1883:0.0016 1797:29,161 1739:48,000 1665:⁄ 1651:⁄ 1637:⁄ 1611:⁄ 1580:⁄ 1558:⁄ 1548:⁄ 1522:⁄ 1512:⁄ 1483:⁄ 1444:⁄ 1422:⁄ 1400:⁄ 1378:⁄ 1214:⁄ 1171:heads. 1162:⁄ 1039:DOS/VSE 786:DOS/VSE 508:is the 316:IBM 350 283:IBM 355 279:IBM 350 215:of the 209:IBM 650 205:IBM 355 199:IBM 355 189:IBM 353 183:IBM 353 124:IBM 650 120:IBM 355 112:IBM 350 83:IBM 350 36:Hitachi 18:IBM 350 4884:Tokico 4869:Tandon 4844:Sequel 4829:Rodime 4714:Maxtor 4684:Iomega 4667:AdStar 4602:Emulex 4502:Anelex 2521: 2083:43.75 2074:0.001 2024:1,203 1976:0.003 1956:0.002 1886:9,125 1875:1,283 1853:0.095 1836:1,244 1824:2,140 1805:1,939 1727:0.004 956:Madrid 920:Winnie 814:Merlin 4889:Xebec 4834:SAGEM 4824:Ricoh 4814:Priam 4764:Nomaï 4607:Epson 4497:Ampex 4294:(PDF) 4240:(PDF) 4233:(PDF) 4187:(PDF) 4180:(PDF) 4132:(PDF) 4121:(PDF) 4079:(PDF) 4072:(PDF) 4047:(PDF) 4036:(PDF) 3997:(PDF) 3986:(PDF) 3949:(PDF) 3938:(PDF) 3779:(PDF) 3687:(PDF) 3133:(PDF) 3106:(PDF) 3081:. 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